Method and device for evaluating environmental and economic benefits of cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of environmental management, comprising an environmental and economic benefit evaluation method and device for cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste. A cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a benchmark scenario model are respectively constructed by the same functional unit, and the model system boundary of different scenario models is determined; a life cycle inventory is prepared based on the model system boundary; based on the life cycle inventory, the activity level and emission factor of different scenario models are determined; based on the activity level and emission factor, the environmental impact of cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste is determined by using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method; based on the activity level and market price level, the economic benefit of cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste is determined by using the net cost analysis (NC) method; the model evaluation considers the changes of the heat efficiency loss of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste on the cement kiln, the input and transportation of raw and auxiliary materials, the power consumption of each production link, pollution emission, etc., which can improve the accuracy of the model evaluation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of environmental management technology, and in particular to a method and device for evaluating the environmental economic benefits of co-disposal of hazardous wastes in cement kilns. Background Art

[0002] According to the China Statistical Yearbook (2023), China's total industrial output value increased by approximately 70% in 2022 compared to 2015, while hazardous waste generation surged by nearly 1.4 times. Therefore, the timely and harmless disposal of hazardous waste is particularly urgent. In recent years, cement kiln co-processing technology has continued to advance and has become a primary method for solid waste disposal. Cement kiln co-processing allows the utilization of high-calorific value components or valuable ingredients (such as iron and calcium) in waste as alternative fuels or raw materials for cement clinker production. This can alleviate the pressure of harmless waste disposal and, under the dual pressures of environmental constraints and shrinking profit margins, reduce operating costs for cement clinker manufacturers, thereby enhancing their competitiveness. However, due to the corrosive, toxic, flammable, and reactive nature of hazardous waste, its environmental risks in cement kiln co-processing are more challenging than those of municipal solid waste (MSW). Therefore, an environmental-economic benefit evaluation of hazardous waste co-processing in cement kilns is necessary. Environmental-economic benefits refer to the comparison of the benefits gained from environmental protection practices with the costs incurred.

[0003] In order to explore the environmental and economic benefits of the symbiotic system of hazardous waste disposal in industrial parks and cement plants, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the entire life cycle of industrial hazardous waste in the cement kiln co-treatment system. The paper "Life Cycle Assessment of Hazardous Waste Co-treatment in Cement Kilns" discloses a traditional method for evaluating the environmental and economic benefits of hazardous waste co-treatment in cement kilns. This method starts with the transportation of hazardous waste to the site and ends with pretreatment, high-temperature incineration, and clinker production. The entire life cycle is divided into five parts: direct emissions, raw coal mining, electricity generation, hazardous waste transportation, and coal transportation. A life cycle assessment (LCA) system is constructed with 1kg of hazardous waste as the functional unit. The calculation results of the LCA evaluation system are analyzed to obtain the environmental and economic benefits of hazardous waste co-treatment in cement kilns.

[0004] However, the traditional method of analyzing the evaluation results of the environmental and economic benefits of the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns only considers the environmental impact and economic efficiency of the scenario of co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns, ignoring other influencing factors, resulting in inaccurate evaluation results. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the present disclosure proposes a method and device for evaluating the environmental economic benefits of the co-treatment of hazardous wastes in cement kilns. By establishing a life cycle environmental economic performance evaluation model for the co-treatment of hazardous wastes in cement kilns, the evaluation model includes processes such as the production and transportation of raw materials for cement clinker production, hazardous waste transportation and pretreatment, clinker calcination, end-of-pipe treatment and emissions, and waste heat recovery. At the same time, the changes in the thermal efficiency loss of the cement kiln caused by the co-treatment of hazardous wastes in cement kilns, the input and transportation of raw and auxiliary materials, the electricity consumption of various production links, and pollution emissions are taken into account, which can improve the accuracy of the model evaluation. Furthermore, industrial parks and cement kiln co-treatment enterprises can improve waste management efficiency based on the evaluation results, and achieve economic benefit growth while exploring the potential for reducing the environmental impact of the system.

[0006] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for evaluating the environmental economic benefits of co-processing hazardous waste in a cement kiln is provided, the method comprising:

[0007] Based on the same predefined functional unit, a cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a baseline scenario model are constructed respectively; wherein the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model is used to indicate the flow process of materials and energy when the cement kiln co-processes hazardous waste, and the baseline scenario model is used to indicate the flow process of materials and energy when ordinary cement clinker is produced by the cement kiln alone, and when hazardous waste is incinerated alone;

[0008] Determining, based on a predefined life cycle scope, a first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model;

[0009] compiling a life cycle inventory based on the first model system boundary and the second model system boundary;

[0010] Determine the activity levels and emission factors of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model based on the life cycle inventory;

[0011] Based on the activity level and emission factors, the environmental impact of the co-processing of hazardous waste in cement kilns is determined using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach;

[0012] Based on the activity level and market price level, the net cost-benefit analysis (NC) method is used to determine the economic benefits of co-processing hazardous waste in cement kilns.

[0013] In a possible implementation, the environmental impact of co-processing hazardous waste in cement kilns is determined using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach based on the activity level and the emission factor, including:

[0014] Determine the sum of the products of the activity levels of each unit process within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the emission factors corresponding to the activity levels, and obtain the corresponding first life cycle environmental impact amount of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model;

[0015] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the emission factor corresponding to the activity level, and obtain the second life cycle environmental impact corresponding to the ordinary cement clinker production part;

[0016] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the emission factor corresponding to the activity level, and obtain the third life cycle environmental impact corresponding to the hazardous waste incineration part;

[0017] Determine the sum of the second life cycle environmental impact and the third life cycle environmental impact to obtain a fourth life cycle environmental impact corresponding to the baseline scenario model;

[0018] The difference between the first life cycle environmental impact amount and the fourth life cycle environmental impact amount is determined to obtain the environmental impact of the cement kiln co-processing of hazardous waste.

[0019] In one possible implementation, the environmental impacts include multiple types; the different types of environmental impacts include at least two of the following: acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential, ozone layer depletion potential, photochemical oxidant generation potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, and fossil fuel non-living resource depletion potential;

[0020] For each emission factor in the same scenario model, different types of environmental impacts correspond to different emission factor values; wherein the scenario model includes a cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model.

[0021] In one possible implementation, the economic benefits of co-processing hazardous waste in cement kilns are determined using a net cost-benefit analysis (NC) method based on the activity level and market price level, including:

[0022] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model to obtain a first total cost of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model;

[0023] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process and the unit revenue corresponding to the activity level within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, and obtain a first total revenue of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model;

[0024] Determine the difference between the first total cost and the first total benefit to obtain a first net cost of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model;

[0025] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level to obtain a second total cost for producing ordinary cement clinker;

[0026] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit revenue generated corresponding to the activity level to obtain a second total revenue for producing ordinary cement clinker;

[0027] Determining the difference between the second total cost and the second total revenue to obtain a second net cost of producing ordinary cement clinker;

[0028] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level to obtain a third total cost of hazardous waste incineration;

[0029] Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit revenue generated corresponding to the activity level to obtain a third total revenue of hazardous waste incineration;

[0030] Determine the difference between the third total cost and the third total benefit to obtain a third net cost of hazardous waste incineration;

[0031] determining a sum of the second net cost and the third net cost to obtain a fourth net cost of the baseline scenario model;

[0032] The difference between the first net cost and the fourth net cost is determined to obtain the economic benefit.

[0033] In a possible implementation, determining the activity level and emission factor of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model based on the life cycle inventory includes:

[0034] Determine the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model by performing extrapolation calculations based on the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model;

[0035] determine an amount of atmospheric pollutant emissions in the cement kiln production process based on the life cycle inventory.

