A quantum sensor based on rydberg atoms

Abstract

The application provides a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, which comprises a probe light assembly, a coupling light assembly, an atomic gas chamber, a photodetector, a to-be-measured signal assembly, a local oscillator signal assembly and a metasurface structure, and the probe light and the coupling light are reverse collinear; the metasurface structure is arranged on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber, and the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal are transmitted to the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure; the photodetector converts the probe light into an electric signal, and the frequency spectrum data of the electric signal is acquired through a frequency spectrometer. The application realizes the frequency measurement function of the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal, and through the high transmission effect of the metasurface structure, the standing wave effect of the electromagnetic wave signal in the atomic gas chamber is weakened, and the electromagnetic wave radiated into the atomic gas chamber has higher transmission efficiency and utilization.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of microwave sensing, and particularly relates to a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the rapid development of modern communication technology, microwave sensing technology plays an increasingly important role in military reconnaissance, aerospace, medical imaging, industrial process control and other fields. However, traditional microwave sensing technology mainly relies on electronic principles, and has many limitations. These systems often require complex calibration processes, are easily affected by thermal noise, and the bandwidth of the antenna is limited by its physical size, resulting in limited measurement accuracy and flexibility.

[0003] In order to overcome these challenges, researchers have begun to explore new sensor technologies based on quantum effects. Quantum sensors use the inherent characteristics of quantum systems, such as quantum coherence and quantum entanglement, to achieve ultra-sensitive detection of physical quantities. The strong electric dipole moment of Rydberg atoms not only enhances their response to microwave fields, but also enables them to achieve long-range interactions, which is of great significance for the study of many-body quantum physics. Rydberg atom microwave field sensors based on quantum coherence effects can provide sensitivity beyond the classical thermal noise limit, and have the characteristics of all-optical detection, large bandwidth and easy integration. However, due to the existence of atomic gas chamber resonant cavity resonance and standing wave effect in the prior art, the energy loss of electromagnetic waves radiated in the atomic gas chamber is easy to cause, resulting in the problem of transmission efficiency decline. SUMMARY

[0004] The main purpose of the present application is to provide a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms to solve the technical problem of electromagnetic wave transmission efficiency decline caused by atomic gas chamber resonant cavity resonance and standing wave effect in the prior art quantum sensor.

[0005] In order to achieve the above object, the application provides a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, which comprises a probe light assembly, a coupling light assembly, an atomic cell, a photodetector, a to-be-measured signal assembly, a local oscillator signal assembly and a metasurface structure, the probe light emitted by the probe light assembly is incident from a first end of the atomic cell and is emitted from a second end of the atomic cell, the coupling light emitted by the coupling light assembly is incident from the second end so that the probe light and the coupling light are counter-collinear, the metasurface structure comprises a plurality of metasurface units, the metasurface units comprise a metal layer and a substrate layer which are arranged in layers, the metasurface structure is arranged on the sidewall of the atomic cell, the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal generated by the to-be-measured signal assembly and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the local oscillator signal assembly are transmitted into the atomic cell through the metasurface structure, and the photodetector converts the probe light emitted from the second end into an electrical signal to obtain frequency spectrum data of the electrical signal through a frequency spectrometer.

[0006] Further, the probe light assembly comprises a probe light laser and a first half-wave plate, and the probe light emitted by the probe light laser is incident into the atomic cell through the first half-wave plate.

[0007] Further, the coupling light assembly comprises a coupling light laser and a second half-wave plate, and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light laser is incident into the atomic cell through the second half-wave plate.

[0008] Further, the probe light assembly further comprises a mirror, and the probe light is reflected into the atomic cell through the mirror after being emitted from the first half-wave plate.

[0009] Further, the coupling light assembly further comprises a dichroic mirror, the coupling light is reflected into the atomic cell through the dichroic mirror after being emitted from the second half-wave plate, and the probe light is emitted to the photodetector through the dichroic mirror after being emitted from the second end.

