An adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning

Abstract

An adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward approach filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning, which classifies the rock mass according to the degree of rock fragmentation and selects grouting parameters; drives multiple advanced spindle-shaped grouting pipes into a section outside the loose rock mass of the upper plate; performs high-pressure grouting operations and forms a 1m thick slurry anchoring area; after the smooth blasting operation, a single lagging support is performed, and multiple lagging supports are performed in sequence at a spacing of 0.6m at the rear as the excavation progresses; when the top is under pressure, wear-resistant gaskets are used to achieve primary energy absorption, and energy-absorbing materials are used to achieve secondary energy absorption, and deformation pressure perception is performed through intelligent sensors, and early warning reminders are given through monitoring terminals; top and wall protection U-shaped steels are disassembled and recycled; and tailings mortar is used to fill and support the mined straight wall arch tunnel. This method is highly targeted at the recovery of broken thin veins in the upper plate surrounding rock, and has the advantages of asymmetric support, reusable materials, intelligent monitoring, and adaptive support strength.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of intelligent monitoring, and in particular relates to an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward route filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning. Background Art

[0002] During the mining process, the stability of the tunnel is crucial to the safety of the operation. However, for ore bodies with large inclination angles and thin thickness, the upper rock mass is usually loose and broken, making it difficult to form the tunnel, and it is easy for the surrounding rock to collapse or move. Traditional support technologies, such as simple anchor bolts or shotcrete support, are difficult to meet the stability requirements of loose and broken rock masses, and are prone to local instability when the support structure is subjected to high stress. Especially during the upward approach mining process, the pressure of the upper rock mass is concentrated, and the durability and energy absorption characteristics of the support system become key factors affecting the stability of the tunnel.

[0003] In addition, traditional symmetrical support often ignores the stress differences of surrounding rocks in different directions, resulting in a certain amount of waste of support materials and increased support costs. In the use of tunnel support materials, if the support structure cannot be reused, the cost of ore recovery will be further increased. In addition, the support structure without real-time monitoring is difficult to cope with the dynamic changes in surrounding rock pressure, and cannot timely warn of the risk of support failure caused by high stress, which will seriously affect the safety of operations. For this reason, it is urgent to provide an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward approach filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning to effectively ensure the safety of ore mining operations. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art, the present invention provides an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning. The method is highly targeted at the recovery of broken thin veins in the upper surrounding rock. It has the advantages of asymmetric support, reusable materials, intelligent monitoring and adaptive support strength. By combining the filling and consolidation process, it provides a stable support guarantee for the layer-by-layer mining of the upper ore body, ensuring the efficiency, intelligence, economy and safety of the ore body mining process.

[0005] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward route filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning, comprising the following steps:

[0006] Step 1: Select an ore body with an inclination of 30° to 55°, with loose rock mass on the upper plate and rock mass on the lower plate as the mining target, and then lay out a straight-wall arch tunnel along the direction of the ore body in the mining area at the bottom of the ore body;

[0007] Step 2: According to the degree of rock fragmentation, the loose rock mass in the upper plate is divided into three categories: lightly broken, moderately broken and severely broken; if it is lightly broken, a low-intensity grouting pressure of 0.5-1MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit spacing of 0.4-0.6m are selected as grouting parameters; if it is moderately broken, a medium-intensity grouting pressure of 1-2MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit spacing of 0.3-0.5m are selected as grouting parameters; if it is severely broken, a high-intensity grouting pressure greater than 2MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit spacing of 0.2-0.3m are selected as grouting parameters;

[0008] The spindle-shaped grouting conduit has a spindle-shaped cross section, and has a grouting port and a conical head at both ends of the length direction of the conduit. The spindle-shaped grouting conduit has multiple grouting ports on both sides of the width direction of the conduit along the length direction. At the same time, the grouting ports on both sides of the width direction of the conduit are staggered. A pressure sensor is installed at the end of the inner part of the conduit in the height direction.

[0009] Step 3: Preset the boundary of the straight wall arch tunnel, and according to the selected grouting parameters, drive multiple advanced spindle-shaped grouting tubes obliquely upward around the periphery of the boundary on one side of the loose rock mass of the upper plate, and make the distance between the spindle-shaped grouting tube and the boundary 0.5m, and make the axial angle between the spindle-shaped grouting tube and the straight wall arch tunnel 15°. At the same time, anchor the conical head into the deep area of ​​the loose rock mass of the upper plate, and make the width direction of the spindle-shaped grouting tube consistent with the circumferential direction of the straight wall arch tunnel;

[0010] Step 4: Establish a connection between the grouting port of the spindle-shaped grouting pipe and the grouting pipeline. According to the selected grouting parameters, use the grouting ports of multiple spindle-shaped grouting pipes in sequence to perform high-pressure grouting operations, so that the slurry flows into the loose rock mass of the upper plate at a high speed through the grouting port, and forms a 1m thick slurry anchoring area. The slurry anchoring area is used to form an asymmetric support body on the outside of the straight wall arch tunnel to improve the bearing strength of the loose rock mass of the upper plate;

[0011] During the grouting operation, the grouting pressure signal is collected in real time through the pressure sensor and sent to the monitoring terminal. The monitoring terminal obtains the grouting pressure data through the grouting pressure signal, and monitors the grouting process and the diffusion effect of the slurry in real time according to the change of the grouting pressure data, and further evaluates the grouting reinforcement effect in combination with the strength of the slurry anchoring area; if the grouting reinforcement effect does not meet the expected standard, the grouting parameters are adjusted and the grouting operation is performed again until the expected standard is met; if the grouting reinforcement effect meets the expected standard, step five is executed;

[0012] Step 5: Use a small excavation trolley to drive several pre-splitting blasting holes into the tunnel section, and make the diameter of the pre-splitting blasting holes 42mm and the depth 2.5m; set a distance within the boundary of the straight wall arch tunnel for smooth blasting, and make the single blasting footage 2.5m; control the amount and range of explosives for pre-splitting blasting so that it will not damage the slurry anchoring area;

