Smart battery management

Abstract

A battery management system (BMS) electrically connectable to a lead acid battery having one or more battery cells is described. The BMS includes processing circuitry configured to determine one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters. The one or more parameters include at least one parameter associated with one or more battery cells of the lead acid battery. One or more actions are performed based on the determination.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to energy storage units such as batteries, and in particular to battery management systems. Background Art

[0002] Batteries are an important component of many devices, including motor vehicles. Motor vehicles are typically equipped with one or more batteries, such as lead-acid batteries, for starting the vehicle's motor and powering other systems of the vehicle, such as the charging system, runtime operations, lighting, accessories, etc. The reliability of a battery generally depends on the battery's health, i.e., the condition of the battery. However, many typical batteries do not provide information about the battery's health, which can be used, for example, to predict battery health degradation, potential failure, etc. In other words, many typical batteries degrade over time and suddenly fail (e.g., fail to provide necessary power) without warning the user / owner of the battery. Therefore, the user / owner is unaware of the real-time battery reliability / condition, and the user / owner cannot take action to prevent potential battery failure. Summary of the invention

[0003] Some embodiments advantageously provide a method, apparatus, and system for determining and / or transmitting one or more parameters associated with a battery, such as via a battery management system (BMS). These parameters may be associated with one or more battery states and / or used to determine (and / or diagnose and / or predict) one or more battery states and / or other parameters. Determining one or more battery states may include determining an optimization state, a state of health (SoH), abuse / faults associated with the battery, for example, to maintain the battery in one or more optimized states, transmitting parameters, and / or other determinations (such as when a preventive battery replacement is recommended (and / or required)). Such determinations are beneficial, at least because a user (and / or owner and / or manufacturer) of the battery can be informed of the battery parameters / states and avoid unexpected battery failures. In some embodiments, parameters of at least one battery cell of the battery are determined.

[0004] According to one aspect, a battery management system (BMS) electrically connectable to a lead-acid battery having one or more battery cells is described. The BMS includes a processing circuit system configured to determine one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters. The one or more parameters include at least one parameter associated with one or more battery cells of the lead-acid battery. One or more actions are performed based on the determination.

[0005] In some embodiments, determining the SoF includes determining a design current for the one or more battery cells based on one or more characteristics of the one or more battery cells.

[0006] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a battery current based on a battery voltage corresponding to one or more battery cells, a battery open circuit voltage OCV, and a battery impedance.

[0007] In some embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a cell current based on a cell voltage, a cell OCV, and a cell impedance corresponding to one or more cells.

[0008] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a current limit value, the current limit value being a minimum value of one or more of a design current, a battery pack current, and a battery cell current.

[0009] In some embodiments, determining the SoF is based on a power limit determined from a current limit and a voltage limit.

[0010] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a power limit based on the current limit and the voltage limit.

[0011] In some embodiments, the SoC is determined as:

[0012]

[0013] SoC(t) is the SoC in time;

[0014] SoC(t0) is the SoC at the first time value;

[0015] I(t) is the cell current over time; and

[0016] Q(t) is the capacity.

[0017] In some other embodiments, determining the SOC includes determining an OCV correction based on one or more OCV values. The one or more OCV values ​​are based on a plurality of SoC percentages and a plurality of temperature values ​​associated with the lead-acid battery.

[0018] In some embodiments, performing one or more actions includes causing a first message including one or both of the SoF and the SoC to be transmitted using a Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol, causing a second message including at least one parameter associated with one or both of the SoF and the SoC to be transmitted, and performing a battery operation action.

[0019] According to another aspect, a lead-acid battery is described. The lead-acid battery includes one or more battery cells, one or more leads, and a battery management system (BMS). Each of the one or more leads is electrically connected to one of the one or more battery cells. The BMS is electrically connected to the one or more battery cells via the one or more leads. The BMS includes a processing circuit system configured to determine one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one parameter associated with one or more battery cells, and perform one or more actions based on the determination.

[0020] In some embodiments, determining the SoF includes determining a design current for one or more cells based on one or more characteristics of the one or more battery cells.

[0021] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a battery current based on a battery voltage corresponding to one or more battery cells, a battery open circuit voltage (OCV), and a battery impedance.

[0022] In some embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a cell current based on a cell voltage, a cell OCV, and a cell impedance corresponding to one or more cells.

[0023] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a current limit, wherein the current limit is a minimum of one or more of a design current, a battery pack current, and a battery cell current.

[0024] In some embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a voltage limit based on the current limit.

[0025] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF is based on a power limit determined from a current limit and a voltage limit.

[0026] In some embodiments, the SoC is determined as:

[0027]

[0028] SoC(t) is the SoC in time;

[0029] SoC(t0) is the SoC at the first time value;

[0030] I(t) is the cell current over time; and

[0031] Q(t) is the capacity.

[0032] In some other embodiments, determining the SOC includes determining an OCV correction. The OCV correction is based on one or more OCV values. The one or more OCV values ​​are based on multiple SoC percentages and multiple temperature values ​​associated with the lead-acid battery.

[0033] In some embodiments, performing one or more actions includes causing a first message including one or both of the SoF and the SoC to be transmitted using a Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol, causing a second message including at least one parameter associated with one or both of the SoF and the SoC to be transmitted, and performing a battery operation action.

[0034] According to one aspect, a method in a battery management system (BMS) electrically connectable to a lead-acid battery having one or more cells is described. The method includes: determining one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one parameter associated with one or more cells of the lead-acid battery; and performing one or more actions based on the determination.

[0035] In some embodiments, determining the SoF includes determining a design current for one or more cells based on one or more characteristics of the one or more battery cells.

[0036] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a battery current based on a battery voltage corresponding to one or more battery cells, a battery open circuit voltage (OCV), and a battery impedance.

[0037] In some embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a cell current based on a cell voltage, a cell OCV, and a cell impedance corresponding to one or more cells.

[0038] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a current limit, wherein the current limit is a minimum value of one or more of a design current, a battery pack current, and a battery cell current.

