Water meter with super capacitor as standby power supply and meter reading system

Abstract

The invention discloses a water meter with a super capacitor as a standby power supply and a meter reading system, belongs to the technical field of intelligent water meters, and aims to ensure that all water meters complete data meter reading operation within the unified time of the whole network based on a time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism of a network time protocol (NTP), so that the meter reading accuracy and consistency are improved; the system further comprises an event-driven meter reading algorithm and an intelligent learning mechanism, the meter reading frequency can be dynamically adjusted according to the actual water consumption, the meter reading operation is optimized, and the system efficiency is improved; a data encryption and security reporting mechanism is also designed, and end-to-end data encryption processing is carried out by adopting an advanced encryption algorithm, so that the security and integrity of data transmission are ensured; according to the intelligent water meter system, normal work can be maintained when the main power supply fails, the data integrity is ensured, meanwhile, manual intervention is reduced through the automation and intelligence technology, the operation cost is reduced, and the reliability of the system and the user satisfaction degree are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of intelligent water meters, and in particular relates to a water meter and a meter reading system using a super capacitor as a backup power source. Background Art

[0002] As an important part of urban infrastructure, the stability, accuracy and security of smart water meters have received great attention worldwide. Internationally, smart water meter technology has gone through a long period of exploration, from early data collection, analysis and research to today's real-time monitoring and automated management. Western countries are more mature in the development of smart water meters and have a higher market penetration rate. In China, although the smart water meter industry started late, in recent years, driven by national policies such as the "one household, one meter" transformation and the tiered water price policy, the demand for smart water meters has surged, the market growth rate has far exceeded that of the traditional water meter industry, and the market penetration rate has increased significantly.

[0003] However, the application of smart water meters still faces some challenges worldwide. For example, system compatibility issues are prominent, and product standards of different manufacturers in the market are not unified, resulting in hidden dangers in data sharing and security. In addition, the diversity of smart water meter equipment also brings difficulties in selection. Different types of water meters have their own advantages and disadvantages. Water companies need to consider a variety of factors when making choices. The lack of industry norms and standards has also restricted the healthy development of the smart water meter industry. The quality of products on the market is uneven and the regulatory mechanism is imperfect. Summary of the invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a water meter and a meter reading system with a supercapacitor as a backup power supply in view of the shortcomings of the background technology, so as to solve the problems of data integrity and continuity when the main power supply fails, and improve the accuracy and consistency of meter reading; through the NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism, event-driven meter reading algorithm and data encryption and security reporting system, not only the security and integrity of the data are ensured, but also the meter reading efficiency and the overall performance of the system are optimized.

[0005] The present invention adopts the following technical solutions to solve the above technical problems:

[0006] A water meter and a meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power source, comprising

[0007] (1) Supercapacitor-based smart water meter energy storage system: used to utilize the high power density and fast charging and discharging characteristics of supercapacitors to realize the function of backup power supply; and seamlessly switch between the main power supply and supercapacitors through an intelligent switching mechanism to ensure that data is not lost;

[0008] (2) NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism: The NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism uses the network time protocol NTP to ensure that all smart water meters complete data meter reading operations within a unified time across the entire network;

[0009] Among them, NTP working principle: NTP synchronizes time by exchanging time information between nodes in the network; using a hierarchical server, the top level of which is a reference clock source, including atomic clocks or global positioning system GPS;

[0010] Time synchronization verification mechanism: used to ensure the accuracy of time synchronization, regularly verify time deviations, and correct deviations through adjustments;

[0011] (3) Event-driven smart water meter reading algorithm: used to dynamically adjust the meter reading frequency according to changes in water consumption. It includes an intelligent learning mechanism that can automatically adjust the meter reading threshold based on historical data to adapt to different water consumption patterns.

[0012] Among them, the event-driven mechanism: relies on real-time monitoring of water consumption and triggers meter reading when water consumption reaches a preset threshold or at a predetermined time point;

[0013] Dynamically adjust meter reading frequency: Dynamically adjust meter reading frequency according to changes in actual water consumption;

[0014] Intelligent learning mechanism: By analyzing historical water consumption data, the meter reading threshold is automatically adjusted to adapt to the user's water consumption pattern;

[0015] (4) Data encryption and security reporting system for smart water meters: used to ensure the security, integrity and tamper-proofness of data during transmission by integrating data encryption functions and security reporting mechanisms;

[0016] Data encryption function: a process used to convert data into a form that cannot be understood by unauthorized users; this is usually achieved by using encryption algorithms, including symmetric encryption algorithms AES and asymmetric encryption algorithms RSA;

[0017] End-to-end encryption: used to ensure that data is encrypted at the sender and decrypted at the receiver. The data remains encrypted during the transmission process, thus protecting the data from eavesdropping.

