Method for providing soil nutrients for potatoes in high-slope cropland and increasing yield

Abstract

The invention aims to provide a method for providing high-slope farmland potato soil nutrients and increasing the yield, so that the problems of environmental pollution, soil fertility reduction, threat to food safety and the like caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizers are solved. The phosphate tailing powder is used as the soil conditioner and is matched with the chemical fertilizer for application, pollution caused by application of the chemical fertilizer is reduced, and meanwhile the influence of the phosphate tailing powder on soil improvement, absorption and accumulation of plants on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and the yield of potatoes is researched. Test results show that in the potato tuber forming period, the tuber expanding period and the starch accumulation period, the optimized fertilization and the phosphate tailing powder are cooperatively applied, and compared with local conventional fertilization treatment, the pH value, the total phosphorus content and the rapidly available potassium content of soil are effectively increased.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and in particular relates to a method for providing soil nutrients for potatoes on high-slope farmland and improving yield. Background Art

[0002] Potato (Solanumtuberosum) is an important global crop, along with wheat, corn and rice. It is known as one of the four major grain crops in the world, and is also an important non-cereal grain crop in the world. It is widely planted in my country with a long history of planting. It is one of the crops that can be used as both food and vegetables in my country. Potato is a high-yield crop that can achieve high yields in a relatively short growth cycle. It is rich in nutrients such as starch, protein, vitamins and minerals, and can provide balanced nutrition for humans. In addition to being used as food and widely used in the agricultural field, potato starch can be used in food processing, textiles, papermaking, adhesives and other industrial fields, playing an important role. Potatoes are also used as feed in animal husbandry and as raw materials for biofuels, and have high economic value.

[0003] There are many studies on potato fertilization in my country. Wang Xiya and others summarized the current status of potato fertilization in various regions across the country, pointing out that my country has serious problems such as excessive application of chemical fertilizers, unreasonable nutrient ratios, and low input of organic fertilizers. Moreover, different regions should apply fertilizers differently. In Sichuan, Hunan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other regions in my country, the input of nitrogen fertilizers should be increased and the application of phosphorus fertilizers should be reduced; while in Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Fujian and other regions, the application of organic fertilizers should be increased. Secondly, different potato producing areas should adjust different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer ratios, appropriately reduce the proportion of base fertilizer application, and apply topdressing according to the fertilizer requirements of potatoes in each growth period. For example, Chen Gaiyan conducted experiments on different application ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia, and summarized the best fertilization plans for potato commercial potato yield, total yield, high starch content and high protein content in potato tubers. Yin Yuebin used soil testing and fertilization technology in Zhenkang County, Yunnan Province, and found the most suitable fertilizer formula for local potatoes. 1000kg of farmyard manure, 15.7kg of N, and 10.7kg of P were used per mu of potato. 2 O 5 4.4kg, K 2 O8.8kg, Zn3kg, B1kg, the yield per mu is 2391kg. This fertilization formula can achieve high yield, high quality, and high commercial potato rate. Li Chengchen et al. conducted a survey of growers in four potato producing areas in Guangdong Province and found that the fertilizer input for winter potato in Guangdong Province is 2289kg / hm 2, there are problems such as excessive application of chemical fertilizers, especially the application of nitrogen fertilizers and phosphorus fertilizers exceeding the proportion of potato fertilizer formula, and insufficient application of organic fertilizers. It is recommended to increase the application of potassium fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Because potatoes have different fertilizer requirements in different growth periods, some scholars have studied the types and application amounts of fertilizers in different growth periods of potatoes. Sun Xiang et al. conducted field experiments and applied organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers as base fertilizers, and urea and water-soluble potassium fertilizers as topdressing. The test results showed that 80 kg of organic fertilizer and 60 kg of compound fertilizer per mu were applied as base fertilizer, 4 kg of urea per mu was added in the seedling stage, 5 kg of potassium sulfate per mu was added in the clustering stage and the tuber stage, and 1 kg of urea per mu was added in the middle and late stages of tuber formation. This fertilization plan significantly increased potato yield, commercial potato rate and dry matter accumulation of tubers. Chen Zheming applied different nitrogen and potassium fertilizers after potato seedlings emerged and during the tuber swelling period. The results showed that the potato yield was the highest in the treatment with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers applied together, which was 2512.47 kg / mu. Applying nitrogen fertilizer alone can increase the Zn content in potato tubers, while applying potassium fertilizer alone will inhibit the potato plants' absorption of Fe and Zn. Applying nitrogen and potassium fertilizers can increase the vitamin C content in potato tubers.