[0039] In some embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a voltage limit based on the current limit.

[0040] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF is based on a power limit determined from a current limit and a voltage limit.

[0041] In some embodiments, the SoC is determined as:

[0042]

[0043] SoC(t) is the SoC in time;

[0044] SoC(t0) is the SoC at the first time value;

[0045] I(t) is the cell current over time; and

[0046] Q(t) is the capacity.

[0047] In some other embodiments, determining the SOC includes determining an OCV correction. The OCV correction is based on one or more OCV values. The one or more OCV values ​​are based on multiple SoC percentages and multiple temperature values ​​associated with the lead-acid battery.

[0048] In some embodiments, performing one or more actions includes: transmitting a first message including one or both of the SoF and the SoC using a control area network (CAN) protocol, transmitting a second message including at least one parameter associated with one or both of the SoF and the SoC, and performing a battery operation action. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0049] A more complete understanding of the embodiments described herein and their attendant advantages and features will be more readily appreciated by reference to the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0050] Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an example battery constructed according to the principles of the present disclosure;

[0051] Figure 2 An example system according to the principles of the present disclosure is shown;

[0052] Figure 3 is a block diagram of some entities in a system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0053] Figure 4 Example elements of a process (e.g., algorithm, method) for determining / transmitting one or more parameters according to principles of the present disclosure are shown;

[0054] Figure 5 Example elements of a process for determining information associated with a parameter in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure are shown;

[0055] Figure 6 shows an example lookup table graph according to the principles of the present disclosure;

[0056] Figure 7 shows a table including example messages according to the principles of the present disclosure; and

[0057] Figure 8 An example method according to the principles of the present disclosure is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0058] Before describing the exemplary embodiments in detail, it should be noted that the embodiments are primarily directed to a combination of apparatus components and processing steps associated with determining one or more parameters associated with a battery, such as a battery that may be used in conjunction with a lead-acid or Li-Ion battery. The determination may be performed by any of a battery management system (BMS), a device, a server, etc. Accordingly, system and method components are represented in the accompanying drawings by conventional symbols where appropriate, and only those specific details relevant to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure are shown so as not to obscure the present disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

[0059] As used herein, relational terms such as "first" and "second", "top" and "bottom" may be used only to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element, and do not necessarily require or imply any physical or logical relationship or order between these entities or elements. The terms used herein are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit the concepts described herein. As used herein, the singular forms "a / an" and "the" are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that when the term "comprises / comprising / includes / including" is used herein, it means the presence of the stated features, integrations, steps, operations, elements and / or components, but does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integrations, steps, operations, elements, components and / or groups thereof.

[0060] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical terms and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. It should be further understood that, unless explicitly defined herein, the terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with the context of this specification and the meaning in the relevant field, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense.

[0061] In the embodiments described herein, connection terms such as "in communication with..." may be used to indicate electrical communication or data communication, which may be implemented, for example, by physical contact, induction, electromagnetic radiation, radio signaling, infrared signaling, or optical signaling. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple components may interoperate, and that modifications and changes to the implementation of electrical and data communications are possible.

[0062] In some embodiments, the term "parameter" may refer to a numerical value or other value, such as an input, output, etc. A parameter may be measurable and / or determinable and / or transmitted and / or associated with a battery and / or a battery component and / or other device / system. A parameter may also refer to a selectable quantity for a predetermined situation and / or based on one or more parameters / states / variables. In a non-limiting example, a parameter may include voltage, current, power, temperature, pressure, etc. Further, a parameter may be a state. The term "state" may refer to a battery state and / or a state associated with other devices / systems. In some embodiments, the term "state of charge (SoC)" is used, which may refer to the charge level of a battery (and / or any other component of a battery (such as a battery cell)). The SoC may be relative to the capacity of the battery (and / or any other component of a battery (such as a battery cell)), for example, expressed as a percentage. In some other embodiments, the term "state of function (SoF)" is used, which may refer to the ability of a battery to perform a predetermined function and / or the battery to be ready to perform one or more functions. SoF may be a battery readiness state in terms of available energy, such as based on SoC related to available capacity.

[0063] In some embodiments, an action may be performed. The action may include sending / receiving parameters using one or more communication protocols, performing a battery operation action, triggering a component to perform another action, etc. Performing a battery operation action may include initiating a battery operation mode (e.g., activation, inactivation, sleep, power saving mode, etc.). The battery operation mode may also trigger the battery to initiate / inhibit battery charging, allow the battery to provide power, prevent the battery from providing power, etc. In some embodiments, the action may include determining information about the battery health, for example, which may be used to predict battery health degradation, potential failure, etc. In some other embodiments, the action may include alerting a user / owner of the battery, such as real-time battery reliability / condition, at which time the user may take action to prevent potential battery failure.

[0064] Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, Figure 1 1 shows a battery 10 constructed according to the principles of the present disclosure. The battery 10 includes a housing 12 in which one or more battery cells 14 are disposed. The battery cells 14 may be electrically interconnected, such as via a conductive bus bar system (not shown), which electrically interconnects the battery cells 14 in electrical series, in electrical parallel, or in a combination of electrical series and electrical parallel, depending on the expected voltage and current requirements.

[0065] A battery monitoring system (BMS) 16 may be included. In some embodiments, the BMS 16 may determine certain battery parameters, such as voltage, temperature, pressure, power, current, etc., and provide the data to an external system. The BMS 16 may also be connected to one or more battery cells 14. For example, the BMS 16 may be physically and / or electrically connected to a plurality of leads 26 (e.g., a lead assembly), wherein each lead 26 is physically and / or electrically connected to the battery cell 14. That is, the BMS 16 may be configured to determine (e.g., measure) one or more parameters of each battery cell 14 via the leads 26. The plurality of leads 26 may be included in the battery 10 and / or the BMS 16 (e.g., as part thereof). Further, the BMS 16 may include and / or be coupled to a monitoring connector 18 that implements an external connection, such as to a data bus of the vehicle or to some other communication device. In some embodiments, the monitoring connector 18 may be integrated with the housing 12, such as in the cover 20 of the housing 12. The battery 10 also includes terminals, such as a negative terminal 22a and a positive terminal 22b (collectively referred to as terminals 22), to provide contact points for electrically connecting the battery 10 to the vehicle to provide auxiliary power to the vehicle. The terminals 22 are arranged to protrude through the housing 12, such as through the cover 20. The terminals 22 can be electrically connected to a bus bar inside the housing 12 and / or directly connected to the battery cell 14 (not shown in the figure). In some embodiments, the housing 12 includes one or more vents 24 to allow ventilation from one or more battery cells 14.

