Method of beam prediction for wireless communication

Abstract

A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may include transmitting Rx beam capability information to a base station; determining an Rx beam ID of each Rx beam in the one or more Rx beams of the WTRU; receiving, from the base station, information indicating a first set of reference signal (RS) resources and a second set of RS resources; determining an association between the first RS resource set and the second RS resource set and one or more Tx beam IDs; determining a preferred beam pair, wherein the preferred beam pair comprises a preferred Rx beam and a preferred Tx beam; and transmitting information indicating a beam pair ID of the preferred beam pair to the base station.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 335,942 filed on April 28, 2022, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 359,047 filed on July 7, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 410,026 filed on September 26, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Art

[0003] Beam measurement and reporting is an essential feature of higher frequencies for finding optimized beams and supporting transmission and reception of the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). However, conventional beam measurement and reporting methods are not efficient. For example, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) typically needs to measure all combinations of gNode B (gNB) transmit beams and WTRU receive beams to identify the optimized beam. In addition, the gNB cannot simultaneously transmit multiple simulated beams in different frequency resources using the same time resources. Therefore, optimizing the Reference Signal (RS) measurement overhead and the latency of measurement and reporting is critical for wireless systems in higher frequencies. Therefore, a more efficient beam measurement and reporting method is needed. Summary of the invention

[0004] A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may include: sending Rx beam capability information to a base station; determining an Rx beam ID of each of one or more Rx beams of the WTRU; receiving information indicating a first reference signal (RS) resource set and a second RS resource set from the base station; determining an association between the first RS resource set and the second RS resource set and one or more Tx beam IDs; determining a preferred beam pair, the preferred beam pair including a preferred Rx beam and a preferred Tx beam; and sending information indicating a beam pair ID of the preferred beam pair to the base station.

[0005] The method may also include: determining a beam application time duration based on the beam type of the preferred beam pair. The beam type may be a transmit beam or an estimated beam. The estimated beam may be based on a machine learning model. The machine learning model may be based on measurements of the transmit beam. The method may also include: receiving a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission using the preferred Rx beam during the beam application time duration.

[0006] The Rx beam capability information may include at least one of the number of WTRU beams, the number of WTRU panels, the beam width, the beam positioning, or the beam granularity. The first RS resource set may include one or more RS resources for transmitting a beam, and the second RS resource set may include one or more resources for estimating a beam. The association between the first RS resource set and the second RS resource set and the Tx beam ID may be based on beam configuration information. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] A more detailed understanding may be obtained from the following description given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate like elements, and in which:

[0008] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

[0009] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within the illustrated communication system;

[0010] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A a system diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) used within the illustrated communication system;

[0011] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of yet another example RAN and yet another example CN used within the illustrated communication system;

[0012] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating hybrid beamforming according to an embodiment;

[0013] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating partial beam management according to an embodiment; and

[0014] Figure 4 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a procedure for beam management based on partial measurements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] Figure 1A1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (ZT-UW-DFT-S-OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0016] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network (CN) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a station (STA)) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0017] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home evolved Node B, a next generation Node B such as a gNode B (gNB), a new radio (NR) Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0018] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0019] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0020] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), that may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 116. WCDMA may include communication protocols, such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0021] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-APro).

[0022] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology (such as NR radio access) that may establish the air interface 116 using NR.

[0023] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0024] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0025] Figure 1A The base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, the base station 114 b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Therefore, the base station 114 b may not need to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106.

[0026] The RAN 104 may be in communication with the CN 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the accompanying drawings, the CN 106 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. Figure 1AAlthough not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 and / or the CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0027] The CN 106 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[0028] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0029] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0030] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0031] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0032] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0033] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0034] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, or the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0035] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0036] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0037] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, FM radio unit, digital music player, media player, video game player module, Internet browser, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, activity tracker, etc. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors. The sensor may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, a humidity sensor, etc.

[0038] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed by hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) or DL ​​(e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0039] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0040] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0041] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0042] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. Although the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0043] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0044] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0045] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0046] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or may be in communication with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0047] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0048] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0049] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for a BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0050] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0051] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0052] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0053] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter type control / machine type communication (MTC), such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0054] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (which only supports a 1MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, all available bands may be considered busy even if most of the available bands remain idle.

[0055] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0056] Figure 1D1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0057] The RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and the gNB 180b (and / or the gNB 180c).

[0058] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmit time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths).

[0059] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNodeB 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNodeB 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0060] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, interworking between DC, NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0061] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 106 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although the aforementioned elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0062] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0063] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 106 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 106 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing DL data notifications, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0064] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering DL packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0065] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to the DNs 185a, 185b via the UPFs 184a, 184b via the N3 interfaces to the UPFs 184a, 184b and the N6 interfaces between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the local DNs 185a, 185b.

[0066] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following items may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a to 102d, base station 114a to 114b, evolved Node B 160a to 160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB180a to 180c, AMF 182a to 182b, UPF 184a to 184b, SMF 183a to 183b, DN 185a to 185b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to mimic one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0067] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for the purpose of testing and / or performing tests using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0068] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0069] Artificial intelligence (AI) can be broadly defined as behaviors exhibited by machines. Such behaviors can include cognitive functions that mimic sensing, inference, adaptation, and action.

[0070] Machine learning may refer to an algorithm that solves problems based on learning through experience (e.g., data) without explicit programming (e.g., configuring a set of rules). Machine learning may be considered a subset of AI. Based on the nature or feedback of the data available for learning the algorithm, different machine learning paradigms may be envisioned. For example, supervised learning methods may involve learning a function that maps inputs to outputs based on labeled training examples, where each training example may be a pair consisting of an input and a corresponding output. For example, unsupervised learning methods may involve detecting patterns in data without pre-existing labels. For example, reinforcement learning methods may involve performing a series of actions in an environment to maximize cumulative rewards. It is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of the above-mentioned methods. For example, a semi-supervised learning method may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this regard, semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (no labeled training data) and supervised learning (only labeled training data).

[0071] Deep learning may refer to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks loosely inspired by biological systems. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain, in which the input is linearly transformed and passed through a nonlinear activation function multiple times. DNNs are typically composed of multiple layers, each of which consists of a linear transformation and a given nonlinear activation function. DNNs can be trained using training data via a backpropagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have demonstrated prior art performance in various fields (e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc.) and for various machine learning settings (e.g., supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised). Methods and / or processing based on artificial intelligence markup language (AIML) may refer to implementing behaviors and / or meeting requirements by learning based on data without explicit configuration of a sequence of action steps. Such methods may enable learning of complex behaviors that may be difficult to specify and / or implement when using old-style methods.

[0072] New Radio (NR) has introduced radio access technology (RAT) in frequency range 2 (FR2), where FR2 refers to the frequency range of 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. One of the key challenges faced by FR2 is the higher propagation loss. Since propagation loss increases with increasing carrier frequency, FR2 experiences higher propagation loss. To overcome the higher propagation loss, efficient use of highly directional beamforming transmission and reception can be employed.

[0073] Beamforming gain can be achieved by adding or subtracting one signal from another. Since greater beamforming gain can be achieved with more signals added or subtracted, the utilization of a large number of antenna elements is essential for highly directional beamforming transmissions. Controlling signal addition or signal subtraction can be achieved by controlling the phase of the antenna elements.

[0074] The beamforming method can be classified into three types (i.e., analog beamforming, digital beamforming, and hybrid beamforming) based on the phase control type. While digital beamforming controls the phase of a signal by applying a digital pre-decoder, analog beamforming controls the phase of a signal by a phase shifter. In general, digital beamforming provides good flexibility (e.g., applying different phases for different frequency resource blocks) but requires more complex implementation. In contrast to digital beamforming, analog beamforming provides a relatively simple implementation but has limitations (e.g., using the same analog beam for the entire frequency resource).

