Battery system operation

Abstract

The invention relates to battery system operation. Embodiments determine a reference complex impedance of a reference cell within one or more frequency ranges. Embodiments determine an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measurement device that includes a sensing conductor coupled to each battery and a force conductor coupled to the battery, the batteries and the measurement device in-situ in a terminal use system. For each cell of the battery, an embodiment determines a model complex impedance that, when combined with the impedance of the battery, at least partially considers the difference between the in-situ impedance of the cell and the reference impedance, and then the embodiment adjusts the in-situ impedance as a function of the model impedance. Embodiments control operation of the battery based on the adjusted impedance for each particular cell.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to: U.S. non-provisional Pat. App. No. 18 / 789,088, filed on July 30, 2024, which claims priority to U.S. provisional Pat. App. No. 63 / 520,464, filed on August 18, 2023; U.S. provisional Pat. App. No. 63 / 650,587, filed on May 22, 2024; and U.S. provisional App. No. 63 / 665,573, filed on June 28, 2024; the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to battery system operation. More specifically, the present disclosure describes techniques for operating and controlling a battery system to mitigate the effects of parasitic impedance by adjusting raw electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data. Background Art

[0004] Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can be used to characterize electrochemical systems such as individual cells, batteries containing one or more cells, and battery assemblies (including measurement and control equipment). EIS can measure the complex impedance of one or more cells over a range of frequencies - these measurements are used to characterize the energy state, storage and dissipation properties of a cell, battery or battery assembly, etc. The data obtained by EIS can be presented in Bode plots or Nyquist plots.

[0005] The complex impedance consists of a real / resistive component and an imaginary / reactive component. This complex impedance can be measured as a universal dielectric response, whereby EIS reveals a power-law relationship between impedance and frequency ω as a function of the applied alternating current (AC) forcing function over a frequency range. This current can be applied using a pair of force lines, and the impedance can be measured using at least one set of sense lines, typically a pair of sense lines on each cell. The reverse method of measuring impedance can also be used, i.e. a voltage can be forced and the resulting current observed. Summary of the invention

[0006] In some aspects, the technology described herein relates to a computer-implemented method of operating a battery, the method comprising: determining, by one or more processors, a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determining, by one or more processors, an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more battery cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measuring device, the battery and the measuring device being in-situ in a terminal use system, the measuring device comprising one or more sensing conductors operably coupled to each of the one or more cells and one or more force conductors operably connected to the battery; for each specific cell of the battery: determining, by one or more processors, a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the specific cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell and the reference complex impedance; adjusting, by one or more processors, the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and controlling, by one or more processors, operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell.

[0007] In some aspects, the technology described herein relates to a system comprising: a memory storing instructions therein; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to execute the instructions to: determine a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determine an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measurement device, the battery and the measurement device being in-situ in an end-use system, the measurement device comprising one or more sensing conductors operably coupled to each of the one or more cells and one or more force conductors operably connected to the battery; for each specific cell of the battery: determine a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the specific cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell and the reference complex impedance; adjust the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and control operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell.

[0008] In some aspects, the technology described herein relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors in a network, are operative to: determine a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determine an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measurement device, the battery and the measurement device being in-situ in an end-use system, the measurement device comprising one or more sensing conductors operably coupled to each of the one or more cells and one or more force conductors operably connected to the battery; for each specific cell of the battery: determine a model complex impedance that, when connected in series with the complex impedance of the specific cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell and the reference complex impedance; adjust the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and control operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The present technology will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are not intended to be limiting.

[0010] According to an example of the technology disclosed herein, Figure 1 A typical set of EIS responses (as Nyquist plots) for eight individual cells according to examples of the technology disclosed herein are shown.

[0011] Figure 2 A set of typical EIS responses (eg, Nyquist plots) of multiple cells arranged into a battery assembly in a production unit of an end system with in situ EIS force and sense conductors according to an example of the techniques disclosed herein are shown.

[0012] Figure 3 An example of the technology disclosed herein is shown in a production unit of a terminal system using a battery assembly, Figure 2 Figure 2. In situ EIS responses of some cells after a set of adjustments.

[0013] Figure 4 A battery assembly including a four-cell battery and an EIS measurement device according to an example of the technology disclosed herein is shown.

[0014] Figure 5 An example of the technology disclosed herein is shown. Figure 4 Nyquist plots of the battery assembly and two other battery assemblies.

[0015] Figure 6 An example of the technology disclosed herein is shown. Figure 4 Three views of the current and magnetic field (H-field) of a battery assembly at 1 kHz.

[0016] Figure 7 is a block diagram of an example battery operation method according to the technology disclosed herein.

[0017] Figure 8 Shown are raw EIS complex impedance measurements of each of eight cells as they are installed in a measurement device in an end-use system as part of a battery assembly according to an example of the techniques disclosed herein.

[0018] Fig. 9 An impedance circuit model of a cell of an element of a battery assembly using an in-situ measurement apparatus according to an example of the technology disclosed herein is shown.

[0019] Fig.10 FIG. 1 shows a method of using the measured complex impedance of one of the cells as a reference complex impedance according to an example of the technology disclosed herein. Figure 8 Adjusted Nyquist plots for all eight cells.

[0020] Fig.11 is a block diagram of an example battery operation method according to the technology disclosed herein.

[0021] Fig.12 A graph of resistance versus time constant for a best fit estimate for each RL oscillator circuit is shown according to an example of the techniques disclosed herein.

[0022] Fig.13 Devices that can be used as computers, processors, hosts, etc. according to examples of the technology disclosed herein are schematically shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part of this document, wherein like numerals always represent like parts, and wherein are shown by way of examples which may be practiced. It should be understood that other examples may be utilized, and structural or logical changes may be made, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the following detailed description should not be considered restrictive.

[0024] Various operations may be described as multiple discrete actions or operations in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the claimed subject matter. However, the order of description should not be considered to imply that these operations are necessarily dependent on the order. In particular, these operations may not be performed in the order presented. The described operations may be performed in a different order than the described examples. Various additional operations may be performed and / or the described operations may be omitted in the additional examples.

[0025] For purposes of this disclosure, the phrase "A and / or B" means (A), (B), or (A and B). For purposes of this disclosure, the phrase "A, B, and / or C" means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B, and C).

[0026] Various components may be referenced or described herein in the singular (eg, "processor," "peripheral device," etc.), but this is only for ease of discussion, and any element referenced in the singular may include a plurality of such elements in accordance with the teachings herein.

[0027] The description uses the phrases "in one example" or "in an example", each of which may refer to one or more of the same or different examples. In addition, the terms "including", "comprising", "having", etc. used in the examples of the present disclosure are synonymous. As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to, be part of, or include application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electronic and optical circuits, processors (shared, dedicated, or groups) and / or memories (shared, dedicated, or groups) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, combinational logic circuits, and / or other suitable hardware that provides the described functionality.

[0028] Electrochemical systems include primary cells and electrolytic electrochemical systems, such as vehicle batteries, fuel cells, electrochemical capacitors, bioelectrochemical systems, electrochemical sensors, corrosion cells, photochemical cells, thermoelectric cells, and electrochromic systems, which can be single cells or battery packs. The technology disclosed herein is generally applicable to electrochemical systems, although it is described with respect to primary cells of one or more batteries.

