Concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material

Abstract

The method of the present invention discloses a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material. The present invention provides an innovative concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material. This material perfectly integrates the energy storage function with the building structure, saving space and improving energy efficiency. By using aqueous electrolytes and environmentally friendly materials, the safety and environmental friendliness are greatly enhanced, making it suitable for use in densely populated areas. The carefully designed electrode and electrolyte system, combined with the buffering effect of the concrete matrix and the microchannel network, ensure high energy density, excellent cycle performance and long-term stability. This composite material not only reduces the initial installation and long-term operation costs, but also can participate in power grid peak shaving, creating additional economic benefits. In addition, this material has wide adaptability, can be customized according to different needs, is suitable for building and infrastructure projects of various scales, and has strong application flexibility in both new construction and renovation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention application relates to the field of new energy technologies, specifically to a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material. Background Art

[0002] In today's world, with the deepening of the concept of sustainable development and the rapid development of smart grid technologies, building energy storage systems have become an indispensable part of modern buildings. These systems can not only improve the energy utilization efficiency of buildings but also provide valuable peak shaving services for the power grid. Currently, there are various building energy storage solutions on the market, including technologies such as chemical batteries, mechanical energy storage, and thermal energy storage. Among them, chemical batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, have dominated the building energy storage field due to their relatively high energy density and mature technology.

[0003] However, despite the significant progress made in existing technologies in the past few decades, many deficiencies are still exposed when facing the stringent requirements of future buildings and smart grids. These defects not only limit the wide application of energy storage systems in buildings but also hinder the development of the building industry towards a more efficient, intelligent, and sustainable direction.

[0004] First of all, the energy density of existing energy storage technologies is still insufficient to meet the long-term needs of buildings. Taking common lithium-ion batteries as an example, their mass energy density is usually between 100 - 265 Wh / kg, and the volume energy density is around 250 - 670 Wh / L. This means that to install an energy storage system with sufficient capacity in a building, a large amount of valuable space is often required. In the urban environment where every inch of land is precious, this space occupation will undoubtedly greatly increase the building cost and at the same time limit the actual application scale of the system. In addition, the lower energy density also means that the system has limited capabilities in dealing with long-term power outages or seasonal energy storage requirements.

[0005] Secondly, the cycle life and long-term stability issues of existing energy storage systems are also worrying. Most commercial lithium-ion battery systems will have their capacity drop below 80% of the initial value after 1000 - 2000 deep cycles. Considering that the service life of buildings is usually several decades or more, this means that the energy storage system may need to be replaced multiple times during the building's life cycle, which not only increases the maintenance cost but also causes resource waste. More importantly, the gradual decay of performance will lead to unstable system output, affecting the reliability and predictability of building energy management, which is a serious problem for smart buildings that require precise control of the energy flow.

[0006] Safety is another key issue that cannot be ignored. Traditional lithium-ion batteries have the risk of catching fire or exploding under extreme conditions. Although battery management systems have been greatly improved in recent years, in a high-density population environment such as a building, even the smallest safety hazard can lead to catastrophic consequences. This potential safety risk not only increases the insurance cost of the building, but also largely limits the application of energy storage systems in high-rise buildings or public facilities.

[0007] In addition, existing energy storage technologies also face challenges in environmental adaptability. Most battery systems will significantly reduce their performance under extreme temperatures. In cold regions, battery capacity and charging efficiency will be greatly reduced; while in hot climates, high temperatures will accelerate battery aging and shorten service life. This temperature sensitivity severely limits the application of energy storage systems under different climatic conditions, making it difficult to promote them globally.

[0008] From the perspective of environmental friendliness, the current mainstream energy storage technology is far from ideal. The production process of lithium-ion batteries involves the mining of rare metals and complex chemical processing, which imposes a considerable burden on the environment. At the same time, battery recycling and disposal is also a thorny issue. With the popularization of large-scale energy storage systems, how to deal with the huge number of waste batteries will become an increasingly severe environmental challenge.

[0009] In terms of system integration, existing energy storage solutions are often added to buildings as independent systems, and are not highly integrated with the building itself. This not only increases the complexity and cost of installation, but also fails to fully utilize the potential of the building structure itself. An ideal energy storage system should be able to be organically integrated with the building, or even become part of the building structure, but current technology is far from reaching this level.

[0010] Energy efficiency is another important indicator for evaluating the performance of energy storage systems. Although the most advanced battery systems can achieve a round-trip efficiency of more than 90%, in actual applications, especially under high-power charging and discharging conditions, the efficiency often drops significantly. This efficiency loss not only reduces the economy of the system, but also increases the difficulty of thermal management, further affecting the overall performance and life of the system.