[0010] Further, the to-be-measured signal assembly comprises a radio frequency signal source and a first horn antenna, and the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal generated by the radio frequency signal source is radiated through the first horn antenna and then transmitted into the atomic cell through the metasurface structure.

[0011] Further, the local oscillator signal assembly comprises a vector network analyzer and a second horn antenna, and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the vector network analyzer is radiated through the second horn antenna and then transmitted into the atomic cell through the metasurface structure.

[0012] Further, the metal layer comprises copper sheets, a plurality of the copper sheets are arranged along the circumference of the atomic chamber to form a unit array, and a plurality of the unit arrays are arranged along the axial direction of the atomic chamber to form a metasurface array.

[0013] Further, the phase interval of adjacent copper sheets is 2pi / 9.

[0014] Further, the substrate layer is a printed circuit board.

[0015] The quantum sensor based on the Rydberg atom provided by the application utilizes the probe light generated by the probe light assembly to be incident from the first end of the atomic chamber, and the coupling light generated by the coupling light assembly to be incident from the second end of the atomic chamber, so that the probe light and the coupling light are counter-collinear in the atomic chamber, the atoms in the probe light path range are excited from the ground state to the first excited state, and the atoms in the coupling light path range are excited from the first excited state to the Rydberg state. The signal-to-be-measured assembly and the local oscillator signal assembly generate the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave respectively, and both the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave are transmitted to the atomic chamber through the metasurface structure. The signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave is coupled with the Rydberg atom, and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave is coincident with the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave, so that the probe light is modulated by the local oscillator electromagnetic wave and the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave. The photodetector converts the probe light emitted from the atomic chamber into an electrical signal, and then the frequency spectrometer is used to monitor the electrical signal in real time to obtain the frequency spectrum data of the electrical signal, so as to determine whether the frequency of the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave is consistent with the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave, and finally realize the frequency measurement function of the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave. Through the high transmission effect of the metasurface structure, the standing wave effect of the electromagnetic wave in the atomic chamber is weakened, and the electromagnetic wave radiated into the atomic chamber has higher transmission efficiency and utilization rate. The quantum sensor of the application is based on the Rydberg atom and integrated with the metasurface structure, and is especially suitable for the frequency range of 6-18GHz, and has the advantages of anti-interference, large bandwidth and high sensitivity compared with the traditional frequency measurement technology. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0016] The drawings accompanying the specification of this application form a part thereof, serve to provide further understanding of the application, and together with the description of the exemplary embodiments of the application, serve to explain the application, and do not constitute an improper limitation on the application. In the drawings:

[0017] Figure 1 The schematic diagram of the quantum sensor provided by the embodiment of the application;

[0018] Figure 2 The schematic diagram of the metasurface unit provided by the embodiment of the application;

[0019] Figure 3 The schematic diagram of the flattened metasurface structure provided by the embodiment of the application;

[0020] Figure 4 The electromagnetic wave transmittance contrast chart of the loaded metasurface / unloaded metasurface provided for the embodiment of the present application;

[0021] Figure 5 The probe light power signal spectrum intensity chart provided for the embodiment of the present application.

[0022] Among them, the above-mentioned drawings include the following reference signs:

[0023] 1, probe light assembly; 11, probe light laser; 12, first half-wave plate; 13, mirror; 2, coupling light assembly; 21, coupling light laser; 22, second half-wave plate; 23, dichroic mirror; 3, atomic gas chamber; 4, photodetector; 5, signal to be measured assembly; 51, radio frequency signal source; 52, first horn antenna; 6, local oscillator signal assembly; 61, vector network analyzer; 62, second horn antenna; 7, metasurface structure; 71, copper sheet; 72, printed circuit board; 8, spectrum analyzer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. The description of the at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative, but not as any limitation on the present application and its application or use. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor are within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0025] It should be noted that the terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments, and are not intended to limit the exemplary embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, and furthermore, it should be understood that when the terms "comprise" and / or "include" are used in the specification, there is a feature, step, operation, device, component and / or combination thereof.