[0029] EIS can be used as a tool to gain insight into the operation of batteries in systems such as electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage systems, and various consumer systems. As individual cells grow in size, their impedance begins to decrease. This impedance reduction can be further exacerbated as original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) increase the number of cells connected in parallel in a battery. Regardless of the reason, this impedance reduction can cause other factors, such as parasitic impedance effects of the EIS force and sense lines, mutual inductance between cells, skin effect, and eddy currents, to influence or even dominate the original EIS measurement. Consider that OEMs are often limited by the physical layout / form factor used for the design of the battery system (including the EIS measurement components). This often makes it impractical for OEMs to provide optimal (from an EIS perspective) cable routing in an end-use system such as a vehicle, and therefore can increase the impact of other factors on the EIS measurement. Unless accounted for, these effects can seriously affect the performance of EIS-based algorithms.

[0030] Reference Figure 1, according to an example of the technology disclosed herein, a typical set of EIS Nyquist responses 100 of multiple (eight in this case) independent cells (cells tested in a low electromagnetic noise environment while isolated from each other) are shown. Each of the cells represented is at a similar operating point, e.g., same state of charge (SoC), same temperature, and same age. Assuming that each cell is in a similar state and that no other cells interfere with the measurement (e.g., laboratory conditions and cabling are controlled as much as possible), the EIS response (real impedance and imaginary impedance) of each cell is very close - within the expected small cell-to-cell variation, for example, as shown in inset 110. In general, the data points in the upper right corner correspond to lower frequencies of the EIS response of the cell, and the points proceeding counterclockwise from the upper right corner correspond to higher frequencies of the EIS response of the cell.

[0031] Reference Figure 2 , according to an example of the technology disclosed herein, shows a set of typical EIS responses 200 of multiple units with in-situ EIS force and sense conductors in a production unit of an end system. Block 210 approximates Figure 1 In box 210, it can be seen that as the frequency of the forcing function increases, the data of each unit begins to be different from Figure 1 The data are different from each other and then become increasingly different from each other outside of box 210. It is difficult to design an EIS-based battery operation algorithm from such noisy / skewed data.

[0032] Examples of the techniques disclosed herein can take into account and adjust the effects of factors such as parasitic impedance effects of EIS force lines and sense lines, mutual inductance between cells, skin effect, and eddy currents on the raw EIS measurement - whether or not the adjustment is attributed to any specific factor. The adjusted EIS measurement can be used to control the operation of the battery, for example, controlling charging time, controlling unit temperature, controlling unit pressure based on the SoC determined using EIS. The adjusted EIS measurement can be reported to other processes that use this information to monitor and control the operation of the battery and end-use systems.

[0033] refer to Figure 3 , and continuing to refer to the previous figures for context, an example of the technology disclosed herein is shown in a production unit of a terminal system using a battery assembly on site Figure 2 A set of adjusted EIS responses of some cells is shown in Figure 300. Figure 3 In the example, the reference complex impedance and the model complex impedance are used to adjust Figure 2 The original EIS values ​​collected are shown. Inset 310 shows the remaining minor changes.

[0034] refer to Figure 4, and continuing to refer to previous figures for context, a battery assembly 400 including a battery 410 (four cells 410a-410d) and EIS measurement equipment 430, 440, 450 is shown according to an example of the technology disclosed herein. The four cells 410a-410d are connected in series by a high voltage (HV) rod 420 to form the battery 410. The EIS measurement equipment includes a controller 430, a force conductor 440, and a sense conductor 450. In this example battery assembly 400, the conductors are shown as twisted pairs, but can be single conductors with a ground return where appropriate.

[0035] The controller 430 transmits the AC forcing function through a set of force conductors 440 that are split near the right HV rod 420 and then connected to the series-connected cells 410a to 410d. Although the force conductors 440 in this example are twisted pairs, other conductors can also be used. The forcing function can be any signal that contains the EIS frequency of interest, such as a step pulse, a series of step pulses, a swept wave, a square wave, a series of different frequencies combined into a single sine wave, and a random broadband signal. The controller 430 independently senses the first cell 410a using a set of twisted pair sensing conductors 450 that are split to cross the first cell 410a - only the sensing conductors 450 of the first cell 410b are shown in this example. Note that the twisted pair sensing conductors 450 pass through the first cell 410a and the second cell 410b before splitting to the third cell 410c.

[0036] refer to Figure 5 , and continuing to refer to the previous figures for context, a Nyquist plot 510 (corresponding to Nyquist plot 512) of the routing of a sensing conductor of a battery assembly 400 on a third cell 410c is shown, along with the routing of two additional sensing conductors 450 (same cell, controller, HV rod), according to an example of the technology disclosed herein. In another routing, the splitting of the sensing conductor 450 is routed only on the first cell 410a. Compared to the Nyquist plot 512 of the routing of the battery assembly 400, the Nyquist plot 514 corresponding to the routing of the sensing conductor 450 across the cell 410a shows that the actual impedance is lower as the frequency of the forcing function increases. In another routing, the sensing conductor 450 is routed through each of the first cell 410a, the second cell 410b, and the third cell 410c before being split on the fourth cell 410d. Compared to the Nyquist plot 512 of the battery assembly 400, the Nyquist plot 516 corresponding to the routing shows a higher real impedance as the frequency of the forcing function increases. Figure 5 It shows the dramatic impact that measurement device routing can have on raw EIS data.

[0037] refer to Figure 6And continuing to refer to the existing figures for context, according to an example of the technology disclosed herein, three views 600 of current and magnetic field (H field) of battery assembly 400 at 1 kHz are shown. In view 600, it can be seen that sense conductor 450 is exposed to the H field of force conductor 440 and carries current induced by such H field.

[0038] refer to Figure 7 , and continuing to refer to the existing figures for context, a method 700 of battery operation is shown according to an example of the technology disclosed herein.

[0039] In this method 700, a reference complex impedance of a reference cell is determined over one or more frequency ranges - block 710. In successive examples of using an eight-cell battery, a complex impedance of a reference cell of the same type and similar operating point (e.g., same SoC, same expected operating temperature, same age) as the cells used in the battery is measured. In some such examples, the complex impedance of the reference cell is measured in an environment that minimizes the effect of the measurement equipment on the determined impedance.

[0040] In some such examples, the complex impedance of a physical reference unit is measured using a device (such as controller 430, force conductor 440, and sense conductor 450) connected to a computer (such as device 1300). In some examples, the impedance of a conceptual, theoretical, or abstract unit is used as the determined reference unit complex impedance using one or more computers (such as device 1300). In some examples, the complex impedance of one or more batteries of a battery measured in situ by a measurement device in a terminal use system is used as the determined reference battery complex impedance. In certain examples, one or more frequencies include a sweep from <1 Hz to several kHz - although the frequency of interest is determined to be a useful characteristic range for a particular observation or control method. In some examples, one or more frequencies include one or more discrete frequencies within the range.

[0041] In this method 700, an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more battery cells of a battery in an end-use system with a measurement device is determined over one or more frequency ranges—block 720. In a continuing example, the measurement device is used to determine the in-situ complex impedance, and the measurement device includes one or more sense conductors operably coupled to each battery cell and one or more force conductors operably coupled to the battery cell, e.g., Figure 4-Figure 6 shown.