[0036] In a possible implementation, the extrapolation calculation based on the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model determines the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model, comprising:

[0037] In the case that the cement kiln does not co-process, the coal input is calculated by the following formula:

[0038]

[0039] wherein, m OCP,coal represents the coal input required in the case that the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model; m CS,coal represents the coal input in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; LHV OCP,coal represents the average low heat value of coal, m CS,HW represents the disposal amount of hazardous waste in the CS scenario, LHV CS,HW represents the average low heat value of mixed hazardous waste, and 1.15 represents the replacement ratio of heat provided by waste incineration to heat provided by coal;

[0040] In the case that the cement kiln does not co-process, the limestone input is calculated by the following formula:

[0041]

[0042] wherein, m OCP,limestone represents the limestone input required in the case that the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model; m CS,limestone represents the limestone input in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, m OCP,HW represents the disposal amount of hazardous waste in the case that the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, which is 0 here, ω Ca,coal represents the calcium content in coal, ω Ca,limestone represents the calcium content in limestone, ω Ca,HW represents the calcium content in mixed hazardous waste;

[0043] In the case that the cement kiln does not co-process, the converter slag input is calculated by the following formula:

[0044]

[0045] wherein, m OCP,slag represents the converter slag input required in the case that the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, m CS,slagrepresents the amount of converter slag input in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, ω Fe,coal Indicates the iron content in coal, ω Fe,slag Indicates the iron content in converter slag, ω Fe,HW Indicates the iron content in hazardous waste;

[0046] When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the electricity consumption of the pulverized coal preparation process is calculated by the following formula:

[0047]

[0048] Among them, Electricity OCP,PCP Indicates the electricity consumption of pulverized coal preparation in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model. CS,PCP represents the electricity consumption of the pulverized coal preparation process in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, m OC It represents the coal output of the vertical coal mill used in the pulverized coal preparation process, P CM Indicates the power of the coal vertical mill used in the coal powder preparation process, P CW Indicates the power of the coal vertical mill fan used in the coal powder preparation process;

[0049] When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the electricity consumption of the limestone crushing and homogenization stage is calculated by the following formula:

[0050]

[0051] Among them, Electricity OCP,LP Indicates the electricity consumption of limestone crushing and homogenization in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model. CS,LP represents the electricity consumption of limestone crushing and homogenization in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, m OL Indicates the output of the crusher used in the limestone crushing and homogenization process, P LC Indicates the power of the crusher used in the limestone crushing and homogenization process;

[0052] When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the electricity consumption of the raw mill is calculated by the following formula:

[0053]

[0054] Among them, Electricity OCP,RMP Indicates the electricity consumption of the raw mill in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model. CS,RMP represents the electricity consumption of the raw mill in the scenario model of cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste, m OCP,RMIndicates the raw material quantity when the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, m CS,RM represents the amount of raw material in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, m ORM Indicates the output of raw mill, P RMM Indicates the power of the raw mill;

[0055] If the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the transportation volume is calculated by the following formula:

[0056] Transport OCP,a =Transport C S,a +Distance a ×m OCP,a -m CS,a );

[0057] Among them, the subscript a represents the material whose transportation volume changes due to the change of input volume. OCP,a Indicates the transportation volume of material a in the baseline scenario model, Transport CS,a Distance represents the transportation volume of material a in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model. a Indicates the transportation distance of material a from the production place to the cement enterprise, m OCP,a Indicates the dosage of material a in the baseline scenario model, m CS,a It represents the dosage of material a in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model.

[0058] In a possible implementation, the method further includes:

[0059] Using parameter change analysis to determine the sensitivity of the environmental impacts and economic benefits to fluctuations in input parameters;

[0060] The sensitivity is calculated by the following formula:

[0061]

[0062] Among them, S ij Indicates the sensitivity of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit output under the condition of the i-th input parameter, x i Indicates the initial value of the i-th input parameter, y j represents the initial assessment value of the jth type of environmental impact or economic benefit, △x i Indicates the change value of the i-th input parameter, △y j represents the change in the evaluation results of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit, x i' represents the changed value of the i input parameter, and y' represents the changed value of the evaluation result of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit; both i and j are positive integers.

[0063] In a possible implementation, the method further includes:

[0064] For each emission factor, determine the fluctuation limit of the emission factor based on different values ​​of the same emission factor in different databases;

[0065] Based on the fluctuation boundary of the emission factor, Monte Carlo simulation is used to conduct uncertainty analysis of the environmental impact.

[0066] In a possible implementation, the method further includes:

[0067] Determining the environmental impact corresponding to each unit process in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model; sorting the environmental impact corresponding to each unit process in descending order, and determining the unit processes corresponding to the first n environmental impacts as target unit processes affecting environmental economic benefits based on the sorting results; wherein n is a positive integer;

[0068] Improvement suggestions are generated based on the target unit process.

[0069] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an environmental economic benefit evaluation device for the coordinated disposal of hazardous waste in a cement kiln is provided, comprising: a processor; a memory for storing processor-executable instructions; wherein the processor is configured to implement the above method when executing the instructions stored in the memory.

[0070] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium is provided, on which computer program instructions are stored, wherein the computer program instructions implement the above method when executed by a processor.

[0071] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program product is provided, including a computer-readable code, or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium carrying the computer-readable code. When the computer-readable code runs in a processor of an electronic device, the processor in the electronic device executes the above method.

[0072] Based on the same predefined functional unit, a cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and a baseline scenario model are constructed respectively; the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model are determined respectively; a life cycle inventory is compiled based on the first model system boundary and the second model system boundary; based on the life cycle inventory, the activity level and emission factor of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model are determined; based on the activity level and emission factor, the LCA method is used to determine the environmental impact of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste; based on the activity level and market price level, the NC method is used to determine the economic benefits of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste; since the activity level includes the emissions of atmospheric pollutants in different scenario models, as well as the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model; therefore, the changes in the thermal efficiency loss of the cement kiln, the input and transportation of raw and auxiliary materials, the electricity consumption of each production link, and pollution emissions caused by the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste are taken into account, which can improve the accuracy of the model evaluation.

[0073] Further features and aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0074] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments, features, and aspects of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

[0075] Figure 1 A flow chart showing an environmental economic benefit evaluation method for co-processing hazardous waste in a cement kiln according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0076] Figure 2 A schematic diagram showing a scenario model for the coordinated disposal of hazardous waste in a cement kiln according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown;

[0077] Figure 3 A schematic diagram illustrating a baseline scenario model according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown;

[0078] Figure 4 A schematic diagram illustrating different types of environmental impacts according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0079] Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating the economic benefits of a cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a quasi-scenario model according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0080] Figure 6 A schematic diagram illustrating uncertainty analysis of the economic net cost of a cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a quasi-scenario model according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0081] Figure 7A block diagram showing an environmental economic benefit evaluation device for co-processing hazardous waste in a cement kiln according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown;

[0082] Figure 8 A block diagram of an environmental economic benefit evaluation device for co-processing hazardous waste in a cement kiln according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0083] Various exemplary embodiments, features, and aspects of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numerals in the accompanying drawings represent elements with the same or similar functions. Although various aspects of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.

[0084] The word “exemplary” is used exclusively herein to mean “serving as an example, example, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

[0085] In addition, numerous specific details are provided in the following detailed description to better illustrate the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure can be practiced without certain specific details. In some instances, methods, means, components, and circuits well known to those skilled in the art are not described in detail in order to highlight the main points of the present disclosure.

[0086] Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an environmental management tool. The life cycle refers to the entire process of a product (including services), from obtaining raw materials through production, use, and disposal—in other words, the cradle-to-grave process. According to ISO 14040, defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), LCA is a method used to assess the environmental factors and potential impacts associated with a product. It is conducted by compiling an inventory of the relevant inputs and outputs of a system, assessing the potential environmental impacts associated with these inputs and outputs, and interpreting the inventory and environmental impact analysis results based on the objectives of the LCA study.

[0087] Generally speaking, LCA usually includes the following main steps:

[0088] 1. Objectives and scope definition: Define the purpose of the LCA, system boundaries, assumptions, etc. For example, in this application, the purpose of the LCA is to evaluate the environmental impact of cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste, the research object is cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste, the system boundary is the accounting boundary from "cradle to gate", considering the life cycle range from raw material production, transportation, processing, to cement clinker calcination to produce clinker, the assumption is to set the functional unit as the processing unit mass (such as 1 ton) of mixed hazardous waste while producing the corresponding mass of cement clinker.

[0089] Among them, "from cradle to gate" means: mainly focusing on the life cycle stage of the product from raw material mining to factory production, ignoring the use and disposal stage of the product.

[0090] In life cycle assessment, functional unit is a core concept, which is the basis of all comparisons and calculations in the evaluation process. Functional unit is a quantifiable indicator for numerical comparison and calculation. For example, for a car, the functional unit can be a certain distance (such as 10,000 kilometers); for a television, the functional unit can be a certain period of use (such as 10 years). The functional unit also focuses on the performance of the product system, not just the product itself. For example, for a car, the use function it satisfies (such as driving distance) is the functional unit, not the car itself. This definition helps focus on the actual use effect of the product, so as to more accurately assess its environmental impact.

[0091] In LCA, by defining the model system boundary, it can be determined which functions and activities are included in the evaluation and which functions and activities are excluded.