[0066] The battery 10 can be arranged to provide a number of power capacities and physical sizes, and to operate under various parameters and parameter ranges. It should also be noted that some embodiments of the battery 10 can be scaled to provide various capacities. Power capacity scaling can be achieved, for example, by using battery cells 14 of higher or lower power capacity in the housing 12 and / or by using fewer or more battery cells 14 in the housing 12. In some embodiments, the battery 10 can be incorporated as part of a vehicle such as an electric vehicle (EV) or another type of vehicle that requires battery power. Other electrical parameters of the battery 10 can be adjusted / regulated by using battery cells 14, which can have desired operating characteristics in aggregate, such as voltage, charge capacity / rate, discharge rate, etc. Thermal performance can be managed based on the characteristics of the battery cells 14, using heat sinks and / or heat energy discharge plates inside or outside the housing 12, etc.

[0067] Figure 2An example system 30 according to the principles of the present disclosure is shown. The system 30 may include one or more of each of the following: a BMS 16, a network 32, a server 34, a device 36. In this non-limiting example, the BMS 16 may be configured to communicate with the network 32 and / or the server 34 and / or the device 36. The network 32 may be configured to provide communication functions and / or network functions to the BMS 16 and / or the server 34 and / or the device 36, such as access to one or more servers (e.g., the server 34) and / or server functions. The server 34 may be any server, computer, client device, network node, network device, etc. The server 34 may be configured to communicate with the BMS 16 and / or the network 32 and / or the device 36. The server 34 may be independent, integrated with the BMS 16 and / or the network 32 and / or the device 36, etc. Similarly, the BMS 16 may be independent, may be part of the device 36, may be part of the battery 10, may be integrated with the network 32 and / or the server 34, etc. Further, the BMS 16 (and / or the network 32 and / or the server 34 and / or the device 36) may be configured to perform any of the steps and / or tasks and / or methods and / or processes and / or features described herein, such as determining one or more parameters of the battery 10 and / or performing communication functions, such as sending / receiving one or more messages associated with one or more parameters. The BMS 16 may include a processing circuit system, such as a processing unit (e.g., a processor) and a memory to perform one or more functions described herein. The BMS 16 may include a communication unit (e.g., a communication interface) to communicate with sensors that monitor other operating parameters of the battery cells 14 and the battery 10, and / or to communicate with external elements (such as the network 32 and / or the server 34 and / or the device 36).

[0068] In particular, as a supplement or alternative to a processor (such as a central processing unit) and a memory, the processing circuit system may include an integrated circuit system for processing and / or control, for example, one or more processors and / or processor cores and / or an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and / or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit system) adapted to execute instructions. The processor may be configured to access the memory (e.g., write to the memory and / or read from the memory), which may include any type of volatile and / or non-volatile memory, for example, a cache and / or buffer memory and / or a RAM (random access memory) and / or a ROM (read-only memory) and / or an optical memory and / or an EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory).

[0069] Now refer to Figure 31 and 2 are used to describe example implementations of the BMS 16, the device 36, and the server 34 discussed in the previous paragraphs according to an embodiment. The BMS 16 may have hardware 40, which may include a communication interface 42 configured to communicate with one or more entities in the system 30 via wired and / or wireless communications. The communication may be a protocol-based communication.

[0070] The hardware 40 includes a processing circuit system 46. The processing circuit system 46 may include a processor 48 and a memory 50. In particular, in addition to or in place of a processor (such as a central processing unit) and a memory, the processing circuit system 46 may include an integrated circuit system for processing and / or control, such as one or more processors and / or processor cores and / or an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and / or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit system) adapted to execute instructions. The processor 48 may be configured to access the memory 50 (e.g., write to the memory and / or read from the memory), which may include any kind of volatile and / or non-volatile memory, such as a cache and / or buffer memory and / or a RAM (random access memory) and / or a ROM (read-only memory) and / or an optical memory and / or an EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory). The hardware 40 may also include one or more circuit elements 44, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, ground connections, source elements, sink elements, etc. Circuit elements 44 may be arranged in any configuration or connection, such as in series, in parallel, combinations thereof, etc., and may be connected to any other device, such as a component of system 30 .

[0071] Thus, the BMS 16 may further include software 52 stored, for example, in the memory 50 , or in an external memory (eg, a database, etc.) accessible by the BMS 16 . The software 52 may be executed by the processing circuitry 46 .

[0072] The processing circuit system 46 may be configured to control any method and / or process described herein and / or cause such method and / or process to be performed, for example, by the BMS 16. The processor 48 corresponds to one or more processors 48 for performing the BMS 16 functions described herein. The BMS 16 includes a memory 50 configured to store data, programming software code, and / or other information described herein. In some embodiments, the software 52 may include instructions that, when executed by the processor 48 and / or the processing circuit system 46, cause the processor 48 and / or the processing circuit system 46 to perform the processes described herein with respect to the BMS 16. For example, the processing circuit system 46 of the BMS 16 may include a BMS management unit 19 that is configured to perform any steps and / or tasks and / or processes and / or methods and / or features described in the present disclosure, for example, determining one or more parameters, steps and / or processes associated with the battery 10. Although the BMS management unit 19 is illustrated as being part of the BMS 16 , the BMS management unit 19 and associated functionality described herein may be implemented in a device distinct from the BMS 16 or in another device in the battery 10 .