[0075] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating hybrid beamforming. Figure 2As shown, hybrid beamforming includes both analog beamforming 210 for simple implementation and digital beamforming 220 for flexibility. The hybrid beamforming architecture can achieve large beamforming gains with reasonable implementation complexity. Hybrid beamforming can provide flexibility with reasonable implementation complexity by combining analog beamforming and digital beamforming.

[0076] The beam width of a beam may decrease as the beamforming gain increases, and thus the beam may only cover a limited area. Therefore, the base station and the WTRU may need to utilize multiple beams to cover the entire cell. For example, a broadcast signal such as a synchronization signal block (SSB) may be sent in all directions (e.g., via beam scanning) to cover the entire cell. For unicast transmissions between a base station and a WTRU, procedures for optimizing the beam direction to the WTRU may be provided through beam management. Beam management includes the selection and maintenance of the beam direction for unicast transmissions (including control channels and data channels) between a base station and a WTRU.

[0077] Beam management procedures can be classified into beam determination, beam measurement and reporting, beam switching, beam indication, and beam recovery. In beam determination, the base station and the WTRU can find the beam direction for ensuring good radio link quality for unicast control and data channel transmission. Once the link is established, the WTRU measures the link quality of multiple transmit (TX) and receive (RX) beam pairs and reports the measurement results to the base station. In addition, WTRU mobility, orientation, and channel blocking can change the radio link quality of TX and RX beam pairs. When the quality of the current beam pair degrades, the base station and the WTRU can switch to another beam pair with better radio link quality. To this end, the base station and the WTRU can monitor the quality of the current beam pair together with some other beam pairs and perform switching when necessary. The beam indication procedure can be used when the base station allocates a TX beam to the WTRU via DL control signaling. Beam recovery requires the execution of a recovery procedure when the link between the base station and the WTRU can no longer be maintained.

[0078] In the study of AI / ML for NR air interface, the benefits of AI / ML for air interface were identified. In this research project, AI / ML models, terminology, and descriptions were studied to identify common and specific features of the framework for the following use cases: channel state information (CSI) feedback enhancement (e.g., overhead reduction, accuracy improvement, prediction), beam management (e.g., beam prediction in time and / or spatial domain for overhead and latency reduction, beam selection accuracy improvement); and positioning accuracy enhancement for different scenarios (including, for example, those with severe NLOS conditions).

[0079] As noted above, measurement and reporting are typically necessary features of higher frequencies (e.g., FR2-1 or FR2-2) for finding optimized beams and supporting transmission and reception of the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). However, conventional beam measurement and reporting methods are not efficient. For example, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) typically needs to measure all combinations of gNB transmit beams and WTRU receive beams to identify the optimized beam. In the case of analog beams, the gNB cannot simultaneously transmit multiple analog beams in different frequency resources using the same time resources. Given this situation, optimizing the Reference Signal (RS) measurement overhead and the latency of measurement and reporting is critical for wireless systems in higher frequencies.

[0080] The methods disclosed herein effectively utilize beam measurements and reporting. The disclosed methods may implement beam estimation based on partial beam measurements or beam hopping. In some embodiments, a base station (e.g., a gNB) may transmit a portion of all beams supported by the base station, and the WTRU may measure the portion of beams and estimate the quality of all beams without measuring other beams. Some embodiments may implement WTRU reporting based on partial beam measurements or beam hopping. In some embodiments, the WTRU may report one or more best beams that are not transmitted based on WTRU estimation. Some embodiments may implement time / frequency synchronization for beams that are not transmitted by the base station. In some embodiments, the WTRU may estimate time / frequency synchronization based on associations between beams. Some embodiments may implement processing of WTRU Rx beams. In some embodiments, the base station may indicate the WTRU Rx beams (e.g., for beam reporting or PDSCH reception). In some embodiments, the WTRU may report the WTRU Rx beam that the WTRU uses to measure the reported best beam. Some embodiments may implement AI / ML type configuration or recommendation. In some embodiments, the WTRU may recommend a signaling method for handling beam measurements. In some embodiments, the WTRU may report the measured / estimated fingerprint, which enables base station reverse fingerprinting.

[0081] The WTRU may send or receive a physical channel or a reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter.The term "beam" may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0082] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as used to receive RS (such as CSI-RS) or synchronization signal block (SSB). In such a case, the WTRU may allegedly transmit a target physical channel or signal based on a spatial relationship with reference to such RS or SSB.

[0083] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as used to transmit a second physical channel or signal. The first transmission and the second transmission may be referred to as "target" and "reference" (or "source"), respectively. In this case, the WTRU may transmit the first (target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relationship with a reference to a second (reference) physical channel or signal.

[0084] The spatial relationship may be implicit, configured by RRC, or signaled by MAC CE or DCI. For example, the WTRU may implicitly send the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and the demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) for the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as the sounding reference signal (SRS), which is indicated by the SRS resource indicator (SRI) indicated in the downlink control information (DCI) or configured by the radio resource control (RRC). For another example, the spatial relationship may be configured by RRC for SRI, or signaled by the MAC control element (MAC CE) for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). Such a spatial relationship may also be referred to as a "beam indication".

[0085] The WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal based on the same spatial domain filters or spatial reception parameters as a second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such an association may exist between a physical channel (such as a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and / or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)) and its corresponding DM-RS. Such an association may exist at least when the first signal and the second signal are reference signals and when the WTRU is configured with a quasi co-location (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such an association may be configured as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may indicate the association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS by an index to a TCI state set (configured by the RRC and / or signaled by the MAC CE). Such an indication may also be referred to as a "beam indication".

[0086] As used herein, the term "reference signal" may be used interchangeably with one or more of: SRS, CSI-RS, DM-RS, phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), and SSB.

[0087] As used herein, the term "channel" may be used interchangeably with one or more of: PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH).

[0088] As used herein, the term "RS resource set" may be used interchangeably with RS resource and beam group.

[0089] As used herein, the term "beam report" may be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, CSI report, and beam measurement.

[0090] As used herein, the term "beam" may be used interchangeably with "TCI state," "TCI state group," or "beam pair."

[0091] As used herein, the term "time slot" may be used interchangeably with time stamp, time window, time symbol, time resource, radio frame, subframe, time position, opportunity, and reporting opportunity.

[0092] As used herein, the term "beam ID" may be used interchangeably with "beam index" or "beam pair ID."

[0093] As used herein, the term "predict" is used interchangeably with estimate, determine, infer, and anticipate.

[0094] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI reporting configurations. The CSI reporting configuration may include one or more of the following: reporting configuration type (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent on PUCCH, semi-persistent on PUSCH, or aperiodic); reporting quantity (e.g., CRI-RI-PMI-CQI, CRI-RI-i1, CRI-RI-i1-CQI, CRI-RSRP, SSB-Index-RSRP, CRI-RI-LI-PMI-CQI, CRI-SINR, SSB-Index-SINR); reporting frequency configuration, such as CQI format indicator (wideband CQI or subband CQI), PMI format indicator (wideband PMI or subband PMI) and / or CSI reporting band; time limit for channel measurement; time limit for interference measurement; codebook configuration; group-based beam reporting; CQI table; subband size; non-PMI port indication; reporting time slot configuration / offset list; CSI reporting period and offset; one or more PUCCH resources for CSI reporting; and / or port index.

[0095] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI measurement configurations. The CSI measurement configuration may include one or more of the following: RS for channel measurement; RS for interference measurement (zero power or non-zero power); report trigger size; non-periodic trigger state list; semi-persistent trigger state list on PUSCH; associated CSI resource configuration; and / or associated CSI report configuration.

[0096] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI resource configurations. The CSI resource configuration may include one or more of the following: a CSI resource configuration ID; one or more RS resource sets for channel measurement; one or more RS resource sets for interference measurement; bandwidth portion ID; and / or resource type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, or periodic).