[0042] refer to Figure 8 , and continuing to refer to previous figures for context, according to the example of box 720, for each of cells 810-1 through cell 810-8, consecutive example raw EIS complex impedance measurements 800 are shown as these batteries are installed as part of a battery assembly with measurement equipment in an end-use system.

[0043] In some methods 700, the measuring device includes a controller 430, one or more force conductors 440, and one or more sensing conductors 450 for each unit under test. In the continued example, the end-use system is a vehicle, and eight batteries and the measuring devices 430, 440, 450 are installed in the vehicle, as well as typical vehicle equipment such as powertrain, transmission, power and control cables, etc. Non-battery components of the vehicle can also cause noise in the original in-situ EIS measurement. In some examples, a single force conductor 440 from the controller 430 is used, and the return path passes through the ground. In the continued example, one or more force conductors are twisted pairs, as are each sensing conductor. In some examples, all or part of the measuring device is also used to perform determinations during vehicle operation. In some examples, the measuring device used to perform the initial determination is different from the measuring equipment used to perform the determination during terminal system operation.

[0044] In a continued example, a controller (such as controller 430) is connected to a power source for applying an AC forcing function having a frequency component of 10 Hz-1 kHz to a force conductor 440 connected to the series-connected cells 810-1 to 810-8. The forcing function can be swept across frequency or applied at one or more discrete frequencies. In some examples, the forcing function frequency is a subset (inappropriate or appropriate) of one or more frequencies used to determine a reference complex impedance. The controller 430 then senses each cell 410a-410d independently using a set of twisted pair sensing conductors 450 that are separated to connect to each cell 410a-140d. In some examples, the battery and measuring devices 430, 440, 450 are installed in a model of a vehicle.

[0045] In some examples, the determination of complex impedance is performed in situ by software on a computer model of the battery in an end-use system with a measurement device. For example, a physical simulation of the battery and the measurement device can be performed. This can be a 3DEM simulation that contains the battery housing (or more), force and sensing harnesses, and the battery module / pack or test lab evaluation setup. Ports are placed at the battery tabs and EIS instrument inputs; the simulation output is an s-parameter file that can then be de-embedded from the original EIS measurement.

[0046] In this method 700, a model complex impedance is determined for each specific cell - block 730. The model complex impedance is such that, when combined with the actual complex impedance of the specific cell, it at least partially accounts for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell and the reference complex impedance.

[0047] In some examples, the model complex impedance includes at least one R||L oscillating circuit in series with the complex impedance of the battery, each R||L oscillating circuit including an inductor L and a resistor R in parallel. In some examples, the model complex impedance is determined by an edge processor platform (such as controller 430); in some examples, executed by a computer or platform (such as platform 1300 described below); and in some examples by a combination of such platforms. In a few examples, R=infinity and the model complex impedance is of the L order.

[0048] refer to Fig. 9 , and continuing to refer to the previous figures for context, an impedance circuit model 900 of a cell 910 as an element of a battery assembly having a measurement device (such as a controller 430, a force conductor 440, and a sense conductor 450) is shown according to an example of the technology disclosed herein. In the impedance circuit model 900, the elements associated with the battery 910 include the battery self-inductance L si 911、Battery Ohmic Behavior R O 912, First R il ||C il Oscillator circuit 913 (eg, to model the behavior of a battery solid electrolyte interface) and a second R ct ||C ct Tank oscillator circuits (e.g., modeling the behavior of the charge transfer region of a battery).

[0049] In the continued example, the model complex impedance 920 shown in the impedance circuit model 900 includes three R||L oscillating circuits (a first oscillating circuit 921, a second oscillating circuit 922, and a third oscillating circuit 923) connected in series and a resistor R s . Resistor R s represents the scalar resistance caused by parasitic effects, such as the contact resistance from the wiring harness to the cell tab and a combination of other effects. In this example, the first oscillator circuit 921R c ||L c It represents the first-order coupling impact of the electromagnetic field generated by the force conductor 440 on the sensing conductor 450. The second oscillating circuit 922R cc ||L cc represents the second order coupled impulse of the EM field generated by force conductor 440 on sense conductor 450. Note that depending on the sense and force wiring bundles / circuit routing, this model can include L c* and R c* The third oscillator circuit 923R mi ||L mirepresents the mutual inductance from cells other than cell 910 (primarily from cells adjacent to cell 910). Other R||L oscillating circuits in series may be included to capture other effects external to the cell, such as skin effect (>1MHz frequency), eddy currents, common mode currents, etc. In addition, other schematics effectively simulate the impedance present in the working environment, including a third oscillating circuit 923 (R mi ||L mi ).

[0050] In the continuing example, the real component of the model complex impedance of each cell represents parasitic effects or non-cell elements and is given by:

[0051]

[0052] In the following example, the imaginary component of the model's complex impedance for each element is given by:

[0053]

[0054] In some examples, the model impedance is determined according to equations (1) and (2), as shown below in Fig.11 as described in the discussion of .

[0055] In some examples, multiple R||L oscillator circuits N are selected for model impedance. RL After (for example, by inputting into a computer program product), one or more processors executing the computer program product for this purpose, for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of N determines the functional relationship between the gain and the time constant of one or more frequency ranges in the s domain. Then, one or more processors executing the computer program product for each N RLInitial {gain, time constant} pairs to derive R and L values. One or more processors executing a computer program identify the most extreme gains and further determine these optimal N RL The optimal gain under the time constant. From N RLInitial Reduce to ~N RL R||L oscillator circuits, a subset of time constants will be selected. Typically, the corresponding gain values ​​of a smaller number of R||L oscillator circuits will produce a set of corresponding gain values ​​that are different from the initial values. Then, one or more processors executing the computer program product identify the model complex impedance as N with derived R and L values. RL R||L oscillator circuit. In some such examples, N RLInitial Selected as N RL At least an order of magnitude larger.

[0056] In some simple examples, determining the model complex impedance includes executing instructions of a computer program product using one or more processors to subtract the real and imaginary parts of the reference cell complex impedance from the corresponding real and imaginary parts of the in-situ complex impedance at each of a plurality of frequencies of interest, respectively. In some examples, for a certain number of frequencies, a real component of the complex impedance Re(Z) and an imaginary component of the complex impedance Im(Z) are determined for the reference cell. These impedances are subtracted from the corresponding impedances determined for each in-situ cell at these same frequencies. This gives a model complex impedance for the battery that, when used to adjust future readings, will at least partially account for parasitic effects in future EIS measurements.

[0057] Back to Figure 7 In these methods 700, for each specific cell of the battery, the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell is adjusted according to the model complex impedance - block 740. In the following example, the measured in-situ complex impedance is adjusted by the calculated model complex impedance. Fig.10 , and continuing to refer to the previous figures for context, according to an example of the technology disclosed herein, the adjusted Nyquist plots 1000 of all eight cells are shown for consecutive examples using the measured complex impedance of cell 810-8 as the reference complex impedance. The adjusted complex impedances are almost the same. In some examples, the adjustment can also include the use of curve fitting techniques, in addition to direct adjustment using model complex impedances, many of which are also available in Python, Matlab, Java, etc.