[0004] To achieve sustainable green agricultural development, it is necessary to select appropriate types and amounts of fertilizers based on the nutrient status of the soil, the fertilizer requirements of potatoes, and the needs of potatoes during the growing period. Fertilizers will be used to provide nutrients that are insufficiently supplied by the soil. Specific fertilization techniques should be consulted with local agricultural technology extension departments or agricultural experts to develop a fertilization plan suitable for local soil and climatic conditions. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for providing soil nutrients for potatoes in high-slope cultivated land and improving yield, thereby solving the problems of environmental pollution caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizers, reduced soil fertility, and threats to food safety.

[0006] The present invention first provides an application of the phosphorus tailings powder, which is an application as a fertilizer component in potato farming;

[0007] In another aspect, the present invention also provides a fertilizer for potato farming, which contains phosphorus tailings powder;

[0008] Furthermore, the fertilizer for potato cultivation also contains urea, superphosphate and potassium sulfate.

[0009] As recorded in the embodiments, the mass ratio of the composition of the fertilizer is as follows:

[0010] 1) Urea: superphosphate: potassium sulfate: phosphorus tailings powder is 15:15:15:400;

[0011] 2) Urea: superphosphate: potassium sulfate: phosphorus tailings powder is 15:13.5:16.5:400;

[0012] 3) Urea: superphosphate: potassium sulfate: phosphorus tailings powder is 15:12:16.5:400;

[0013] The invention also provides a potato breeding method, which comprises applying the above fertilizer in the basal fertilizer stage and applying urea, superphosphate and potassium sulfate in the topdressing stage.

[0014] The present invention uses phosphate tailing powder as a soil conditioner and applies it in combination with chemical fertilizers to reduce the pollution caused by the application of chemical fertilizers, while exploring its effects on soil improvement, plant absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and potato yield. The test results show that during the potato tuber formation period, tuber expansion period and starch accumulation period, the application of optimized fertilization and phosphate tailing powder effectively improves the soil pH value, total phosphorus content, and available potassium content compared to local conventional fertilization treatments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Figure 1 : Statistical chart of soil pH value during the growth period of each experimental group,

[0016] Figure 2 : Data chart of total potassium content in soil at each growth stage;

[0017] Figure 3 : Data graph of total phosphorus content in soil at each growth stage;

[0018] Figure 4 : Data chart of soil alkaline nitrogen content at each growth period;

[0019] Figure 5 : Data graph of soil available phosphorus content at each growth stage;

[0020] Figure 6 : Data chart of soil available potassium content at each growth period;

[0021] Figure 7 : Data chart of soil organic matter content in each growth period;

[0022] Figure 8 : Total nutrient content of plants, where capital letters A, B, and C represent the total nitrogen content of plants during tuber formation, the total phosphorus content of plants during tuber expansion, and the total potassium content of plants during starch accumulation, respectively;

[0023] In the figure, CK (no fertilization), T1 (local conventional fertilization), T2 optimized fertilization 1, T3 optimized fertilization 2, T4 (local conventional fertilization + phosphorus tailings powder), T5 (optimized fertilization 1 + phosphorus tailings powder), T6 (optimized fertilization 2 + phosphorus tailings powder). Different lowercase letters a, b, c indicate the same growth period, and there are significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The present invention uses phosphate tailings powder as a soil conditioner and applies it in combination with different fertilizer formulas to explore its effects on soil improvement, plant absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and potato yield. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for potato fertilization, which is of great value in guiding farmers to apply fertilizers scientifically, increase potato yields, and promote sustainable and green development of agriculture.

[0025] Phosphate tailings are a byproduct waste in the phosphate ore dressing process. Every ton of phosphate concentrate produced will be accompanied by about 0.44 tons of tailings. Phosphate tailings contain a large amount of unused ores such as quartz, dolomite, apatite, and calcite.