[0092] 2. Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis: Life cycle inventory refers to the collection of all inputs and outputs of a product throughout its entire life cycle. These data include inputs such as raw materials, energy, transportation, etc. during the production process, as well as outputs such as waste gas, wastewater and solid waste, etc. LCI includes real data and background data.

[0093] Real data: is the life cycle inventory data obtained based on actual measurement, statistics, etc. These data often exist in LCA models through the way of researchers building unit processes, which can be understood as activity data in each unit process, i.e. the consumption of energy, materials, etc. in a certain unit process, product output and pollutant emissions. For example, how many kilowatt-hours of electricity are consumed.

[0094] Background data is data that cannot be measured by actual measurement, but can only be obtained through literature research, selection from background database, etc. For example, when conducting life cycle assessment of an industrial product, the life cycle inventory data of the power generation stage of the purchased electricity consumed.

[0095] A life cycle inventory is obtained by collecting data and compiling the energy and material inputs, as well as the waste and emissions of a product or service throughout its life cycle.

[0096] 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA): Analyze the data in the life cycle inventory to assess the potential impact of these inputs and outputs on the environment.

[0097] 4. Interpretation of results: Comprehensively analyze the results of LCA and provide conclusions, recommendations and decision support.

[0098] Net cost analysis (NC) is a method for evaluating the financial and economic benefits of a project, policy, or investment. It involves calculating the total costs and total benefits of a project and deriving the net benefit from them.

[0099] The basic steps in a net cost-benefit analysis include:

[0100] 1. Determine costs: Calculate all expected costs for the project, including direct costs (such as materials, labor) and indirect costs (such as administrative expenses, opportunity costs).

[0101] 2. Determine the benefits: Evaluate all expected benefits of the project, including direct benefits (such as sales revenue and cost savings) and indirect benefits (such as increased brand value and market share).

[0102] 3. Calculate the net benefit: Subtract the total cost from the total benefit to get the net benefit. If the net benefit is positive, it means the project's benefits exceed its costs; if the net benefit is negative, it means the project's costs exceed its benefits.

[0103] At present, although many studies have focused on the life cycle environmental impacts of cement product production and cement kiln co-processing, few studies have evaluated the environmental and economic benefits of establishing a symbiotic relationship between industrial parks and cement plants to treat hazardous waste from the perspective of cement plants as environmental infrastructure for the disposal of industrial hazardous waste. In addition, existing research on the life cycle environmental impact model of cement kiln co-processing has not simultaneously considered the changes in the thermal efficiency of cement kilns, the input and transportation of raw and auxiliary materials, the electricity consumption in various production links, and pollution emissions caused by co-processing.

[0104] In this application, a life cycle environmental and economic performance evaluation model for the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns was established based on a dynamic perspective. The model includes processes such as the production and transportation of raw materials for cement clinker production, hazardous waste transportation and pretreatment, clinker calcination, end-of-pipe treatment and emissions, and waste heat recovery. At the same time, the impact of the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns on the thermal efficiency loss of the cement kiln, raw material input, electricity consumption in various production links, and pollution emissions is considered.

[0105] Below, the environmental and economic benefit evaluation method for the coordinated disposal of hazardous waste in cement kilns provided in this application is introduced.

[0106] Figure 1 A flow chart showing an environmental economic benefit evaluation method for the coordinated disposal of hazardous wastes in cement kilns according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is provided. In this embodiment, the method is described by taking an electronic device with computing capabilities as an example. The electronic device includes a user terminal or a server. The user terminal includes but is not limited to: a computer, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, etc. This embodiment does not limit the implementation of the electronic device. Figure 1 As shown, the method includes:

[0107] Step 101: Based on the same predefined functional unit, a cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and a baseline scenario model are constructed respectively; wherein the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model is used to indicate the flow process of materials and energy when hazardous waste is co-treated through the cement kiln, and the baseline scenario model is used to indicate the flow process of materials and energy when ordinary cement clinker is produced through the cement kiln alone, and when hazardous waste is incinerated alone.

[0108] In this application, the environmental impact of co-processing hazardous waste in cement kilns is determined using LCA. According to the LCA process, it is necessary to define the objectives and life cycle scope before conducting an environmental impact analysis.

[0109] In this embodiment, the defined objectives include: since the co-processing cement kiln has the dual functions of "waste disposal" and "cement clinker production", the functional unit is set to process a unit mass (e.g., 1 ton) of hazardous waste while producing a corresponding mass of cement clinker. The same functional unit is set for the baseline scenario using the system expansion method to measure the environmental and economic performance of the cement kiln's co-processing of hazardous waste, thereby obtaining the predefined functional unit.

[0110] The definition of the life cycle scope includes: adopting the "cradle to gate" accounting boundary, considering the life cycle process from the production, transportation and processing of raw and auxiliary materials to the calcination of cement clinker to produce clinker, conducting a life cycle environmental impact assessment and net cost-benefit analysis on the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns, and calculating the environmental economic benefits by comparing them with the environmental economic results of conventional cement clinker production and traditional hazardous waste incineration technology, thereby obtaining a predefined life cycle scope.

[0111] A scenario model for the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns is constructed, including: constructing a unit process for transporting different types of hazardous waste generated in industrial parks to qualified cement plants; constructing a unit process for pre-treating and compounding hazardous waste in cement plants; constructing a unit process for classifying different types of hazardous waste according to their physical and / or chemical properties to obtain a first component in the hazardous waste that is used as an alternative fuel for cement clinker production, a second component that is used as an alternative raw material for cement clinker production, and a third component other than the first and second components; constructing a unit process for the mining, transportation and processing of raw materials required for cement clinker production; constructing a unit process for raw meal homogenization; constructing a unit process for fuel addition; constructing a unit process for clinker calcination, and a unit process for pollution emission and waste heat recovery after clinker calcination.

[0112] Among them, the unit process refers to: at least one link or at least one process in the hazardous waste disposal and cement production process. The division method of the unit process in this embodiment is only schematic. In actual implementation, multiple unit processes in this embodiment can be divided into one unit process, or one unit process in this embodiment can be divided into more unit processes. The unit process can be customized or divided according to a predetermined division method. This embodiment does not limit the division method of the unit process.

[0113] refer to Figure 2 The material and energy flow process of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model shown in Figure 2 It can be seen that the unit processes of raw material mining, transportation and processing required for cement clinker production include: limestone mining, transportation and limestone crushing and homogenization unit processes, as well as coal mining, transportation, and coal powder preparation unit processes.

[0114] Among them, the first component is the component with high calorific value in hazardous waste (such as some organic solvent waste, etc.), the second component is the component containing valuable components in hazardous waste (such as iron, calcium, etc.); the third component can neither be used as an alternative raw material nor as an alternative fuel, and is only disposed of in cement kilns without playing the role of resource recycling.

[0115] The baseline scenario model was constructed, including: constructing unit processes identical to the unit processes for producing clinker in cement kilns in the scenario model for the co-processing of hazardous waste in cement kilns, resulting in the unit processes for producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model; and constructing the unit processes for hazardous waste incineration in the baseline scenario model based on rotary kiln incineration technology. The rotary kiln incineration technology includes hazardous waste pretreatment, rotary kiln incineration, end-of-pipe treatment of pollutants, waste heat recovery for power generation, and solidification, stabilization, and landfilling of incineration fly ash and bottom ash.

[0116] refer to Figure 3 The material and energy flow process of the baseline scenario model shown is based on Figure 3 It can be seen that the unit process of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker is Figure 2 The unit processes for cement clinker production in the medium cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario are identical, including limestone mining, transportation, limestone crushing, and homogenization; coal mining, transportation, and pulverized coal preparation; raw meal preparation; fuel input; clinker calcination; and pollution emissions and waste heat recovery. Separate hazardous waste incineration unit processes include pretreatment of hazardous waste, rotary kiln incineration, and subsequent power generation, end-of-pipe pollutant treatment, and solidification, stabilization, and landfilling of incinerated fly ash and bottom ash.

[0117] Optionally, the target definition, life cycle scope definition and construction of scenario models (including cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and baseline scenario model) can be achieved through environmental impact assessment software, which includes but is not limited to: GaBi, SimaPro, etc.; or, it can also be achieved through software specifically for cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste assessment. This embodiment does not limit the implementation method of this step.

[0118] Step 102 : Based on a predefined life cycle range, a first model system boundary of a cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a second model system boundary of a baseline scenario model are determined.