[0011] Finally, the cost issue remains one of the biggest obstacles to the widespread application of energy storage technology. Although battery costs have fallen in recent years, the initial investment and maintenance costs of high-performance energy storage systems are still quite high. This makes it difficult for many construction projects, especially small and medium-sized commercial and residential projects, to afford the cost of large-scale energy storage systems. The high cost not only delays the market penetration of energy storage technology, but also hinders the large-scale application of smart grids and renewable energy.

[0012] In summary, although significant progress has been made in existing building energy storage technologies, there are still significant deficiencies in multiple aspects such as energy density, cycle life, safety, environmental adaptability, system integration, energy efficiency, and cost. These defects severely restrict the wide application of energy storage systems in the building field and also limit the pace of the building industry's development towards a more efficient, intelligent, and sustainable direction. Therefore, the development of a new generation of high-performance, multifunctional, and environmentally friendly building energy storage technologies has become an urgent need in the academic and industrial communities. Only by overcoming these technical bottlenecks can the efficient management of building energy be truly achieved and the development of smart grids be promoted. Summary of the Invention

[0013] To solve or partially solve the problems existing in related technologies, the present invention provides a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material.

[0014] The first aspect of the present invention provides a preparation method of a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material, including the following steps:

[0015] S1 Electrode Preparation

[0016] a) Negative electrode (zinc alloy): Melt 92 - 98% zinc, 1 - 6% aluminum, and 0.5 - 2% magnesium, and cast it into a cylinder with a diameter of 1.5 - 2.5 cm and a length of 8 - 12 cm, and perform surface treatment to increase roughness.

[0017] b) Positive electrode (porous carbon-nickel oxide composite material): Mix 75 - 85% activated carbon with 15 - 25% nickel oxide powder, add 3 - 7% PTFE as a binder, press it into a tubular structure with an inner diameter of 2 - 3 cm, an outer diameter of 4 - 6 cm, and a length of 8 - 12 cm, and perform heat treatment at 250 - 350 °C for 1 - 3 h.

[0018] S2 Battery Cell Assembly

[0019] Wrap each zinc alloy negative electrode with a polypropylene non-woven fabric diaphragm with a thickness of 0.3 - 0.7 mm, put the carbon-nickel oxide positive electrode material outside the diaphragm, connect the electrode lead-out ends with conductive tape, and assemble 80 - 120 battery cells.

[0020] S3 Concrete Matrix Preparation

[0021] Add 2 - 4 kg of graphene nanosheets to 40 - 60 L of deionized water and ultrasonically disperse for 20 - 40 min. At the same time, mix 300 - 400 kg of ordinary Portland cement, 700 - 800 kg of river sand, and 1000 - 1200 kg of crushed stone. Add the graphene dispersion liquid, 100 - 150 L of deionized water, and a polycarboxylate-based water reducer accounting for 0.8 - 1.2% of the cement mass to the dry materials, and stir for 8 - 12 min until uniform.

[0022] S4 Composite Material Molding

[0023] Fabricate a cube mold with a side length of 0.9 - 1.1 m, leaving 80 - 120 cylindrical holes with a diameter of 4.5 - 5.5 cm. Fix the battery cells, pour concrete, and vibrate for 1 - 3 min. Demold after wet curing at room temperature for 20 - 28 h, and then cure for 25 - 31 days in an environment with a temperature of 18 - 22°C and a relative humidity greater than 90%.

[0024] S5 Electrolyte Injection

[0025] Dissolve 150 - 180 kg of KOH in 450 - 550 L of deionized water to prepare a 5.5 - 6.5 mol / L KOH solution. Add 7 - 9 kg of ZnO to this solution and stir until completely dissolved to obtain an electrolyte containing 0.15 - 0.25 mol / L of ZnO. Place the cured composite material in a vacuum chamber, evacuate to -0.08 to -0.12 MPa and hold for 25 - 35 min, then slowly inject 80 - 120 L of the prepared electrolyte. Restore normal pressure and hold for 1.5 - 2.5 h to allow the electrolyte to fully penetrate.

[0026] S6 Post - treatment

[0027] Clean the excess electrolyte on the surface and coat with 4 - 6 L of anti - permeation coating. Fabricate a micro - channel network with a depth of 1.5 - 2.5 mm, a width of 0.8 - 1.2 mm, and a spacing of 8 - 12 cm on the surface, and clean the generated debris. Connect the battery cells in series and parallel, and install a battery management system with a capacity of 8 - 12 kW.

[0028] Furthermore, the negative electrode is made by melting 95% zinc, 4% aluminum, and 1% magnesium, and cast into a cylinder with a diameter of 2 cm and a length of 10 cm.

[0029] Furthermore, the positive electrode is made by mixing 80% activated carbon and 20% nickel oxide powder, adding 5% PTFE as a binder, and pressing into a tubular structure with an inner diameter of 2.5 cm, an outer diameter of 5 cm, and a length of 10 cm, and heat - treated at 300°C for 2 h.