[0058] In this method 700, the operation of the battery is controlled based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell - box 750. The adjusted complex impedance of the cell provides information about the battery characteristics, such as charge transfer, diffusion, state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH), remaining useful life (RUL) and double layer effect. The adjusted complex impedance mitigates the effects of various noise sources and is used, for example, by the controller 430 to determine battery and battery characteristics, such as charging frequency, charging rate, failure probability, overcharge and disconnection under over-temperature conditions. In the continued example, the SoC data based on the adjusted complex impedance is used to control the operation of the battery, for example, to control the charging time, control cell temperature, control cell pressure based on the SoC determined using EIS.

[0059] Determining the value of the model impedance (after determining the reference complex impedance and determining the in-situ complex impedance for each unit) can be viewed as a curve fitting problem, e.g., a cost function can be specified to find the best fit parameters to align the in-situ complex impedance with the reference complex impedance, where both impedances are subject to similar operating conditions. In the context of the present technology, the curve fitting problem is non-convex, e.g., there may be several local solutions in the search space. Therefore, the accuracy of the final fit may depend on the initial estimate. This may result in a suboptimal fit of the model impedance.

[0060] refer to Fig.11 , and continuing to refer to previous figures for context, a method 1100 for determining a model impedance value according to an example of the technology disclosed herein is shown. The method 1100 is shown in the context of block 730 of the method 700.

[0061] In some examples of determining the model impedance value, a plurality of R|L oscillator circuits N used in the model complex impedance are set RL - Block 1132. In the continued example, N RL is set to three (3).

[0062] Method 1100 continues, in the s domain, for a value greater than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the above determines the gain as a function of the time constant for one or more frequency ranges - block 1134. Fig.12 , and continuing to refer to the previous figures for context, according to an example of the technology disclosed herein, N RLInitial R(Ω)=f(τ) gain equal to five hundred (500) is plotted 1200. The plot shows thirty-two (32) major time constants.

[0063] By fixing with N RLInitial The associated time constant τ allows the search problem to be treated as a convex problem, i.e., there is only one optimal solution. One advantage of this approach is that determining a single solution is computationally more efficient. The greater computational efficiency allows the calculations to be performed in a processor closer to the "edge" while the vehicle is operating, such as the controller / processor 430. By solving for R in each oscillating circuit (and possibly L, but this is not required), the dominant time constants can be discerned. Reference Fig.12 The gain of the unit 810-8 is shown using the unit 810-8 as the reference unit. Figure 8 1200 of τ / R(Ω) for a battery assembly. The graph shows thirty-two (32) main time constants.

[0064] For each N of the gain extrema as a function of the time constant RL - combinations, including multiples of the same time constant, selected with N RLThe corresponding R||L oscillator circuit is RL The combination best accounts for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance and the reference complex impedance for the particular cell - block 1136. In some examples, off-the-shelf curve fitting techniques may be used to refine the fit between the in-situ complex impedance and the reference complex impedance using the model complex impedance.

[0065] It is important to note that not all parasitic behavior must be captured with a series of R and R||L oscillator circuits. In some examples, fixed adjustments can be made, such as different filter designs across EIS measurement platforms. In some examples, other physical components can be used as part of the search routine (such as capacitors). Physical components can include components with negative values. Non-physical components (such as Warburg impedance) can be used in the model complex impedance.

[0066] Examples of the present disclosure may be implemented into a system using any suitable hardware and / or software to configure as desired. Fig.13 , and continuing to refer to previous figures for context, Fig.13 A device 1300 is schematically shown that may be used as a computer / processor according to various examples. Fig.13 1 shows multiple components included in the device 1300, but any one or more of these components may be omitted or duplicated according to application requirements.

[0067] Additionally, in various examples, device 1300 may not include Fig.13 , but device 1300 may include interface circuitry for coupling to one or more components. For example, device 1300 may not include display device 1306, but may include display device interface circuitry (e.g., connector and driver circuitry), to which display device 1306 may be coupled. In another set of examples, device 1300 may not include audio input device 1324 or audio output device 1308, but may include audio input or output device interface circuitry (e.g., connector and supporting circuitry), to which audio input device 1324 or audio output device 1308 may be coupled.

[0068] According to any example disclosed herein, the device 1300 may include a transceiver 1324 for managing communications along the bus when the device 1300 is coupled to the bus. The device 1300 may include a processing device 1302 (e.g., one or more processing devices), which may be included in a node transceiver or separate from the node transceiver. As used herein, the term "processing device" may refer to any device or part of a device that processes electronic data from a register and / or memory to convert the electronic data into other electronic data that can be stored in a register and / or memory. The processing device 1302 may include one or more DSPs, ASICs, central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), cryptographic processors, or any other suitable processing devices. The device 1300 may include a memory 1304, which itself may include one or more memory devices, such as volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random access memory (DRAM)), non-volatile storage (e.g., read-only memory (ROM)), flash memory, solid-state memory, and / or a hard drive.

[0069] In some examples, memory 1304 may be used to store working and permanent copies of programming instructions to cause device 1300 to perform any suitable technique disclosed herein. In some examples, machine-accessible media (including non-transitory computer-readable storage media), methods, systems, and devices for performing the above techniques are illustrative examples disclosed herein for communicating over a two-wire bus. For example, instructions may be stored on a computer-readable medium (e.g., memory 1304) that, when executed by one or more processing devices included in processing device 1302, cause device 1300 to perform any technique disclosed herein.

[0070] In some examples, device 1300 may include another communication chip 1312 (e.g., one or more other communication chips). For example, communication chip 1312 may be configured to manage wireless communications for data transmission to and from device 1300. The term "wireless" and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communication channels, etc., that can transmit data using modulated electromagnetic radiation over a non-solid medium. The term does not mean that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some examples they may not.

[0071] The communication chip 1312 can implement any of a variety of wireless standards or protocols, including but not limited to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards, including Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 series), IEEE 802.16 standards (e.g., IEEE802.16-2005 amendment), Long Term Evolution (LTE) project and any amendments, updates and / or revisions (e.g., Advanced LTE project, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) project (also known as "3GPP2"), etc.). IEEE 802.16-compatible broadband wireless access (BWA) networks are commonly referred to as WiMAX networks, which is an abbreviation for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and is a certification mark for products that have passed IEEE 802.16 standard conformance and interoperability testing. One or more communication chips 1312 can operate according to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Evolved HSPA (E-HSPA), or LTE networks. The one or more communication chips 1312 may operate according to Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), or Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). The one or more communication chips 1312 may operate according to Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) and its derivatives, and any other wireless protocols designated as 3G, 4G, 5G and above. In other examples, the communication chip 1312 may operate according to other wireless protocols. The device 1300 may include an antenna 1322 to facilitate wireless communications and / or receive other wireless communications (such as AM or FM radio transmissions).

[0072] In some examples, the communication chip 1312 can manage wired communications using protocols other than the bus protocols described herein. Wired communications can include electrical, optical, or any other suitable communication protocol. Examples of wired communication protocols that can be enabled by the communication chip 1312 include Ethernet, controller area network (CAN), I2C, media oriented systems transport (MOST), or any other suitable wired communication protocol.

[0073] As described above, the communication chip 1312 may include a plurality of communication chips. For example, the first communication chip 1312 may be dedicated to short-range wireless communication such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, and the second communication chip 1312 may be dedicated to long-range wireless communication such as Global Positioning System (GPS), EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, EV-DO, etc. In some examples, the first communication chip 1312 may be dedicated to wireless communication, and the second communication chip 1312 may be dedicated to wired communication.