[0026] Example 1

[0027] 1. Overview of the test site

[0028] The test site is located in Chaotie Village, Xiaobaihu Town, Luliang County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province. The average altitude of the area is 1840m, and it belongs to the subtropical plateau monsoon climate zone, with an average annual temperature of 15.1℃, an annual total accumulated temperature of 5326℃, an average annual precipitation of 900-1000mm, a frost-free period of 249d, an annual sunshine duration of 2442.5h, and an annual solar radiation of 125.2kcal·cm -2 .

[0029] 2. Test materials

[0030] The potato variety tested was "Lishu No. 6", a winter potato variety with the advantages of high yield, high efficiency and high quality.

[0031] Red soil was used as the test soil. The basic physical and chemical properties of the soil plough layer (0-20 cm) are shown in Table 1.

[0032] Table 1: Basic physical and chemical properties of the tested soil

[0033]

[0034] Names and abbreviations of the tested fertilizers: In addition to phosphorus tailings powder, chemical fertilizers used were urea (N), superphosphate (P 2 O 5 ), potassium sulfate (K 2 O).

[0035] The content of each element in the phosphate tailings powder used in the experiment is shown in Table 2 below.

[0036] Table 2: Content of each element in phosphorus tailings powder

[0037]

[0038] According to the standard of soil pollution risk screening value for agricultural land in the Soil Environmental Quality Standard (GB 15618-2018),

[0039] When soil pH≤5.5, the risk screening values ​​of each heavy metal element are: cadmium 0.3mg / kg, mercury 1.3mg / kg, arsenic 40mg / kg, lead 70mg / kg, chromium 150mg / kg

[0040] The content of heavy metal elements in phosphate tailings powder is lower than the prescribed risk screening value, and the risk of soil pollution to agricultural land is low and can be ignored.

[0041] 3. Experimental design

[0042] This example adopts the field test method, which is carried out from August 1, 2023 to December 10, 2023; a total of 7 treatments are set, namely:

[0043] CK treatment (no fertilization); T1 treatment (local conventional fertilization), T2 treatment (optimized fertilization), T3 treatment (optimized fertilization 2), T4 treatment (local conventional fertilization + phosphate tailings powder), T5 treatment (optimized fertilization 1 + phosphate tailings powder), T6 treatment (optimized fertilization 2 + phosphate tailings powder).

[0044] Among them, T1 treatment (local conventional fertilization 15-15-15) represents urea (N), superphosphate (P 2 O 5 ), potassium sulfate (K 2 O) is used in a mass ratio of 15:15:15.

[0045] The total amount of fertilizer applied in treatments T1 and T4 was 1500 kg / ha, and a one-time basal fertilizer was applied through hole application. The total amount of fertilizer applied in treatments T2, T3, T5, and T6 was 1200 kg / ha, 2 / 3 of which was used as basal fertilizer and 1 / 3 as topdressing. When potatoes entered the tuber expansion period, topdressing was applied through hole application. The formula of topdressing was the same as that of basal fertilizer, and topdressing was applied once in the whole process. The specific amount of fertilizer applied in each treatment is shown in Table 3.

[0046] Table 3: Specific fertilizer application rate for each treatment (kg / ha)

[0047]

[0048] The experiment adopted a randomized block design, with each treatment repeated 3 times (n=3), with a total of 21 plots. Each plot was 55m 2 A total of 16 rows (320 potatoes) were planted. A 2-meter protection row was reserved around the experimental site.

[0049] 4. Sample collection

[0050] In this experiment, soil samples were collected during the tuber formation period, tuber expansion period, and starch accumulation period. According to the principle of random sampling, five soil samples were collected from each experimental plot using a soil shovel and a five-point sampling method. After air drying, they were sieved through 20 mesh and 100 mesh for later use in determining soil physical and chemical properties.

[0051] During the potato tuber expansion period, plant leaves were collected to determine plant nutrients. According to the random sampling principle, 10 plants were randomly selected from each plot, the leaves were placed in an oven at 105° to dry, and then ground through a 0.5mm sieve for the determination of plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

[0052] 5. Sample determination

[0053] 1) Plant index determination

[0054] The moisture content was determined by the drying method; the total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method; the total phosphorus was determined by the vanadium-molybdenum yellow colorimetric method; and the total potassium was determined by the flame photometer method. The specific experimental steps refer to the third edition of "Soil Agrochemical Analysis".