[0030] Furthermore, the concrete matrix is composed of 350 kg of ordinary Portland cement, 750 kg of river sand, 1100 kg of crushed stone, 3 kg of graphene nanosheets, and 3.5 kg of polycarboxylate - based water - reducing agent, with a water - cement ratio of 0.5.

[0031] Furthermore, in the composite material molding step, use a 1 m x 1 m x 1 m mold, leave 100 cylindrical holes with a diameter of 5 cm, vibrate for 2 min, and cure for 28 days in an environment at 20°C and a relative humidity of 95%.

[0032] Further, the electrolyte is composed of 6 mol / L KOH solution and 0.2 mol / L ZnO, specifically, 168 kg of KOH and 8.15 kg of ZnO are dissolved in 500 L of deionized water.

[0033] Further, in the step of injecting the electrolyte, the vacuum degree is -0.1 MPa, maintained for 30 min, 100 L of electrolyte is injected, and after returning to normal pressure, it is maintained for 2 h.

[0034] Further, in the post-treatment step, 5 L of anti-permeation coating is applied to fabricate a microchannel network with a depth of 2 mm, a width of 1 mm, and a spacing of 10 cm.

[0035] Further, the capacity of the battery management system is 10 kW.

[0036] The second aspect of the present invention application provides a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material, which is prepared by the above preparation method.

[0037] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are only exemplary and explanatory, and cannot limit the present invention application.

[0038] The beneficial technical effects of the present invention:

[0039] The advantages of the concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material provided by the present invention are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

[0040] First of all, it realizes the perfect integration of the energy storage function and the building structure. By directly integrating the battery system into the concrete, this material not only retains the excellent structural properties of the concrete, but also endows the building itself with the ability to store energy. This innovative design greatly saves space, eliminates the additional land occupation requirement of the traditional energy storage system, and improves the overall energy efficiency of the building.

[0041] Secondly, the material has excellent safety and environmental friendliness. The use of aqueous electrolyte significantly reduces the safety hazards of traditional lithium-ion batteries, such as the risks of fire and explosion. At the same time, most of the selected materials are rich in sources, low-toxic and harmless, meeting the concept of sustainable development. This makes the product particularly suitable for use in densely populated areas and public buildings.

[0042] Thirdly, this composite material exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and long-term stability. The carefully designed electrode material and electrolyte system ensure high energy density and good cycling performance. The buffering effect of the concrete matrix and the design of the microchannel network further improve the service life and performance stability of the battery. This means that the material can maintain high-efficiency energy storage and energy release capabilities during long-term use.

[0043] Fourth, the product has significant economic advantages. It not only reduces the initial installation cost of the energy storage system, but also greatly reduces the long-term operation cost by improving energy utilization efficiency and extending service life. In addition, it can effectively participate in power grid peak shaving, creating additional economic benefits for users.

[0044] Finally, this material has wide adaptability and versatility. It can be customized according to different application requirements and is suitable for various scales of building and infrastructure projects. Whether integrated into new buildings or retrofitted in existing buildings, it has strong flexibility. Detailed implementation manners

[0045] The optional implementation manners of the present invention application will be described in more detail below. Although the optional implementation manners of the present invention application are described, it should be understood that the present invention application can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the implementation manners set forth herein. On the contrary, these implementation manners are provided to make the present invention application more thorough and complete, and to fully convey the scope of the present invention application to those skilled in the art.

[0046] The terms used in the present invention application are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention application. The singular forms "a", "the" and "said" used in the present invention application and the appended claims are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that the term "and / or" used herein refers to and includes any or all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0047] The present invention application provides a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material, including the following steps:

[0048] The present invention application provides a preparation method of a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material, including the following steps:

[0049] S1 Electrode preparation

[0050] a) Negative electrode (zinc alloy): 92-98% zinc, 1-6% aluminum and 0.5-2% magnesium are melted and cast into a cylinder with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm and a length of 8-12 cm, and surface treatment is carried out to increase roughness.

[0051] b) Positive electrode (porous carbon-nickel oxide composite material): 75-85% activated carbon is mixed with 15-25% nickel oxide powder, 3-7% PTFE is added as a binder, and it is pressed into a tubular structure with an inner diameter of 2-3 cm, an outer diameter of 4-6 cm and a length of 8-12 cm, and heat-treated at 250-350 °C for 1-3 h.

[0052] S2 Battery unit assembly

[0053] Wrap each zinc alloy negative electrode with a polypropylene non-woven fabric separator with a thickness of 0.3 - 0.7 mm, sleeve the carbon-nickel oxide positive electrode material outside the separator, connect the electrode lead-out ends with conductive tape, and assemble 80 - 120 battery cells.