[0026] The relative arrangement of parts and steps, numerical expressions, and numerical values set forth in the examples herein are not intended to limit the scope of the application unless specifically so stated. It is to be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale as the dimensions of the parts shown are for the purpose of illustration and description only and not to limit the scope of the application. Techniques, methods, and apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art can not be discussed in detail but are intended to be understood as a part of the specification when appropriate. In all examples shown and discussed herein, any specific values are to be interpreted as merely illustrative and not as a limitation on the scope of the exemplary embodiments. Thus, other examples of the exemplary embodiments can have different values. It is noted that like numbers and letters refer to like elements throughout the several views of the drawings and as such, no further discussions regarding a part need be undertaken in subsequent views of the drawings.

[0027] The application provides a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, comprising a probe light assembly 1, a coupling light assembly 2, an atomic gas chamber 3, a photodetector 4, a to-be-detected signal assembly 5, a local oscillator signal assembly 6, and a metasurface structure 7, the probe light emitted by the probe light assembly 1 is incident from a first end of the atomic gas chamber 3 and is emitted from a second end of the atomic gas chamber 3, the coupling light emitted by the coupling light assembly 2 is incident from the second end so that the probe light and the coupling light are counter-collinear; the metasurface structure 7 comprises a plurality of metasurface units 71, the metasurface unit 71 comprises a metal layer and a substrate layer which are stacked, the metasurface structure 7 is arranged on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber 3, the to-be-detected electromagnetic wave signal generated by the to-be-detected signal assembly 5 and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the local oscillator signal assembly 6 are transmitted to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the metasurface structure 7; the photodetector 4 converts the probe light emitted from the second end into an electrical signal to obtain the frequency spectrum data of the electrical signal through a frequency spectrometer 8.

[0028] In the embodiment, the coupling light assembly 2 can emit coupling light, the coupling light enters the atomic gas chamber 3 from the second end, and the coupling light path is counter-collinear with the probe light path. Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the light paths of the probe light and the coupling light are shown by arrows, the probe light assembly 1 can emit probe light, the atomic gas chamber 3 is as shown in Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the shape of the atomic gas chamber 3 is cylindrical, and the inside has a cavity to accommodate corresponding atoms, the atomic gas chamber 3 has an A end and a B end (corresponding to the first end and the second end respectively, that is, two planar ends of the cylinder), the probe light enters the atomic gas chamber 3 from the A end (that is, the first end), and the atoms in the probe light path are excited from the ground state to the first excited state; the coupling light assembly 2 can emit coupling light, the coupling light enters the atomic gas chamber 3 from the B end (that is, the second end), and as Figure 1As shown in the figure, the coupling light and the probe light in the atomic cell 3 are counter-collinear, so that the coupling light is incident into the atomic cell 3, and the atoms in the probe light path are excited from the first excited state to the Rydberg state, so that the atoms become Rydberg atoms; the signal to be measured component 5 can generate a signal to be measured electromagnetic wave, and the local oscillator signal component 6 can generate a local oscillator electromagnetic wave, both of which are transmitted through the metasurface structure 7, so that the local oscillator electromagnetic wave and the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave coincide and are radiated into the atomic cell 3, and then coupled with the Rydberg atoms in the atomic cell 3; in the atomic cell, the Rydberg atoms in the probe light path can induce the field strength of the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave, so that the probe light is modulated by the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave; then, the probe light is emitted from the B end (i.e. the second end) to the photodetector 4, and the photodetector 4 performs photoelectric conversion to convert the probe light into an electrical signal that can be detected, so that the frequency spectrum data of the electrical signal can be obtained by real-time monitoring of the electrical signal by the frequency spectrometer 8, and whether the frequency of the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave is consistent with the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave can be determined according to the frequency spectrum data, so as to finally realize the frequency measurement of the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave.