[0055] 2) Determination of soil indicators

[0056] The drying method was used to determine soil moisture content, the potassium dichromate external heating method was used to determine organic matter, the alkaline diffusion method was used to determine alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, the semi-micro Kelvin method was used to determine total nitrogen, the NaOH fusion-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method was used to determine total phosphorus, the NaOH fusion-flame photometry method was used to determine total potassium, and NH 4 OAc extraction-flame photometry was used to determine available potassium, and the Olsen method was used to determine available phosphorus. For specific experimental steps, please refer to the third edition of "Soil Agrochemical Analysis".

[0057] 3) Determination of yield and number of tubers per plant

[0058] At harvest, four rows of potato tubers without destructive sampling were randomly selected from each experimental plot for theoretical yield determination; the number of tubers per plant was determined by randomly selecting ten potato plants in each plot for determination.

[0059] Excel 2019 was used for data processing, and SPSS13.0 was used for variance homogeneity and normality tests, followed by one-way analysis of variance, Duncan's and LSD tests to test significant differences (P<0.05), and origin was used to draw charts.

[0060] Example 2: Experimental results and data analysis

[0061] 1. Effects of different fertilization formulas with phosphate tailings powder on soil pH

[0062] from Figure 1 As shown in Figure A, there was no significant difference in pH value among the treatments during the tuber formation period. Figure 1 From Figure B, it can be seen that the pH value of the T4 treatment with phosphorus tailings powder added during the tuber expansion period was 5.6, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments and significantly increased by 14.03% compared with the local conventional fertilization T1 treatment; Figure 1 From Figure C, we can see that the pH values ​​of T4 and T5 treatments during the starch accumulation period were significantly higher than those of CK treatment and local conventional fertilization treatment, and were significantly increased by 26.68% and 12.54% respectively compared with the local conventional fertilization treatment.

[0063] 2. Effects of different fertilization formulas with phosphorus tailings powder on total soil nutrients

[0064] from Figure 2 From A, we can see that during the tuber formation period, the total potassium content of the soil in the T4 treatment and the T2 treatment was 6.95 g / kg and 12.8 g / kg, respectively, and the total potassium content of the soil in the T2 treatment was significantly higher than that in the T4 treatment. Figure 2 From B, we can see that during the tuber expansion period, the total potassium content of the soil in the local conventional fertilization treatment was significantly higher than that in the other treatments; Figure 2 As shown in Figure 3, there was no significant difference among the treatments during the starch accumulation period.

[0065] from Figure 3 From A, we can see that the total phosphorus content of soil in T5 treatment during tuber formation period was 2.57 g / kg, which was significantly higher than that in CK treatment, increasing by 221.50%. Figure 3 From B, we can see that there is no significant difference in soil total phosphorus content among the treatments during the tuber expansion period; Figure 3 From C, we can see that the total phosphorus content in the soil of T4 treatment during the starch accumulation period was 6.08 g / kg, which was significantly different from the local conventional fertilization treatment and increased by 475.38%.

[0066] 3. Effects of different fertilization formulas with phosphorus tailings powder on soil available nutrients

[0067] from Figure 4 From A, we can see that the soil alkaline nitrogen content of T6 treatment during tuber formation was 91.61 mg / kg, which was significantly different from that of CK treatment and increased by 45.76%. Figure 4 From Figure B, we can see that the soil alkaline nitrogen content of T5, which was treated with phosphorus tailings during the tuber expansion period, was significantly higher than that of T2, which was not treated with phosphorus tailings. Figure 4 C shows that during the starch accumulation period, the alkaline nitrogen content of T4 and T6 treatments was significantly higher than that of CK treatment, increasing by 63.04% and 76.36% respectively.

[0068] from Figure 5 From A, we can see that the soil available phosphorus in T3 and T4 treatments during tuber formation period was significantly different from that in CK and T6 treatments, and there was a significant difference between T2 and T6 treatments. Figure 5 From B, we can see that the available phosphorus content in the soil of the T6 treatment during the tuber expansion period was 17.38 mg / kg, which was significantly lower than that of the local conventional fertilization treatment. Figure 5 As shown in Figure 3, there was no significant difference among the treatments during the starch accumulation period.