[0119] The life cycle includes the production, transportation and processing of raw and auxiliary materials to the calcination of cement clinker to produce clinker.

[0120] The first model system boundary is used to indicate the unit process of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model that includes environmental and economic benefit evaluation; the second model system boundary is used to indicate the unit process of the baseline scenario model that includes environmental and economic benefit evaluation.

[0121] The first model system boundary and the second model system boundary meet the predefined life cycle scope, that is, the life cycle scope includes: from the production, transportation, and treatment of raw and auxiliary materials to the calcination of cement clinker to produce clinker. Then the first model system boundary indicates that the various unit processes from the production, transportation, and treatment of raw and auxiliary materials to the calcination of cement clinker to produce clinker in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model are included in the environmental economic benefit evaluation. For example: the first model system boundary indicates that Figure 2 The unit processes shown are included in the environmental economic benefit evaluation. The second model system boundary indicates that the unit processes from the production, transportation and processing of raw and auxiliary materials to the calcination of cement clinker in the baseline scenario model are included in the environmental economic benefit evaluation; the unit processes of hazardous waste incineration in the baseline scenario model are also included in the environmental economic benefit evaluation. For example: The second model system boundary indicates that Figure 3 The unit processes shown are incorporated into the environmental economic benefit evaluation.

[0122] The first model system boundary and the second model system boundary are also set by environmental impact assessment software, or by software specifically used for cement kiln co-disposal hazardous waste assessment.

[0123] Step 103 : compile a life cycle inventory based on the first model system boundary and the second model system boundary.

[0124] In this embodiment, the life cycle inventory includes real scene data and background data within the boundary of the first model system, and real scene data and background data within the boundary of the second model system.

[0125] Among them, real-life data is the data recommended for use in life cycle assessment. Real-life data includes actual data of each unit process within the model system boundary (including the first model system boundary and the second model system boundary), such as the company's production workshop data; background data refers to some data that are difficult to obtain within the model system boundary, but are provided by professional databases (such as Ecoinvent, GaBi, and officially released data). For example, when studying a cement plant, it is difficult to obtain environmental impact data on the upstream limestone mining link. If the real-life data of the actual mining plant is not obtained, the background data published by the professional database using the same process as the limestone mining is used.

[0126] Step 104: Based on the life cycle inventory, determine the activity level and emission factor of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model.

[0127] Among them, activity level is the basic data for quantifying the impact of human activities on the environment; emission factor refers to the environmental impact of unit activity level; activity level includes the emission of atmospheric pollutants in different scenario models, as well as material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model.

[0128] Based on the life cycle inventory (LCI), the activity levels for the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model are determined, including: directly determining the activity level from the LCI; and / or calculating the activity level from the LCI. The specific method for obtaining the activity level can be set according to needs.

[0129] according to Figure 2 It can be seen that the activity levels in the scenario model of cement kiln co-processing of hazardous waste include:

[0130] (1) Limestone Pre-crushing and Pre-homogenization: Limestone is the primary raw material in cement clinker production. After being mined from the quarry and transported to the cement plant, it needs to be pre-crushed and pre-homogenized. This process requires a crusher, and electricity is the primary energy input. Accordingly, the amount of electricity input is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the background data in the life cycle inventory.

[0131] (2) Coal powder preparation: Coal is the main fuel for cement clinker production. To ensure complete combustion and sufficient combustion reaction capacity, the coal needs to be ground into coal powder within a certain particle size range. This process usually uses a roller mill with a fan. The roller mill grinds and crushes the coal powder. The fan creates a pressure difference between the roller mill and the grate cooler, providing a heat source to reduce the moisture content in the coal and increase the combustion rate. Electricity is the main energy input for this process. Accordingly, the amount of electricity input is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the background data in the life cycle inventory.

[0132] (3) Hazardous waste pretreatment: Before cement co-processing, hazardous waste entering the cement kiln needs to be pretreated. Pretreatment includes steps such as drying, crushing, grinding or mixing, and the specific treatment process depends on the type of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste with good flammability is used as alternative fuel (AF), and hazardous waste containing valuable primary materials such as iron and calcium can be used as alternative raw materials (AM) for cement clinker production. The remaining hazardous waste is only disposed of in the kiln and does not play the role of alternative fuel or alternative raw material. Accordingly, the input amount of alternative fuel and the input amount of alternative raw materials are activity levels, which can be obtained by reading the real-life data of cement enterprises in the life cycle inventory.

[0133] (4) Raw meal preparation and homogenization: Raw materials such as limestone, clay, and other materials used for cement clinker production are ground together in a raw material mill in a predetermined and precisely controlled ratio to produce raw meal. The raw meal is then fed into a five-stage preheater and precalciner. Electricity is the primary energy input for this process. Accordingly, the amount of electricity input and raw material input represents the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the actual data from the life cycle inventory.

[0134] (5) Clinker calcination: Clinker calcination is the main environmental impact process in cement production. Under the high temperature of calcination, the carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and other elements contained in various raw materials and other inputs are converted into carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and NOx. The burning ash produces smoke emissions and also causes the emission of heavy metals such as mercury. The heat demand of most cement kiln systems is between 3000 and 6500 MJ. Accordingly, the input amount of raw materials and other inputs is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the actual data in the life cycle inventory.

[0135] (6) Transportation: The transportation of the main raw materials for clinker production is considered. Due to cost constraints, cement kilns are usually located near quarries to facilitate the transportation of limestone to the factory by freight vehicles. Coal used for calcination is usually purchased from areas with abundant and cheap coal resources, and trains and freight cars are commonly used means of transportation. Hazardous waste to be treated is transported from the waste generation / storage site to the cement company by professional hazardous waste transport vehicles. Accordingly, the transportation volume is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the actual data in the life cycle inventory.

[0136] (7) Waste Heat Recovery: Waste heat power generation technology is widely used in Chinese cement kilns. Cement companies use waste heat from the kiln head and kiln tail of the clinker production line to generate electricity, thereby reducing the burden of electricity consumption in the production process. Accordingly, the power generation is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the real-world data in the life cycle inventory.

[0137] (8) Emissions: Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, and atmospheric mercury emissions generated during cement clinker production. Correspondingly, the atmospheric pollutant emissions represent activity levels. This activity level can be calculated using the actual data and background data in the life cycle inventory. For specific calculation methods, refer to the calculation method for atmospheric pollutant emissions below. For other pollutant emission data, refer to the environmental monitoring reports of the facilities provided in the life cycle inventory.

[0138] according to Figure 3 It can be seen that in the baseline scenario model where the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing and only produces ordinary cement clinker, except for the hazardous waste pretreatment in point (3) and the hazardous waste transportation in point (6), the rest can refer to the above sections for unit process data collection. Among them, the input and output of the cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model are obtained by extrapolating the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model. The specific extrapolation process is detailed below.

[0139] according to Figure 3 It can be seen that in the case of hazardous waste incineration in the baseline scenario model, the activity levels include:

[0140] (1) Hazardous waste pretreatment: Hazardous waste needs to be added with combustible fuels such as diesel to support combustion before being mixed and fed into the incinerator. Diesel and other combustion aids are the main material inputs to this process. Accordingly, the amount of combustion aid input is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the actual data of the cement enterprise in the life cycle inventory.

[0141] (2) Rotary kiln incineration: Hazardous waste is fully exposed to high-temperature air in a rotary kiln, completing the drying, oxidation, and combustion processes. The toxic and hazardous substances in the waste are thermally decomposed at high temperatures, generating atmospheric emissions such as carbon dioxide, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and dioxins, as well as wastewater pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and solid residues such as fly ash and bottom ash. Accordingly, the input electrical energy during the incineration process is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the real-time data in the life cycle inventory.

[0142] (3) End-of-pipe treatment of pollutants: A flue gas purification system is used to treat combustion flue gases. The level of pollutant emissions depends primarily on treatment conditions and temperature, residence time, and mixed combustion air. Activated carbon, Ca(OH)2, NaOH, and water are common inputs to this process, which also consumes electricity. Accordingly, the input of each material in the end-of-pipe treatment of pollutants is the activity level, which can be obtained by reading the real-world data in the life cycle inventory.

[0143] (4) Waste heat recovery power generation: The high-temperature flue gas generated by incineration enters the waste heat boiler, where steam is generated while the flue gas is cooled, which in turn drives the turbine group to generate electricity, generating environmental and economic benefits. This process is accompanied by the consumption and generation of electricity. Accordingly, the input and generated electricity in the waste heat recovery power generation process are both activity levels, which can be obtained by reading the real-time data in the life cycle inventory.