[0073] The device 36 may have hardware 54 that may include a communication interface 56 configured to communicate with one or more entities in the system 30 (and / or external to the system 30) via wired and / or wireless communications. The communication may be protocol-based communication. The device 36 may also be configured to electrically connect to the battery 10 (e.g., to power the device 36) and / or receive at least one parameter (and / or parameter data) from the battery 10 and / or display at least one parameter.

[0074] Hardware 54 includes processing circuitry 58. Processing circuitry 58 may include a processor 60 and a memory 62. In particular, in addition to or in lieu of a processor (such as a central processing unit) and a memory, processing circuitry 58 may include an integrated circuit system for processing and / or control, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or processor cores and / or an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and / or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit system) adapted to execute instructions. Processor 60 may be configured to access memory 62 (e.g., write to and / or read from memory), which may include any kind of volatile and / or non-volatile memory, such as a cache and / or buffer memory and / or RAM (random access memory) and / or ROM (read only memory) and / or optical memory and / or EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory).

[0075] The device 36 may further include software 66 stored, for example, in the memory 62, or in an external memory (eg, a database, etc.) accessible by the device 36. The software 66 may be executed by the processing circuitry 58.

[0076] Processing circuit system 58 may be configured to control any method and / or process described herein and / or cause such method and / or process to be performed, for example, by device 36. Processor 60 corresponds to one or more processors 60 for performing the functions of device 36 described herein. Device 36 includes memory 62 configured to store data, programming software code, and / or other information described herein. In some embodiments, software 66 may include instructions that, when executed by processor 60 and / or processing circuit system 58, cause processor 60 and / or processing circuit system 58 to perform the processes described herein with respect to device 36. For example, processing circuit system 58 of device 36 may include device unit 23 configured to perform any steps and / or tasks and / or processes and / or methods and / or features described in the present disclosure, for example, determining one or more parameters, steps and / or processes associated with battery 10. Device 36 may also include display 64 configured to display an indication associated with at least one parameter measured / determined, for example, an indication associated with battery 10. The at least one parameter may include state of charge, voltage, current, etc. Display 64 may include lights (such as light emitting diodes (LEDs)), monitors, screens, and / or any other type of display.

[0077] In some embodiments, device 36 and / or any components thereof (such as display 64 ) may be included in and / or powered by BMS 16 (and / or battery 10 ).

[0078] Further, the server 34 includes hardware 70, and the hardware 70 may include a communication interface 72 for performing wired and / or wireless communications with the BMS 16 and / or the device 36 and / or any other device. For example, the communication interface 72 of the server 34 may communicate with the communication interface 56 of the device 36 via a communication link 90. ​​In addition, the communication interface 72 of the server 34 may communicate with the communication interface 42 of the BMS 16 via a communication link 92. Similarly, the communication interface 42 may communicate with the communication interface 56 via a communication link 94. At least one of the communication links 90, 92, 94 may refer to a wired / wireless connection (such as WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.).

[0079] In the illustrated embodiment, the hardware 70 of the server 34 includes a processing circuit system 74. The processing circuit system 74 may include a processor 76 and a memory 78. In particular, in addition to or in place of a processor (such as a central processing unit) and a memory, the processing circuit system 74 may include an integrated circuit system for processing and / or control, for example, one or more processors and / or processor cores and / or an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and / or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit system) adapted to execute instructions. The processor 76 may be configured to access the memory 78 (e.g., write to the memory and / or read from the memory), which may include any type of volatile and / or non-volatile memory, for example, a cache and / or buffer memory and / or a RAM (random access memory) and / or a ROM (read-only memory) and / or an optical memory and / or an EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory).

[0080] Therefore, the server 34 further has software 80, which is stored, for example, inside the memory 78, or stored in an external memory (e.g., a database, etc.) accessible by the server 34 via an external connection. The software 80 can be executed by the processing circuit system 74. The processing circuit system 74 can be configured to control any method and / or process described herein and / or cause such a method and / or process to be performed, for example, by the server 34. The processor 76 corresponds to one or more processors 76 for performing the functions of the server 34 described herein. The memory 78 is configured to store data, programming software code, and / or other information described herein. In some embodiments, the software 80 may include instructions that, when executed by the processor 76 and / or the processing circuit system 74, cause the processor 76 and / or the processing circuit system 74 to perform the processes described herein with respect to the server 34. For example, the processing circuit system 74 of the server 34 may include a server management unit 27, which is configured to perform one or more server 34 functions described herein, for example, determining one or more parameters, steps, and / or processes associated with the battery 10.

[0081] In some embodiments, device 36 may be included in BMS 16 and / or battery 10 (eg, Figure 1 In some other embodiments, the device 36 may be configured to perform any BMS function. In some embodiments, the device 36 and the battery 10 are included in the vehicle, and the device 36 may be connected to the battery 10 and / or the BMS 16.

[0082] although Figure 3One or more "units" such as the BMS management unit 19, the equipment unit 23, the server management unit 27, etc. are shown as being located within the corresponding processor, but it is conceivable that these units can be implemented so that a portion of the unit is stored in a corresponding memory within the processing circuit system. In other words, these units can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software within the processing circuit system.

[0083] Figure 4 Example elements of a process (e.g., algorithm, method) for determining / transmitting (e.g., to a server 34 and / or network 32 and / or device 36) one or more parameters are shown. The example process can be performed by any component of the system 30 (e.g., the BMS 16) and can include receiving one or more input parameters 102 and / or determining parameters 104 and / or providing one or more output parameters 106. The input parameters 102 can include battery current, battery voltage, battery cell voltage, temperature (e.g., measured temperature), etc. The input parameters 102 (e.g., voltage, current, temperature, etc.) of each battery cell 14 can be measured, such as via the leads 26. The method can include: determining parameters 104 (e.g., based on the input parameters 102), such as SoC, SoF, refresh charge, battery temperature, abuse fault, SoH. The output parameters 106 can include (e.g., based on the parameters 104) current, voltage, temperature, SoC, SoH, SoF, refresh charge, diagnostics, etc. In some embodiments, the BMS 16 can be configured to perform Figure 4 , which may include determining one or more parameters 104 (and / or input parameters 102 and / or output parameters 106) and / or transmitting these parameters to another device, such as: (e.g., based on the inputs) SoC, SoF, battery temperature, SoH, refresh charge, abuse fault, etc. The BMS 16 may be configured to provide an output (e.g., by determining and / or transmitting at least one of a plurality of outputs).