[0074] Device 1300 may include battery / power circuitry 1314. Battery / power circuitry 1314 may include one or more energy storage devices (e.g., batteries or capacitors) and / or circuitry for coupling components of device 1300 to an energy source separate from device 1300 (e.g., AC line power, voltage provided by a car battery, etc.). For example, battery / power circuitry 1314 may include the battery / power circuitry described above with reference to FIG. Figure 2 The upstream bus interface circuit and the downstream bus interface circuit are discussed and can be charged by the bias voltage on the bus.

[0075] Device 1300 may include a display device 1306 (or corresponding interface circuitry as described above). Display device 1306 may include any visual indicator, such as a heads-up display, a computer monitor, a projector, a touch screen display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode display, or a flat panel display.

[0076] Device 1300 may include an audio output device 1308 (or corresponding interface circuitry as described above). Audio output device 1308 may include any device that produces an audible indicator, such as a speaker, headphones, or earbuds.

[0077] Device 1300 may include an audio input device 1324 (or corresponding interface circuitry as described above). Audio input device 1324 may include any device that produces a signal representative of sound, such as a microphone, a microphone array, or a digital musical instrument (e.g., a musical instrument with a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) output).

[0078] Device 1300 may include a GPS device 1318 (or corresponding interface circuitry as described above). GPS device 1318 may communicate with a satellite-based system and may receive the location of device 1300, as is known in the art.

[0079] Device 1300 may include another output device 1310 (or corresponding interface circuitry as described above). Examples of other output devices 1310 may include an audio codec, a video codec, a printer, a wired or wireless transmitter for providing information to other devices, or an additional storage device. In addition, other output devices 1310 may include any suitable peripheral devices.

[0080] Device 1300 may include another input device 1320 (or corresponding interface circuitry as described above). Examples of other input devices 1320 may include an accelerometer, a gyroscope, an image capture device, a keyboard, a cursor control device such as a mouse, a stylus, a touchpad, a barcode reader, a quick response (QR) code reader, or a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. In addition, any suitable one of the sensors or peripheral devices may be included in another input device 1320.

[0081] Any suitable device in the display, input, output, communication or storage device described above with reference to device 1300 can be used as a peripheral device in the technical system disclosed herein. Alternatively or additionally, suitable devices in the display, input, output, communication or storage device described above with reference to device 1300 can be included in a host or a node (e.g., a master node or a subnode).

[0082] Elements of the system of the technology disclosed herein can be selected and configured to provide audio and / or light control on the bus. In some examples, the system of the technology disclosed herein can be configured to be used as a light control system in a vehicle or other environment, and a lighting device (e.g., a stripline light emitting diode (LED) or other LED device) is used as a peripheral device that communicates with a node on the bus; data can be communicated through the bus to control the color, intensity, duty cycle, and / or other parameters of the lighting device. In some examples, the system of the technology disclosed herein can be configured to be used as an audio control system in a vehicle or other environment, with a microphone or other device including an accelerometer, which can be used as a peripheral device that communicates with a node on the bus; data from the accelerometer can be communicated through bus 106 to control other peripheral devices on the bus. For example, a large spike in acceleration data or other predetermined acceleration data patterns can be used to trigger a processing device coupled to a node to produce a sound effect, such as a cowbell or drum sound; the sound effect can be output by a speaker coupled to the processing device and / or a speaker coupled to another node on the bus. Some examples of the system of the technology disclosed herein can combine any lighting control and / or audio control technology disclosed herein.

[0083] Although various examples in the above examples describe the application of the technology system disclosed herein in a vehicle setting, this is only illustrative, and the system disclosed herein can be implemented in any desired setting. For example, in some examples, a "suitcase" implementation of the technology system disclosed herein can include a portable housing that includes the required components of the technology system disclosed herein; such an implementation may be particularly suitable for portable applications, such as a portable karaoke or entertainment system.

[0084] Thus, having described several aspects and examples of the present technology, it should be understood that various changes, modifications, and improvements will be readily made by one of ordinary skill in the art. Such changes, modifications, or improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the technology described herein. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision various other means and / or structures for performing the functions described herein and / or obtaining the results and / or one or more advantages, and each such change and / or modification is considered to be within the scope of the examples described herein.

[0085] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to determine using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific examples described herein. Therefore, it should be understood that the above examples are presented as examples only, and that within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the inventive examples may be practiced in a manner other than specifically described. In addition, any combination of two or more features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods described herein is included within the scope of the present disclosure if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods are not mutually inconsistent.

[0086] The above summarizes the features of one or more examples of the subject matter disclosed herein. These examples are provided to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art (PHOSITA) to better understand the various aspects of the present disclosure. Certain well-understood terms and underlying technologies and / or standards may be referenced without detailed description. It is expected that PHOSITA will have or have access to background knowledge or information on these technologies and standards sufficient to practice the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0087] PHOSITA will understand that they can easily use this disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes, structures or variations to achieve the same purpose and / or the same advantages of the examples introduced herein. PHOSITA will also recognize that such equivalent constructions will not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and they can make various changes, substitutions and modifications to this article without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

[0088] The above examples may be implemented in any of a variety of ways.One or more aspects and examples of the present application involving the execution of a process or method may utilize program instructions executable by a device (eg, a computer, processor, or other device) to perform or control the process or method.

[0089] In this regard, various inventive concepts may be embodied as a computer-readable storage medium (or multiple computer-readable storage media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy disks, optical disks, optical disks, tapes, flash memory, circuit configurations in field programmable gate arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other tangible computer storage media) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement one or more of the various examples described above.

[0090] The computer readable medium may be transportable, such that the program stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement the various aspects described above. In some examples, the computer readable medium may be a non-transitory medium.

[0091] Note that the activities discussed above with reference to the accompanying drawings apply to any integrated circuit involved in signal processing (e.g., gesture signal processing, video signal processing, audio signal processing, analog-to-digital conversion, digital-to-analog conversion), particularly those that can execute specialized software programs or algorithms, some of which may be related to processing digitized real-time data.

[0092] In some cases, the teachings of the present disclosure may be encoded into one or more tangible, non-transitory computer-readable media having executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed, instruct a programmable device (such as a processor or DSP) to perform the methods or functions disclosed herein. Where the teachings herein are at least partially embodied in a hardware device (such as an ASIC, IP block, or SoC), the non-transitory media may include a hardware device programmed with logic to perform the methods or functions disclosed herein. These teachings may also be practiced in the form of register transfer level (RTL) or other hardware description languages ​​(such as VHDL or Verilog), which may be used to program a manufacturing process to produce the disclosed hardware elements.

[0093] In example implementations, at least some parts of the processing activities outlined herein can also be implemented in software. In some examples, one or more of these features can be implemented in hardware provided outside the element of the disclosed drawings, or merged in any appropriate manner to realize expected functions. Various components can include software (or reciprocating software) that can coordinate to realize operations described herein. In other examples, these elements can include any suitable algorithm, hardware, software, component, module, interface or the object that contributes to its operation.