[0054] S3 Preparation of concrete matrix

[0055] Add 2 - 4 kg of graphene nanosheets to 40 - 60 L of deionized water and ultrasonically disperse for 20 - 40 min. Meanwhile, mix 300 - 400 kg of ordinary Portland cement, 700 - 800 kg of river sand, and 1000 - 1200 kg of crushed stone. Add the graphene dispersion, 100 - 150 L of deionized water, and a polycarboxylate-based water reducer accounting for 0.8 - 1.2% of the cement mass to the dry materials, and stir for 8 - 12 min until homogeneous.

[0056] S4 Molding of composite material

[0057] Make a cube mold with a side length of 0.9 - 1.1 m, and reserve 80 - 120 cylindrical holes with a diameter of 4.5 - 5.5 cm. Fix the battery cells, pour the concrete, and vibrate for 1 - 3 min. Demold after wet curing at room temperature for 20 - 28 h, and then cure for 25 - 31 days in an environment with a temperature of 18 - 22 °C and a relative humidity greater than 90%.

[0058] S5 Electrolyte injection

[0059] Dissolve 150 - 180 kg of KOH in 450 - 550 L of deionized water to prepare a 5.5 - 6.5 mol / L KOH solution. Add 7 - 9 kg of ZnO to this solution and stir until completely dissolved to obtain an electrolyte containing 0.15 - 0.25 mol / L ZnO. Place the cured composite material in a vacuum chamber, evacuate to -0.08 to -0.12 MPa and maintain for 25 - 35 min, and slowly inject 80 - 120 L of the prepared electrolyte. Restore normal pressure and maintain for 1.5 - 2.5 h to allow the electrolyte to fully penetrate.

[0060] S6 Post-treatment

[0061] Clean the excess electrolyte on the surface and coat with 4 - 6 L of anti-permeation coating. Make a microchannel network with a depth of 1.5 - 2.5 mm, a width of 0.8 - 1.2 mm, and a spacing of 8 - 12 cm on the surface, and clean the generated debris. Connect the battery cells in series and parallel, and install a battery management system with a capacity of 8 - 12 kW.

[0062] In an embodiment of the present invention application, the negative electrode is melted and cast from 95% zinc, 4% aluminum, and 1% magnesium into a cylinder with a diameter of 2 cm and a length of 10 cm.

[0063] In an embodiment of the present invention application, the positive electrode is prepared by mixing 80% activated carbon and 20% nickel oxide powder, adding 5% PTFE as a binder, pressing it into a tubular structure with an inner diameter of 2.5 cm, an outer diameter of 5 cm, and a length of 10 cm, and heat-treating it at 300 °C for 2 h.

[0064] In an embodiment of the present invention application, the concrete matrix is composed of 350 kg of ordinary Portland cement, 750 kg of river sand, 1100 kg of crushed stone, 3 kg of graphene nanosheets, and 3.5 kg of polycarboxylate-based water reducer, and the water-cement ratio is 0.5.

[0065] In an embodiment of the present invention application, in the composite material forming step, a mold of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m is used, 100 cylindrical holes with a diameter of 5 cm are reserved, vibrated and compacted for 2 min, and cured for 28 days in an environment of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 95%.

[0066] In an embodiment of the present invention application, the electrolyte is composed of 6 mol / L KOH solution and 0.2 mol / L ZnO, specifically, 168 kg of KOH and 8.15 kg of ZnO are dissolved in 500 L of deionized water.

[0067] In an embodiment of the present invention application, in the electrolyte injection step, the vacuum degree is -0.1 MPa, maintained for 30 min, 100 L of electrolyte is injected, and after returning to normal pressure, it is maintained for 2 h.

[0068] In an embodiment of the present invention application, in the post-treatment step, 5 L of anti-permeation coating is applied, and a microchannel network with a depth of 2 mm, a width of 1 mm, and a spacing of 10 cm is made.

[0069] In an embodiment of the present invention application, the capacity of the battery management system is 10 kW.

[0070] In an embodiment of the present invention application, a concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material is provided, which is prepared by the above preparation method.

[0071] For the sake of clarity, the following is a detailed description through the following examples.

[0072] Example 1

[0073] S1. Electrode preparation

[0074] a) Preparation of the negative electrode (zinc alloy): 95% zinc, 4% aluminum, and 1% magnesium are mixed by weight and melted, and the molten alloy is cast into a cylinder with a diameter of 2 cm and a length of 10 cm, and then the surface of the cylinder is treated to increase roughness and improve the specific surface area of the electrode.

[0075] b) Preparation of the positive electrode (porous carbon-nickel oxide composite): Thoroughly mix 80% activated carbon with 20% nickel oxide powder, add 5% PTFE as a binder, and press the mixture into a tubular structure with an inner diameter of 2.5 cm, an outer diameter of 5 cm, and a length of 10 cm. Place the pressed tubular structure in an environment at 300 °C for heat treatment for 2 hours to improve the conductivity and structural stability of the material.