[0029] The frequency of the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave is determined by the real-time frequency spectrum of the detected electrical signal. When the frequency spectrum of the detected electrical signal changes from having a spectrum to having no spectrum, it indicates that the frequency of the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave is consistent with the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave. In one embodiment, in combination with Figure 5 As shown in the figure, when the frequency difference between the local oscillator electromagnetic wave and the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave is 2MHz, the frequency spectrum result of the probe light power signal shows that as the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave approaches the frequency of the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave, the spectrum peak of the probe light power signal gradually moves to a lower frequency. When the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave is equal to the frequency of the signal to be measured electromagnetic wave, the spectrum of the probe light power signal disappears.

[0030] In combination with Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown in the figure, the schematic diagram of the metasurface structure 7 after being unfolded can be seen. In actual application, since the atomic cell 3 is usually cylindrical, the metasurface structure 7 will be curved to be a curved surface to be arranged on the side wall of the atomic cell 3, that is, the metasurface structure 7 is parallel or coplanar with the side wall of the atomic cell 3.

[0031] The quantum sensor based on the Rydberg atom provided by the application utilizes the probe light generated by the probe light assembly 1 to be incident from the first end of the atomic chamber 3, and the coupling light generated by the coupling light assembly 2 to be incident from the second end of the atomic chamber 3, so that the probe light and the coupling light are counter-collinear in the atomic chamber 3, the atoms in the probe light path range are excited from the ground state to the first excited state, and the atoms in the coupling light path range are excited from the first excited state to the Rydberg state; the signal-to-be-measured assembly 5 and the local signal assembly 6 generate the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave and the local electromagnetic wave, respectively; the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave and the local electromagnetic wave are both transmitted to the atomic chamber 3 through the super surface structure 7, the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave is coupled with the Rydberg atom, and the local electromagnetic wave coincides with the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave, so that the probe light is modulated by the local electromagnetic wave and the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave; the photodetector 4 converts the probe light emitted from the atomic chamber 3 into an electrical signal; the frequency spectrum data of the electrical signal are acquired by using the spectrum analyzer 8 to monitor the electrical signal in real time, whether the frequency of the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave is consistent with the frequency of the local electromagnetic wave is judged, and finally the frequency measurement function of the signal-to-be-measured electromagnetic wave is realized; the high transmission effect of the super surface structure 7 weakens the standing wave effect of the electromagnetic wave in the atomic chamber 3, so that the electromagnetic wave radiated into the atomic chamber 3 has higher transmission efficiency and utilization rate; the quantum sensor of the application is based on the Rydberg atom and integrated with the super surface structure 7, and is especially suitable for the frequency range of 6-18 GHz, and has the advantages of anti-interference, large bandwidth and high sensitivity compared with the traditional frequency measurement technology.

[0032] Preferably, the metal layer comprises copper sheets 71, a plurality of the copper sheets 71 are arranged in a unit array along the circumference of the atomic chamber 3, and a plurality of the unit arrays are arranged in a super surface array along the axis of the atomic chamber 3.

[0033] In combination Figure 2 As shown, the copper sheet 71 can be arranged on the substrate layer by etching or printing, a plurality of units are arranged in a direction to form a unit array, and a plurality of unit arrays are arranged in another direction to form a super surface array. The metal layer between adjacent units is composed of a plurality of copper sheets 71 arranged at a certain interval; the substrate between adjacent units is integrated, thereby forming a complete substrate layer.

[0034] Preferably, the substrate layer is a printed circuit board 72 (PCB, Printed Circuit Board). That is, the substrate layer is a complete printed circuit board 72, and the super surface array composed of the above-mentioned copper sheets 71 is printed on the printed circuit board 72.

[0035] In this way, in combination Figure 4As shown, the atomic gas chamber 3 loaded with the super surface (i.e. the super surface structure 7 is arranged on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber 3, so that the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal first pass through the transmission of the super surface and then enter the atomic gas chamber 3), the electromagnetic wave transmittance is greater than 95%, which is much higher than the transmittance of the traditional atomic gas chamber 3 without loading the super surface. Such high transmittance makes the electromagnetic wave radiated into the atomic gas chamber 3 have higher transmission efficiency and utilization, and further weakens the standing wave effect in the atomic gas chamber 3.