[0013] After blasting, a small scraper is used to shovel the generated ore from the access road; after the ore is shoveled out, a top-protecting U-shaped steel, two wall-protecting U-shaped steels and two clips are used in the straight-wall arch tunnel for single-time delayed support. Specifically, the two wall-protecting U-shaped steels are relatively supported on the two straight wall sides of the straight-wall arch tunnel, the top-protecting U-shaped steel is supported on the top of the straight-wall arch tunnel, and the two ends of the top-protecting U-shaped steel are nested in the outside of the upper ends of the two wall-protecting U-shaped steels. At the same time, a wear-resistant gasket with a U-shaped cross-section is embedded at the connection between the top-protecting U-shaped steel and the wall-protecting U-shaped steel, and then the two clips are respectively mounted on the outside of the two sections of the connection between the top-protecting U-shaped steel and the two wall-protecting U-shaped steels, and the fastening ends of the clips are The buckle is located outside the closed section of the top protection U-shaped steel, and the fastening end of the buckle is locked and fixed by using the locking connector to achieve a stable connection between the wall protection U-shaped steel and the top protection U-shaped steel; wherein the buckle is an integral structure, which has a fastening end, and a fixing cavity is formed inside the buckle for accommodating the top protection U-shaped steel and the wall protection U-shaped steel after being stacked; wherein the locking connector includes a bolt, an energy absorbing material, an intelligent sensor and a nut, wherein the bolt is passed through the through hole of the fastening end of the buckle, the energy absorbing material and the intelligent sensor are both sleeved on the bolt, and the energy absorbing material is adjacent to the head of the bolt, the intelligent sensor is adjacent to the energy absorbing material, and the nut is sleeved on the rod section of the bolt through threaded matching;

[0014] As the excavation of the straight-wall arch tunnel progresses, multiple delayed supports are carried out in sequence at intervals of 0.6 m behind the excavation;

[0015] Step 6: When high stress pressure comes from the top, the pressure is transmitted to the connection with the wall protection U-shaped steel through the top protection U-shaped steel, and sliding friction is generated with the wear-resistant gasket at the connection, and the sliding friction process of the wear-resistant gasket is used to realize the first-level energy absorption of the pressure; while the top protection U-shaped steel and the wear-resistant gasket are generating sliding friction, the fastening end of the buckle is subjected to tension and acts on the energy-absorbing material, so that the energy-absorbing material is compressed and deformed, and the compression deformation of the energy-absorbing material is used to realize the second-level energy absorption of the pressure; at the same time, the deformation pressure signal is collected in real time by the intelligent sensor and sent to the monitoring terminal, and the monitoring terminal obtains the deformation pressure data according to the deformation pressure signal and compares it with the rated bearing capacity. When the deformation pressure data exceeds the rated bearing capacity, the alarm device is controlled to perform an alarm action, and at the same time, an alarm signal is sent to the command center;

[0016] Step 7: After the bottom ore bodies are mined in sequence, the top protection U-shaped steel and the wall protection U-shaped steel of the delayed support are dismantled and recovered in sequence; after the dismantling and recovery operation is completed, the tailings mortar is used to perform cementing filling operation on the vertical wall arch tunnel, and the filling height is made to reach the top of the vertical wall arch tunnel to form a filling body in the vertical wall arch tunnel, and then the consolidation treatment is performed at a set time, so as to complete the safe mining operation of the bottom ore body; after the filling body solidifies, the filling body is used to stably support the vertical wall arch tunnel;

[0017] Step 8: Arrange a new straight-wall arch tunnel again along the direction of the ore body on one side of the top of the filled straight-wall arch tunnel, and then repeat steps 2 to 7 to continue mining, supporting and filling operations on the newly formed bottom of the ore body;

[0018] Step 9: Repeat step 8 several times until the entire ore body is mined.

[0019] Preferably, in step one, the thickness of the ore body is not less than 2 m.

[0020] Furthermore, in order to ensure that the spindle-shaped grouting conduit itself has a strong bearing capacity and at the same time, to ensure a good grouting effect, in step two, the spindle-shaped grouting conduit has a tube height of 30 mm, a tube width of 60 mm, and a tube length of 6 m; the diameter of the slurry outlet is 10 mm, and the spacing between multiple slurry outlets on the same side is 400 mm.

[0021] Furthermore, in order to ensure efficient support and mining operations, in steps 1 and 8, the top height of the straight wall arch tunnel is 2.5 m, the width of the straight wall arch tunnel is 3.1 m, and the vertical wall height of the straight wall arch tunnel is 1.2 m.

[0022] Furthermore, in order to ensure the support strength, in step five, the top protection U-shaped steel and the wall protection U-shaped steel are both made of 45 carbon steel, wherein the cross-sectional height of the top protection U-shaped steel and the wall protection U-shaped steel is 120 to 360 mm, the flange width is 50 to 150 mm, and the wall thickness is 6 to 12 mm.

[0023] Furthermore, in order to provide reliable guarantees for subsequent safe mining operations, in step seven, a strength test is carried out after the filling body solidifies. When the strength of the filling body reaches the design strength, step eight is executed. When the filling body does not reach the design strength, auxiliary support measures are used in the straight wall arch tunnel to enhance the support strength of the filling body to the design strength to ensure the stability of the straight wall arch tunnel.

[0024] As a preference, the intelligent sensor is a pressure sensor.