[0144] (5) Solidification and stabilization of incineration fly ash and bottom ash for landfill: The ash residues generated during the incineration process include incinerator bottom ash and incineration fly ash. Since the residues and fly ash contain heavy metals, they must be solidified and stabilized with cement and lime before final disposal. Therefore, the generation of landfill gas after landfill is not considered. Accordingly, the landfill activity level during the solidification and stabilization of incineration fly ash and bottom ash can be obtained by reading the real-life data in the life cycle inventory.

[0145] Within the aforementioned activity levels, atmospheric pollutant emissions and the input and output of cement clinker produced by cement kilns in the baseline scenario model need to be calculated. The calculation methods for these two components are described below.

[0146] 1. Calculation of atmospheric pollutant emissions in different scenario models (including cement kiln co-processing of hazardous waste scenario model and baseline scenario model).

[0147] Air pollutant emissions from the cement clinker production process are closely related to environmental impacts. Air pollutants include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, and mercury emissions. Accordingly, based on the life cycle inventory, the air pollutant emissions from the cement kiln production process are determined, including:

[0148] 1. Carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using the following formula:

[0149]

[0150] in, Indicates the total carbon dioxide emissions in the current scenario model, in tons; represents the direct carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels in the current scenario model, in tons; represents the direct carbon dioxide emissions from the decomposition of raw material carbonate in the current scenario model, in tons; Indicates direct carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of hazardous waste, in tons.

[0151] Specifically, direct CO2 emissions from fossil fuels are calculated using the following formula:

[0152]

[0153] Among them, NCV i The lower calorific value of the i-th fossil fuel can be obtained through real-world data from cement companies. It is the value of various types of hazardous waste detected by cement companies themselves. Hazardous waste can be classified according to the "National Hazardous Waste List" or other regulations. This embodiment does not limit the classification method of hazardous waste. i represents the consumption of the i-th fossil fuel in tons, which can be obtained from the real-world data of cement companies; CC i The carbon content per unit calorific value of the i-th fossil fuel comes from the test report of the sample submitted by the cement enterprise; i It represents the carbon oxidation rate of the i-th fossil fuel, which comes from the carbon oxidation rate values ​​of various fossil fuels specified by the industry.

[0154] Direct carbon dioxide emissions from the decomposition of raw carbonate can be calculated using the following formula:

[0155]

[0156] Among them, m lime and m flyash Represent the mass of limestone and fly ash respectively, in tons, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises; ω CaO,lime and ω CaO,flyash represents the calcium oxide content in limestone and fly ash, respectively, which can be obtained from real-world data from cement companies, expressed in percentages (%). 44 / 56 represents the conversion coefficient of calcium oxide to carbon dioxide. In other embodiments, 44 / 56 can also be converted to the conversion coefficient of the calcium content in fly ash, limestone, etc. to carbon dioxide. This embodiment does not limit the implementation method of the conversion coefficient.

[0157] Direct CO2 emissions from hazardous waste combustion are calculated using the following formula. CO2 emissions from the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns and CO2 emissions from incineration are also calculated using the following formula:

[0158]

[0159] Among them, m HW Represents the mass of hazardous waste, which can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises, in tons, ω C It represents the carbon content of hazardous waste, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, in %. 44 / 12 represents the conversion coefficient of carbon to carbon dioxide.

[0160] 2. Nitrogen oxide emissions are calculated using the following formula:

[0161]

[0162] in, Indicates the nitrogen oxides (NO x ) Emissions, in tons; m coal and m HW Represent the mass of coal and hazardous waste respectively, in tons. In this embodiment, the functional unit is 1 ton. Therefore, m HW The default is 1 ton; m coal It can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises; N,coal and ω N,HW Represents the nitrogen content in coal and hazardous waste, respectively, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, with the unit being %, R coal and R HW It represents the conversion rate of nitrogen oxides, which can be obtained from literature data in %, and 3.29 represents N and NO x The stoichiometric conversion coefficient, η LNC and η SNCR Low NOx combustion x The denitrification efficiency of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) can be obtained from literature data.

[0163] 3. Mercury emissions to atmosphere are calculated using the following formula:

[0164] E Hg =c Hg,gas ∑m i ×ω i,Hg ;

[0165] Among them, E Hg represents the mercury emissions from cement kilns in the current scenario model, in tons; cHg,gas represents the flue gas partition coefficient of mercury, which can be obtained from literature data; m i represents the mass of the i-th raw fuel. In the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, m i It can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises. In the baseline scenario model, m i It can be determined by the calculation process of material input below, the unit is tons; ω i,Hg It represents the mercury content of the i-th raw fuel, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, and the unit is %.

[0166] 4. Atmospheric hydrogen chloride emissions are calculated using the following formula:

[0167] E HCl =c Cl,gas ∑m i ×ω i,Cl ;

[0168] Among them, E HCl Indicates the emission of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in cement kilns, in tons, c Cl,gas represents the flue gas partition coefficient of HCl, which can be obtained from literature data; m i represents the mass of the i-th raw fuel. In the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, m i It can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises. In the baseline scenario model, m i It can be determined by the calculation process of material input below, the unit is tons, ω i,Cl It represents the chlorine (Cl) content of the i-th raw fuel, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, and the unit is %.

[0169] 2. Calculation of input and output of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model.

[0170] In this embodiment, the baseline scenario model maintains consistency with the unit process of cement kiln clinker production in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model. The input and output of cement kiln production of ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model are extrapolated from the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model. This extrapolation comprehensively considers changes caused by cement kiln co-processing, such as kiln thermal efficiency loss, raw material substitution, fluctuations in electricity consumption at various production stages, and increased pollution emissions. These changes can be primarily categorized as changes in material input, electricity energy, and transportation volume.

[0171] At this time, based on the life cycle inventory, the activity levels and emission factors of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model are determined, including: extrapolating the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model to determine the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model; and determining the emissions of atmospheric pollutants in the cement kiln production process based on the life cycle inventory.

[0172] Specifically, since the heat generated by hazardous waste incineration can replace coal, in the baseline scenario model, when cement kilns produce ordinary cement clinker, since hazardous waste is no longer co-processed, the heat gap provided by hazardous waste incineration needs to be supplemented by coal. Considering that the replacement ratio of heat provided by coal and heat provided by waste incineration in cement kilns is about 1:1.15, the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model are extrapolated and calculated to determine the material input in the baseline scenario model, including:

[0173] When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the coal input is calculated by the following formula:

[0174]

[0175] Among them, m OCP,coal It represents the coal input required for cement kiln to produce ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, in tons; m CS,coal represents the coal input in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, m CS,coal It can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, the unit is tons; LHV OCP,coal Indicates the average lower heating value of coal, LHV OCP,coal It can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, with the unit of gigajoules per ton (GJ / t); m CS,HW represents the amount of hazardous waste disposed in the cement kiln co-treatment hazardous waste scenario model, m CS,HW It can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises, in tons. Since the functional unit is 1 ton, m CS,HW The value can also be 1 ton; LHV CS,HW Indicates the average lower heating value of mixed hazardous waste, LHV CS,HW This can be obtained from real-world data from cement companies, with units expressed in GJ / t. 1.15 represents the replacement ratio of heat provided by waste incineration to heat provided by coal combustion. This value, 1.15, is obtained from literature statistics, i.e., background data. In other embodiments, 1.15 can also be changed to other values ​​based on statistical results. This embodiment does not impose any restrictions on the value of the replacement ratio. In this case, material input includes coal input.

[0176] Limestone is the main source of calcium for cement clinker production. Since hazardous waste and coal contain some calcium components, a reduction in hazardous waste disposal will reduce calcium input, while an increase in coal use will increase calcium input to the system, thereby causing fluctuations in limestone input. In the baseline scenario, when cement kilns produce ordinary cement clinker, that is, when cement kilns do not carry out co-processing, limestone input is calculated using the following formula:

[0177]

[0178] Among them, m OCP,limestone Indicates the limestone input required for the production of ordinary cement clinker in the cement kiln in the baseline scenario model, in tons; m CS,limestone represents the limestone input in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model. CS,limestone It can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises, in tons; m OCP,HW It represents the amount of hazardous waste disposed of when cement kilns produce ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, in tons. Since cement kilns in the baseline scenario model do not dispose of hazardous waste, m OCP,HW Here the value is 0; Ca,coal Indicates the calcium content in coal, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, and the unit is percentage (%); ω Ca,limestone Indicates the calcium content in limestone, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, the unit is %; ω Ca,HW It indicates the calcium content in mixed hazardous waste, which can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises, in %. At this time, the material input also includes limestone input.