[0097] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured with one or more resource sets. The RS resource set configuration may include one or more of the following: RS resource set ID; one or more RS resources for the RS resource set; repetition (i.e., on or off); aperiodic trigger offset (e.g., one of 0 to 6 time slots); and / or TRS information (e.g., whether true).

[0098] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of the following: RS resource ID; resource mapping (e.g., REs in PRBs); power control offset (e.g., a value in -8...15); power control offset with SS (e.g., -3dB, 0dB, 3dB, 6db); scrambling ID; period and offset; and / or QCL information (e.g., based on TCI state).

[0099] In some embodiments, the WTRU may measure a portion of all beams and estimate / determine the quality of all beams (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), channel quality indicator (CQI), assumed PDCCH block error rate (BLER), etc.) based on the measurement of the portion of all beams (e.g., partial beam measurement). For example, the WTRU may be indicated / configured with X beams (e.g., 64 beams) for estimation, however, the WTRU may receive Y beams (e.g., 4, 8, or 16 beams) for measurement. Based on the measurement of the Y beams, the WTRU may estimate the quality of the X beams and may report (e.g., to the gNB) one or more of the estimated qualities.

[0100] In some embodiments, the WTRU may measure a portion of all beams at one transmit cycle, measure multiple portions of all beams at multiple transmit cycles, and estimate / determine the quality of all beams (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, assumed PDCCH BLER, etc.) based on the measurements of the multiple portions at multiple transmit cycles (e.g., beam hopping). For example, the WTRU may be indicated / configured with X beams (e.g., 64 beams) for estimation and transmission. In addition, the WTRU may receive an indication of the X beams and / or a configured beam hopping pattern for these beams. For example, the WTRU may receive a first Y beams in the RS resources in a first transmit cycle and a second Y beams in the RS resources in a second transmit cycle. The WTRU may estimate the quality of the X beams and may report (e.g., to a base station) one or more of the estimated qualities.

[0101] In an embodiment, the WTRU may transmit a portion of all beams and receive and / or determine beams for signal transmission based on the portion of all beams (e.g., partial beam measurements). For example, the WTRU may be indicated / configured with X beams (e.g., 16 beams) for beam determination, however, the WTRU may transmit Y beams (e.g., 2, 4, or 8 beams) for transmission. Based on the transmission of the Y beams, the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more beams out of the X beams to transmit one or more channels and / or signals.

[0102] In another embodiment, the WTRU may transmit a portion of all beams at one transmit cycle and multiple portions of all beams at multiple transmit cycles. For example, the WTRU may be indicated / configured with X beams (e.g., 16 beams) for transmission. In addition, the WTRU may receive an indication of the X beams and / or a configured beam hopping pattern for these beams. For example, the WTRU may transmit the first Y beams in the RS resources in a first transmit cycle and transmit the second Y beams in the RS resources in a second transmit cycle.

[0103] One or more operating modes may be used for partial beam measurement and / or transmission and / or beam hopping.

[0104] In some embodiments, the operation mode may be determined based on a configuration associated with beam information for a beam to be transmitted (e.g., a transmit beam) and / or a beam to be estimated / reported (e.g., an estimated beam). For example, if the WTRU is configured without beam information, the WTRU may determine a first operation mode (e.g., full beam measurement without beam hopping). If the WTRU is configured with beam information for a transmit beam and / or an estimated beam, the WTRU may determine a second operation mode (e.g., partial beam measurement and / or beam hopping). The beam information may include one or more of the following: the number of transmit beams (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the estimated number of beams (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the coverage of the transmit beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); the estimated coverage of the beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); the positioning / center of the transmit beams (e.g., 0 degrees); the estimated positioning / center of the beams (e.g., 0 degrees); the granularity of the transmit beams (e.g., 3 degrees) (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); and / or the granularity of the estimated beams (e.g., 12 degrees) (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains).

[0105] The operation mode may be determined based on the use of beam IDs. For example, if the WTRU is not configured to use beam IDs, the WTRU may determine a first operation mode (e.g., full beam measurement / transmission without beam hopping). If the WTRU is configured to use beam IDs, the WTRU may determine a second operation mode (e.g., partial beam measurement / transmission and / or beam hopping).

[0106] In an embodiment, the operation mode may be determined based on the WTRU capabilities associated with beam information for a beam to transmit (e.g., a transmit beam) and / or a beam to estimate / report (e.g., an estimated beam). For example, if the WTRU does not report beam information, the WTRU may determine a first operation mode (e.g., full beam transmission without beam hopping). If the WTRU reports beam information for a transmit beam and / or an estimated beam, the WTRU may determine a second operation mode (e.g., partial beam transmission and / or beam hopping). The beam information may include one or more of the following: the number of transmit beams (the WTRU may report this information for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the estimated number of beams (the WTRU may report this information for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the coverage of the transmit beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); the estimated coverage of the beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); the position / center of the transmit beam (e.g., 0 degrees); the estimated position / center of the beam (e.g., 0 degrees); the granularity of the transmit beam (e.g., 3 degrees) (the WTRU may report this information for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); and / or the granularity of the estimated beam (e.g., 12 degrees) (the WTRU may report this information for each of the horizontal / vertical domains).

[0107] The operation mode may be determined based on the configuration of one or more beam IDs of the RS resource / resource set. For example, if the WTRU is configured without a beam ID, the WTRU may determine a first operation mode (e.g., full beam measurement / transmission without beam hopping). If the WTRU is configured with a beam ID, the WTRU may determine a second operation mode (e.g., partial beam measurement / transmission and / or beam hopping).

[0108] A beam identification (beam ID) may be referred to as an identification of a beam, which may be a direction of a signal transmitted / received in a vertical dimension and / or a horizontal dimension. The beam identification may be determined based on at least one of the following: an angle of departure (AoD) in a vertical dimension and / or a horizontal dimension, an angle of arrival (AoA), a measurement reference signal associated with the antenna, and a geographic location of the antenna.

[0109] In some embodiments, the operation mode may be determined based on the configuration of RS resources / resource sets for transmitting beams and / or estimating beams. For example, if the WTRU is configured without the configuration of RS resources / resource sets for transmitting beams and / or estimating beams, the WTRU may determine a first operation mode (e.g., full beam measurement without beam hopping). If the WTRU is configured with RS resources / resource sets for transmitting beams and / or estimating beams, the WTRU may determine a second operation mode (e.g., partial beam measurement and / or transmitting and / or beam hopping).

[0110] In some embodiments, the operation mode may be determined based on the configuration for beam hopping. For example, if the WTRU is configured without a configuration for beam hopping, the WTRU may determine a first operation mode (e.g., full beam measurement and / or transmission without beam hopping). If the WTRU is configured with a beam hopping configuration for transmitting beams and / or estimating beams, the WTRU may determine a second operation mode (e.g., partial beam measurement and / or beam hopping). The beam hopping configuration may include one or more of the following: a hopping period, a hopping time offset, a hopping bandwidth, and / or a hopping type (e.g., beam hopping or beam group hopping).

[0111] In some embodiments, the operation mode may be determined based on the number of transmit beams and the estimated number of beams. For example, if the WTRU is configured with a number of transmit beams that is equal to the configured estimated number of beams, the WTRU may determine a first operation mode. If the WTRU is configured with a number of transmit beams that is not equal to the configured estimated number of beams (e.g., number of transmit beams > number of estimated beams), the WTRU may determine a second operation mode.

[0112] In some embodiments, the operating mode may be determined based on the WTRU capabilities and the gNB configuration based on the WTRU capability report.