[0018] Security reporting mechanism: including data integrity verification and anti-tampering measures, including digital signatures and hash functions.

[0019] As a further preferred solution of the water meter and meter reading system of the present invention using a supercapacitor as a backup power source, the working principle of the supercapacitor is as follows:

[0020] The energy storage principle of supercapacitors is simplified as: Q = C × V; where Q is the amount of stored charge; C is the capacitance of the supercapacitor; and V is the voltage;

[0021] Intelligent switching mechanism: Based on the microcontroller MCU or digital signal processor DSP, it can monitor the status of the main power supply in real time and quickly switch to the supercapacitor power supply when power failure is detected;

[0022] Among them, energy storage, specific calculation formula: E = C / 2 × V 2 ; Where E is the stored energy;

[0023] The specific calculation formula for power is: P = E / t; where P is power; E is stored energy; t is time;

[0024] Specific calculation of switching time: t switch =E required / P capacitor ; where t switch is the switching time, E required is the energy required during the switching process, P capacitor is the maximum power that a supercapacitor can provide.

[0025] As a further preferred solution of the water meter and meter reading system of the present invention using a supercapacitor as a backup power source, the calculation formula of the time deviation is as follows: Δt=t server -t client ; where Δt is the time deviation; t server is the server time; t client is the client time;

[0026] Time synchronization adjustment formula: t new =t client +Δt; where: t new is the adjusted time;

[0027] Time error correction formula: Δt correction = k × Δt; where: Δt correction is the corrected time deviation; k is the correction coefficient, which is used to adjust the sensitivity of time synchronization.

[0028] As a further preferred solution of the water meter and meter reading system of the present invention using a supercapacitor as a backup power source, the water consumption threshold adjustment formula is: T new =T old +α×(average_usage-T old ), where T new is the new threshold; T old is the old threshold; α is the learning rate; average_usage is the average water usage;

[0029] Meter reading frequency adjustment formula: Among them, F new is the new meter reading frequency; F old is the old meter reading frequency; β is the adjustment coefficient; current_usage is the current water usage; average_usage is the average water usage.

[0030] As a further preferred solution of the water meter and meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power supply of the present invention, the encryption process is specifically calculated as follows: C′=E′(K,P′); wherein C′ is ciphertext; E′ is encryption algorithm; K is key; P′ is plaintext;

[0031] The decryption process is specifically calculated as follows: P′=D(K′,C″); where D is the decryption algorithm;

[0032] Hash function, specifically calculated as follows: H = h(M); where H is the hash value; h is the hash algorithm; M is the message; digital signature, specifically calculated as follows: S = sgn(K private ,M); where S is the digital signature; sgn is the signature algorithm; K private is the private key; M is the message.

[0033] Compared with the prior art, the present invention adopts the above technical solution and has the following technical effects:

[0034] The present invention discloses a water meter and a meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power source. The supercapacitor is integrated as a backup power source to solve the problem of data integrity and continuity when the main power source fails, and improve the accuracy and consistency of meter reading. The NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism, event-driven meter reading algorithm, and data encryption and security reporting system not only ensure the security and integrity of the data, but also optimize the meter reading efficiency and the overall performance of the system. The details are as follows:

[0035] Data integrity and continuity: By integrating supercapacitors as backup power sources, smart water meters can still maintain normal operation when the main power fails, ensuring that data will not be lost and maintaining data integrity and continuity; Meter reading accuracy and consistency: Using the time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism based on the Network Time Protocol (NTP), all water meters can complete data meter reading operations within a unified time across the entire network, thereby improving meter reading accuracy and consistency; Meter reading efficiency and system performance optimization: Using event-driven meter reading algorithms, the system can dynamically adjust the meter reading frequency according to actual water consumption, optimize meter reading operations, and improve system efficiency; Data transmission security and integrity: A data encryption and security reporting system for smart water meters is designed, which integrates data encryption functions to ensure the security and integrity of smart water meter reading data during transmission; Intelligent learning and adaptive adjustment: The meter reading algorithm is designed with an intelligent learning mechanism that can automatically adjust the threshold based on historical data to adapt to different water use patterns, further improving the level of intelligence in meter reading; Improve system stability: The intelligent switching mechanism can seamlessly switch between the main power supply and supercapacitors, reduce system failures caused by power problems, and improve the stability of the entire system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0037] Figure 1 is a block diagram of the intelligent water meter system of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a supercapacitor energy storage system of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 3 It is a flow chart of the time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism based on NTP of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 4 It is a flow chart of the event-driven intelligent water meter reading algorithm of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 5 It is a flow chart of the data encryption and security reporting system of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the energy storage system of the smart water meter based on supercapacitor of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism based on NTP of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 8 It is a schematic diagram of the event-driven intelligent water meter reading algorithm of the present invention;