[0179] Since hazardous waste and coal contain some iron components, changes in their usage will affect the usage of iron raw materials for cement clinker calcination. Here, the main consideration is the change in the usage of converter slag. At this time, if the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the converter slag input is calculated by the following formula:

[0180]

[0181] Among them, m OCP,slag It represents the amount of converter slag required to produce ordinary cement clinker in the cement kiln in the baseline scenario model, in tons; m CS,slag It represents the input amount of converter slag in the scenario model of cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste, which can be obtained through the actual data of cement enterprises, in tons; ω Fe,coal Indicates the iron content in coal, unit is %,ω Fe,slag Indicates the iron content in converter slag, unit is %, ω Fe,HW Indicates the iron content in hazardous waste, expressed in %. The iron content in coal, converter slag, and hazardous waste can all be obtained from real-world data from cement companies. In this case, material input also includes converter slag.

[0182] Due to the change of the input of materials such as coal, limestone, converter slag, etc., the electricity fluctuation of the related treatment and disposal links of each material will be caused accordingly. Specifically, the electricity in the baseline scenario model is determined based on the extrapolation calculation of the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, including:

[0183] Due to the increase of coal consumption, additional electricity is needed for coal powder preparation. Therefore, under the condition that the cement kiln does not co-process, the electricity consumption of the coal powder preparation link is calculated by the following formula:

[0184]

[0185] wherein, Electricity OCP,PCP represents the electricity consumption of the coal powder preparation link under the condition that the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, with the unit of kilowatt-hour (kWh), Electricity CS,PCP represents the electricity consumption of the coal powder preparation link in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, which can be obtained from the real scene data of the cement enterprise, with the unit of kWh; m OC represents the grinding coal output of the coal vertical mill used in the coal powder preparation link, which can be obtained from the real scene data of the cement enterprise, with the unit of tons per hour (t / h); P CM represents the power of the coal vertical mill used in the coal powder preparation link, which can be obtained from the real scene data of the cement enterprise, with the unit of kilowatt (kW); P CW represents the power of the coal vertical mill fan used in the coal powder preparation link, which can be obtained from the real scene data of the cement enterprise, with the unit of kW. At this time, the electricity includes the electricity consumption of the coal powder preparation link.

[0186] Due to the change of the amount of limestone, the electricity consumption of the limestone crushing and homogenization link fluctuates. The electricity consumption of the limestone crushing and homogenization link is calculated by the following formula:

[0187]

[0188] wherein, Electricity OCP,LP represents the electricity consumption of the limestone crushing and homogenization link under the condition that the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, with the unit of kWh; Electricity CS,LP represents the electricity consumption of the limestone crushing and homogenization link in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, which can be obtained from the real scene data of the cement enterprise, with the unit of kWh, m OL represents the output of the crusher used in the limestone crushing and homogenization link, which can be obtained from the real scene data of the cement enterprise, with the unit of t / h; P LCThis represents the power of the crusher used in the limestone crushing and homogenization process. This can be obtained from real-world data from cement companies, and is measured in kW. In this case, the electrical energy includes the power used in the limestone crushing and homogenization process.

[0189] Due to the change in the amount of raw materials such as limestone and converter slag added, the electricity consumption of the raw mill in the raw meal homogenization stage also changes. Therefore, in the case of no co-processing in the cement kiln, the electricity consumption of the raw mill stage is calculated by the following formula:

[0190]

[0191] Among them, Electricity OCP,RMP Indicates the electricity consumption of the raw mill in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, in kWh; CS,RMP It represents the electricity consumption of the raw mill in the scenario model of cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste, which can be obtained through the real-life data of cement enterprises, in kWh; m OCP,RM m represents the raw meal quantity in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, in tons. The raw meal quantity includes the total weight of the material input in the baseline scenario model above; CS,RM It represents the amount of raw material in the scenario model of cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste, which can be obtained through the real scene data of cement enterprises, in tons, m ORM Indicates the output of raw mill, unit is t / h; P RMM It represents the power of the raw mill, which can be obtained through the actual data of the cement enterprise, and the unit is kW.

[0192] Due to changes in the amount of coal, limestone and other materials added, the transportation volume of each raw material will change accordingly. Specifically, based on the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, the transportation volume in the baseline scenario model is determined by extrapolating the following:

[0193] If the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the transportation volume is calculated by the following formula:

[0194] Transport OCP,a =Transport C S,a +Distance a ×m OCP,a -m CS,a );

[0195] Among them, the subscript a represents the material whose transport volume changes due to the change of input quantity, such as: a represents coal, limestone or converter slag; Transport OCP,a Indicates the transportation volume of material a in the baseline scenario model; TransportCS,a Transportation quantity of material a in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, which can be obtained through the real scene data of the cement enterprise, unit: ton kilometer (t·km), represents the product of the mass and the transportation distance of the material; Distance a Transportation distance of material a from the production place to the cement enterprise, which can be obtained through the real scene data of the cement enterprise, m OCP,a Addition quantity of material a in the reference scenario model, which can be obtained through the real scene data of the cement enterprise, unit: ton; m CS,a Addition quantity of material a in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, which can be obtained through the real scene data of the cement enterprise, unit: ton.

[0196] For the emission factor, in the embodiment, the widely used professional emission factor database Ecoinvent (v3.8) and GaBi database (version 10.6.2.9) are adopted.

[0197] In step 105, based on the activity level and the emission factor, the environmental impact generated by the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste is determined by using the LCA method.

[0198] In the embodiment, based on the activity level and the emission factor, the environmental impact generated by the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste is determined by using the LCA method, including: determining the sum of the activity level of each unit process in the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the product of the activity level and the corresponding emission factor, to obtain the corresponding first life cycle environmental impact quantity of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; determining the sum of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker in the second model system boundary of the reference scenario model and the product of the activity level and the corresponding emission factor, to obtain the corresponding second life cycle environmental impact quantity of the ordinary cement clinker production part; determining the sum of the activity level of each unit process for hazardous waste incineration in the second model system boundary of the reference scenario model and the product of the activity level and the corresponding emission factor, to obtain the corresponding third life cycle environmental impact quantity of the hazardous waste incineration part; determining the sum of the second life cycle environmental impact quantity and the third life cycle environmental impact quantity, to obtain the corresponding fourth life cycle environmental impact quantity of the reference scenario model; determining the difference between the first life cycle environmental impact quantity and the fourth life cycle environmental impact quantity, to obtain the environmental impact generated by the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste.

[0199] Specifically, the environmental impact can be determined by the following formula:

[0200] EB=EI CS -EI NS =EI CS -(EI OCP +EI incineration );

[0201] Among them, EB is the environmental impact (or life cycle environmental benefit) of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, the subscript CS represents the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, the subscript NS represents the baseline scenario model, the subscript OCP represents the ordinary cement clinker production part in the baseline scenario model, the subscript incineration represents the hazardous waste incineration part in the baseline scenario model, and EI represents the life cycle environmental impact corresponding to the corresponding scenario model.

[0202] The life cycle environmental impact of each scenario model (including the first life cycle environmental impact, second life cycle environmental impact and third life cycle environmental impact mentioned above) is calculated using the following formula:

[0203] EI=∑AC i ×EF i

[0204] Where AC represents each activity level, EF represents the emission factor of the corresponding environmental impact, and the subscript i represents the index of each unit process in each scenario model.

[0205] In one example, the environmental impacts include multiple types; the different types of environmental impacts include at least two of the following: acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), global warming potential (GWP), human toxicity potential (HTP), marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential (MAETP), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TETP), and abiotic depletion potential for fossil fuels (ADP). f ).

[0206] For each emission factor in the same scenario model, different types of environmental impacts correspond to different emission factor values. The scenario models include a cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a baseline scenario model. Therefore, the corresponding environmental impact for each type can be determined based on different emission factors.

[0207] Step 106: Based on the activity level and market price level, the economic benefits of the cement kiln co-processing of hazardous waste are determined using the NC method.

[0208] In this embodiment, the net cost-benefit analysis also requires the collection of additional market price levels for each unit process. The market price levels include cost and revenue data. This data can be obtained through a price trading platform. In other embodiments, it can also be obtained through literature data and other methods. This embodiment does not limit the method for obtaining the cost and revenue data of each unit process.