[0113] In some embodiments, the WTRU may request its preferred mode of operation to perform full beam measurements without hopping and partial beam measurements / beam hopping. For example, if the WTRU is capable of supporting both modes of operation (e.g., full beam measurements and / or transmissions without hopping and partial beam measurements / beam hopping) and the measurements at the WTRU indicate a preferred mode of operation, the WTRU may indicate the preferred mode of operation to the gNB. For example, if the measured beam estimation accuracy is less than or equal to a threshold, the WTRU may indicate a first mode of operation (e.g., full beam measurements and / or transmissions without hopping) as the preferred mode of operation. If the measured beam estimation accuracy is above a threshold, the WTRU may indicate a second mode of operation (partial beam measurements / beam hopping).

[0114] In some embodiments, the threshold may be based on one or more of the following: a predefined value, a value pre-configured / indicated by the gNB (e.g., based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI), a value determined by the WTRU, etc.

[0115] In some embodiments, the WTRU may measure only selected beams and estimate the quality of other beams (e.g., partial beam measurement). For example, the WTRU may receive or indicate (e.g., via WTRU capabilities) one or more of the configurations described below for partial beam measurement.

[0116] Figure 3 Examples of partial beam measurement and / or transmission are illustrated. Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the WTRU 302 may receive a configuration of two sets of RS resources. In one example, the first set of RS resources may be used to transmit the beam 306, and the second set of RS resources may be used to estimate the beam 304. In another example, the first set of RS resources may be used to transmit the beam 306 and estimate the beam 304, and the second set of RS resources may be used only for the estimate beam 304.

[0117] The WTRU may receive a configuration of an associated estimated beam or an associated transmit beam. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of an RS resource set ID of an estimated beam / transmit beam in a configuration of an RS resource set for a transmit beam / estimated beam.

[0118] The WTRU may receive a configuration and / or indication indicating a measurement type (e.g., a normal transmit beam or a normal estimated beam) for a set of RS resources for a configured set of RS resources. For an estimated beam, the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more neighboring RS resources to identify beam characteristics (e.g., Doppler shift, delay spread, spatial characteristics, etc.). For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of a beam ID with QCL information including a reference RS for a transmit beam of a first set of RS resources (e.g., QCL type D). The WTRU may receive a configuration of a beam ID with QCL information including two or more reference RSs for an estimated beam of a second set of RS resources (e.g., QCL type D or other QCL types). The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more beam IDs and / or QCL information (e.g., including QCL type D). For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of a beam ID and QCL information for a transmit beam of a first set of RS resources. The WTRU may receive a configuration of a beam ID without QCL information for an estimated beam of a second set of RS resources.

[0119] In some embodiments, one or more of the following beam information for transmit beams and / or estimated beams may be configured, indicated, or predefined: the number of transmit beams (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the number of estimated beams (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the coverage of the transmit beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); the coverage of the estimated beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); the positioning / center of the transmit beam (e.g., 0 degrees); the positioning / center of the estimated beam (e.g., 0 degrees); the granularity of the transmit beam (e.g., 3 degrees) (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the granularity of the estimated beam (e.g., 12 degrees) (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); WTRU panel-related information (e.g., the number of WTRU panels, the positioning / center / direction of the WTRU panels); gNB TRPs and / or the number of panels (e.g., the number of gNB TRPs and / or panels, and the gNB TRP and / or position / center / direction of the panel). Regarding the number of transmit beams and the estimated number of beams, the WTRU may indicate a configuration for each horizontal domain / vertical domain (e.g., via WTRU capabilities).

[0120] Based on the configuration and / or predefined rules, the WTRU may determine the required information for the transmit beams / estimated beams. In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine the number of transmit beams and / or estimated beams based on the configured beam information. For example, the WTRU may divide the coverage of the indicated transmit beams / estimated beams (e.g., 120 degrees) into the granularity angle of the transmit beams / estimated beams (e.g., 10 degrees) to determine the number of transmit beams and / or estimated beams (e.g., 12). The WTRU may measure and / or transmit these transmit beams / estimated beams based on the determined number of transmit beams and / or estimated beams.

[0121] In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine the direction / positioning / granularity of the transmit beam and / or estimate beam based on the configured beam information. For example, the WTRU may divide the indicated coverage (e.g., 120 degrees) into multiple transmit / estimate beams (e.g., 12 beams) to determine the positioning of the estimate beam (e.g., 5 degrees, 15 degrees, 25 degrees, ... 115 degrees).

[0122] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured with two or more sets of RS resources for partial beam measurement (e.g., one for transmit beam and / or estimate beam and one for estimate beam). The two or more sets of RS resources may be configured / associated based on one or more of the following: CSI reporting configuration, CSI measurement configuration, and / or CSI resource configuration. The association may be configured by RRC or indicated by MAC CE and / or DCI from the base station.

[0123] In some embodiments, for a CSI report configuration, two or more RS resource sets may be associated with the CSI report configuration (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs). In some embodiments, one of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with the CSI report configuration. For example, a first RS resource set (e.g., an RS resource set for estimating a beam or both an estimating beam and a transmitting beam) may be associated with a CSI report configuration for beam reporting, and a second RS resource set may be associated with the first RS resource set.

[0124] In some embodiments, for a CSI measurement configuration, two or more RS resource sets may be associated with the CSI measurement configuration (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs). In some embodiments, only one of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with the CSI measurement configuration. For example, a first RS resource set (e.g., an RS resource set for estimating a beam or both an estimating beam and a transmitting beam) may be associated with a CSI measurement configuration for beam reporting, and a second RS resource set may be associated with the first RS resource set.

[0125] In some embodiments, for a CSI resource configuration, two or more RS resource sets may be associated with the CSI resource configuration (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs). In some embodiments, only one of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with the CSI resource configuration. For example, a first RS resource set (e.g., an RS resource set for estimating a beam or both an estimating beam and a transmitting beam) may be associated with a CSI resource configuration for beam reporting, and a second RS resource set may be associated with the first RS resource set.

[0126] In some embodiments, the WTRU may measure different beam groups in a transmit instance (e.g., to measure all beams in the configuration). For example, the WTRU may measure a first beam group in a first transmit instance, measure a second beam group in a second transmit instance, and estimate the quality of all configured beams (which may not be transmitted) including the first beam group and the second beam group. In another solution, the WTRU may transmit different beam groups in a transmit instance (e.g., to measure all beams in the configuration). For example, the WTRU may transmit a first beam group in a first transmit instance and transmit a second beam group in a second transmit instance. The WTRU may indicate / receive one or more of the following configurations to measure / transmit beams based on beam hopping.

[0127] In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a set of RS resources for all beam groups. In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a configuration of all beam groups in a set of RS resources. In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a configuration of beam groups and / or an indication of beam groups. For example, the WTRU may receive one or more bitmaps, wherein each bitmap in the one or more bitmaps indicates a beam for each beam group. For example, a "1" may indicate a beam included in the beam group associated with the bitmap, and a "0" may indicate a beam not included in the beam group.

[0128] In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a set of RS resources for transmitting a beam and / or estimating a beam. In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a configuration of two or more sets of RS resources. For example, a first set of RS resources may be used for a first beam group, and a second set of RS resources may be used for a second beam group, and so on. In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a configuration of associated beam groups. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of an RS resource set ID for a next / previous transmitted beam group. In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a configuration and / or indication indicating the transmission order of the RS resource sets.

[0129] In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive beam information for transmitting beams and / or estimating beams. The beam information for transmitting beams and / or estimating beams may include one or more of the following: the number of all beams for all beam groups (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the number of beams for each transmit instance (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the coverage of all beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); the coverage of the beams for each transmit instance (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); the positioning / centering of all beams (e.g., 0 degrees); the positioning / centering of the beams for each transmit instance (e.g., 0 degrees); and / or the granularity of the beams (e.g., 3 degrees) (the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains).