[0045] Fig. 9 It is a schematic diagram of the data encryption and security reporting system of the smart water meter of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:

[0047] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention. The present invention is described in detail below based on the drawings and preferred embodiments, and the purpose and effect of the present invention will become clearer. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0048] like Figure 1 As shown, the present invention discloses an intelligent water meter system, which solves the problem that traditional water meters cannot work properly when the main power fails by integrating supercapacitors as a backup power supply. The system adopts a time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism based on the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to ensure that all water meters complete the data meter reading operation within a unified time of the entire network, thereby improving the accuracy and consistency of meter reading. In addition, the system also includes an event-driven meter reading algorithm and an intelligent learning mechanism, which can dynamically adjust the meter reading frequency according to the actual water consumption, optimize the meter reading operation, and improve the system efficiency. The system also designs a data encryption and security reporting mechanism, and uses advanced encryption algorithms for end-to-end data encryption processing to ensure the security and integrity of data transmission. The intelligent water meter system of the present invention can maintain normal operation when the main power fails, ensure the integrity of the data, and reduce manual intervention through automation and intelligent technology, reduce operating costs, and improve system reliability and user satisfaction.

[0049] The present invention relates to the field of smart water meter technology, and in particular to a smart water meter energy storage and meter reading system that integrates a supercapacitor as a backup power supply. The system is intended to solve the problem that traditional water meters cannot work properly when the main power supply fails, while improving the accuracy and consistency of meter reading operations. By integrating a supercapacitor as a backup power supply, the present invention can provide temporary power support when the main power supply fails, ensuring the continuous operation of the water meter and the integrity of the data. In addition, the system also includes a time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism based on the Network Time Protocol (NTP), an event-driven meter reading algorithm, and a data encryption and security reporting system to improve meter reading efficiency and data transmission security.

[0050] The present invention addresses the data integrity and continuity issues when the main power fails: Traditional smart water meters cannot guarantee continuous operation when the main power fails, resulting in data loss and transmission interruption. The present invention integrates supercapacitors as a backup power source to ensure that the water meter can still maintain normal operation in any case of power failure, achieving continuous storage and stable transmission of data.

[0051] The present invention aims at the accuracy and consistency of meter reading operation: the existing system lacks an effective time synchronization mechanism, resulting in time deviation between different water meters, affecting the consistency and accuracy of data. The system adopts a time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism based on NTP to ensure that all water meters complete the data meter reading operation within the unified time of the whole network, thereby improving the accuracy and consistency of meter reading.

[0052] The present invention aims at optimizing meter reading efficiency and system performance: the existing meter reading algorithms are mostly scheduled meter reading, lacking flexibility and unable to adapt to changes in actual water usage patterns. The present invention adopts an event-driven intelligent water meter reading algorithm, which can automatically trigger meter reading when water consumption exceeds a preset threshold or at a predetermined time point, optimize meter reading frequency, and improve system efficiency.

[0053] The present invention aims at the security and integrity issues in the data transmission process: With the widespread application of smart water meters, data security and privacy protection have become key issues. This system designs a data encryption and security reporting system for smart water meters, which integrates data encryption functions to ensure the security and integrity of smart water meter reading data during transmission.

[0054] like Figure 2 and 6 As shown, the supercapacitor-based smart water meter energy storage system is used to utilize the high power density and fast charging and discharging characteristics of supercapacitors to realize the function of backup power supply; and seamlessly switch between the main power supply and the supercapacitor through an intelligent switching mechanism to ensure that data is not lost;

[0055] The working principle of supercapacitor is as follows:

[0056] The energy storage principle of supercapacitors is simplified as: Q = C × V; where Q is the amount of stored charge; C is the capacitance of the supercapacitor; and V is the voltage;

[0057] Intelligent switching mechanism: Based on the microcontroller MCU or digital signal processor DSP, it can monitor the status of the main power supply in real time and quickly switch to the supercapacitor power supply when power failure is detected;

[0058] Among them, energy storage, specific calculation formula: E = C / 2 × V 2 ; Where E is the stored energy;

[0059] The specific calculation formula for power is: P = E / t; where P is power; E is stored energy; t is time;

[0060] Specific calculation of switching time: t switch =E required / P capacitor ; where t switch is the switching time, E req uired is the energy required in the switching process, P capacitor is the maximum power that a supercapacitor can provide.