[0209] Based on the activity level and market price level, the net cost-benefit analysis (NC) method is used to determine the economic benefits of the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns, including: determining the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, to obtain the first total cost of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model; determining the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process and the unit generated income corresponding to the activity level within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, to obtain the first total income of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model; determining the difference between the first total cost and the first total income to obtain the first net cost of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model; determining the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level within the second model system boundary of the benchmark scenario model, to obtain the second total cost of producing ordinary cement clinker; determining the benchmark scenario model. The second total benefit of producing ordinary cement clinker is obtained by summing the product of the activity level of each unit process of producing ordinary cement clinker within the second model system boundary of the quasi-scenario model and the unit revenue generated corresponding to the activity level; the second net cost of producing ordinary cement clinker is obtained by determining the second total cost minus the second total revenue; the third total cost of hazardous waste incineration is obtained by summing the product of the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the benchmark scenario model and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level; the third total benefit of hazardous waste incineration is obtained by determining the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the benchmark scenario model and the unit revenue generated corresponding to the activity level; the third net cost of hazardous waste incineration is obtained by determining the difference between the third total cost and the third total revenue; the fourth net cost of the benchmark scenario model is obtained by determining the difference between the first net cost and the fourth net cost.

[0210] Specifically, the calculation method of economic benefits can be expressed by the following formula:

[0211] CB=NC CS -NC NS =NC CS -(NC OCP +NC incineration );

[0212] Where CB represents the economic benefits of hazardous waste co-processing in cement kilns. Negative values ​​indicate profitability, while positive values ​​indicate non-profitability. The subscript CS represents the cement kiln hazardous waste co-processing scenario model, the subscript NS represents the baseline scenario model, the subscript OCP represents the ordinary cement clinker production component of the baseline scenario model, the subscript incineration represents the hazardous waste incineration component of the baseline scenario model, and NC represents the lifecycle net cost-effectiveness of each scenario model (including the first, second, and third net costs mentioned above).

[0213] The life cycle net cost benefit NC within the model system boundary of each scenario model can be calculated by the following formula:

[0214] NC = TC-TR;

[0215] Among them, TC represents the total cost within the model system boundary of each scenario model, and TR represents the total benefit within the model system boundary of the scenario model.

[0216] The total cost TC is calculated by the following formula:

[0217] TC=∑(AC i ×PC i );

[0218] Among them, PC refers to the unit cost of the corresponding input, in yuan; AC represents each activity level, and the subscript i represents the index of each unit process in each scenario model.

[0219] The total return TR is calculated as follows:

[0220] TR=∑(AC i ×PR i );

[0221] Among them, PR refers to the unit revenue of the corresponding output, in yuan.

[0222] Optionally, step 106 may be executed before step 105, or may be executed before step 105, or may be executed simultaneously with step 105. This embodiment does not limit the execution order between steps 105 and 106.

[0223] In summary, the environmental and economic benefit evaluation method for the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns provided in this embodiment constructs a cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and a baseline scenario model based on a predefined same functional unit; determines the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model based on a predefined life cycle range; obtains a life cycle inventory based on the first model system boundary and the second model system boundary; determines the activity level and emission factor of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model based on the life cycle inventory; determines the environmental impact of the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns using the LCA method based on the activity level and emission factor; determines the economic benefit of the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns using the NC method based on the activity level and market price level; since the activity level includes the emission of atmospheric pollutants in different scenario models, as well as the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model; therefore, the changes in the thermal efficiency loss of the cement kiln, the input and transportation of raw and auxiliary materials, the electricity consumption of each production link, and pollution emissions caused by the co-treatment of hazardous waste in cement kilns are taken into account, which can improve the accuracy of model evaluation.

[0224] In addition, traditional cement kiln co-processing life cycle environmental impact models ignore issues such as model sensitivity analysis and / or uncertainty analysis. Based on this, based on the above embodiment, a parameter change analysis method is used to determine the sensitivity of environmental impact and economic benefits to fluctuations in input parameters; the sensitivity is calculated using the following formula:

[0225]

[0226] Among them, S ij Indicates the sensitivity of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit output under the condition of the i-th input parameter, x i Indicates the initial value of the i-th input parameter, y j represents the initial assessment value of the jth type of environmental impact or economic benefit, △x i Indicates the change value of the i-th input parameter, △y j represents the change in the evaluation results of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit, x i ' represents the changed value of the i input parameter, and y' represents the changed value of the evaluation result of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit; i and j are both positive integers.

[0227] In this embodiment, a parameter change analysis method is adopted to determine the percentage of change of a single parameter in advance, and calculate the proportion of change in model results when the single parameter changes by that percentage, thereby determining the sensitivity of the parameters, so as to determine which parameter has a greater impact on the output results of the model. In this way, the parameters that have a greater impact on the model can be adjusted according to the analysis results of environmental and economic benefits (including the environmental impact and economic benefits mentioned above), thereby improving the efficiency of changing the analysis results.

[0228] Optionally, based on the above embodiment, model uncertainty can also be processed. Model uncertainty includes the following three types: observation uncertainty, model structure uncertainty, and parameter uncertainty.

[0229] For observation uncertainty, the uncertainty of the model is processed, including: the annual mean of the real-life data input to the model is used as the input value to reduce the observation uncertainty.

[0230] Regarding model uncertainty, according to the above embodiments, this application takes into account the impact of hazardous waste components on the input of raw materials and fossil fuels involved in cement clinker production, transportation load, power consumption of each unit process and pollutant emissions, thereby reducing model uncertainty.

[0231] Regarding parameter uncertainty, in this embodiment, for each emission factor, the fluctuation boundary of the emission factor is determined based on different values ​​of the same emission factor in different databases; based on the fluctuation boundary of the emission factor, Monte Carlo simulation is used to perform uncertainty analysis on the environmental impact.

[0232] Among them, different databases include but are not limited to: the power grid carbon emission factors officially released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the GaBi database (i.e., a professional emission factor database) to determine the fluctuation boundary of the energy carbon emission factor. Specifically, the minimum value of the same emission factor in different databases is used as the lower limit of the fluctuation boundary, and the maximum value of the same emission factor in different databases is used as the upper limit of the fluctuation boundary.

[0233] Through Monte Carlo simulation, the uncertainty of input variables can be propagated to output variables, thereby obtaining the uncertainty of environmental impact.

[0234] Optionally, based on the above embodiment, after steps 105 and 106 , the final environmental impact and economic benefits may be explained.

[0235] In one example, the environmental impact of each unit process in a cement kiln hazardous waste co-processing scenario model and a baseline scenario model is determined. The environmental impacts of each unit process are ranked from largest to smallest. Based on the ranking results, the unit processes corresponding to the top n environmental impacts are identified as target unit processes for environmental and economic benefits. n is a positive integer. Improvement suggestions are generated based on the target unit processes.

[0236] Optionally, the electronic device may further determine the material input corresponding to each unit process in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model; sort the material input corresponding to each unit process from largest to smallest to indicate materials with larger inputs. And / or determine the net cost corresponding to each unit process in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model; sort the net costs corresponding to each unit process from largest to smallest to indicate unit processes with higher costs. This embodiment does not limit the manner in which the electronic device processes data corresponding to each unit process.

[0237] In other embodiments, the explanation may also include other content, such as: setting goals that can quantify and evaluate the environmental performance of each unit process in the cement kiln co-processing process to help improve or consolidate and expand the environmental benefits of the unit process. For example, if electricity usage and fossil fuel addition in the disposal process are the main sources of environmental impact, targeted improvement suggestions can be made for the electricity usage and fossil fuel addition links, such as increase or decrease.

[0238] Another example: Check whether the data included in the environmental economic benefit assessment are included in the model system boundary (i.e. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Whether it complies with Figure 2 and Figure 3 Have the data of each unit process listed in the analysis and calculation been included? Any missing data needs to be modified to match the Figure 2 and Figure 3 Keep corresponding).

[0239] For example: Check whether the improvement suggestions are consistent with the target setting. For example, if the target setting wants to expand a certain type of environmental impact based on the environmental impact assessment of cement kiln collaborative technology, it is necessary to propose measures for this type of environmental impact.