[0130] In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a beam hopping configuration. In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive a beam hopping configuration for beam hopping (e.g., for each WTRU or each RS resource set). The beam hopping configuration may include one or more of the following: a hopping period; a hopping time offset; a hopping bandwidth; and / or a hopping type (e.g., beam hopping or beam group hopping).

[0131] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report the beam information it uses for UL RS transmission. The beam information may be one or more of the following: the number of WTRU beams (the WTRU may report one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the number of WTRU panels (the WTRU may report one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the coverage / beamwidth of all or each beam (e.g., such as 120 degrees of angular coverage); the location / center of all or each beam (e.g., 0 degrees); and / or the granularity of all or each beam (e.g., 3 degrees) (the WTRU may report one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains).

[0132] In some embodiments, there may be an association between two or more RS sets and UL RS triggering. For example, a WTRU may be configured with two or more RS resource sets for partial beam transmission (e.g., one for transmitting a beam and one for estimating a beam). The two or more RS resource sets may be configured with / associated with one or more configurations. For example, two or more RS resource sets may be associated with one or more configurations (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs).

[0133] In another example, only one of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a bandwidth portion. For example, a first RS resource set (e.g., an RS resource set used to estimate a beam) may be associated with a bandwidth portion, and a second RS resource set (e.g., an RS resource set used to transmit a beam) may be associated with the first RS resource set.

[0134] In another example, each RS resource set may include a configuration of a purpose. For example, a first RS resource set may have a first purpose (e.g., estimation beam), and a second RS resource set may have a second purpose (e.g., transmission beam). The one or more configurations may be one or more of: bandwidth part; PUSCH configuration; RS resource indicator (e.g., SRS resource indicator); and / or RS request field (e.g., SRS request field).

[0135] In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine an association between one or more beam IDs and beam information. The association may be based on beam information configured by the base station and / or reported by the WTRU. The association may be based on one or more of: explicit indication, order of beam directions, and / or order of panels / TRPs (CORESET group IDs).

[0136] In one example, the WTRU may receive an explicit indication of a beam ID (e.g., based on the configuration of beam information). For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more beam IDs, and each beam ID may include one or more beam information (e.g., beam direction, beam width, panel / TRP ID, etc.).

[0137] In another example, a beam ID may be associated with a beam based on the direction of the beam. For example, a first beam ID may be associated with a beam having a beam direction with the lowest / highest angle (e.g., 5 degrees), and a second beam ID may be associated with a beam having a beam direction with the second lowest / highest angle, and so on.

[0138] In another example, the beam ID may be associated with the order of the panels / TRPs (CORESET Group IDs) that may include the beams. For example, the first beam ID may be associated with the beam with the first panel / TRP, the second beam ID may be associated with the beam with the second panel / TRP, and so on.

[0139] In another example, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID and the beam ID associated with the beam pair ID based on explicit indication or implicit determination.

[0140] In an explicit indication example, the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more beam IDs associated with the beam pair ID. For example, the WTRU may receive a beam ID for common operation. For example, the WTRU may apply the beam ID for both the downlink beam (e.g., DLTCI status and / or QCL type D) and the uplink beam (e.g., UL TCI status and / or spatial relation information) to the beam pair ID. In another example, the WTRU may apply the beam ID for both TX and Rx to the beam pair ID.

[0141] In another explicit indication example, the WTRU may receive two or more beam IDs, and each of the two or more beam IDs may be a beam ID for each link (e.g., one of DL, UL, and SL) and / or TX / Rx (e.g., a beam ID for a TX beam and another beam ID for a RX beam ID).

[0142] In implicit determination, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID based on an implicit determination method. For example, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID based on one or more beam IDs.

[0143] In another implicit determination example, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID based on the TX beam ID and the RX beam ID. For example, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID by multiplying the TX beam ID by the number of RX beams and adding the RX beam ID, or by multiplying the RX beam ID by the number of TX beams and adding the TX beam ID.

[0144] In some embodiments, the WTRU may support WTRU reporting for partial beam measurements and / or beam hopping. The WTRU reporting may be based on one or more of: beam index and / or estimated quality of beams (possibly including transmit beams); recommendations / feedback for transmit beams; and / or WTRU reporting on one or more applied beams.

[0145] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report one or more beam indices and / or the estimated quality of the beams associated with these beam indices. These beam indices may be the beam indices of the best / worst beams selected based on the WTRU estimation.

[0146] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report one or more beam pair indices and / or the estimated quality of the beam pairs associated with these beam pair indices. These beam pair indices may be the beam pair indices of the best / worst beam selected based on the WTRU estimation.

[0147] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report one or more information associated with the transmit / receive beams, beam pairs, and / or estimated beams. For example, the WTRU may report one or more beam indices of the transmit / receive beams. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report a ratio / portion of the estimated beam and the transmit / receive beam. The ratio / portion may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 25%, 1 may indicate 50%, 2 may indicate 75%, and 3 may indicate 100%. The WTRU determination may be based on a threshold configured / indicated by the gNB.

[0148] For example, the WTRU may report a preferred distance between transmit / receive beams (e.g., number of beams and angle). The preferred distance may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 0 beams (e.g., full measurement), 1 may indicate 2 beams, 2 may indicate 4 beams, and 3 may indicate 8 beams. In another example, 0 may indicate 3 degrees (e.g., full measurement), 1 may indicate 6 degrees, 2 may indicate 9 degrees, and 3 may indicate 12 degrees.

[0149] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report one or more recommended beam pairs for WTRU reporting.

[0150] For example, the WTRU may be configured with a first CSI reporting configuration (e.g., with a longer periodicity) and a second CSI reporting configuration (e.g., with a shorter periodicity), the first CSI reporting configuration being used to indicate one or more recommended beam pairs for CSI reporting, and the second CSI reporting configuration being used to report a preferred beam pair. The first CSI reporting configuration and the second CSI reporting configuration may be associated based on a gNB indication (e.g., via one or more of an RRC, a MAC CE, and a DCI). The WTRU may (e.g., based on the first CSI reporting configuration) recommend a first Tx beam index / first Rx beam index for a first beam pair, a second Tx beam index / second Rx beam index for a second beam pair, and a third Tx beam index / third Rx beam index for a third beam pair. The WTRU may receive a confirmation of the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of a PDCCH, a DCI, and a MAC CE). Based on the recommended beam pairs, the WTRU may indicate (e.g., based on the second CSI reporting configuration) one or more preferred beam pairs (e.g., the second beam pair) to transmit / receive one or more channels and / or signals.

[0151] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report one or more recommended beam pairs for beam pair indication to transmit / receive one or more channels and / or signals.

[0152] For example, the WTRU may be configured with a CSI reporting configuration for indicating one or more recommended beam pairs. The WTRU may (e.g., based on a first CSI reporting configuration) recommend a first Tx beam index / first Rx beam index for a first beam pair, a second Tx beam index / second Rx beam index for a second beam pair, and a third Tx beam index / third Rx beam index for a third beam pair. The WTRU may receive a confirmation of the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of a PDCCH, a DCI, and a MAC CE). Based on the recommended beam pairs, the WTRU may receive one or more beam pair indications (e.g., beam pair IDs) to send / receive one or more channels and / or signals.

[0153] For example, the WTRU may be configured with a CSI reporting configuration for indicating one or more recommended beam pair IDs. The WTRU may (e.g., based on the CSI reporting configuration) indicate one or more preferred beam pairs (e.g., a first beam pair, a second beam pair, and a third beam pair) to send / receive one or more channels and / or signals. The WTRU may receive a confirmation of the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of a PDCCH, a DCI, and a MACCE). Based on the reported beam pairs, the WTRU may (e.g., based on a second CSI reporting configuration) receive one or more beam pair IDs (e.g., a second beam pair) to send / receive one or more channels and / or signals.