[0061] like Figure 3 and 7 As shown, the NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism: The NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism uses the network time protocol NTP to ensure that all smart water meters complete the data meter reading operation within the unified time of the entire network;

[0062] Among them, NTP working principle: NTP synchronizes time by exchanging time information between nodes in the network; using a hierarchical server, the top level of which is a reference clock source, including atomic clocks or global positioning system GPS;

[0063] Time synchronization verification mechanism: used to ensure the accuracy of time synchronization, regularly verify time deviations, and correct deviations through adjustments;

[0064] The calculation formula of time deviation is as follows: Δt = t server -t client ; where Δt is the time deviation; t server is the server time; t client is the client time;

[0065] Time synchronization adjustment formula: t new =t client +Δt; where: t new is the adjusted time;

[0066] Time error correction formula: Δtcorrection = k × Δt; where: Δt correction is the corrected time deviation; k is the correction coefficient, which is used to adjust the sensitivity of time synchronization.

[0067] like Figure 4 and 8 As shown in the figure, the event-driven intelligent water meter reading algorithm is used to dynamically adjust the meter reading frequency according to the changes in water consumption. It contains an intelligent learning mechanism that can automatically adjust the meter reading threshold according to historical data to adapt to different water consumption patterns.

[0068] Among them, the event-driven mechanism: relies on real-time monitoring of water consumption and triggers meter reading when water consumption reaches a preset threshold or at a predetermined time point;

[0069] Dynamically adjust meter reading frequency: Dynamically adjust meter reading frequency according to changes in actual water consumption;

[0070] Intelligent learning mechanism: By analyzing historical water consumption data, the meter reading threshold is automatically adjusted to adapt to the user's water consumption pattern;

[0071] Water consumption threshold adjustment formula: T new =T old +α×(average_usage-T old ), where T new is the new threshold; T old is the old threshold; α is the learning rate; average_usage is the average water usage;

[0072] Meter reading frequency adjustment formula: Among them, F new is the new meter reading frequency; F old is the old meter reading frequency; β is the adjustment coefficient; current_usage is the current water usage; average_usage is the average water usage.

[0073] like Figure 5 and 9 As shown, the data encryption and security reporting system of the smart water meter is used to ensure the security, integrity and tamper-proof of data during transmission by integrating data encryption function and security reporting mechanism;

[0074] Data encryption function: a process used to convert data into a form that cannot be understood by unauthorized users; this is usually achieved by using encryption algorithms, including symmetric encryption algorithms AES and asymmetric encryption algorithms RSA;

[0075] End-to-end encryption: used to ensure that data is encrypted at the sender and decrypted at the receiver. The data remains encrypted during the transmission process, thus protecting the data from eavesdropping.

[0076] Security reporting mechanism: including data integrity verification and anti-tampering measures, including digital signatures and hash functions.

[0077] The encryption process is specifically calculated as follows: C′=E′(K,P′); where C′ is the ciphertext; E′ is the encryption algorithm; K is the key; and P′ is the plaintext.

[0078] The decryption process is specifically calculated as follows: P′=D(K′,C″); where D is the decryption algorithm;

[0079] The hash function is calculated as follows: H = h(M); where H is the hash value; h is the hash algorithm; and M is the message.

[0080] Digital signature, the specific calculation is as follows: S = sgn (K private ,M); where S is the digital signature; sgn is the signature algorithm; K private is the private key; M is the message.

[0081] Example 1: Smart water meter system in residential area;

[0082] Background: In residential areas, the stability and data accuracy of water meters are crucial for billing and resource management. This embodiment is intended to demonstrate how to apply the technology of this application to a typical residential smart water meter system.

[0083] Implementation steps:

[0084] 1. System integration: Integrate supercapacitors as backup power sources in each water meter in the residential area. Design an intelligent switching mechanism to ensure that the water meter can seamlessly switch to supercapacitor power supply when the main power fails.

[0085] 2. Time synchronization settings: Configure each smart water meter as an NTP client and connect to the NTP server of the residential area management center. Implement a time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism to ensure that all water meters are synchronized at a specific time point every day.