[0025] In the present invention, different grouting pressures and grouting conduit spacings are selected as matching grouting parameters according to the degree of rock mass fragmentation, which can effectively ensure that the upper plate rock mass with different degrees of fragmentation can reasonably obtain suitable anchoring strength, thereby avoiding the waste of anchoring resources and effectively ensuring the anchoring effect of the upper plate rock mass. The cross section of the selected grouting conduit is spindle-shaped, and the grouting ports are distributed on both sides of the width direction of the grouting conduit, which can effectively increase the coverage of the grouting, which is conducive to reducing the use of the grouting conduit. At the same time, the spindle-shaped cross section can effectively increase the grouting flow rate and grouting pressure, which is conducive to improving the grouting efficiency and effect. The grouting ports on both sides of the width direction of the grouting conduit are staggered, which can help achieve a directional anchoring effect; furthermore, the spindle-shaped cross section can effectively increase the bearing strength of the grouting conduit, which is conducive to using the grouting conduit itself in conjunction with the subsequent solidified slurry to provide a reliable support foundation for the stability of the roadway. A plurality of spindle-shaped grouting tubes are driven around the periphery of the boundary of the straight-wall arch tunnel, and then the plurality of spindle-shaped grouting tubes are used for high-pressure grouting operations, and then the injected slurry is used to condense the plurality of spindle-shaped grouting tubes and a section of loose rock mass on the upper plate outside the boundary into a slurry anchoring zone. In this way, a section of slurry anchoring zone with an arched top can be formed outside the straight-wall arch tunnel on the side close to the loose rock mass on the upper plate, and the support strength of the broken rock mass on the upper plate can be increased in a targeted manner through an asymmetric support method. At the same time, the construction amount of the support is greatly reduced, and the waste of support materials caused by additional support is effectively avoided. During the grouting operation, the grouting pressure signal is collected in real time through the pressure sensor, which can facilitate the effective monitoring of the grouting process according to the grouting pressure data, and then the diffusion effect of the slurry can be perceived, and the grouting reinforcement effect can be effectively evaluated. In this way, when the grouting reinforcement effect is not ideal, corresponding countermeasures can be taken in time. A small excavation trolley is used to drive several pre-splitting blasting holes, and then the ore body is mined by smooth blasting. Then, a small scraper is used to shovel out the ore, which can safely and efficiently realize the efficient mining operation of the ore body in the predetermined area. Two wall-protecting U-shaped steels are supported on the two vertical walls of the straight wall arch tunnel, and the top-protecting U-shaped steel is supported on the top of the straight wall arch tunnel. Then, the overlapping sections of the wall-protecting U-shaped steel and the top-protecting U-shaped steel are reliably connected by nesting and buckling, so as to form a rigid temporary support body that matches the inner contour of the straight wall arch tunnel, and then the straight wall arch tunnel can be stably supported. The buckle has only one fastening end, and the fastening end is located on the outside of the closed section of the top-protecting U-shaped steel during the assembly process, which can reduce the tensile stress caused by the slippage of the U-shaped steel and ensure the reliable fixing effect of the connection. Wear-resistant gaskets are nested between the wall-protecting U-shaped steel and the top-protecting U-shaped steel, and the friction provided by the wear-resistant gaskets can be used to ensure the initial energy absorption effect when the top pressure comes later.By installing energy-absorbing materials on the bolts used to lock the fastening ends of the buckles, the secondary energy absorption effect can be ensured by compressing and deforming the bolts. In this way, by setting up wear-resistant gaskets and energy-absorbing materials, a dual energy absorption effect can be provided, and the support stability and reliability can be effectively improved by adaptive pressure-bearing energy absorption, which is conducive to extending the life of the support equipment. By carrying out multiple delayed supports at intervals of 0.6m behind the excavation, stable support for straight wall arch tunnels can be achieved, thereby effectively ensuring the safety factor of mining operations. By setting up an intelligent sensor on one side of the energy-absorbing material, the deformation pressure signal can be collected synchronously while the energy-absorbing material is deforming, and then the deformation pressure data can be used to determine whether the deformation is close to the safety limit. When it is close to the safety limit, a warning action is taken in time, and a warning signal is sent to the command center, which can effectively remind relevant personnel to take effective countermeasures in time to effectively ensure the safety and reliability of the support. The U-shaped steel roof and U-shaped steel wall in the mined area can be dismantled and recycled, which can realize the reuse of the U-shaped steel roof and U-shaped steel wall while ensuring the safety of the mining operation, which is conducive to reducing the investment cost of the support equipment. After the mining operation is completed, the tailings mortar is used to perform cementing filling operations on the straight wall arch tunnel, and the solidified filling body can be used to stably and reliably support the straight wall arch tunnel, which can effectively ensure the safety of subsequent mining operations.

[0026] The present invention provides an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward approach filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning. From the perspective of efficient operation, intelligent monitoring, cost saving and environmental protection, it uses multiple spindle-shaped grouting pipes driven in to form an asymmetric support anchoring area on one side of the outer periphery of the straight wall arch tunnel with the injected slurry, adopts wear-resistant gaskets and energy-absorbing materials to form a double energy-absorbing design, uses intelligent sensors to cooperate with monitoring terminal early warning to form an intelligent monitoring system, and adopts a reusable U-shaped steel support structure, which significantly improves the stability and safety of the tunnel under broken rock mass and high stress conditions, optimizes the utilization rate of support materials, and realizes safe and stable support for mining tunnels under high stress and broken rock mass conditions, while reducing the consumption of support materials and the cost of investment. The method is highly targeted at the recovery of broken thin ore veins in the upper wall surrounding rock. It has the advantages of asymmetric support, reusable materials, intelligent monitoring and adaptive support strength. It provides a stable support guarantee for the layer-by-layer mining of the upper ore body by combining the filling consolidation process, ensuring the efficiency, intelligence, economy and safety of the ore body mining process.

[0027] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0028] 1. Significant support effect: The spindle-shaped grouting conduit has the advantages of fast and high-pressure grouting. The grouting outlets on both sides are arranged alternately, and the width direction of the spindle-shaped grouting conduit is consistent with the circumferential direction of the straight wall arch tunnel, which can achieve the effect of directional anchoring; by laying the spindle-shaped grouting conduit in the loose rock mass of the upper plate and combining the injected slurry to form a 1-meter-thick slurry anchoring area, the overall strength and stability of the surrounding rock are greatly improved, the risk of displacement or collapse of the surrounding rock is significantly reduced, and the forming and stability of the tunnel under high stress conditions are guaranteed.