[0084] For example, the BMS 16 may be configured to perform Figure 4 One or more algorithms in, such as to determine and / or transmit and / or report:

[0085] ·According to Figure 7 Message output describing the battery level;

[0086] Battery output by using cell and battery cell level measurement data;

[0087] SoH, which may be an estimate of battery resistance change and / or capacity change using real-time measurement data and tracked battery usage information;

[0088] When should (i.e., ought to) the battery be replaced?

[0089] SoF, which may be an estimate of the power limit based on the battery SoC, SoH, and / or temperature;

[0090] Additional information associated with the SoF, such as Figure 5 as described;

[0091] Refresh charging algorithms, e.g., to determine when a battery should be charged based on the battery and cell SoC and battery usage history;

[0092] Battery abuse conditions that can be tracked by the BMS 16; and

[0093] Communication protocol setting faults that can be recorded by the BMS 16.

[0094] Figure 5 Example parameters 100 associated with SoF are shown, such as power limit estimates, system current limits, system voltage limits, battery cell voltage limits, current limits. An example process using the example parameters 100 can be performed by the BMS 16. The SoF power limit estimate can depend on the condition of the maximum constraint. The SoF power limit estimate can take into account (i.e., can be determined based on): the maximum current capability of the system design, the voltage limits of the system (i.e., battery 10, system 30) and / or vehicle applications, and / or the performance limits of (multiple) battery cells 14. For example, a power (P) limit estimate (e.g., P = I*V, where I refers to current and V refers to voltage) can be determined based on at least one of the system current limit 110, the system voltage limit 112, the battery cell voltage limit 114, and the current limit 116. The system current limit (I 设计 )110 may be equal to the battery cell and system design current. In some embodiments, the system current limit (I 设计 ) 110 may be a predetermined value based on one or more characteristics of the battery cell 14, the battery 10, the system 30 (and / or any other component of the system 30), the vehicle, etc. The system voltage (and / or current) limit 112 may refer to V 电池组 (and I 电池组 ), where V 电池组 = applied voltage limit; and I 电池组＝ (V 电池组 -OCV 电池组 ) / R 电池组 OCV may refer to open circuit voltage, and R may refer to impedance. In some embodiments, a battery pack refers to one or more battery cells 14 and / or one or more batteries 10. In some other embodiments, V 电池组 (and I 电池组) may refer to the voltage (and / or current) of a plurality of battery cells 14 , a battery 10 , and / or a group of batteries 10 .

[0095] The battery cell voltage limit 114 may be V 电池单体 (and I 电池单体 ), where V 电池单体 is based on (and / or determines) the safety and life (parameters) of the battery 10. In some embodiments, I 电池单体 =(V 电池单体 -OCV 电池单体 ) / R 电池单体 .

[0096] The current limit 116 may be determined based on the battery cell, battery pack, and / or design parameters (and / or any other parameters). In some embodiments, the current limit 116 may be determined based on a minimum value (I 电池单体 ,I 电池组 ,I 设计 )(i.e., I 电池单体 ,I 电池组 ,I 设计 In some other embodiments, the voltage of the battery 10 (or a group of batteries 10) may be determined based on the current value (e.g., based on the minimum value), impedance, open circuit voltage, etc. In some embodiments, the voltage value is determined as V=OCV 电池组 +I*R 电池组 Although some parameters such as current (I) and voltage (V) are associated with a "design" or "battery pack", these values ​​of I and V are not limited to this and can be I and V measured at the battery cell level (i.e., I 电池单体 and V 电池单体 ), such as measured by BMS 16 via a plurality of leads 26 .

[0097] In some embodiments, the SoC estimation / determination process (i.e., method) is performed, for example, by the BMS 16. In this non-limiting example, the SoC may be estimated and / or determined, for example, by the BMS 16 based on initial values ​​of SoC and / or current and / or C (i.e., battery capacity, which may be a reference capacity based on a specific temperature and discharge rate). In some embodiments, SoC(t) may be the discharge current, which is positive in the following equation, determined as:

[0098]

[0099] The determination may have (i.e., take into account, base the determination of SoC at least in part on) error sources such as sensor accuracy, current integration error, self-discharge, coulombic efficiency, and initial SoC. The SoC may also be estimated based on the OCV correction. The determination of SoC based on the OCV correction may have (i.e., take into account, base the determination of SoC at least in part on) error sources such as sensor inaccuracy, incomplete relaxation, lookup table inaccuracy.

[0100] In some other embodiments, performing OCV correction may include determining one or more OCV values ​​based on SoC (%) and temperature (°C). One or more OCV values ​​may be determined using a lookup table, for example, by looking up (e.g., finding, estimating, etc.) an OCV value in a data array that maps input values ​​(e.g., SoC (%) and temperature (°C)) to output values ​​(e.g., OCV values). The OCV lookup table values ​​may be plotted, for example, in a three-dimensional curve, where the x-axis is temperature (°C), the y-axis is SoC (%), and the z-axis is OCV value.

[0101] In some embodiments, performing OCV correction may include determining one or more OCV accuracy values ​​based on SoC (%) and temperature (°C). One or more OCV accuracy values ​​may be determined using a lookup table, for example, by looking up (e.g., finding, estimating, etc.) an OCV accuracy value in a data array that maps input values ​​(e.g., SoC (%) and temperature (°C)) to output values ​​(e.g., OCV accuracy values). The OCV lookup table accuracy values ​​may be plotted, for example, in a three-dimensional curve, where the x-axis is temperature (°C), the y-axis is SoC (%), and the z-axis is the OCV accuracy value. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto, and may describe an OCV lookup that may be plotted using any type of curve, such as a two-dimensional curve. Figure 6 An example SoC-OCV lookup graph is shown. For example, for a lead-acid battery (such as an absorbed glass mat (AGM) lead-acid battery), estimating the SoC based on the OCV reading is highly reliable after the battery 10 is given a predetermined rest time. During driving, the SoC can be updated using a current integration method (i.e., an electrical current integration method). Both methods may have various sources of error. In some embodiments, the SoC estimate is based on a combination of both the OCV correction method and the current integration method to achieve the best results.