[0086] 3. Meter reading algorithm deployment: Develop and deploy an event-driven meter reading algorithm that automatically triggers meter reading when water usage exceeds a set threshold. Design an intelligent learning mechanism to automatically adjust meter reading thresholds based on residents’ water usage patterns.

[0087] 4. Data security measures: Integrate data encryption function to encrypt all meter reading data end-to-end. Design a secure reporting mechanism to ensure the secure transmission of encrypted data to the central monitoring system.

[0088] 5. System testing and optimization: Before actual deployment, the system is tested in some residences, including power switching, time synchronization, meter reading accuracy, and data security. Based on the test results, the system parameters are optimized, such as meter reading thresholds and encryption algorithm configuration.

[0089] 6. Comprehensive deployment and monitoring: Deploy the smart water meter system throughout the residential area. Monitor system performance to ensure long-term stable operation, and regularly update the software to meet new challenges.

[0090] Example 2: Smart water meter system for commercial buildings

[0091] Background: The water use pattern of commercial buildings is different from that of residential areas, and they usually have higher water consumption and more complex water needs. This embodiment is intended to demonstrate how to apply the technology of this application to the smart water meter system of commercial buildings.

[0092] Implementation steps:

[0093] 1. System customization: Customize the capacity and intelligent switching mechanism of supercapacitors according to the water usage characteristics of commercial buildings. Adjust the time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism to adapt to the operating hours of commercial buildings, such as meter reading during non-business hours.

[0094] 2. Meter reading algorithm optimization: Optimize the event-driven meter reading algorithm to adapt to the fluctuation of water usage in commercial buildings, such as increasing the frequency of meter reading during peak hours. Use intelligent learning mechanisms to analyze the water usage data of commercial buildings and automatically adjust the meter reading threshold to optimize meter reading efficiency.

[0095] 3. Strengthen data security: Considering the high requirements of commercial buildings for data security, more advanced encryption algorithms and security measures are adopted. A strict data reporting mechanism is implemented to ensure the security and integrity of all data during transmission.

[0096] 4. System integration and testing: Integrate the smart water meter system in commercial buildings and conduct rigorous field testing, including simulating power failures and cyber attacks. Adjust the system configuration based on the test results to ensure the stability and security of the system under various circumstances.

[0097] 5. Performance monitoring and maintenance: After the system is fully deployed, continuously monitor its performance, especially during peak water usage periods. Regular system maintenance and software updates are performed to adapt to changes in commercial building water usage patterns and improve system security.

[0098] In summary, the present invention provides a water meter and a meter reading system with a supercapacitor as a backup power supply. The supercapacitor is integrated as a backup power supply to solve the problem of data integrity and continuity when the main power supply fails, and improve the accuracy and consistency of meter reading. Through the NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism, event-driven meter reading algorithm, and data encryption and security reporting system, not only the security and integrity of the data are ensured, but also the meter reading efficiency and the overall performance of the system are optimized. The details are as follows:

[0099] Data integrity and continuity: By integrating supercapacitors as backup power sources, smart water meters can still maintain normal operation when the main power fails, ensuring that data will not be lost and maintaining data integrity and continuity; Meter reading accuracy and consistency: Using the time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism based on the Network Time Protocol (NTP), all water meters can complete data meter reading operations within a unified time across the entire network, thereby improving meter reading accuracy and consistency; Meter reading efficiency and system performance optimization: Using event-driven meter reading algorithms, the system can dynamically adjust the meter reading frequency according to actual water consumption, optimize meter reading operations, and improve system efficiency; Data transmission security and integrity: A data encryption and security reporting system for smart water meters is designed, which integrates data encryption functions to ensure the security and integrity of smart water meter reading data during transmission; Intelligent learning and adaptive adjustment: The meter reading algorithm is designed with an intelligent learning mechanism that can automatically adjust the threshold based on historical data to adapt to different water use patterns, further improving the level of intelligence in meter reading; Improve system stability: The intelligent switching mechanism can seamlessly switch between the main power supply and supercapacitors, reduce system failures caused by power problems, and improve the stability of the entire system.

[0100] Those skilled in the art can understand that the above are only preferred examples of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Although the invention is described in detail with reference to the above examples, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the above examples or replace some of the technical features with equivalents. Any modification, equivalent replacement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the invention should be included in the protection scope of the invention. All technical features in this embodiment can be freely combined according to actual needs.