[0154] For example, the WTRU may determine one or more beams (or TCI states) to send / receive one or more channels and / or signals based on the beam pairs reported by the WTRU. For example, the WTRU may recommend a first beam pair associated with a first Tx beam index / first Rx beam index, a second beam pair associated with a second Tx beam index / second Rx beam index, and a third beam pair associated with a third Tx beam index / third Rx beam index. The WTRU may receive a confirmation of the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of a PDCCH, a DCI, and a MAC CE). Based on the reported beam pairs, the WTRU may determine one or more beams for beam indication (e.g., a first Tx beam, a second Tx beam, and a third Tx beam and / or a first Rx beam, a second Rx beam, and a third Rx beam). The WTRU may receive (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI) one or more of the one or more determined beams (e.g., a second Tx beam and / or a second Rx beam) to send / receive one or more signals and / or channels.

[0155] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may indicate whether the estimate is accurate. For example, 1 may indicate that the estimate is accurate (e.g., if the measured accuracy is above a threshold), and 0 may indicate that the estimate is inaccurate (e.g., if the measured accuracy is below (or equal to) a threshold). The WTRU determination may be based on a threshold configured / indicated by the gNB. In some embodiments, based on the WTRU recommendation, the WTRU may apply the reported beam index and / or the reported ratio / portion after sending the WTRU report and a processing time (e.g., N symbols / ms from the start of the WTRU report). In some embodiments, based on the WTRU recommendation, the WTRU may receive (e.g., via a CORESET associated with the CSI reporting configuration) a confirmation of the WTRU recommendation. For example, the WTRU may apply the reported beam index and / or the reported ratio / portion after receiving the confirmation and a processing time (e.g., N symbols / ms from the start of the confirmation). In another example, if the WTRU reports that the estimate is not performing well, the WTRU may receive a full beam measurement.

[0156] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report the quality of one or more applied beams. The WTRU may receive a configuration / indication indicating whether reporting is required (e.g., from the gNB). For example, the WTRU may apply an estimated beam for receiving one or more channels (e.g., PDSCH). For example, the WTRU may report the quality of the applied estimated beam (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, or PDCCH hypothetical BLER). The WTRU may measure and report the quality by measuring the DMRS of one or more channels. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report the accuracy of the applied estimated beam. For example, the WTRU may report the accuracy of the applied beam and the quality of the estimated beam. The accuracy may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 25%, 1 may indicate 50%, 2 may indicate 75%, and 3 may indicate 100%. The WTRU determination may be based on a threshold configured and / or indicated by the gNB.

[0157] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report the difference in quality of the applied beam and the estimated beam. The accuracy may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 0 dB, 1 may indicate 3 dB, 2 may indicate 6 dB, and 3 may indicate 12 dB. The WTRU determination may be based on a threshold configured and / or indicated by the gNB. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may indicate whether the estimate is functioning properly. For example, 1 may indicate that the estimate is functioning well, and 0 may indicate that the estimate is not functioning. The WTRU determination may be based on a threshold configured and / or indicated by the gNB.

[0158] In some embodiments, the beam index may be reported using a beam ID, a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), and / or a synchronization signal block resource indicator (SSBRI). For the beam index reported by the WTRU, the beam index may be determined based on the configured / indicated beam information. In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine the beam index based on the number of estimated beams. For example, the WTRU may identify the beam index of the estimated / transmitted beam based on the angular positioning of each beam. Additionally or alternatively, the beam index may be determined based on the configured / indicated beam type. In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine the beam index based on the type of beam. For example, the WTRU may determine a lower beam index and / or a lower beam index group for the transmitted beam, and the WTRU may determine an upper / lower beam index group for the estimated beam.

[0159] Additionally or alternatively, the beam index may be determined based on the configuration of the associated CSI reporting configuration / CSI measurement configuration / CSI resource configuration. For example, if the WTRU is configured with one or more of the CSI reporting configuration / CSI measurement configuration / CSI resource configuration (e.g., for a set of RS resources), the WTRU may determine a lower beam index and / or a lower beam index group (e.g., for a set of RS resources). If the WTRU is configured without the CSI reporting configuration / CSI measurement configuration / CSI resource configuration (e.g., for a set of RS resources), the WTRU may determine a higher / lower beam index group (e.g., for a set of RS resources).

[0160] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report different types of beam indices based on the beam type. For example, if the WTRU reports the beam index based on the transmit beam, the WTRU may report the RS index (e.g., CRI, SSBRI, or SRI). If the WTRU reports the beam index based on the estimated beam, the WTRU may report the beam ID. The WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU is reporting the RS index or the beam ID. For example, the WTRU may report one bit to indicate whether the WTRU is reporting the RS index or the beam ID (e.g., 0 may indicate the RS index and 1 may indicate the beam ID).

[0161] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report whether the WTRU supports partial beam measurements, beam hopping, and corresponding WTRU reports. In one example, the capability indication may be a signaling indicating that the WTRU supports partial measurements / beam hopping and corresponding WTRU reports. In another example, the capability indication may be a separate signaling indicating support for partial measurements / beam hopping and WTRU reports separately.

[0162] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured with one or more UL resources for WTRU reporting. The one or more UL resources may be one or more of the following: PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, SRS, MAC CE, and / or RRC.

[0163] In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine one or more beams to be used to receive / transmit one or more channels and / or signals based on partial measurement / transmission. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more beam RSs (e.g., for full measurement or transmission beams) and / or one or more beam IDs (e.g., for partial measurement or estimation beams). The indication may be based on the TCI state. For example, each TCI state may include one or more beam RSs and / or one or more beam IDs, and the WTRU may receive an indication of the TCI state from the gNB (e.g., via DCI and / or MAC CE) to determine the beam RS and / or beam ID to be used for the transmission / reception beam.

[0164] In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive an indication of a beam determination type. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more beam RSs and one or more beam IDs in a TCI state. If the WTRU determines the beam indication based on the beam RS, the WTRU may use the one or more beam RSs for transmit / receive beam determination. If the WTRU determines the beam indication based on one or more beam IDs, the WTRU may use the one or more beam IDs for transmit / receive beam determination. In another example, each TCI state may include one or more beam RSs, and the one or more beam IDs may be explicitly indicated to the WTRU (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI) based on the determined beam determination type.

[0165] The indication may be based on one or more of: an explicit indication, a CSI report type, or a WTRU report.

[0166] If the indication is an explicit indication, the WTRU may receive an indication indicating whether the beam determination is based on one or more beam IDs or one or more TCI states. For example, 0 may indicate beam determination / indication based on beam RS, and 1 may indicate beam determination / indication based on beam ID. The WTRU may receive the indication based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI.

[0167] In another example of explicit indication, the WTRU may report the WTRU's preference for beam determination. For example, 0 may indicate beam determination / indication based on beam RS, and 1 may indicate beam determination / indication based on beam ID (e.g., via CSI report). The WTRU may indicate the preference based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI.

[0168] If the indication is a CSI reporting type, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI) indicating whether the WTRU reports CRI / SSBRI or a beam ID for CSI reporting. If the WTRU receives an indication for CRI / SSBRI based reporting, the WTRU may use beam RS for beam determination. If the WTRU receives an indication for beam ID based reporting, the WTRU may use beam ID for beam determination.

[0169] If the indication is a WTRU report, the WTRU may report the WTRU's preference for beam determination. The report may be based on one or more of the RRC, MAC CE, DCI, and CSI reports. For example, 0 may indicate beam determination / indication based on beam RS, and 1 may indicate beam determination / indication based on beam ID.

[0170] For example, the WTRU may report the WTRU's preference for CSI reporting. The reporting may be based on one or more of RRC, MAC CE, DCI, and CSI reporting. For example, 0 may indicate CRI / SSBRI based reporting and 1 may indicate beam ID based reporting. If the WTRU reports an indication for CRI / SSBRI based reporting, the WTRU may use beam RS for beam determination. If the WTRU reports an indication for beam ID based reporting, the WTRU may use beam ID for beam determination.