[0102] In other words, refresh charging maintains the battery in optimized state(s); the SoH can be used for preventive replacement, e.g., by leveraging usage history and / or real-time measurements; and abuse / faults can be tracked / transmitted, e.g., on-demand, on-request, etc.

[0103] Figure 7A table including example messages according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. The BMS 16 may be configured to determine at least one of the example messages and / or to send / receive message(s). The message(s) may be associated with a lead-acid battery (such as an absorbed glass mat (AGM) lead-acid battery) and / or one or more communication protocols / standards (e.g., a control area network (CAN), a local interconnect network (LIN), Bluetooth, etc.). The message(s) may include BatteryCurrent, BatteryVoltage, BatteryTemperature, MaximumDischargePower_100ms, MaximumDischargePower_10s, MaximumDischargePower_1s, RefreshCharge, State of Health (SoH), State of Charge (SoC), WakeupSource, ExternalCommand, DiagReq, and / or DiagRes.

[0104] BatteryCurrent and BatteryVoltage correspond to the battery current and battery voltage, respectively, which may be reported values ​​and / or measured values. BatteryTemperature corresponds to the battery temperature, which may be an estimated value based on, for example, temperature sensor measurements. MaximumDischargePower_100ms (10s, 1s) corresponds to the battery discharge power limit within the next time period (e.g., 100ms (1s, 10s, respectively)), which may be reported by, for example, a functional state (SOF) algorithm executed by the BMS 16. Refresh charge may be a feature intended to maintain the battery in one or more battery states (e.g., an optimal state). The battery state prevents the battery 10 from accelerating degradation, such as degradation caused by insufficient charging. Refresh charge on (i.e., true, activated, 1, etc.) may indicate that the battery 10 should (i.e., should, can, will) be fully charged, such as based on a recommendation provided by the battery. If the battery 10 has been charged to a battery state (e.g., one or more optimal states), the refresh charge request may be turned off (i.e., false, disabled, 0, etc.).

[0105] Further, SoH on (i.e., true, activated, 1, etc.) can indicate that the battery 10 should (i.e., can, recommended) be replaced. For example, when SoH is on, the battery can be in a state that indicates that replacing the battery is an action process that can maintain the battery 10 in a battery state (e.g., optimal state) and / or prevent damage to the battery 10 in long-term operation. State of charge (SoC) (e.g., SoC in %) reports (i.e., indicates) the battery state of charge. The BMS 16 can be configured to transmit WakeupSource (e.g., the type of wakeup requested). The specific details will be determined by the customer. External commands can be reserved for the BMS 16 to receive one or more commands from the device 36. DiagReqand and / or DiagRes correspond to diagnostic requests and diagnostic responses, respectively, and can be used in communications between the BMS 16 and other devices / components (e.g., diagnostic tools). In one or more embodiments, any parameters, states, messages, etc. can be transmitted to and / or received from any component of the system 30 (such as the BMS 16, the network 32, the server 34, and / or the device 36). The BMS 16 may sample various sensors within the battery 10 at a predetermined sampling rate and use the sensor data as a basis for determining corresponding parameters, status, and the like.

[0106] In a non-limiting example of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the BMS 16 may be configured to measure one or more parameters, such as inputs such as current and / or voltage. The BMS 16 may also be configured to determine another parameter, such as a state of health (SoH), a state of function (SoF), a state of charge (SoC), a diagnostic parameter. Further, the BMS 16 may be configured to determine a limit (such as an SoF power limit) associated with one or more determined parameters. The SoF limit may be determined based on (i.e., based on) the worst execution limit from one or more limits (such as system limits, battery cell limits, and vehicle execution limits). The SoC may be determined based on current integration and / or OCV correction and / or taking into account one or more error sources. In other words, one or more parameters and / or battery states may be determined and / or predicted (e.g., at predetermined time intervals) that provide information about the battery that may be relevant to the user (and / or owner and / or manufacturer and / or service provider) of the battery.

[0107] For example, a determination may be made, for example based on other parameters, that a SoH is to be initiated, which may indicate a degraded battery state and that the battery should be replaced by a predetermined date / time. Any parameters (e.g., determined, measured, estimated) may be communicated (i.e., received / transmitted), for example, using one or more communication protocols / standards (e.g., CAN, Local Interconnect Network (LIN), Bluetooth, etc.). The SoH indicating a degraded battery state may be communicated to: a device 36 of a vehicle in which the battery 10 is installed to avoid starting the vehicle's engine with a degraded battery; a device associated with a user / owner of the battery 10; and / or the manufacturer of the battery for fault logging; and / or a service provider, for example, for scheduling a service appointment.

[0108] In some embodiments, the BMS 16 may be configured to transmit vehicle and battery data to a server 34 configured to run a fleet management application. In some other embodiments, the BMS may be configured to measure battery voltage and cell voltage and perform actions such as performing diagnostics on external circuits, overcharging, or experiencing extreme temperatures that may damage the battery.

[0109] In some embodiments, one or more actions may be performed by the BMS 16, such as placing the BMS 16 in a low power mode (e.g., a deep sleep mode) without frequent wake-up until the BMS 16 first detects that the battery current exceeds a threshold. If the BMS 16 detects that the battery 10 has not been used after a certain period of time, the BMS 16 may enter a deep sleep mode. This may minimize the self-discharge rate during transportation, shelf storage, and airport parking.