[0069] from Figure 6 A and Figure 6 From B, we can see that there is no significant difference in soil available potassium among the treatments during the tuber formation and tuber expansion stages. Figure 6 It can be seen from the C that during the starch accumulation period, compared with the CK treatment and the local conventional fertilization treatment, the T6 treatment significantly increased by 52.19% and 42.40%, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the soil available potassium content between the T4 treatment and the T6 treatment.

[0070] 4. Effects of different fertilization formulas with phosphorus tailings powder on soil organic matter

[0071] from Figure 7 A. Figure 7 B. Figure 7 C shows that there is no significant difference in soil organic matter content among the treatments during tuber formation, tuber expansion and starch accumulation periods. It can be seen that the optimized formula fertilization did not significantly affect the soil organic matter compared with the local conventional fertilization, and the application of phosphate tailings powder did not significantly affect the soil organic matter content.

[0072] 5. Effects of different fertilization formulas with phosphorus tailings powder on total nutrients of plants

[0073] from Figure 8 From A, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in the total nitrogen content of plants among the treatments. Compared with the local conventional fertilization, the optimized formula fertilization reduces the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and has no significant effect on the total nitrogen content of plants. Figure 8 B. Figure 8 C shows that there is no significant difference in the total phosphorus content and total potassium content of the plants between the T2 and T3 treatments with optimized fertilization formula and the T4 and T6 treatments with the addition of phosphorus tailings powder. Compared with the CK and T2 treatments, the total phosphorus content and total potassium content of the plants in the T5 treatment were significantly reduced.

[0074] 6. Effects of different fertilization formulas with phosphate tailings powder on potato yield and number of potatoes per plant

[0075] As shown in Table 4, although there was no significant difference in the number of tubers per plant between the CK and T3 treatments, the yield of the CK treatment was significantly lower than that of the T3 treatment and the other treatments. The yields of the T4, T5 and T6 treatments with added phosphate tailings powder were significantly higher than those of the CK, T1 and T3 treatments. The number of tubers per plant in the T4 treatment with added phosphate tailings powder was the highest, significantly higher than that of the other treatments; the number of tubers per plant in the T6 treatment with added phosphate tailings powder was also significantly higher than that in the T3 treatment.

[0076] Table 4: Theoretical potato yield and number of potatoes per plant in each treatment

[0077]

[0078] In summary, the present invention determines that the application of phosphorus tailing powder as a soil conditioner in combination with different fertilization formulas can improve soil pH, soil total phosphorus, and soil available potassium. Compared with local conventional fertilization, the pH of tuber expansion period T4 treatment significantly increased by 14.03%, starch accumulation period T4, T5 treatment pH significantly increased by 26.68%, 12.54%, starch accumulation period T4 treatment soil total phosphorus significantly increased by 475.38%, starch accumulation period T6 treatment soil available potassium significantly increased by 42.40%. Moreover, in the case of reducing chemical fertilizers, the formula fertilization of the present invention does not significantly reduce the theoretical yield of potatoes, nor does it significantly affect the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by plants, indicating that it has the potential to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers. Moreover, the combination of chemical fertilizer reduction treatment and phosphorus tailing powder has a positive effect on soil improvement, and without affecting the normal growth of plants and potato yield, this method can reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, reduce environmental pollution, and simultaneously reduce the recycling cost of phosphorus tailings, and realize the rational allocation of resources.

Claims

1. A fertilizer for potato cultivation, characterized in that: The fertilizer consists of urea, superphosphate, potassium sulfate and phosphorus tailings powder.

2. The fertilizer for potato cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of urea: superphosphate: potassium sulfate: phosphate tailings powder in the fertilizer is 15:15:15:

400.

3. The fertilizer for potato cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of urea: superphosphate: potassium sulfate: phosphate tailings powder in the fertilizer is 15:13.5:16.5:

400.

4. The fertilizer for potato cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of urea: superphosphate: potassium sulfate: phosphate tailings powder in the fertilizer is 15:12:16.5:

400.

5. A potato farming method, characterized in that: The method is to use the fertilizer according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in the potato farming process.

6. The breeding method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The method comprises applying the fertilizer according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in the basal fertilizer stage, and applying urea, superphosphate and potassium sulfate in the topdressing stage.

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