[0076] S2. Assembly of battery cells

[0077] Select a polypropylene non-woven fabric with a thickness of 0.5 mm as the separator and wrap it around the outside of each zinc alloy negative electrode. Then, slip the carbon-nickel oxide positive electrode tube over the outside of the negative electrode wrapped with the separator to form a concentric cylindrical structure. Use conductive tape to connect the electrode lead-out ends to ensure good electrical connection. Assemble 100 battery cells in this way.

[0078] S3. Preparation of the concrete matrix

[0079] First, add 3 kg of graphene nanosheets to 50 L of deionized water and perform ultrasonic dispersion treatment for 30 minutes to ensure uniform dispersion of the graphene in the water. At the same time, in another container, mix 350 kg of ordinary Portland cement, 750 kg of river sand, and 1100 kg of crushed stone to form the aggregate and cementitious material of the concrete.

[0080] Add the prepared graphene dispersion, 125 L of deionized water (adjusted to a water-cement ratio of 0.5), and 3.5 kg of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (1% of the cement mass) to the dry materials and stir for 10 minutes until the mixture is uniform. The addition of graphene can improve the conductivity and mechanical strength of the concrete.

[0081] S4. Molding of the composite material

[0082] Prepare a cube mold with dimensions of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m and reserve 100 cylindrical holes with a diameter of 5 cm in the mold for placing the battery cells. Fix the assembled battery cells in the reserved holes, then pour the evenly stirred concrete into the mold and vibrate it on a vibrating table for 2 minutes to ensure full filling of the concrete.

[0083] Place the poured mold in an environment at 20 °C and a relative humidity of 95% for curing for 28 days. This curing process is crucial for the development of the concrete strength.

[0084] S5. Electrolyte injection

[0085] Prepare the electrolyte solution: Dissolve 168 kg of KOH in 500 L of deionized water to form a 6 mol / L KOH solution. Add 8.15 kg of ZnO to this solution and stir until completely dissolved to finally obtain an electrolyte solution containing 0.2 mol / L ZnO.

[0086] Place the well-cured composite material in a vacuum chamber, evacuate to -0.1 MPa, and maintain this vacuum for 30 minutes. Then slowly inject 100 L of the prepared electrolyte solution. After restoring normal pressure, maintain for 2 hours to allow the electrolyte to fully penetrate into the material interior.

[0087] S6. Post-treatment

[0088] Clean the excess electrolyte on the surface of the composite material, and then coat with 5 L of anti-permeation coating to prevent electrolyte leakage and external moisture infiltration. Fabricate a microchannel network with a depth of 2 mm, a width of 1 mm, and a spacing of 10 cm on the material surface, which helps to improve the electrical conductivity and thermal management performance of the material.

[0089] Finally, connect the battery cells in series and parallel, and install a battery management system with a capacity of 10 kW to achieve effective control and management of the entire energy storage system.

[0090] Test Example 1

[0091] Structural performance test plan:

[0092] Compressive strength test

[0093] Sample preparation: Fabricate cubic specimens with dimensions of 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm, a total of 9 (3 ordinary concrete control groups, 6 composite material specimens)

[0094] Testing equipment: 2000 kN hydraulic pressure testing machine

[0095] Testing standard: Conduct according to GB / T 50081-2019 "Standard for Test Methods of Mechanical Properties of Ordinary Concrete"

[0096] Loading rate: 0.6 ± 0.4 MPa / s

[0097] Testing age: 28 days

[0098] Flexural strength test

[0099] Sample preparation: Fabricate prismatic specimens with dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm, a total of 9 (3 ordinary concrete control groups, 6 composite material specimens)

[0100] Testing equipment: 300 kN electronic universal testing machine

[0101] Testing standard: Conduct according to GB / T 50081-2019

[0102] Loading rate: 0.05 ± 0.01 MPa / s

[0103] Testing age: 28 days

[0104] Preparation of Elastic Modulus Test Specimens: Use the same cubic specimen testing equipment as for compressive strength testing. Testing Equipment: Non-metallic ultrasonic detector. Testing Standard: Conduct the test in accordance with ASTM C597-16 standard. Testing Frequency: 54 kHz

[0105] Testing Age: 28 days

[0106] Test Results:

[0107] Compressive Strength Test Results

[0108]

[0109] Flexural Strength Test Results

[0110]

[0111]

[0112] Elastic Modulus Test Results

[0113]

[0114] Result Analysis:

[0115] Compressive Strength: The average compressive strength of the composite material is 41.0 MPa, slightly lower than that of ordinary concrete (42.4 MPa) by 3.3%. This difference is within the acceptable range, indicating that the addition of battery components has little effect on the compressive performance of concrete.

[0116] Flexural Strength: The average flexural strength of the composite material is 4.7 MPa, lower than that of ordinary concrete (4.9 MPa) by approximately 4.1%. This indicates that the composite material maintains good flexural performance, with a slight decrease but still within the acceptable range for engineering applications.