[0110] In some other embodiments, a vehicle with a device 36 (e.g., a fleet of trucks equipped with the device 36) may use a BMS 16 inside an AGM battery, which may pre-process the battery data and save the battery data in the form of a histogram. Additional information may be requested, for example, only on demand from a software application (e.g., device 36, server 34). This may reduce costs associated with data transmission.

[0111] In some embodiments, the BMS 16 may use one or more communication protocols, for example, to perform one or more actions associated with determining the SoF (such as for transmitting battery performance). For example, the BMS 16 may transmit the following battery performance and / or information:

[0112] The minimum pulse / start voltage associated with the specific temperature and SoC conditions that are likely to be relevant for the next start / pulse use;

[0113] The probability of successful start-up / safe maneuvering under the specific temperature and SoC conditions most likely associated with next use; and

[0114] Minimum SoC to ensure successful startup / safe operation at a specific temperature most likely associated with the next use.

[0115] Figure 8 An example method is shown (e.g., in a BMS 16). The BMS may be electrically connected to a lead-acid battery 10 having one or more cells 14. The method includes determining (block S100) one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters 100, wherein the one or more parameters 100 include at least one parameter 100 associated with one or more cells 14 of the lead-acid battery 10, and performing (block S102) one or more actions based on the determination.

[0116] In some embodiments, determining the SoF includes determining a design current for the one or more battery cells 14 based on one or more characteristics of the one or more battery cells 14 .

[0117] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a battery current based on a battery voltage corresponding to one or more battery cells, a battery open circuit voltage (OCV), and a battery impedance.

[0118] In some embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a cell current based on a cell voltage, a cell OCV, and a cell impedance corresponding to one or more cells.

[0119] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a current limit, wherein the current limit is a minimum value of one or more of a design current, a battery pack current, and a battery cell current.

[0120] In some embodiments, determining the SoF further includes determining a voltage limit based on the current limit.

[0121] In some other embodiments, determining the SoF is based on a power limit determined from a current limit and a voltage limit.

[0122] In some embodiments, the SoC is determined as:

[0123]

[0124] SoC(t) is the SoC in time;

[0125] SoC(t0) is the SoC at the first time value;

[0126] I(t) is the cell current over time; and

[0127] Q(t) is the capacity.

[0128] In some other embodiments, determining the SOC includes determining an OCV correction. The OCV correction is based on one or more OCV values. The one or more OCV values ​​are based on multiple SoC percentages and multiple temperature values ​​associated with the lead-acid battery 10.

[0129] In some embodiments, performing one or more actions includes: transmitting a first message including one or both of the SoF and the SoC using a control area network (CAN) protocol, transmitting a second message including at least one parameter associated with one or both of the SoF and the SoC, and performing a battery operation action.

[0130] Therefore, the systems, devices, methods (e.g., algorithms) of the present disclosure are beneficial, at least because battery reliability is improved by maintaining the battery in one or more battery states (e.g., optimized states), and preventive battery replacement can be indicated / warned before battery failure. Further, battery abuse / failure (e.g., engine over-start, high load, etc.) can also be tracked and / or communicated.

[0131] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the concepts described herein may be embodied as methods, data processing systems, computer program products, and / or computer storage media storing executable computer programs. Thus, the concepts described herein may take the form of a complete hardware embodiment, a complete software embodiment, or an embodiment combining hardware and software aspects, collectively referred to herein as a "circuit" or "module". Any process, step, action, and / or function described herein may be performed by and / or associated with a corresponding module, which may be implemented in software and / or firmware and / or hardware. In addition, the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product on a physical computer-usable storage medium having a computer program code embodied in the medium that may be executed by a computer. Any suitable tangible computer-readable medium may be utilized, including a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an electronic storage device, an optical storage device, or a magnetic storage device.

[0132] Some embodiments may be described herein with reference to the flowchart and / or block diagram of the method, system and computer program product. It should be understood that each frame of the flowchart and / or block diagram and the combination of frames in the flowchart and / or block diagram can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a general-purpose computer (thereby building a special-purpose computer), a processor of a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing devices to generate machine instructions, which are executed via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing devices to form a means for implementing the function / action specified in one or more frames of the flowchart and / or block diagram.

[0133] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory or storage medium, which may instruct a computer or other programmable data processing device to implement functions in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce a work, which includes instruction means that implement the functions / actions specified in one or more boxes of the flowchart and / or block diagram.

[0134] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus so that a series of operating steps are executed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process, so that the instructions executed on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions / actions specified in one or more boxes of the flowchart and / or block diagram.

[0135] It should be understood that the functions / actions indicated in the blocks may not occur in the order indicated in the operational diagram. For example, two blocks shown in succession may actually be executed substantially simultaneously, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending on the functions / actions involved. Although some figures include arrows on communication paths to illustrate the primary direction of communication, it should be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction of the arrows depicted.

[0136] Computer program code for carrying out operations of the concepts described herein may be written in an object oriented programming language such as Python, The computer program code for performing the operations of the present disclosure may be written in a conventional procedural programming language (such as the "C" programming language). The program code may be executed entirely on the user's computer, partially on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partially on the user's computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer. In the latter case, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer via a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or a connection to an external computer may be made (e.g., using an Internet service provider to connect via the Internet).

[0137] Many different embodiments have been disclosed herein in conjunction with the above description and accompanying drawings. It should be understood that literally describing and illustrating every combination and subcombination of these embodiments would be overly repetitive and obscure. Accordingly, all embodiments may be combined in any manner and / or combination, and this specification, including the accompanying drawings, should be interpreted as constituting a complete written description of all combinations and subcombinations of the embodiments described herein and the manner and process of making and using them, and should support the claim for protection of any such combination or subcombination.

[0138] It should be understood that all specification values ​​shown and described herein are non-limiting examples of embodiments of the battery 10, battery cell 14, BMS 16, network 32, server 34 and / or device 36 constructed according to the principles of the disclosure provided herein. Those skilled in the art will understand that the present embodiment is not limited to what has been specifically shown and described above. In addition, unless otherwise mentioned above, it should be noted that all drawings are not drawn to scale. Various modifications and variations are possible in accordance with the above teachings and the appended claims.