[0094] Any appropriately configured processor component can execute any type of instruction associated with data to implement the operations detailed herein. Any processor disclosed herein can convert an element or article (e.g., data) from one state or thing to another state and thing. In another example, some activities outlined herein can be implemented with fixed logic or programmable logic (e.g., software and / or computer instructions executed by a processor), and the elements identified herein can be a certain type of programmable processor, programmable digital logic (e.g., FPGA, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)), including digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions, flash memory, optical disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, magnetic card or optical card ASIC, other types of machine-readable media suitable for storing electronic instructions, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0095] In operation, the processor may store information in any suitable type of non-transitory storage medium (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), FPGA, EPROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), etc.), software, hardware, or, where appropriate, in any other suitable component, device, element, or object based on specific needs. In addition, based on specific needs and implementations, information tracked, sent, received, or stored in the processor may be provided in any database, register, table, cache, queue, control list, or storage structure, all of which may be referenced in any suitable time frame.

[0096] Any memory items discussed herein should be considered to be included within the broad term "memory". Similarly, any potential processing elements, modules, and machines described herein should be considered to be included within the broad term "microprocessor" or "processor". In addition, in various examples, the processors, memories, network cards, buses, storage devices, related peripherals, and other hardware elements described herein may be implemented by processors, memories, and other related devices that are configured by software or firmware to emulate or virtualize the functionality of these hardware elements.

[0097] Furthermore, it should be understood that a computer may be implemented in any of a variety of forms, such as, by way of non-limiting example, a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. In addition, a computer may be embedded in a device that is not generally considered a computer but has appropriate processing capabilities, including a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a mobile phone, an iPad, or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic device.

[0098] In addition, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices may be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that may be used to provide a user interface include a printer or display screen for visual presentation of output, and a speaker or other sound generating device for auditory presentation of output. Examples of input devices that may be used for a user interface include a keyboard and a pointing device, such as a mouse, a touch pad, and a digitizing tablet. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or other audible formats.

[0099] Such computers can be interconnected by one or more networks of any suitable form, including local area networks or wide area networks, such as enterprise networks, and intelligent networks (IN) or the Internet. Such networks can be based on any suitable technology and can operate according to any suitable protocol, and can include wireless networks or wired networks.

[0100] Computer executable instructions may be in various forms, such as program modules that are executed by one or more computers or other devices. Typically, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform specific tasks or implement specific abstract data types. Typically, in various examples, the functionality of program modules may be combined or distributed as desired.

[0101] The term "program" or "software" is used in this article in a general sense to refer to any type of computer code or computer executable instruction set that can be used to program a computer or other processor to implement the above-mentioned various aspects. In addition, it should be understood that according to one aspect, one or more computer programs that perform the methods of the present application when executed do not need to reside on a single computer or processor, but can be distributed in a modular manner among multiple different computers or processors to implement various aspects of the present application.

[0102] In addition, the data structure may be stored in a computer-readable medium in any suitable form. To simplify the description, the data structure may be shown as having fields that are related by position in the data structure. This relationship can also be achieved by allocating storage space for the fields, which has positions in the computer-readable medium that convey the relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanism can be used to establish the relationship between the information in the fields of the data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags, or other mechanisms that establish relationships between data elements.

[0103] When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers.

[0104] The computer program logic that implements all or part of the functions described herein is embodied in various forms, including but not limited to source code form, computer executable form, hardware description form, computer implementation method in which code / instructions are stored, and various intermediate forms (e.g., mask works or forms generated by assemblers, compilers, linkers, or locators). In one example, the source code includes a series of computer program instructions implemented in various programming languages, such as object code, assembly language, or high-level languages, such as OpenCL, RTL, Verilog, VHDL, Fortran, C, C++, JAVA, or HTML, for various operating systems or operating environments. The source code can define and use various data structures and communication messages. The source code can be in a computer executable form (e.g., by a compiler), or the source code can be converted (e.g., via a translator, assembler, or compiler) into a computer executable format.

[0105] In some examples, any number of the circuits in the figures may be implemented on a board of an associated electronic device. The board may be a general purpose circuit board that may house various components of an electronic system within the electronic device and may also provide connectors for other peripheral devices. More specifically, the board may provide electrical connections through which other components of the system may communicate electrically. Any suitable processor (including digital signal processors, microprocessors, supporting chipsets, etc.), storage elements, etc. may be appropriately coupled to the board based on specific configuration needs, processing requirements, computer design, etc.

[0106] Other components, such as external memory, additional sensors, audio / video display controllers, and peripherals, can be connected to the board via cables as plug-in cards or integrated into the board itself. In another example, the circuits in the figure can be implemented as stand-alone modules (e.g., devices with associated components and circuits configured to perform a specific application or function) or as plug-in modules that are inserted into dedicated hardware of an electronic device.

[0107] Note that through many of the examples provided herein, interactions may be described in terms of two, three, four, or more electrical components. However, this is done for clarity and example purposes only. It should be understood that the system may be integrated in any suitable manner. Along similar design alternatives, any of the illustrated components, modules, and elements in the accompanying drawings may be combined in a variety of possible configurations, all of which are clearly within the broad scope of the present disclosure.

[0108] In some cases, it may be easier to describe one or more functions of a given set of flows by referencing only a limited number of electrical components. It should be understood that the drawings and the circuits they teach are readily scalable to accommodate a large number of components and more complex / intricate arrangements and configurations. Therefore, the examples provided should not limit the scope of the circuits or inhibit their broad teachings that may be applied to countless other architectures.

[0109] In addition, as described, some aspects may be embodied as one or more methods. The actions performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable manner. Thus, examples may be constructed that perform actions in an order different from the order shown, which may include performing some actions simultaneously, even though shown as sequential actions in the illustrative examples.

[0110] Other Examples

[0111] In Example #1, the technology described herein relates to a computer-implemented method of operating a battery, the method comprising: determining, by one or more processors, a reference complex impedance of a reference cell within one or more frequency ranges; determining, by one or more processors, an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more battery cells of a battery within one or more frequency ranges using a measuring device, the battery and the measuring device being in-situ in a terminal use system, the measuring device comprising one or more sensing conductors operably coupled to each of the one or more cells and one or more force conductors operably connected to the battery; for each specific cell of the battery: determining, by one or more processors, a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the specific cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell and the reference complex impedance; adjusting, by one or more processors, the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and controlling, by one or more processors, operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell.

[0112] In Example #2, in addition to Example #1, the technology described herein is directed to a method wherein the model complex impedance includes at least one R||L oscillating circuit including an inductor L and a resistor R connected in parallel.

[0113] In Example #3, in addition to one of Examples #1-2, the technology described herein is directed to a method wherein each R||L oscillating circuit in the model complex impedance is connected in series.

[0114] In Example #4, in addition to one of Examples #1-#3, the technology described herein also relates to a method in which each R||L oscillation circuit represents at least one of the following: coupling from an electromagnetic field generated by one or more force conductors on one or more sensing conductors; mutual inductance between the battery cell and the measuring device; impedance introduced by contacts of the battery and the measuring device; common mode current; skin effect; and eddy currents.

[0115] In Example #5, in addition to one of Examples #1-Example #4, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein determining the reference complex impedance includes determining the reference complex impedance in an environment that minimizes the impact of the measurement device on the determined impedance.

[0116] In Example #6, in addition to one of Examples #1-#5, the technology described herein is directed to a method wherein the reference cell is an in-situ battery cell with a measurement device in the end-use system.

[0117] In Example #7, in addition to one of Examples #1-6, the technology described herein is directed to a method wherein the reference cell is a cell having similar characteristics to each cell of the battery.