[0036] Further, the probe light assembly 1 comprises a probe light laser 11 and a first half-wave plate 12, and the probe light emitted by the probe light laser 11 is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 through the first half-wave plate 12.

[0037] In combination Figure 1 As shown, the probe light laser 11 can emit the required probe light, so that the probe light is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 through the first half-wave plate 12, and the first half-wave plate 12 makes the probe light have a certain polarization effect. The probe light emitted by the probe light laser 11 can directly pass through the A end (i.e. the first end) and be incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 after passing through the first half-wave plate 12, or other optical elements can be designed according to the actual application scenario.

[0038] Further, the coupling light assembly 2 comprises a coupling light laser 21 and a second half-wave plate 22, and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light laser 21 is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 through the second half-wave plate 22.

[0039] In combination Figure 1 As shown, the coupling light laser 21 can emit the required coupling light, so that the coupling light is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 through the second half-wave plate 22, and the second half-wave plate 22 makes the coupling light have a certain polarization effect. The probe light emitted by the coupling light laser 21 can directly pass through the B end (i.e. the second end) and be incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 after passing through the second half-wave plate 22, or other optical elements can be designed according to the actual application scenario.

[0040] Preferably, the probe light assembly 1 further comprises a reflecting mirror 13, and the probe light is reflected into the atomic gas chamber 3 through the reflecting mirror 13 after being emitted from the first half-wave plate 12.

[0041] In combination Figure 1 As shown, in actual application, considering the overall device occupied space, the probe light can be reflected into the atomic gas chamber 3 at the corresponding position through the reflecting mirror 13, which can reduce the occupied space of the overall device to a certain extent.

[0042] Further, the coupling light assembly 2 further comprises a dichroic mirror 23, the coupling light is reflected to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the dichroic mirror 23 after being emitted from the second half-wave plate 22, and the probe light is emitted to the photodetector 4 through the dichroic mirror 23 after being emitted from the second end.

[0043] In combination Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the coupling light is emitted to the dichroic mirror 23 through the second half-wave plate 22, the dichroic mirror 23 reflects the coupling light to the B end (i.e. the second end) to enter the atomic gas chamber 3, and the dichroic mirror 23 transmits the probe light emitted from the B end (i.e. the second end) to the photodetector 4.

[0044] In this way, the dichroic mirror 23 prevents the coupling light assembly 2 from interfering with the photodetector 4 and other devices, so that the overall device integration of the quantum sensor is better.

[0045] Further, the to-be-measured signal assembly 5 comprises a radio frequency signal source 51 and a first horn antenna 52, the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal generated by the radio frequency signal source 51 is first radiated through the first horn antenna 52 and then transmitted to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the metasurface structure 7.

[0046] In combination Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the first horn antenna 52 radiates the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal generated by the radio frequency signal source 51 to the metasurface structure 7, and the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal enters the atomic gas chamber 3 through the transmission of the metasurface structure 7.

[0047] Further, the local oscillator signal assembly 6 comprises a vector network analyzer 61 and a second horn antenna 62, the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the vector network analyzer 61 is first radiated through the second horn antenna 62 and then transmitted to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the metasurface structure 7.

[0048] In combination Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the vector network analyzer generates the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal is radiated to the metasurface structure 7 through the second horn antenna 62, and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal enters the atomic gas chamber 3 through the transmission of the metasurface structure 7 and overlaps with the to-be-measured electromagnetic wave signal.

[0049] Preferably, the phase interval of adjacent copper sheets 71 is 2π / 9.

[0050] In combination Figure 3 As shown in the figure, each copper sheet 71 corresponds to a unit of the metasurface, and the phase interval between adjacent units is 2π / 9, so as to better meet the needs of regulating the wavelength phase.