[0029] 2. Material saving and cost reduction: Asymmetric support methods are adopted to provide differentiated support for different surrounding rock parts, which reduces the waste of support materials and the overall cost of the support system. At the same time, the top protection and wall protection U-shaped steel can be used repeatedly, further saving the cost of support materials and effectively improving the economic benefits of support.

[0030] 3. Multi-layer energy absorption and enhanced support life: By embedding wear-resistant gaskets and energy-absorbing materials, the U-shaped steel support structure has the dual energy absorption effect of sliding friction and compression deformation, which effectively buffers the stress impact of the surrounding rock, extends the service life of the support system, and can flexibly adapt to the stress changes of the surrounding rock.

[0031] 4. Real-time monitoring to improve safety: The support status is monitored in real time through intelligent sensors, and an alarm is issued in time through the monitoring terminal when the stress exceeds the limit. At the same time, an alarm signal is sent to the command center, so that relevant personnel can take effective response measures to deal with abnormal situations in a timely manner, which significantly improves the safety of the ore mining process. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 is a flow chart of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 is the occurrence map of the ore body in the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of bottom ore body mining in the present invention;

[0035] Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a spindle-shaped grouting conduit in the present invention;

[0036] Figure 5 It is a plan view of the spindle-shaped grouting conduit of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of a spindle-shaped grouting conduit in the present invention;

[0038] Figure 7 It is a structural diagram of the delayed support in the present invention;

[0039] Figure 8It is an assembly diagram of the buckle, locking connector, wall protection type U-shaped steel, top protection type U-shaped steel and wear-resistant gasket in the present invention;

[0040] Fig. 9 It is an assembly diagram of the buckle, locking connector, energy absorbing material, intelligent sensor and nut in the present invention;

[0041] Fig.10 It is a cross-sectional view of the wall protection type U-shaped steel, the wear-resistant gasket and the top protection type U-shaped steel in the nested state of the present invention;

[0042] Fig.11 is a cross-sectional view of the buckle in the present invention;

[0043] Fig.12 is a side view of the buckle in the present invention;

[0044] Fig.13 It is a schematic diagram of the excavation progress of the bottom ore body in the present invention;

[0045] Fig.14 It is a cross-sectional view of the mining of the upper ore body in the present invention;

[0046] Fig.15 It is the rock drilling diagram of the upper ore body in the present invention;

[0047] Fig.16 It is the ore-extraction map of the upper ore body in the present invention.

[0048] In the figure: 1. Loose rock mass in the upper plate, 2. Ore body, 3. Rock mass in the lower plate, 4. Straight wall arch tunnel, 5. Wall protection U-shaped steel, 6. Top protection U-shaped steel, 61. Wear-resistant gasket, 7. Spindle-shaped grouting pipe, 71. Slurry outlet, 72. Conical head, 73. Grouting port, 74. Pressure sensor, 8. Slurry anchoring area, 9. Buckle, 91. Bolt, 92. Energy absorbing material, 93. Intelligent sensor, 94. Nut, 10. Pre-splitting blasting hole, 11. Filling body, 12. Small excavation trolley, 13. Small scraper. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the embodiments.

[0050] like Figures 1 to 16 As shown, the present invention provides an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward route filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning, comprising the following steps:

[0051] Step 1: Select an ore body 2 with an inclination of 30° to 55°, with an upper loose rock mass 1 and a lower rock mass 3 as the mining target, so as to provide a reliable foundation for subsequent support and stable mining, and then lay a straight wall arch tunnel 4 along the direction of the ore body 2 in the mining area at the bottom of the ore body 2;

[0052] Step 2: According to the degree of rock mass fragmentation, the loose rock mass 1 of the upper plate is divided into three categories: lightly broken, moderately broken and severely broken; if it is lightly broken, a low-intensity grouting pressure of 0.5-1MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit 7 spacing of 0.4-0.6m are selected as grouting parameters; if it is moderately broken, a medium-intensity grouting pressure of 1-2MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit 7 spacing of 0.3-0.5m are selected as grouting parameters; if it is severely broken, a high-intensity grouting pressure greater than 2MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit 7 spacing of 0.2-0.3m are selected as grouting parameters;

[0053] The spindle-shaped grouting conduit 7 has a spindle-shaped cross section, and has a grouting port 73 and a conical head 72 at both ends of the length direction of the conduit. The spindle-shaped grouting conduit 7 has a plurality of grouting ports 71 respectively opened along the length direction on both sides of the width direction of the conduit. At the same time, the grouting ports 71 on both sides of the width direction of the conduit are staggeredly distributed. A pressure sensor 74 is installed at the end of the inner part of the conduit in the height direction of the conduit.

[0054] Step 3: preset the boundary of the straight wall arch tunnel 4, and according to the selected grouting parameters, drive multiple advanced spindle-shaped grouting conduits 7 obliquely upward around the periphery of the boundary on one side of the loose rock mass 1 of the upper plate, and make the distance between the spindle-shaped grouting conduit 7 and the boundary 0.5m, make the axial angle between the spindle-shaped grouting conduit 7 and the straight wall arch tunnel 4 15°, and at the same time, anchor the conical head 72 into the deep area of ​​the loose rock mass 1 of the upper plate, and make the width direction of the spindle-shaped grouting conduit 7 consistent with the circumferential direction of the straight wall arch tunnel 4;

[0055] Step 4: Establish a connection between the grouting port 73 of the spindle-shaped grouting conduit 7 and the grouting pipeline, and according to the selected grouting parameters, sequentially use the grouting ports 73 of the plurality of spindle-shaped grouting conduits 7 to perform high-pressure grouting operations, so that the slurry flows into the loose rock mass 1 of the upper plate at a high speed through the grouting port 71, and forms a 1 m thick slurry anchoring area 8, and uses the slurry anchoring area 8 to form an asymmetric support body on the outer side of the straight wall arch tunnel (4) to improve the bearing strength of the loose rock mass 1 of the upper plate;