[0117] Elastic Modulus: The average elastic modulus of the composite material is 31.5 GPa, lower than that of ordinary concrete (32.8 GPa) by approximately 4.0%. This result shows that the stiffness of the composite material is slightly reduced but still remains within a reasonable range.

[0118] Summary: These test results show that although battery components are added, the composite material still maintains structural properties similar to those of ordinary concrete. Although there are slight decreases in compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus, these differences are all within 5% and will not significantly affect the application of the material in construction. Considering the additional energy storage function provided by the composite material, this slight reduction in performance is acceptable. These results demonstrate that while maintaining structural integrity, the composite material has successfully integrated the energy storage function, providing possibilities for innovative applications in the construction field.

[0119] Test Example 2 Safety Test Plan:

[0120] High Temperature Test

[0121] Samples: 3 cubic composite material samples with dimensions of 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm

[0122] Equipment: High temperature test chamber, thermocouple, infrared thermal imager

[0123] Conditions: Place the samples in an 80°C environment for 24 hours while performing charge-discharge cycles

[0124] Observation Items: Temperature change, gas release, deformation, change in electrochemical performance

[0125] Overcharge and Overdischarge Test

[0126] Samples: The same as those in the high temperature test

[0127] Equipment: Battery test system, gas detector

[0128] Conditions: Charge to 2.2 V (normal upper limit 1.8 V), discharge to 0.8 V (normal lower limit 1.2 V). Observation Items: Voltage change, current change, temperature change, gas release

[0129] Crush Test Samples: 3 cubic composite material samples with dimensions of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm Equipment: Hydraulic press, force sensor, gas detector

[0130] Conditions: Compress the samples to 50% of the original thickness at a speed of 5 mm / min

[0131] Observation Items: Deformation, cracks, gas release, electrolyte leakage

[0132] Immersion Test

[0133] Samples: The same as those in the crush test

[0134] Equipment: Water tank, insulation resistance tester, conductivity meter

[0135] Conditions: Immerse the samples completely in water for 48 hours

[0136] Observation Items: Change in insulation performance, electrolyte leakage, structural integrity

[0137] High Temperature Test Results

[0138]

[0139] Result Analysis: The material shows extremely high stability in an 80°C high temperature environment. After 24 hours, the capacity retention rate is as high as 98.7%, far exceeding that of ordinary battery materials. No gas release was detected during the whole process, proving its excellent thermal stability.

[0140] Overcharge and overdischarge test results

[0141]

[0142] Result analysis: Even under severe overcharge and overdischarge conditions, the material remains highly stable. The temperature change is minimal, and no gas release is detected. The capacity only slightly decreases after overcharge and overdischarge, demonstrating excellent electrochemical stability and safety.

[0143] Extrusion test results

[0144]

[0145] Result analysis: The material exhibits extremely high mechanical strength and safety. Even under 60% severe compression, only cracks appear without complete breakage, no gas release is detected, and very little electrolyte leakage occurs. This performance far exceeds that of traditional battery materials, providing extremely high safety protection for building applications.

[0146] Immersion test results

[0147]

[0148] Result analysis: After 72 hours of immersion, the material remains completely intact, and the insulation performance only slightly decreases. The change in conductivity in water is extremely small, indicating that almost no electrolyte dissolves out. This excellent waterproof performance makes it very suitable for use in humid environments.

[0149] Summary: The safety test results highlight the excellent performance of this concrete-aqueous battery composite building energy storage material:

[0150] Excellent high-temperature stability: It maintains high performance for a long time in a high-temperature environment of 80°C without any safety hazards.

[0151] Excellent overcharge and overdischarge tolerance: Even under extreme charge and discharge conditions, the material remains stable and hardly affects the performance.

[0152] Outstanding mechanical strength: It can still maintain the basic structure under severe extrusion, showing far higher safety than traditional batteries.

[0153] Excellent waterproof performance: After long-term immersion, the material properties and structure are hardly affected, suitable for various environmental applications.

[0154] Comprehensive safety: No obvious safety hazards such as gas release, combustion, or explosion risk are observed in all extreme condition tests.

[0155] Test Example 3 Electrochemical performance test plan:

[0156] Capacity and Energy Density Test

[0157] Samples: 3 cubic composite material samples with dimensions of 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm

[0158] Equipment: High-precision battery test system, thermostat

[0159] Test Conditions: Charge and discharge at 0.1C, 25°C

[0160] Voltage Range: 1.0V - 2.0V

[0161] Repeat: Take the average value after 3 cycles

[0162] Cycle Performance Test

[0163] Samples: The same as those for the capacity test

[0164] Test Conditions: Charge and discharge at 1C, 25°C

[0165] Number of Cycles: 2000 times

[0166] Conduct a 0.1C capacity test every 100 cycles

[0167] Rate Performance Test

[0168] Samples: The same as those for the capacity test

[0169] Test Conditions: Charge and discharge at 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, 5C, 10C respectively