[0171] The WTRU may receive an acknowledgement (eg, via reception of one or more PDCCHs in a CORESET / search space that may be associated with the WTRU report).

[0172] In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine one or more processing times based on the type of beam indication. For example, if the WTRU receives a beam indication based on a first beam indication type (e.g., beam ID and / or TCI state ID), the WTRU may determine a first processing time. If the WTRU receives a beam indication based on a second beam indication type (e.g., beam pair ID, unified TCI state and / or TCI state group ID), the WTRU may determine a second processing time.

[0173] The processing time may include one or more of the following: time offset between PDCCH and PDSCH / PUSCH with the same / different SCS; time offset between PDSCH and ACK / NACK with the same / different SCS; TCI state indication delay (e.g., timeDurationForQCL) and / or TCI state activation delay; time offset between PDCCH and CSI report; time offset between CSI-RS / IM and CSI report; Scell ​​activation delay; and / or time offset between PDCCH and RS transmission.

[0174] In some embodiments, the WTRU may perform measurements of one or more beam reference signals (e.g., CSI-RS, SSB, TRS, and SRS), and the WTRU may estimate, predict, or determine one or more beam indices, which may be associated with one or more time resources later than the time resources at which the beam reference signals are measured. For example, the WTRU may perform measurements of one or more beam reference signals at time slot #n, and the WTRU may estimate, predict, or determine a preferred beam index at time slot #n+k (hereinafter referred to as a future time slot), where k may be a positive integer.

[0175] In some embodiments, the WTRU may perform beam estimation, prediction, and determination for one or more future time slots by using an AI / ML model that may be trained online / offline. The estimated beam may be based on the AI / ML model. The AI / ML model may be based on measurements of the transmitted beam.

[0176] In some embodiments, the beam index may be reported along with its associated timeslot. For example, the WTRU may measure a beam reference signal at a timeslot (e.g., #n), and the WTRU may report a preferred beam index for one or more timeslots (e.g., #n+k1, #n+k2, #n+k3) later than the timeslot at which the beam reference signal was measured. If three preferred beam indices (e.g., CRI) are reported, each beam index may be reported along with its associated timeslot information as {CRI1, k1}, {CRI2, k2}, and {CRI3, k3}. The number of time slots for which the beam index is predicted, estimated, or determined based on the measurement of the beam reference signal at a time slot (or one or more time slots) may be determined based on one or more of the following: channel conditions (e.g., Doppler frequency, channel coherence time); reporting period (e.g., beam reporting cycle or time duration for periodic or semi-persistent beam reporting); beam reference signal period (e.g., beam reference signal time frequency); AI / ML prediction accuracy (e.g., if the AI / ML prediction accuracy is above a threshold, a first number of time slots may be predicted and reported; otherwise, a second number of time slots may be predicted); and / or the number of time slots may be used interchangeably with the time window and the time duration. One or more future time slots (e.g., k1, k2, k3) may be configured or indicated by the gNB, and the WTRU may report its associated beam index. When the WTRU measures the beam reference signal in one or more time slots, time slot #n may be the last time slot in the one or more time slots.

[0177] In some embodiments, the beam reference signal measured in the time slot may be a subset of the complete beams, where the complete beams may be referred to as the total number of beams to be measured, estimated, or predicted, and at least one of the complete beams may be reported by the WTRU as a preferred beam or a determined beam.

[0178] In some embodiments, the WTRU may perform predictions on one or more beams for future time slots, and the WTRU may determine or estimate the accuracy level of the predictions.

[0179] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be configured to report the accuracy level. For example, the WTRU may be configured (eg, via RRC and / or MAC-CE) to report the accuracy level on a time period (eg, periodic, semi-persistent).

[0180] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report the accuracy level via an indication. For example, the WTRU may be dynamically indicated to report the accuracy level in a DCI (eg, UL grant or DL ​​scheduling DCI).

[0181] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report the accuracy level when one or more of the following conditions are met: the prediction accuracy level is below a threshold; the prediction accuracy level meets specific requirements; more beam reference signals are required (e.g., in the spatial domain and / or time domain) to meet the required prediction level; the AI / ML model needs to be retrained; and / or the beam change rate is above a threshold (e.g., WTRU to WTRU mobility).

[0182] Additionally or alternatively, if prediction is used, the WTRU may report an accuracy level on a per beam report basis. For example, the WTRU may report a beam index and its accuracy level for a future time slot, where the accuracy level may be the latest accuracy level determined.

[0183] In some embodiments, the beam prediction accuracy level may be determined based on the difference between the beam predicted for time slot #n+k and the beam measured at time slot #n+k. For the accuracy level estimation, the WTRU may receive a beam reference signal at time slot #n+k for which the WTRU may predict the beam in an earlier time slot. A time window may be configured or defined within which the beam accuracy level may be estimated or determined.

[0184] Additionally or alternatively, the beam prediction accuracy level may be determined based on the beam quality of the predicted beam in the future time slot. For example, if the predicted beam quality is below a threshold at the associated time slot, the WTRU may determine that the accuracy level may be below a threshold.

[0185] Additionally or alternatively, the beam prediction accuracy level may be determined based on the number of NACKs for the determined or received PDSCH and / or PUSCH. In a further embodiment, the beam prediction accuracy level may be determined based on the number of consecutive NACKs for the determined or received PDSCH and / or PUSCH.

[0186] Additionally or alternatively, the beam prediction accuracy level may be determined based on the quality of the beam associated with the CORESET configured for the BWP (or active BWP).

[0187] Additionally or alternatively, the beam prediction accuracy level may be determined based on the quality (eg, q0) of the beam failure detection RS.

[0188] In some embodiments, when the beam prediction accuracy is below a threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: the WTRU may skip reporting the preferred beam index for future timeslots; the WTRU may indicate to the gNB that the beam prediction accuracy / quality is below a threshold; the WTRU may report the preferred beam for the current timeslot (e.g., timeslot #n) where the WTRU measured the beam reference signal; the WTRU may switch to a beam reporting mode (e.g., fallback mode) without prediction; and / or the WTRU may request a shorter beam reference signal transmission.

[0189] In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine the time / frequency synchronization for partial beam measurement and beam hopping. For example, the WTRU may determine the RS (e.g., one or more of the SSB, tracking RS (TRS), and CSI-RS for tracking) for time / frequency synchronization based on one or more of the following: an associated beam group and / or a time / frequency synchronization estimate.

[0190] In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine the RS for time / frequency synchronization based on the associated beam group. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of a time / frequency synchronization RS for each beam group and / or an indication of the time / frequency synchronization RS. Based on the configuration and / or indication. In addition, the WTRU may receive a configuration of a beam group index for each beam and / or an indication of the beam group index (e.g., an RS resource set ID), and the WTRU may identify the associated beam group index and the associated synchronization RS for each beam to identify the time / frequency synchronization for each beam.

[0191] In some embodiments, the WTRU may determine one or more time / frequency synchronization RSs (e.g., associated with the estimated beam). For example, if the WTRU is configured with a first beam (transmit beam), a second beam (estimation beam), and a third beam (transmit beam). The WTRU may estimate the time / frequency synchronization of the second beam based on the time / frequency synchronization RSs of the first beam and the second beam. For example, interpolation, linear regression, or super-resolution methods may be used.

[0192] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report WTRU Rx beam information. The beam information may be based on one or more of the following: the number of WTRU beams (the WTRU may report one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the number of WTRU panels (the WTRU may report one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); the coverage / beamwidth of all or each beam (e.g., such as 120 degrees of angular coverage); the positioning / center of all or each beam (e.g., 0 degrees); and / or the granularity of all or each beam (e.g., 3 degrees) (the WTRU may report one configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains).