[0056] During the grouting operation, the grouting pressure signal is collected in real time by the pressure sensor 74 and sent to the monitoring terminal. The monitoring terminal obtains the grouting pressure data through the grouting pressure signal, and monitors the grouting process and the diffusion effect of the slurry in real time according to the change of the grouting pressure data, and further evaluates the grouting reinforcement effect in combination with the strength of the slurry anchoring area 8; if the grouting reinforcement effect does not meet the expected standard, the grouting parameters are adjusted and the grouting operation is performed again until the expected standard is met; if the grouting reinforcement effect meets the expected standard, step five is executed;

[0057] Step 5: Use a small excavation trolley 12 to drive a number of pre-splitting blasting holes 10 into the tunnel section, and make the diameter of the pre-splitting blasting holes 10 42mm and the depth 2.5m; set a distance within the boundary of the straight wall arch tunnel 4 for smooth blasting, and make the single blasting footage 2.5m; control the amount and range of explosives for pre-splitting blasting so that it will not damage the slurry anchoring area 8;

[0058] After blasting, a small scraper 13 is used to shovel the generated ore from the access road; after the ore is shoveled out, a top protection U-shaped steel 6, two wall protection U-shaped steels 5 and two buckles 9 are used in the straight wall arch tunnel 4 for single delayed support. Specifically, the two wall protection U-shaped steels 5 are relatively supported on the two straight wall sides of the straight wall arch tunnel 4, and the top protection U-shaped steel 6 is supported on the top of the straight wall arch tunnel 4, and the two ends of the top protection U-shaped steel 6 are nested in the outside of the upper ends of the two wall protection U-shaped steels 5. At the same time, the top protection U-shaped steel 6 and the wall protection U-shaped steel 5 are supported on the top of the straight wall arch tunnel 4. A wear-resistant gasket 61 with a U-shaped cross section is embedded at the connection of the wall-type U-shaped steel 5, and then two buckles 9 are respectively mounted on the outside of the two sections of the connection between the top-protecting U-shaped steel 6 and the two wall-protecting U-shaped steels 5, and the fastening end of the buckle 9 is located on the outside of the closed section of the top-protecting U-shaped steel 6, and then the fastening end of the buckle 9 is locked and fixed by a locking connector to achieve a stable connection between the wall-protecting U-shaped steel 5 and the top-protecting U-shaped steel 6; wherein the buckle 9 is an integral structure, which has a fastening end, and its interior is formed for accommodating the overlapped The fixing cavity of the top protection U-shaped steel 6 and the wall protection U-shaped steel 5; wherein the locking connector includes a bolt 91, an energy absorbing material 92, an intelligent sensor 93 and a nut 94, wherein the bolt 91 is inserted into the through hole of the fastening end of the buckle 9, the energy absorbing material 92 and the intelligent sensor 93 are both sleeved on the bolt 91, and the energy absorbing material 92 is adjacent to the head of the bolt 91, the intelligent sensor 93 is adjacent to the energy absorbing material 92, and the nut 94 is sleeved on the rod section of the bolt 91 through a threaded fit; as a further preferred embodiment, the fixing The part of the cavity close to the fastening end is a U-shaped cavity adapted to the outer contour of the top-protecting U-shaped steel 6, and the part of the fixed cavity away from the fastening end is a rectangular cavity, and the rectangular cavity is relatively provided with two protrusions in the part close to the U-shaped cavity, and the two protrusions are respectively limited and matched with the two open ends of the top-protecting U-shaped steel 6; the traditional buckle is a separate type, consisting of a buckle groove and a buckle cap, and its structure is fastened with two bolts, and the fastening end is located at the top of the two U-shaped steels. The force at this position is relatively large, and it is easy to cause the bolts to fail under tension. The buckle 9 in the present invention is an integral structure, which has only one fastening end, and during the assembly process, the fastening end is located on the outside of the closed section of the two U-shaped steels after overlapping. In this way, the tensile stress caused by the slippage of the U-shaped steel can be effectively reduced, ensuring the reliable fixing effect of the connection.

[0059] As the excavation of the straight-wall arch tunnel 4 progresses, multiple delayed supports are carried out in sequence at intervals of 0.6 m behind the excavation;

[0060] Step 6: When high stress pressure comes from the top, the pressure is transmitted to the connection with the wall protection U-shaped steel 5 through the top protection U-shaped steel 6, and generates sliding friction with the wear-resistant gasket 61 at the connection, and the sliding friction process of the wear-resistant gasket 61 is used to realize the first level of energy absorption of the pressure; while the top protection U-shaped steel 6 and the wear-resistant gasket 61 generate sliding friction, the fastening end of the buckle 9 is subjected to tension and acts on the energy absorbing material 92, so that the energy absorbing material 92 is compressed and deformed, and the second level of energy absorption of the pressure is realized by the compression deformation of the energy absorbing material 92; at the same time, the deformation pressure signal is collected in real time by the intelligent sensor 93 and sent to the monitoring terminal, and the monitoring terminal obtains the deformation pressure data according to the deformation pressure signal and compares it with the rated bearing capacity. When the deformation pressure data exceeds the rated bearing capacity, the alarm device is controlled to perform an alarm action, and at the same time, an alarm signal is sent to the command center;

[0061] Step 7: After the bottom ore body 2 is mined in sequence, the top protection U-shaped steel 6 and the wall protection U-shaped steel 5 of the delayed support are disassembled and recovered in sequence; after the disassembly and recovery operation is completed, the tailings mortar is used to perform cementing filling operation on the straight wall arch tunnel 4, and the filling height is made to reach the top of the straight wall arch tunnel 4 to form a filling body 11 in the straight wall arch tunnel 4, and then the consolidation treatment is performed at a set time, so that the safe mining operation of the bottom ore body 2 is completed; after the filling body 11 solidifies, the filling body 11 is used to stably support the straight wall arch tunnel 4;

[0062] Step 8: Arrange a new straight-wall arch tunnel 4 again along the direction of the ore body 2 on one side of the top of the filled straight-wall arch tunnel 4, and then repeat steps 2 to 7 to continue mining, supporting and filling operations on the newly formed bottom of the ore body 2;

[0063] Step 9: Repeat step 8 several times until the entire ore body 2 is mined.