[0170] Conduct 3 cycles for each rate

[0171] Temperature Performance Test

[0172] Samples: The same as those for the capacity test. Test Conditions: Conduct 1C charge and discharge at -20°C, 0°C, 25°C, 45°C, 60°C. Conduct 3 cycles at each temperature point

[0173] Self-discharge Test

[0174] Samples: The same as those for the capacity test

[0175] Test Conditions: After fully charging the samples, let them stand at 25°C for 60 days

[0176] Measure the open-circuit voltage and remaining capacity every 15 days

[0177] Test Results:

[0178] Capacity and Energy Density Test Results

[0179]

[0180]

[0181] Cycling performance test results

[0182]

[0183] Rate performance test results

[0184]

[0185]

[0186] Temperature performance test results

[0187]

[0188] Self-discharge test results

[0189]

[0190] Result analysis:

[0191] Capacity and energy density: The material exhibits extremely high specific capacity and energy density, far exceeding traditional battery materials. The mass energy density of 320 Wh / kg and the volume energy density of 480 Wh / L make it an ideal choice for building energy storage.

[0192] Cycling performance: After 2000 deep cycles, the capacity retention rate remains as high as 97.1%, demonstrating excellent long-term stability. This means that in practical applications, the material can maintain high efficiency for decades.

[0193] Rate performance: It can still maintain 86% of the capacity at a high rate of 10C, indicating that the material has excellent fast charging and discharging capabilities. This is extremely important for grid peak shaving and load leveling applications that require rapid response.

[0194] Temperature adaptability: The material maintains good performance within a wide temperature range from -20°C to 60°C. Especially its stability at high temperatures makes it very suitable for building applications in various climate conditions.

[0195] Self-discharge characteristics: The capacity retention rate is as high as 98.3% after 60 days, equivalent to a self-discharge rate of only 0.28% per month. This extremely low self-discharge rate makes it very suitable for long-term energy storage applications.

[0196] Test example 4 Energy efficiency test scheme:

[0197] Charge and discharge energy efficiency test

[0198] Samples: 3 cubic composite material samples with dimensions of 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm

[0199] Equipment: High-precision battery test system, precision power analyzer

[0200] Test conditions: Charge and discharge at 0.5C, 1C, 2C, 25°C

[0201] Repetition: Conduct 5 complete charge-discharge cycles at each rate

[0202] Long-term energy efficiency stability test

[0203] Samples: The same as those for the charge-discharge efficiency test. Test conditions: Charge and discharge at 1C, for 1000 consecutive cycles

[0204] Measure the energy efficiency every 100 cycles

[0205] Test on the influence of temperature on energy efficiency

[0206] Samples: The same as those for the charge-discharge efficiency test. Test conditions: Charge and discharge at 1C, conduct 5 cycles at each temperature point of 0°C, 25°C, and 45°C

[0207] Overall efficiency test of energy storage system. Samples: Large composite material module of 1m×1m×1m. Equipment: Simulated solar power generation system, simulated load, energy management system. Test conditions: Simulate the power generation and consumption scenarios for 24 hours a day. Repetition: Conduct continuous tests for 7 days

[0208] Thermal management efficiency test

[0209] Samples: The same as those for the charge-discharge efficiency test. Equipment: Infrared thermal imager, precision temperature sensor array. Test conditions: Charge and discharge at 2C, record the temperature distribution and changes, calculate the heat loss and thermal management efficiency

[0210] Test results:

[0211] Test results of charge-discharge energy efficiency

[0212]

[0213] Test results of long-term energy efficiency stability

[0214]

[0215] Test results of the influence of temperature on energy efficiency

[0216]

[0217] Test results of the overall efficiency of the energy storage system

[0218]

[0219] Test results of thermal management efficiency

[0220]

[0221]

[0222] Result analysis:

[0223] Charge and discharge energy efficiency: The material exhibits extremely high energy conversion efficiency. Even at a high rate of 2C, the round-trip energy efficiency still reaches 97.0%. This far exceeds traditional battery systems, indicating extremely low energy loss.

[0224] Long-term stability: After 1000 cycles, the energy efficiency only decreases by 0.5 percentage points, showing excellent long-term stability. This ensures that the system can maintain high efficiency during long-term use.

[0225] Temperature adaptability: In a wide temperature range from 0°C to 45°C, the material maintains a high energy efficiency of over 96.5%. This excellent temperature adaptability makes it suitable for various climate conditions.

[0226] Overall system efficiency: In a simulated actual application scenario, the system exhibits a high round-trip efficiency of 92.2%. An energy self-sufficiency rate of 89.5% and a peak shaving rate of 78.3% indicate that the system can effectively manage building energy demand.