[0193] Based on the reported information, the WTRU may determine the WTRU beam index. For example, the WTRU may identify the beam index of the estimated / transmitted beam based on the angular location of each beam. In another example, the WTRU may determine the beam index based on the panel ID. For example, the WTRU may determine a lower / lower set of beam indices for the WTRU beams of a first panel, and the WTRU may determine an upper / lower set of beam indices for the WTRU beams of a second panel.

[0194] Based on the reported information, the WTRU may receive an indication from the gNB of a WTRU receive beam (e.g., for receiving one or more channels and / or signals).

[0195] In some embodiments, the WTRU may receive an explicit indication of the WTRU beam index (eg, in a WTRU-specific DCI or a group-specific DCI).

[0196] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive a WTRU receive beam index configured in the TCI state. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a WTRU beam index based on the WTRU beam index configured in the TCI state. Based on the indication, the WTRU may identify the WTRU beam that the WTRU needs to apply to receive one or more channels and / or signals.

[0197] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive a WTRU receive beam index configured in one or more of a CSI reporting configuration, a CSI measurement configuration, and a CSI resource configuration. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a WTRU beam index based on the WTRU beam index configured in the CSI reporting configuration, the CSI measurement configuration, or the CSI resource configuration. Based on the indication, the WTRU may identify a WTRU beam that the WTRU needs to apply to receive one or more channels and / or signals.

[0198] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive a WTRU receive beam index configured in a set of RS resources. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a WTRU beam index based on the WTRU beam index configured in a set of RS resources. Based on the indication, the WTRU may identify a WTRU beam that the WTRU needs to apply to receive one or more channels and / or signals.

[0199] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report the receive beam used to measure one or more RSs (eg, when the WTRU reports the beam index and / or corresponding quality by measuring one or more RSs).

[0200] In some embodiments, the WTRU may report one WTRU receive beam for all reported beam indices. For example, the WTRU may report one WTRU receive beam that may apply all reported beam indices.

[0201] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report two or more WTRU receive beams. In some embodiments, a first WTRU receive beam may be used for a first reported beam set and a second WTRU receive beam may be used for a second reported beam set. In some embodiments, the WTRU may report two or more WTRU receive beams only for the M best / worst beams.

[0202] In the embodiments disclosed below, fingerprinting may refer to characteristics and / or statistics of a received signal and / or its measurements. In some embodiments, fingerprinting may include statistics of RS measurements for multiple transmit-receive beam pairs. In other embodiments, fingerprinting may include statistics of RS measurements for multiple transmit-receive beam pairs associated with a particular WTRU location and / or time period. The WTRU may report one or more statistics associated with measurements of a first subset of RS resources that implicitly indicate one or more statistics associated with measurements of a second subset of RS resources.

[0203] In some embodiments, the WTRU may recommend one or more preferred signal processing methods based on WTRU measurements. The recommendation may be determined by measuring one or more RS resource sets (e.g., for estimating a beam and / or transmitting a beam). For example, the WTRU may measure one or more RS resource sets and may determine the signal processing method that is most suitable for estimating a configured estimation beam. Based on this determination, the WTRU may report one or more of the preconfigured / predefined signal processing methods. For example, the WTRU may indicate one of reverse fingerprinting or super-resolution. Based on the WTRU indication, the WTRU may apply the reported signaling method for WTRU reporting and / or gNB determination based on one or more of the following.

[0204] In some embodiments, based on the WTRU recommendation, the WTRU may apply the reported signaling method after sending the WTRU report and the processing time (e.g., N symbols / ms from the start of the WTRU report). For example, the WTRU may report a preferred fingerprint for reverse fingerprinting.

[0205] Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive an acknowledgment of the WTRU recommendation (e.g., via a CORESET associated with the CSI reporting configuration). For example, the WTRU may apply the reported signal processing method after receiving the acknowledgment and the processing time (e.g., N symbols / ms from the start of the acknowledgment).

[0206] In some embodiments, the WTRU may recommend one or more preferred fingerprints based on WTRU measurements (e.g., measurements of one or more RS resource sets) and / or WTRU positioning. The one or more fingerprints may be selected from configured fingerprints and / or predefined fingerprints. The WTRU may report one or more indexes of the one or more fingerprints. The index of the fingerprint may be determined based on one or more of the following: a predefined order and / or based on the gNB configuration (e.g., a configured order of fingerprint IDs or an explicit configuration).

[0207] Figure 4 An example of a procedure 400 for beam management based on partial measurements is illustrated. At 402, the WTRU may send Rx beam capability information to a base station. At 404, the WTRU may determine an Rx beam ID for each of one or more Rx beams of the WTRU. At 406, the WTRU may receive information indicating a first set of reference signal (RS) resources and a second set of RS resources from the base station. At 408, the WTRU may determine an association between the first set of RS resources and the second set of RS resources and one or more Tx beam IDs. At 410, the WTRU may determine a preferred beam pair, the preferred beam pair comprising a preferred Rx beam and a preferred Tx beam. At 412, the WTRU may send information indicating a beam pair ID of the preferred beam pair to the base station. At 414, the WTRU may determine a beam application time based on the preferred beam pair and based on the beam type of the preferred beam pair.

[0208] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: Send Rx beam capability information to the base station; determining an Rx beam ID for each of one or more Rx beams of the WTRU; receiving information indicating a first set of reference signal (RS) resources and a second set of RS resources from the base station; Determine an association between the first RS resource set and the second RS resource set and one or more Tx beam IDs; determining a preferred beam pair, wherein the preferred beam pair includes a preferred Rx beam and a preferred Tx beam; and Information indicating a beam pair ID of the preferred beam pair is sent to the base station.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A beam application time duration is determined based on a beam type of the preferred beam pair. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the beam type is a transmit beam or an estimation beam. The method of claim 3 , wherein the estimated beam is based on a machine learning model.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the machine learning model is based on measurements of transmit beams.

6. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: During the beam application time duration, a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission is received using the preferred Rx beam.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the Rx beam capability information comprises at least one of the number of WTRU beams, the number of WTRU panels, beam width, beam positioning, or beam granularity. 8 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first RS resource set includes one or more RS resources for transmitting a beam, and the second RS resource set includes one or more RS resources for estimating a beam. 9 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the association between the first RS resource set and the second resource set and the Tx beam ID is based on beam configuration information.

10. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: A transceiver, the transceiver is used to transmit and receive signals; and a processor cooperatively coupled to the transceiver, The processor and the transceiver are configured to: Send Rx beam capability information to the base station; determining an Rx beam ID for each of one or more Rx beams of the WTRU; receiving information indicating a first set of reference signal (RS) resources and a second set of RS resources from the base station; Determine an association between the first RS resource set and the second RS resource set and one or more Tx beam IDs; Determine a preferred beam pair, where the preferred beam pair includes a preferred Rx beam and a preferred Tx beam; as well as sending information indicating a beam pair ID of the preferred beam pair to the base station; and A beam application time duration is determined based on a beam type of the preferred beam pair.

11. The WTRU of claim 10, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to determine a beam application time duration based on a beam type of the preferred beam pair.

12. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the beam type is a transmit beam or an estimation beam.

13. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the estimated beam is based on a machine learning model.

14. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the machine learning model is based on measurements of transmit beams.

15. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to receive a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission using the preferred Rx beam during the beam application time duration.

16. The WTRU of claim 10, wherein the Rx beam capability information comprises at least one of the number of WTRU beams, the number of WTRU panels, beam width, beam positioning, or beam granularity.

17. The WTRU of claim 10, wherein the first set of RS resources includes one or more RS resources for transmitting a beam, and the second set of RS resources includes one or more resources for estimating a beam.

18. The WTRU of claim 10, wherein the association between the first set of RS resources and the second set of resources and the Tx beam ID is based on beam configuration information.

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