[0118] In Example #8, in addition to one of Examples #1-Example #7, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein controlling the operation of the battery includes at least one of the following: charging the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell under the control of one or more processors; indicating replacement of one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell under the control of one or more processors; and providing environmental control to one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell under the control of one or more processors.

[0119] In Example #9, in addition to one of Examples #1-Example #8, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: setting a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance by one or more processors RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the N determining gains is a function of the time constant of the one or more frequency ranges; one or more processors for each N RL {gain, time constant} deriving R and L values; identifying, by one or more processors, the most extreme gain pair; and identifying the model complex impedance as N having the derived R and L values RL R||L oscillation circuit.

[0120] In Example #10, in addition to one of Examples #1-9, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: setting, by one or more processors, a plurality of R||L oscillating circuits N for the model complex impedance RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the determining gain is a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; and for each N of the gain extrema as a function of the time constant RL - combinations, including multiples of the same time constant, selected by one or more processors with N RL - Combining corresponding R||L oscillating circuits to best account for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance of said specific cell and said reference complex impedance.

[0121] In Example #11, in addition to one of Examples #1-Example #10, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: subtracting the real part and the imaginary part of the reference unit complex impedance from the corresponding real part and the imaginary part of the in-situ complex impedance at each of a plurality of frequencies of interest.

[0122] In example #12, the technology described herein relates to a system comprising: a memory storing instructions therein; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to execute the instructions to: determine a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determine an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measuring device, the battery and the measuring device being in-situ in a terminal use system, the measuring device comprising one or more sensing conductors operably coupled to each of the one or more cells and one or more force conductors operably connected to the battery; for each specific cell of the battery: determine a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the specific cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell and a reference complex impedance; adjust the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and control operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell.

[0123] In Example #13, in addition to Example #12, the technology described herein also relates to a system wherein controlling the operation of the battery includes at least one of: charging the battery based on an adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell under the control of one or more processors; indicating replacement of one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell under the control of one or more processors; and providing environmental control to one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell under the control of one or more processors.

[0124] In Example #14, in addition to one of Examples #12-13, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: setting, by one or more processors, a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the N determining gains is a function of the time constant of the one or more frequency ranges; one or more processors for each N RL {gain, time constant} deriving R and L values; identifying, by one or more processors, the most extreme gain pair; and identifying the model complex impedance as N having the derived R and L values RL R||L oscillation circuit.

[0125] In Example #15, in addition to one of Examples #12-14, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: setting, by one or more processors, a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the determining gain is a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; and for each N of the gain extrema as a function of the time constant RL - combinations, including multiples of the same time constant, selected by one or more processors with N RL - Combining corresponding R||L oscillating circuits to best account for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance of said specific cell and said reference complex impedance.

[0126] In Example #16, in addition to one of Examples #12-Example #15, the technology described herein also relates to a method, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: subtracting the real part and the imaginary part of the reference unit complex impedance from the corresponding real part and the imaginary part of the in-situ complex impedance at each of a plurality of frequencies of interest.

[0127] In example #17, the technology described herein relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more processors in a network, are operative to: determine a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determine an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measuring device, the battery and the measuring device being in-situ in an end-use system, the measuring device comprising one or more sensing conductors operably coupled to each of the one or more cells and one or more force conductors operably connected to the battery; for each specific cell of the battery: determine a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the specific cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell and the reference complex impedance; adjust the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and control operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell.

[0128] In example #18, in addition to example #17, the technology described herein also relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: setting, by one or more processors, a plurality of R||L oscillating circuits N for the model complex impedance RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the N determining gains is a function of the time constant of the one or more frequency ranges; one or more processors for each of the N most extreme gains RL {gain, time constant} pairs deriving R and L values; and identifying the model complex impedance as N having the derived R and L values RL R||L oscillation circuit.

[0129] In Example #19, in addition to any one of Examples #17 to #18, the technology described herein further relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: setting, by one or more processors, a plurality of R||L oscillating circuits N for the model complex impedance RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the determining gain is a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; and for each N of the gain extrema as a function of the time constant RL - combinations, including multiples of the same time constant, selected by one or more processors with N RL - Combining corresponding R||L oscillating circuits to best account for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance of said specific cell and said reference complex impedance.

[0130] In Example #20, in addition to any one of Examples #17 to Example #19, the technology described herein also relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium, wherein determining the model complex impedance includes: subtracting the real part and the imaginary part of the reference unit complex impedance from the corresponding real part and the imaginary part of the in-situ complex impedance at each of a plurality of frequencies of interest.

[0131] In some examples, parasitic effects are factored out from the raw EIS (as described in the various examples above). The resulting EIS is then used as an observable to estimate the core temperature of the cell. The estimated core temperature is then used as a factor in controlling the charge time, making a tradeoff between fast charging and keeping the cell core temperature in a safe region.

[0132] Explanation of terms

[0133] All definitions as defined and used herein shall be understood to control dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or the ordinary meaning of the defined terms. Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims: "include", "comprises", etc. should be considered to be inclusive, not exclusive or exhaustive; that is, in the sense of "including but not limited to", "connected", "coupled" or any variation thereof refers to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. When used to describe this specification, "above", "below" and words of similar meaning shall refer to the entirety of this specification, not to any particular part of this specification. "Or" refers to a list of two or more items, covering all of the following considerations of the word: any item in the list, all items in the list, and any combination of items in the list. The singular forms "one", "a kind of" and "the" also include the meaning of any appropriate plural form.

[0134] Words indicating directions, such as "vertical," "lateral," "horizontal," "upward," "downward," "forward," "backward," "inward," "outward," "perpendicular," "lateral," "left," "right," "front," "backward," "top," "bottom," "below," "above," "lower," etc., used in this specification and any appended claims, if any, depend on the specific orientation of the device being described and illustrated. The subject matter described herein can assume a variety of alternative orientations. Accordingly, these directional terms are not strictly defined and should not be considered narrowly.

[0135] Unless expressly stated to the contrary, the indefinite articles "a", "an" and "an" used in the specification and claims should be understood to mean "at least one".

[0136] The phrase "and / or" used herein in the specification and claims should be understood to mean "one or both" of the elements so coupled, i.e., elements that are present in combination in some cases and separate in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and / or" should be considered in the same manner, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so coupled.

[0137] In addition to the elements expressly identified by the "and / or" clause, other elements may optionally be present, whether or not related to those elements expressly identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, when used in conjunction with open language such as "comprising," a reference to "A and / or B" might mean only A (optionally including elements other than B) in one example; only B (optionally including elements other than A) in another example; both A and B (optionally including other elements) in another example; etc.

[0138] As used herein in the specification and claims, the phrase "at least one" refers to a list of one or more elements and should be understood to refer to at least one element selected from any one or more elements in the list of elements, but does not necessarily include at least one of each element specifically listed in the list of elements, nor does it exclude any combination of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows for the optional presence of elements other than the elements specifically identified in the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether or not these elements are related to those elements specifically identified.

[0139] Thus, as a non-limiting example, in one example, "at least one of A and B" (or equivalently, "at least one of A or B", or equivalently "at least one of A and / or B") may mean at least one, optionally including multiple A's, with no B's present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another example, at least one, optionally including more than one B's, with no A's present (and optionally including elements other than A); in another example, at least one (optionally including more than one) A and at least one, optionally including more than one B's (and optionally including other elements); etc.