[0064] Preferably, in step one, the thickness of the ore body 2 is not less than 2 m.

[0065] In order to ensure that the spindle-shaped grouting catheter itself has a strong bearing capacity and at the same time, in order to ensure a good grouting effect, in step two, the spindle-shaped grouting catheter 7 has a tube height of 30 mm, a tube width of 60 mm, and a tube length of 6 m; the diameter of the slurry outlet 71 is 10 mm, and the spacing between multiple slurry outlets 71 on the same side is 400 mm.

[0066] In order to ensure efficient support and mining operations, in steps 1 and 8, the top height of the straight wall arch tunnel 4 is 2.5m, the width of the straight wall arch tunnel 4 is 3.1m, and the vertical wall height of the straight wall arch tunnel 4 is 1.2m.

[0067] In order to ensure the support strength, in step five, the top protection U-shaped steel 6 and the wall protection U-shaped steel 5 are both made of No. 45 carbon steel, wherein the cross-sectional height of the top protection U-shaped steel 6 and the wall protection U-shaped steel 5 is 120 to 360 mm, the flange width is 50 to 150 mm, and the wall thickness is 6 to 12 mm.

[0068] In order to provide reliable guarantee for subsequent safe mining operations, in step seven, a strength test is carried out after the filling body 11 solidifies. When the strength of the filling body 11 reaches the design strength, step eight is executed. When the filling body 11 does not reach the design strength, auxiliary support measures are adopted in the straight wall arch tunnel 4 to enhance the support strength of the filling body 11 to the design strength to ensure the stability of the straight wall arch tunnel 4.

[0069] As a preferred embodiment, the intelligent sensor 93 is a pressure sensor.

[0070] In the present invention, different grouting pressures and grouting conduit spacings are selected as matching grouting parameters according to the degree of rock mass fragmentation, which can effectively ensure that the upper plate rock mass with different degrees of fragmentation can reasonably obtain suitable anchoring strength, thereby avoiding the waste of anchoring resources and effectively ensuring the anchoring effect of the upper plate rock mass. The cross section of the selected grouting conduit is spindle-shaped, and the grouting ports are distributed on both sides of the width direction of the grouting conduit, which can effectively increase the coverage of the grouting, which is conducive to reducing the use of the grouting conduit. At the same time, the spindle-shaped cross section can effectively increase the grouting flow rate and grouting pressure, which is conducive to improving the grouting efficiency and effect. The grouting ports on both sides of the width direction of the grouting conduit are staggered, which can help achieve a directional anchoring effect; furthermore, the spindle-shaped cross section can effectively increase the bearing strength of the grouting conduit, which is conducive to using the grouting conduit itself in conjunction with the subsequent solidified slurry to provide a reliable support foundation for the stability of the roadway. A plurality of spindle-shaped grouting tubes are driven around the periphery of the boundary of the straight-wall arch tunnel, and then the plurality of spindle-shaped grouting tubes are used for high-pressure grouting operations, and then the injected slurry is used to condense the plurality of spindle-shaped grouting tubes and a section of loose rock mass on the upper plate outside the boundary into a slurry anchoring zone. In this way, a section of slurry anchoring zone with an arched top can be formed outside the straight-wall arch tunnel on the side close to the loose rock mass on the upper plate, and the support strength of the broken rock mass on the upper plate can be increased in a targeted manner through an asymmetric support method. At the same time, the construction amount of the support is greatly reduced, and the waste of support materials caused by additional support is effectively avoided. During the grouting operation, the grouting pressure signal is collected in real time through the pressure sensor, which can facilitate the effective monitoring of the grouting process according to the grouting pressure data, and then the diffusion effect of the slurry can be perceived, and the grouting reinforcement effect can be effectively evaluated. In this way, when the grouting reinforcement effect is not ideal, corresponding countermeasures can be taken in time. A small excavation trolley is used to drive several pre-splitting blasting holes, and then the ore body is mined by smooth blasting. Then, a small scraper is used to shovel out the ore, which can safely and efficiently realize the efficient mining operation of the ore body in the predetermined area. Two wall-protecting U-shaped steels are supported on the two vertical walls of the straight wall arch tunnel, and the top-protecting U-shaped steel is supported on the top of the straight wall arch tunnel. Then, the overlapping sections of the wall-protecting U-shaped steel and the top-protecting U-shaped steel are reliably connected by nesting and buckling, so as to form a rigid temporary support body that matches the inner contour of the straight wall arch tunnel, and then the straight wall arch tunnel can be stably supported. The buckle has only one fastening end, and the fastening end is located on the outside of the closed section of the top-protecting U-shaped steel during the assembly process, which can reduce the tensile stress caused by the slippage of the U-shaped steel and ensure the reliable fixing effect of the connection. Wear-resistant gaskets are nested between the wall-protecting U-shaped steel and the top-protecting U-shaped steel, and the friction provided by the wear-resistant gaskets can be used to ensure the initial energy absorption effect when the top pressure comes later.By installing energy-absorbing materials on the bolts used to lock the fastening ends of the buckles, the secondary energy absorption effect can be ensured by compressing and deforming the bolts. In this way, by setting up wear-resistant gaskets and energy-absorbing materials, a dual energy absorption effect can be provided, and the support stability and reliability can be effectively improved by adaptive pressure-bearing energy absorption, which is conducive to extending the life of the support equipment. By carrying out multiple delayed supports at intervals of 0.6m behind the excavation, stable support for straight wall arch tunnels can be achieved, thereby effectively ensuring the safety factor of mining operations. By setting up an intelligent sensor on one side of the energy-absorbing material, the deformation pressure signal can be collected synchronously while the energy-absorbing material is deforming, and then the deformation pressure data can be used to determine whether the deformation is close to the safety limit. When it is close to the safety limit, a warning action is taken in time, and a warning signal is sent to the command center, which can effectively remind relevant personnel to take effective countermeasures in time to effectively ensure the safety and reliability of the support. The U-shaped steel roof and U-shaped steel wall in the mined area can be dismantled and recycled, which can realize the reuse of the U-shaped steel roof and U-shaped steel wall while ensuring the safety of the mining operation, which is conducive to reducing the investment cost of the support equipment. After the mining operation is completed, the tailings mortar is used to perform cementing filling operations on the straight wall arch tunnel, and the solidified filling body can be used to stably and reliably support the straight wall arch tunnel, which can effectively ensure the safety of subsequent mining operations.