[0101] Finally, it should be noted that the above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, it is still possible for those skilled in the art to modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments or to make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features therein. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A water meter and meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power source, characterized in that: Include (1) Smart water meter energy storage system based on supercapacitors: used to utilize the high power density and fast charging and discharging characteristics of supercapacitors to realize the function of backup power supply; And seamlessly switch between the main power supply and supercapacitor through an intelligent switching mechanism to ensure that data is not lost; (2) NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism: The NTP-based time synchronization meter reading trigger mechanism uses the network time protocol NTP to ensure that all smart water meters complete data meter reading operations within a unified time across the entire network; Among them, NTP working principle: NTP synchronizes time by exchanging time information between nodes in the network; using a hierarchical server, the top level of which is a reference clock source, including atomic clocks or global positioning system GPS; Time synchronization verification mechanism: used to ensure the accuracy of time synchronization, regularly verify time deviations, and correct deviations through adjustments; (3) Event-driven smart water meter reading algorithm: used to dynamically adjust the meter reading frequency according to changes in water consumption. It includes an intelligent learning mechanism that can automatically adjust the meter reading threshold based on historical data to adapt to different water consumption patterns. Among them, the event-driven mechanism: relies on real-time monitoring of water consumption and triggers meter reading when water consumption reaches a preset threshold or at a predetermined time point; Dynamically adjust meter reading frequency: Dynamically adjust meter reading frequency according to changes in actual water consumption; Intelligent learning mechanism: By analyzing historical water consumption data, the meter reading threshold is automatically adjusted to adapt to the user's water consumption pattern; (4) Data encryption and security reporting system for smart water meters: used to ensure the security, integrity and tamper-proofness of data during transmission by integrating data encryption functions and security reporting mechanisms; Data encryption function: a process used to convert data into a form that cannot be understood by unauthorized users; this is usually achieved by using encryption algorithms, including symmetric encryption algorithms AES and asymmetric encryption algorithms RSA; End-to-end encryption: used to ensure that data is encrypted at the sender and decrypted at the receiver. The data remains encrypted during the transmission process, thus protecting the data from eavesdropping. Security reporting mechanism: including data integrity verification and anti-tampering measures, including digital signatures and hash functions.

2. A water meter and meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power source according to claim 1, characterized in that: The working principle of supercapacitor is as follows: The energy storage principle of supercapacitors is simplified as: Q = C × V; where Q is the amount of stored charge; C is the capacitance of the supercapacitor; and V is the voltage; Intelligent switching mechanism: Based on the microcontroller MCU or digital signal processor DSP, it can monitor the status of the main power supply in real time and quickly switch to the supercapacitor power supply when power failure is detected; Among them, energy storage, specific calculation formula: E = C / 2 × V 2 ; Where E is the stored energy; The specific calculation formula for power is: P = E / t; where P is power; E is stored energy; t is time; Specific calculation of switching time: t switch =E required / P capacitor ; where t switch is the switching time, E required is the energy required during the switching process, P capacitor is the maximum power that a supercapacitor can provide.

3. A water meter and meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power source according to claim 1, characterized in that: The calculation formula of time deviation is as follows: Δt = t server -t client ; where Δt is the time deviation; t server is the server time; t client is the client time; Time synchronization adjustment formula: t new =t client +Δt; where: t new is the adjusted time; Time error correction formula: Δt correction = k × Δt; where: Δt correction is the corrected time deviation; k is the correction coefficient, which is used to adjust the sensitivity of time synchronization.

4. A water meter and meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power source according to claim 1, characterized in that: Water consumption threshold adjustment formula: T new =T old +α×(average_usage-T old ), where T new is the new threshold; T old is the old threshold; α is the learning rate; average_usage is the average water usage; Meter reading frequency adjustment formula: Among them, F new is the new meter reading frequency; F old is the old meter reading frequency; β is the adjustment coefficient; current_usage is the current water usage; average_usage is the average water usage.

5. A water meter and meter reading system using a supercapacitor as a backup power source according to claim 1, characterized in that: The encryption process is specifically calculated as follows: C′=E′(K,P′); where C′ is the ciphertext; E′ is the encryption algorithm; K is the key; and P′ is the plaintext. The decryption process is specifically calculated as follows: P′=D(K′,C″); where D is the decryption algorithm; The hash function is calculated as follows: H = h(M); where H is the hash value; h is the hash algorithm; and M is the message. Digital signature, the specific calculation is as follows: S = sgn (K private ,M); where S is the digital signature; sgn is the signature algorithm; K private is the private key; M is the message.

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