[0140] As used herein, the term "between" is intended to be inclusive unless otherwise stated. For example, "between A and B" includes A and B unless otherwise stated.

[0141] In addition, the words and terms used herein are for description only and should not be considered as limiting. The words "include", "comprising", or "having", "containing", "involving" and their variations used herein are intended to include the items listed below and their equivalents as well as additional items.

[0142] In the claims and the above description, all transitional phrases, such as "includes", "comprising", "carrying", "having", "containing", "involving", "holding", "consisting of", etc., shall be understood as open-ended, i.e., meaning including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

[0143] Numerous other variations, substitutions, changes, alterations, and modifications may be ascertained by those skilled in the art, and this disclosure is intended to embrace all such variations, substitutions, changes, alterations, modifications, and modifications that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

[0144] To assist the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and any reader of any patent that issues from this application, in considering the claims appended hereto, applicants wish to note that applicants: (a) do not intend to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) as it existed on the date of filing this application, unless the phrase “means for” or “step for” is specifically used in a particular claim; and (b) do not intend that any statement in this disclosure should limit the present disclosure in any manner not reflected in the appended claims.

[0145] Therefore, the present invention should not be considered as being limited to the specific examples described above. After reading this disclosure, those skilled in the art to which the present invention is directed will easily understand various modifications, equivalent processes, and numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable.

[0146] It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating examples of systems and methods, are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the systems and methods of the present invention may be better understood from the specification, the appended claims or aspects, and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the drawings are illustrative only and are not drawn to scale. It should also be understood that the same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to indicate the same or similar components.

[0147] By studying the drawings, the present disclosure and the attached aspects or claims, those skilled in the art can understand and implement other variations to the disclosed examples when practicing the present disclosure. In the aspects or claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality of elements or steps. The mere fact that certain measures are cited in mutually different dependent aspects or claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be considered as limiting the scope.

Claims

1. A computer-implemented battery operation method, the method comprising: determining, by one or more processors, a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determining, by one or more processors, an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more battery cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measurement device, the battery and the measurement device being in-situ in an end-use system, the measurement device comprising one or more sense conductors operably coupled to each cell and one or more force conductors operably coupled to the battery; For each specific cell of the battery: determining, by one or more processors, a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the particular cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the particular cell and the reference complex impedance; adjusting, by one or more processors, the in-situ complex impedance of the particular cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and The operation of the battery is controlled by one or more processors based on the adjusted complex impedance of each particular cell. 2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the model complex impedance comprises at least one R||L oscillating circuit, wherein the R||L oscillating circuit comprises an inductor L and a resistor R connected in parallel. 3 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein each R||L oscillating circuit in the model complex impedance is connected in series.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein each R||L oscillating circuit represents at least one of: coupling from an electromagnetic field generated by one or more force conductors on one or more sense conductors; mutual inductance between a battery cell and a measurement device; The impedance introduced by the contacts of the battery and the measuring device; Common mode current; Skin effect; And eddy currents. 5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the reference complex impedance comprises determining the reference complex impedance in an environment that minimizes an effect of the measurement device on the determined impedance.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference cell is an in-situ battery cell with a measurement device in the end-use system. 7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference cell is a cell having similar characteristics to each cell of the battery.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein controlling the operation of the battery comprises at least one of: charging the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each particular cell under the control of one or more processors; under control of one or more processors, indicating replacement of one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each particular cell; and Under control of one or more processors, environmental control is provided to one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each particular cell.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: One or more processors are used to set a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance. RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial each determining a gain as a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; One or more processors for each N RL {gain, time constant} derive R and L values; identifying, by one or more processors, the most extreme gain pairs; and Identify the model complex impedance as N with derived R and L values RL R||L oscillation circuit.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: One or more processors are used to set a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance. RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the determining gains is a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; and For each N of the gain extrema as a function of the time constant RL - combinations, including multiples of the same time constant, selected by one or more processors with N RL - Combining corresponding R||L oscillating circuits to best account for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance of said specific cell and said reference complex impedance.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: The real and imaginary parts of the reference cell complex impedance are subtracted from the corresponding real and imaginary parts of the in-situ complex impedance at each of a plurality of frequencies of interest.

12. A system comprising: a memory in which instructions are stored; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to execute the instructions to: determining a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determining an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measurement device, the battery and the measurement device being in-situ in an end-use system, the measurement device comprising one or more sense conductors operably coupled to each cell and one or more force conductors operably coupled to the battery; and For each specific cell of the battery: determining a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the particular cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the particular cell and a reference complex impedance; adjusting the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and The operation of the battery is controlled based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein controlling the operation of the battery comprises at least one of: charging the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each particular cell under the control of one or more processors; under control of one or more processors, indicating replacement of one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each particular cell; and Under control of one or more processors, environmental control is provided to one or more cells of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each particular cell.

14. The system of claim 12, wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: One or more processors are used to set a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance. RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial each determining a gain as a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; One or more processors for each N RL {gain, time constant} derive R and L values; identifying, by one or more processors, the most extreme gain pairs; and Identify the model complex impedance as N with derived R and L values RL R||L oscillation circuit.

15. The system of claim 12, wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: One or more processors are used to set a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance. RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the determining gains is a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; and For each N of the gain extrema as a function of the time constant RL - combinations, including multiples of the same time constant, selected by one or more processors with N RL - Combining corresponding R||L oscillating circuits to best account for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance of said specific cell and said reference complex impedance.

16. The system of claim 12, wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: The real and imaginary parts of the reference cell complex impedance are subtracted from the corresponding real and imaginary parts of the in-situ complex impedance at each of a plurality of frequencies of interest.

17. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors in a network, are operable to: determining a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over one or more frequency ranges; determining an in-situ complex impedance of each of one or more cells of a battery over one or more frequency ranges using a measurement device, the battery and the measurement device being in-situ in an end-use system, the measurement device comprising one or more sense conductors operably coupled to each cell and one or more force conductors operably coupled to the battery; For each specific cell of the battery: determining a model complex impedance that, when combined with the complex impedance of the particular cell, at least partially accounts for a difference between the in-situ complex impedance of the particular cell and a reference complex impedance; and adjusting the in-situ complex impedance of the specific cell as a function of the model complex impedance; and The operation of the battery is controlled based on the adjusted complex impedance of each specific cell.

18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: One or more processors are used to set a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance. RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial each determining a gain as a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; One or more processors for each N of the most extreme gains RL {gain, time constant} pairs to derive R and L values; and Identify the model complex impedance as N with derived R and L values RL R||L oscillation circuit.

19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: One or more processors are used to set a plurality of R||L oscillator circuits N for the model complex impedance. RL ; One or more processors in the s domain for more than N RL Multiple R||L oscillator circuit N RLInitial Each of the determining gains is a function of a time constant for the one or more frequency ranges; and For each N of the gain extrema as a function of the time constant RL - combinations, including multiples of the same time constant, selected by one or more processors with N RL - Combining corresponding R||L oscillating circuits to best account for the difference between the in-situ complex impedance of said specific cell and said reference complex impedance.

20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein determining the model complex impedance comprises: The real and imaginary parts of the reference cell complex impedance are subtracted from the corresponding real and imaginary parts of the in-situ complex impedance at each of a plurality of frequencies of interest.

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