[0071] The present invention provides an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward approach filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning. From the perspective of efficient operation, intelligent monitoring, cost saving and environmental protection, it uses multiple spindle-shaped grouting pipes driven in to form an asymmetric support anchoring area on one side of the outer periphery of the straight wall arch tunnel with the injected slurry, adopts wear-resistant gaskets and energy-absorbing materials to form a double energy-absorbing design, uses intelligent sensors to cooperate with monitoring terminal early warning to form an intelligent monitoring system, and adopts a reusable U-shaped steel support structure, which significantly improves the stability and safety of the tunnel under broken rock mass and high stress conditions, optimizes the utilization rate of support materials, and realizes safe and stable support for mining tunnels under high stress and broken rock mass conditions, while reducing the consumption of support materials and the cost of investment. The method is highly targeted at the recovery of broken thin ore veins in the upper wall surrounding rock. It has the advantages of asymmetric support, reusable materials, intelligent monitoring and adaptive support strength. It provides a stable support guarantee for the layer-by-layer mining of the upper ore body by combining the filling consolidation process, ensuring the efficiency, intelligence, economy and safety of the ore body mining process.

Claims

1. An adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward route filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Select an ore body (2) with an inclination angle of 30° to 55°, with an upper loose rock mass (1) and a lower rock mass (3) as the mining target, and then lay a straight wall arch tunnel (4) along the strike of the ore body (2) in the mining area at the bottom of the ore body (2); Step 2: According to the degree of rock mass fragmentation, the loose rock mass (1) in the upper plate is divided into three categories: lightly fragmented, moderately fragmented, and severely fragmented. If the rock mass is lightly fragmented, a low-intensity grouting pressure of 0.5 to 1 MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit (7) spacing of 0.4 to 0.6 m are selected as grouting parameters. If the rock mass is moderately fragmented, a medium-intensity grouting pressure of 1 to 2 MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit (7) spacing of 0.3 to 0.5 m are selected as grouting parameters. If the rock mass is severely fragmented, a high-intensity grouting pressure greater than 2 MPa and a spindle-type grouting conduit (7) spacing of 0.2 to 0.3 m are selected as grouting parameters. The spindle-shaped grouting conduit (7) has a spindle-shaped cross section, and has grouting ports (73) and a conical head (72) at both ends of the length direction of the conduit. The spindle-shaped grouting conduit (7) is provided with a plurality of grouting ports (71) along the length direction on both sides of the width direction of the conduit, and the grouting ports (71) on both sides of the width direction of the conduit are distributed in a staggered manner. A pressure sensor (74) is installed at the end of the inner part of the conduit in the height direction of the conduit on the spindle-shaped grouting conduit (7). Step 3: preset the boundary of the straight wall arch tunnel (4), and according to the selected grouting parameters, drive a plurality of advanced spindle-shaped grouting conduits (7) obliquely upward around the periphery of the boundary on one side of the upper loose rock mass (1), and make the distance between the spindle-shaped grouting conduits (7) and the boundary 0.5m, and make the axial angle between the spindle-shaped grouting conduits (7) and the straight wall arch tunnel (4) 15°. At the same time, anchor the conical head (72) into the deep area of ​​the upper loose rock mass (1), and make the width direction of the spindle-shaped grouting conduits (7) consistent with the circumferential direction of the straight wall arch tunnel (4); Step 4: Establish a connection between the grouting port (73) of the spindle-shaped grouting conduit (7) and the grouting pipeline, and perform high-pressure grouting operations using the grouting ports (73) of multiple spindle-shaped grouting conduits (7) in sequence according to the selected grouting parameters, so that the grout flows into the loose rock mass (1) of the upper plate at a high speed through the grouting port (71), and forms a 1 m thick grouting anchoring area (8). The grouting anchoring area (8) is used to form an asymmetric support body on the outer side of the straight wall arch tunnel (4), so as to improve the bearing strength of the loose rock mass (1) of the upper plate; During the grouting operation, the grouting pressure signal is collected in real time through the pressure sensor (74) and sent to the monitoring terminal. The monitoring terminal obtains the grouting pressure data through the grouting pressure signal, and monitors the grouting process and the diffusion effect of the slurry in real time according to the change of the grouting pressure data, and further evaluates the grouting reinforcement effect in combination with the strength of the slurry anchoring area (8); if the grouting reinforcement effect does not meet the expected standard, the grouting parameters are adjusted and the grouting operation is performed again until the expected standard is met; if the grouting reinforcement effect meets the expected standard, step five is executed; Step 5: Use a small excavation trolley (12) to drive a number of pre-splitting blasting holes (10) into the tunnel section, and make the diameter of the pre-splitting blasting holes (10) 42 mm and the depth 2.5 m; set a distance within the boundary of the straight wall arch tunnel (4) to carry out smooth blasting, and make the single blasting footage 2.5 m; control the amount and range of explosives for pre-splitting blasting so as not to damage the slurry anchoring area (8); After blasting, a small scraper (13) is used to shovel out the generated ore from the access road; after the ore is shoveled out, a top protection U-shaped steel (6), two wall protection U-shaped steels (5) and two clips (9) are used in the straight wall arch tunnel (4) for single-time delayed support. Specifically, the two wall protection U-shaped steels (5) are supported on the two vertical walls of the straight wall arch tunnel (4) in a relative manner, and the top protection U-shaped steel (6) is supported on the top of the straight wall arch tunnel (4). The two ends of the top protection U-shaped steel (6) are nested outside the upper ends of the two wall protection U-shaped steels (5). At the same time, a wear-resistant gasket (61) with a U-shaped cross section is embedded at the connection between the top protection U-shaped steel (6) and the wall protection U-shaped steel (5). Then, two buckles (9) are respectively mounted on the outer sides of the two sections of the connection between the top protection U-shaped steel (6) and the two wall protection U-shaped steels (5), and the fastening end of the buckle (9) is located at the closed end of the top protection U-shaped steel (6). The outer side of the combined section is then locked and fixed with a locking connector to the fastening end of the buckle (9) so as to achieve a stable connection between the wall protection type U-shaped steel (5) and the roof protection type U-shaped steel (6); wherein the buckle (9) is an integral structure, has a fastening end, and has an interior formed with a fixing cavity for accommodating the top protection type U-shaped steel (6) and the wall protection type U-shaped steel (5) after being overlapped; wherein the locking connector comprises a bolt (91), an energy absorbing material (92), an intelligent sensor (93) and a nut (94); wherein the bolt (91) is passed through a through hole of the fastening end of the buckle (9); the energy absorbing material (92) and the intelligent sensor (93) are both sleeved on the bolt (91); the energy absorbing material (92) is adjacent to the head of the bolt (91); the intelligent sensor (93) is adjacent to the energy absorbing material (92); and the nut (94) is sleeved on the rod section of the bolt (91) through threaded matching; As the excavation of the straight-wall arch tunnel (4) progresses, multiple delayed supports are carried out at intervals of 0.6 m behind the excavation; Step 6: When high stress pressure is applied to the top, the pressure is transmitted to the connection with the wall protection type U-shaped steel (5) through the top protection type U-shaped steel (6), and sliding friction is generated between the top protection type U-shaped steel (6) and the wear-resistant gasket (61), and the first level of energy absorption of the pressure is achieved by the sliding friction process of the wear-resistant gasket (61); while the top protection type U-shaped steel (6) and the wear-resistant gasket (61) generate sliding friction, the fastening end of the buckle (9) is subjected to tension and acts on the energy absorbing material (92), so that the energy absorbing material (92) is compressed and deformed, and the second level of energy absorption of the pressure is achieved by the compression deformation of the energy absorbing material (92); at the same time, the deformation pressure signal is collected in real time by the intelligent sensor (93) and sent to the monitoring terminal, and the monitoring terminal obtains the deformation pressure data according to the deformation pressure signal and compares it with the rated bearing capacity. When the deformation pressure data exceeds the rated bearing capacity, the alarm device is controlled to perform an alarm action, and at the same time, an alarm signal is sent to the command center; Step 7: After the bottom ore body (2) is mined in sequence, the top protection U-shaped steel (6) and the wall protection U-shaped steel (5) of the delayed support are dismantled and recovered in sequence; after the dismantling and recovery operation is completed, the tailings mortar is used to perform cementing filling operation on the vertical wall arch tunnel (4), and the filling height is made up to the top of the vertical wall arch tunnel (4) to form a filling body (11) in the vertical wall arch tunnel (4), and then a set time is used for consolidation treatment, thereby completing the safe mining operation of the bottom ore body (2); after the filling body (11) solidifies, the filling body (11) is used to stably support the vertical wall arch tunnel (4); Step 8: Arrange a new straight-wall arch tunnel (4) again along the direction of the ore body (2) on one side of the top of the filled straight-wall arch tunnel (4), and then repeat steps 2 to 7 to continue mining, supporting and filling operations on the newly formed bottom of the ore body (2); Step 9: Repeat step 8 several times until the entire ore body (2) is mined.

2. According to claim 1, an adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning is characterized in that: In step 1, the thickness of the ore body (2) is not less than 2 m.

3. The adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning according to claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that: In step 2, the spindle-shaped grouting conduit (7) has a body height of 30 mm, a body width of 60 mm, and a body length of 6 m; the diameter of the slurry outlet (71) is 10 mm, and the spacing between the multiple slurry outlets (71) on the same side is 400 mm.

4. According to claim 3, the adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning is characterized in that: In step 1 and step 8, the top height of the straight wall arch tunnel (4) is 2.5 m, the width of the straight wall arch tunnel (4) is 3.1 m, and the height of the straight wall of the straight wall arch tunnel (4) is 1.2 m.

5. According to claim 4, the adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward route filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning is characterized in that: In step 5, the top protection type U-shaped steel (6) and the wall protection type U-shaped steel (5) are both made of No. 45 carbon steel, wherein the cross-sectional height of the top protection type U-shaped steel (6) and the wall protection type U-shaped steel (5) is 120 to 360 mm, the flange width is 50 to 150 mm, and the wall thickness is 6 to 12 mm.

6. The adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward route filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning according to claim 5 is characterized in that: In step seven, a strength test is performed on the filling body (11) after solidification. When the strength of the filling body (11) reaches the design strength, step eight is performed. When the filling body (11) does not reach the design strength, auxiliary support measures are adopted in the straight wall arch tunnel (4) to enhance the support strength of the filling body (11) to the design strength, so as to ensure the stability of the straight wall arch tunnel (4).

7. The adaptive pressure-bearing energy-absorbing upward route filling method based on intelligent monitoring and early warning according to claim 6 is characterized in that: In step five, the intelligent sensor (93) is a pressure sensor.

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