[0051] In the description of the application, it should be understood that the orientation words such as "front, back, upper, lower, left, right", "transverse, vertical, perpendicular, horizontal" and "top, bottom" and the like indicated orientation or position relationship are generally based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the drawings, only for the convenience of describing the application and simplifying the description, without making the opposite statement, these orientation words do not indicate and imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation or be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, therefore, it cannot be understood as a limitation on the scope of protection of the application; the orientation words "inner, outer" refer to the inner and outer of the contour of each component itself.

[0052] For the convenience of description, spatial relative terms such as "over", "above", "upper surface", "upper" and the like can be used herein to describe the spatial position relationship of one device or feature with other devices or features as shown in the drawings. It should be understood that the spatial relative terms are intended to include different orientations in use or operation in addition to the orientation of the device described in the drawings. For example, if the device in the drawing is inverted, the device described as "above" or "over" other devices or structures will be positioned "below" or "under" other devices or structures. Thus, the exemplary term "above" can include both "above" and "below" orientations. The device can also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatial relative descriptions used herein are interpreted accordingly.

[0053] In addition, it should be noted that the use of "first", "second" and the like to define parts only facilitates the differentiation of corresponding parts, and the above words have no special meaning unless otherwise stated, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the scope of protection of the application.

[0054] The above only describes the preferred embodiments of the application and is not intended to limit the application. For those skilled in the art, the application can have various modifications and changes. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the application shall be included in the scope of protection of the application.

Claims

1. A quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, characterized in that, It includes a probe light assembly, a coupling light assembly, an atomic gas cell, a photodetector, a signal under test assembly, a local oscillator signal assembly, and a metasurface structure. The probe light emitted by the probe light assembly enters from the first end of the atomic gas cell and exits from the second end of the atomic gas cell, while the coupling light emitted by the coupling light assembly enters from the second end, so that the probe light and the coupling light are collinear in opposite directions. The metasurface structure includes multiple metasurface units, each metasurface unit including a stacked metal layer and a substrate layer. The metasurface structure is provided on the sidewall of the atomic gas cell. The electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the signal under test component and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the local oscillator signal component are both transmitted into the atomic gas cell through the metasurface structure. The photodetector converts the detection light emitted from the second end into an electrical signal, so as to obtain the spectral data of the electrical signal through a spectrum analyzer.

2. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The probe light assembly includes a probe light laser and a first half-wave plate, wherein the probe light emitted by the probe light laser is incident into the atomic gas cell via the first half-wave plate.

3. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The coupled light assembly includes a coupled light laser and a second half-wave plate, wherein the coupled light emitted by the coupled light laser is incident into the atomic gas cell via the second half-wave plate.

4. The quantum sensor according to claim 2, characterized in that, The probe light assembly also includes a reflector, and the probe light emitted from the first half-wave plate is reflected by the reflector into the atomic gas cell.

5. The quantum sensor according to claim 3, characterized in that, The coupled light assembly also includes a dichroic mirror. After the coupled light is emitted from the second half-wave plate, it is reflected by the dichroic mirror into the atomic gas cell. After the probe light is emitted from the second end, it is emitted by the dichroic mirror into the photodetector.

6. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The signal under test component includes a radio frequency signal source and a first horn antenna. The electromagnetic wave signal under test generated by the radio frequency signal source is first radiated by the first horn antenna and then transmitted through the metasurface structure into the atomic gas cell.

7. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The local oscillator signal component includes a vector network analyzer and a second horn antenna. The local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the vector network analyzer is first radiated by the second horn antenna and then transmitted through the metasurface structure into the atomic gas cell.

8. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The metal layer includes copper sheets, and a plurality of copper sheets are arranged at circumferential intervals along the atomic gas chamber to form a unit array, and a plurality of unit arrays are arranged at axial intervals along the atomic gas chamber to form a metasurface array.

9. The quantum sensor according to claim 8, characterized in that, The phase spacing between adjacent copper sheets is 2π / 9.

10. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The substrate layer is a printed circuit board.

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