Claims

1. A battery management system (BMS) (16), the battery management system being electrically connectable to a lead-acid battery (10) having one or more battery cells, the BMS (16) comprising a processing circuit system (46), the processing circuit system being configured to: determining one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters (100), the one or more parameters (100) including at least one parameter associated with the one or more cells (14) of the lead-acid battery (10); and One or more actions are performed based on the determination.

2. The BMS (16) according to claim 1, wherein: Determining the SoF includes determining a design current for the one or more battery cells (14) based on one or more characteristics of the one or more battery cells (14).

3. The BMS (16) according to claim 2, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a battery current based on a battery voltage, a battery open circuit voltage (OCV), and a battery impedance corresponding to the one or more battery cells (14).

4. The BMS (16) according to claim 3, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a cell current based on a cell voltage, a cell OCV, and a cell impedance corresponding to the one or more cells (14).

5. The BMS (16) according to claim 4, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a current limit value, the current limit value being a minimum value of one or more of the design current, the battery pack current, and the battery cell current.

6. The BMS (16) according to claim 5, wherein: Determining the SoF is based on a power limit, which is determined based on the current limit and the voltage limit.

7. The BMS (16) according to claim 6, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a power limit based on the current limit and the voltage limit.

8. The BMS (16) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The SoC is determined as: SoC(t) is the SoC in time; SoC(t0) is the SoC at the first time value I(t) is the battery cell current over time; and Q(t) is the capacity.

9. The BMS (16) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: Determining the SOC includes determining an OCV correction based on one or more OCV values ​​based on a plurality of SoC percentages and a plurality of temperature values ​​associated with the lead-acid battery (10).

10. The BMS (16) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein: Performing one or more actions includes: Using a control area network (CAN) protocol to transmit a first message, the first message including one or both of the SoF and the SoC; causing transmission of a second message comprising at least one parameter associated with one or both of the SoF and the SoC; and Perform battery-operated actions.

11. A lead-acid battery (10), comprising: One or more battery cells (14); one or more leads, each lead being electrically connected to one of the one or more battery cells (14); A battery management system (BMS) (16) electrically connected to the one or more battery cells (14) via the one or more leads, the BMS (16) comprising a processing circuit system (46) configured to: determining one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters (100), the one or more parameters (100) including at least one parameter associated with the one or more battery cells (14); and One or more actions are performed based on the determination.

12. The lead-acid battery (10) according to claim 11, wherein: Determining the SoF includes determining a design current for the one or more battery cells (14) based on one or more characteristics of the one or more battery cells (14).

13. The lead-acid battery (10) according to claim 12, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a battery current based on a battery voltage, a battery open circuit voltage (OCV), and a battery impedance corresponding to the one or more battery cells (14).

14. The lead-acid battery (10) according to claim 13, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a cell current based on a cell voltage, a cell OCV, and a cell impedance corresponding to the one or more cells (14).

15. The lead-acid battery (10) of claim 14, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a current limit value, the current limit value being a minimum value of one or more of the design current, the battery pack current, and the battery cell current.

16. The lead-acid battery (10) of claim 15, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a voltage limit based on the current limit.

17. The lead-acid battery (10) of claim 16, wherein: Determining the SoF is based on a power limit, which is determined based on the current limit and the voltage limit.

18. The lead-acid battery (10) according to any one of claims 11 to 17, wherein: The SoC is determined as: SoC(t) is the SoC in time; SoC(t0) is the SoC at the first time value I(t) is the battery cell current over time; and Q(t) is the capacity.

19. The lead-acid battery (10) according to any one of claims 11 to 18, wherein: Determining the SOC includes determining an OCV correction based on one or more OCV values ​​based on a plurality of SoC percentages and a plurality of temperature values ​​associated with the lead-acid battery (10).

20. The lead-acid battery (10) according to any one of claims 11 to 19, wherein: Performing one or more actions includes: Using a control area network (CAN) protocol to transmit a first message, the first message including one or both of the SoF and the SoC; causing transmission of a second message comprising at least one parameter associated with one or both of the SoF and the SoC; and Perform battery-operated actions.

21. A method in a battery management system (BMS) (16), the battery management system being electrically connectable to a lead-acid battery (10) having one or more battery cells (14), the method comprising: determining (S100) one or both of a state of function (SoF) and a state of charge (SoC) based on one or more parameters (100), the one or more parameters (100) including at least one parameter associated with the one or more battery cells (14) of the lead-acid battery (10); and One or more actions are performed ( S102 ) based on the determination.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein: Determining the SoF includes determining a design current for the one or more battery cells (14) based on one or more characteristics of the one or more battery cells (14).

23. The method of claim 22, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a battery current based on a battery voltage, a battery open circuit voltage (OCV), and a battery impedance corresponding to the one or more battery cells (14).

24. The method of claim 23, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a cell current based on a cell voltage, a cell OCV, and a cell impedance corresponding to the one or more cells (14).

25. The method of claim 24, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a current limit value, the current limit value being a minimum value of one or more of the design current, the battery pack current, and the battery cell current.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein: Determining the SoF further includes determining a voltage limit based on the current limit.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein: Determining the SoF is based on a power limit determined based on the current limit and the voltage limit.

28. The method of any one of claims 21 to 27, wherein: The SoC is determined as: SoC(t) is the SoC in time; SoC(t0) is the SoC at the first time value I(t) is the battery cell current over time; and Q(t) is the capacity.

29. The method of any one of claims 21 to 28, wherein: Determining the SOC includes determining an OCV correction based on one or more OCV values ​​based on a plurality of SoC percentages and a plurality of temperature values ​​associated with the lead-acid battery (10).

30. The method of any one of claims 21 to 29, wherein: Performing one or more actions includes: Transmitting a first message using a control area network (CAN) protocol, wherein the first message includes one or both of the SoF and the SoC; transmitting a second message, the second message comprising at least one parameter associated with one or both of the SoF and the SoC; and Perform battery-operated actions.

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