[0227] Thermal management performance: The maximum temperature rise is only 3.2°C, the temperature distribution is uniform, and the heat loss only accounts for 1.8% of the total energy. This excellent thermal management performance not only improves the system efficiency but also greatly enhances safety.

[0228] Although the present invention has been described in detail above with general descriptions and specific embodiments, based on the present invention, some modifications or improvements can be made, which are obvious to those skilled in the art. Therefore, these modifications and improvements made without departing from the spirit of the present invention all fall within the scope of the present invention claimed.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a concrete-water battery composite building energy storage material, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1 electrode preparation a) Negative electrode (zinc alloy): 92-98% zinc, 1-6% aluminum and 0.5-2% magnesium are melted and cast into a cylinder with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm and a length of 8-12 cm, and the surface is treated to increase the roughness; b) Positive electrode (porous carbon-nickel oxide composite material): 75-85% activated carbon and 15-25% nickel oxide powder are mixed, 3-7% PTFE is added as a binder, pressed into a tubular structure with an inner diameter of 2-3 cm, an outer diameter of 4-6 cm, and a length of 8-12 cm, and heat treated at 250-350°C for 1-3h; S2 Battery Cell Assembly Wrap each zinc alloy negative electrode with a polypropylene non-woven fabric separator with a thickness of 0.3-0.7 mm, sheath the carbon-nickel oxide positive electrode material on the outside of the separator, connect the electrode lead ends with conductive tape, and assemble 80-120 battery cells; S3 Concrete Matrix Preparation Add 2-4 kg of graphene nanosheets to 40-60 L of deionized water and ultrasonically disperse for 20-40 min; at the same time, mix 300-400 kg of ordinary Portland cement, 700-800 kg of river sand and 1000-1200 kg of crushed stone; add graphene dispersion, 100-150 L of deionized water and 0.8-1.2% of polycarboxylic acid water reducer by cement mass to the dry material and stir for 8-12 min until uniform; S4 Composite Molding Make a cubic mold with a side length of 0.9-1.1m and reserve 80-120 cylindrical holes with a diameter of 4.5-5.5cm; fix the battery unit, pour concrete, and vibrate for 1-3min; demould after wet curing at room temperature for 20-28h, and then cure for 25-31 days at a temperature of 18-22℃ and a relative humidity greater than 90%; S5 Electrolyte Injection Dissolve 150-180 kg KOH in 450-550 L deionized water to prepare a 5.5-6.5 mol / L KOH solution; Add 7-9 kg ZnO to the solution and stir until completely dissolved to obtain an electrolyte containing 0.15-0.25 mol / L ZnO; place the cured composite material in a vacuum chamber, evacuate to -0.08 to -0.12 MPa and maintain for 25-35 minutes, and slowly inject 80-120 L of the prepared electrolyte; restore normal pressure and maintain for 1.5-2.5 hours to allow the electrolyte to fully penetrate; S6 Post-processing Clean the excess electrolyte on the surface and apply 4-6L of anti-permeability coating; A microchannel network with a depth of 1.5-2.5mm, a width of 0.8-1.2mm and a spacing of 8-12cm is made on the surface to clean up the debris generated; the battery cells are connected in series and parallel, and a battery management system with a capacity of 8-12kW is installed.

2. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The negative electrode is smelted from 95% zinc, 4% aluminum and 1% magnesium and cast into a cylinder with a diameter of 2 cm and a length of 10 cm.

3. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The positive electrode is mixed with 80% activated carbon and 20% nickel oxide powder, with 5% PTFE added as a binder, pressed into a tubular structure with an inner diameter of 2.5 cm, an outer diameter of 5 cm, and a length of 10 cm, and heat treated at 300° C. for 2 hours.

4. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The concrete matrix is ​​composed of 350 kg of ordinary Portland cement, 750 kg of river sand, 1100 kg of crushed stone, 3 kg of graphene nanosheets and 3.5 kg of polycarboxylic acid-based water reducer, and the water-cement ratio is 0.

5.

5. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the composite material molding step, a 1m x 1m x 1m mold is used, 100 cylindrical holes with a diameter of 5cm are reserved, compaction is performed for 2 minutes, and curing is performed for 28 days in an environment of 20°C and a relative humidity of 95%.

6. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrolyte consists of 6 mol / L KOH solution and 0.2 mol / L ZnO, specifically, 168 kg KOH and 8.15 kg ZnO are dissolved in 500 L deionized water.

7. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the electrolyte injection step, the vacuum degree is -0.1 MPa, which is maintained for 30 minutes, 100 L of electrolyte is injected, and the vacuum is maintained for 2 hours after returning to normal pressure.

8. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the post-processing step, 5 L of anti-permeation coating was applied to produce a microchannel network with a depth of 2 mm, a width of 1 mm, and a spacing of 10 cm.

9. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The capacity of the battery management system is 10 kW.

10. Concrete-water battery composite building energy storage material, characterized in that: Prepared according to the preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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