[0240] The following study uses the example of a Beijing cement plant co-processing hazardous waste generated in the Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone (BETDZ) to evaluate the environmental and economic benefits of treating one ton of mixed hazardous waste generated in the BETDZ. The plant uses a rotary kiln with an annual hazardous waste treatment capacity of 100,000 tons, disposing of over 70% of the BETDZ's hazardous waste. Organic solvent waste, waste dyes and coatings, and surface treatment waste are the primary types of waste transported from the BETDZ to the cement plant. A functional unit is defined as processing one ton of BETDZ's mixed hazardous waste while producing a certain quality of cement clinker. A scenario for co-processing hazardous waste in the cement kiln was constructed using the plant's production data from the past four years. Ordinary cement clinker production data for the baseline scenario was extrapolated, and data for hazardous waste incineration were constructed based on literature research. The fluctuation range of the plant's material and energy inputs and outputs over the four-year period was set as the upper and lower limits for parameter sensitivity analysis. Oracle Crystal Ball software (version 11.1.2.4.400) was used to conduct sensitivity and uncertainty analyses.

[0241] In this example, the environmental impacts of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario (CS) model and the baseline scenario (NS) model are as follows: Figure 4 As shown in the assessment, the CS model's global warming potential is reduced by 11% compared to the NS model, meaning that the CS model can reduce CO2 emissions by 17,000 tons per year. At the same time, the ozone depletion potential, eutrophication potential, and human toxicity potential decrease by 83%, 59%, and 45%, respectively. In contrast, terrestrial ecotoxicity and photochemical oxidation increase by 95% and 56%, respectively, primarily due to increased mercury emissions from hazardous waste disposal in the CS model.

[0242] In addition, in this example, the economic benefits of the CS and NS scenario models, such as Figure 5 As shown in the figure, the net economic cost of the CS scenario model is -1824 yuan per ton of hazardous waste, which is 133 yuan more than the economic benefit per ton of hazardous waste disposed by the NS scenario model. That is, the CS scenario model can save 8% of operating costs per year in hazardous waste treatment. The uncertainty analysis of the net economic cost of the CS scenario model and the NS scenario model is detailed in Figure 6 In this example, the CS scenario model shows that hazardous waste disposal can increase economic benefits by RMB 1.54 million per year.

[0243] Figure 7 This is a block diagram of an environmental economic benefit evaluation device for the coordinated disposal of hazardous wastes in a cement kiln according to an exemplary embodiment. Figure 7 As shown, the device includes at least the following modules: a scenario construction module 710 , a boundary determination module 720 , a data acquisition module 730 , a data determination module 740 , a first evaluation module 750 and a second evaluation module 760 .

[0244] Scenario construction module 710 is configured to construct a cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a baseline scenario model based on a predefined identical functional unit; wherein the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model is used to indicate the flow of materials and energy when hazardous waste is co-processed through the cement kiln, and the baseline scenario model is used to indicate the flow of materials and energy when ordinary cement clinker is produced through the cement kiln alone, and when hazardous waste is incinerated alone;

[0245] The boundary determination module 720 is used to determine the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model based on a predefined life cycle range.

[0246] The life cycle includes the production, transportation and processing of raw and auxiliary materials, as well as the calcination of cement clinker to produce clinker;

[0247] A data acquisition module 730 is configured to compile a life cycle inventory based on the first model system boundary and the second model system boundary;

[0248] The data determination module 740 is used to determine the activity level and emission factor of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model based on the life cycle inventory.

[0249] The activity level is the basic data for quantifying the impact of human activities on the environment; the emission factor refers to the environmental impact per unit activity level; the activity level includes the emissions of atmospheric pollutants in different scenario models, as well as the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model;

[0250] A first assessment module 750 is configured to determine the environmental impact of cement kiln co-processing of hazardous waste using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach based on the activity level and the emission factor;

[0251] The second evaluation module 760 is used to determine the economic benefits of the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste based on the activity level and market price level using a net cost-benefit analysis (NC) method.

[0252] In some embodiments, the functions or modules included in the device provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure can be used to execute the method described in the above method embodiments. The specific implementation can refer to the description of the above method embodiments. For the sake of brevity, it will not be repeated here.

[0253] The present disclosure also provides a computer-readable storage medium having computer program instructions stored thereon, wherein the computer program instructions implement the above method when executed by a processor. The computer-readable storage medium may be a volatile or non-volatile computer-readable storage medium.

[0254] An embodiment of the present disclosure further proposes an electronic device, comprising: a processor; and a memory for storing instructions executable by the processor; wherein the processor is configured to implement the above method when executing the instructions stored in the memory.

[0255] An embodiment of the present disclosure also provides a computer program product, including computer-readable code, or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium carrying computer-readable code. When the computer-readable code runs in a processor of an electronic device, the processor in the electronic device executes the above method.

[0256] Figure 8 1 is a block diagram of an environmental economic benefit evaluation device 1900 for co-processing hazardous waste in a cement kiln according to an exemplary embodiment. For example, the device 1900 can be provided as a server or a terminal device. Figure 8 The apparatus 1900 includes a processing component 1922, which further includes one or more processors, and a memory resource represented by a memory 1932 for storing instructions, such as an application, that can be executed by the processing component 1922. The application stored in the memory 1932 may include one or more modules, each corresponding to a set of instructions. In addition, the processing component 1922 is configured to execute the instructions to perform the above-described method.

[0257] The device 1900 may also include a power supply component 1926 configured to perform power management of the device 1900, a wired or wireless network interface 1950 configured to connect the device 1900 to a network, and an input / output interface 1958 (I / O interface). The device 1900 may operate based on an operating system stored in the memory 1932, such as Windows Server 2003. TM , MacOS X TM , Unix TM ,Linux TM , FreeBSD TM or similar.

[0258] In an exemplary embodiment, a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium is also provided, such as a memory 1932 including computer program instructions that can be executed by the processing component 1922 of the apparatus 1900 to perform the above-described method.

[0259] While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative, non-exhaustive, and not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein is selected to best explain the principles of the embodiments, their practical applications, or technological improvements in the marketplace, or to enable others skilled in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for evaluating the environmental and economic benefits of co-processing hazardous waste in cement kilns, characterized in that: The method comprises: Based on the same predefined functional unit, a cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a baseline scenario model are constructed respectively; wherein the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model is used to indicate the flow process of materials and energy when the cement kiln co-processes hazardous waste, and the baseline scenario model is used to indicate the flow process of materials and energy when ordinary cement clinker is produced by the cement kiln alone, and when hazardous waste is incinerated alone; Determining, based on a predefined life cycle scope, a first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and a second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model; compiling a life cycle inventory based on the first model system boundary and the second model system boundary; Determine the activity levels and emission factors of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model based on the life cycle inventory; Based on the activity level and emission factors, the environmental impact of the co-processing of hazardous waste in cement kilns is determined using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach; Based on the activity level and market price level, the net cost-benefit analysis (NC) method is used to determine the economic benefits of co-processing hazardous waste in cement kilns; Based on the activity level and the emission factors, the environmental impact of the co-processing of hazardous waste in cement kilns is determined using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, including: Determine the sum of the products of the activity levels of each unit process within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the emission factors corresponding to the activity levels, and obtain the corresponding first life cycle environmental impact amount of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the emission factor corresponding to the activity level, and obtain the second life cycle environmental impact corresponding to the ordinary cement clinker production part; Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the emission factor corresponding to the activity level, and obtain the third life cycle environmental impact corresponding to the hazardous waste incineration part; Determine the sum of the second life cycle environmental impact and the third life cycle environmental impact to obtain a fourth life cycle environmental impact corresponding to the baseline scenario model; Determine the difference between the first life cycle environmental impact and the fourth life cycle environmental impact to obtain the environmental impact of the cement kiln co-processing of hazardous waste; Based on the activity level and market price level, the net cost-benefit analysis (NC) method is used to determine the economic benefits of cement kiln co-processing of hazardous waste, including: Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model to obtain a first total cost of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process and the unit revenue corresponding to the activity level within the first model system boundary of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, and obtain a first total revenue of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; Determine the difference between the first total cost and the first total benefit to obtain a first net cost of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level to obtain a second total cost for producing ordinary cement clinker; Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process for producing ordinary cement clinker within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit revenue generated corresponding to the activity level to obtain a second total revenue for producing ordinary cement clinker; Determining the difference between the second total cost and the second total revenue to obtain a second net cost of producing ordinary cement clinker; Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit input cost corresponding to the activity level to obtain a third total cost of hazardous waste incineration; Determine the sum of the product of the activity level of each unit process of hazardous waste incineration within the second model system boundary of the baseline scenario model and the unit revenue generated corresponding to the activity level to obtain a third total revenue of hazardous waste incineration; Determine the difference between the third total cost and the third total benefit to obtain a third net cost of hazardous waste incineration; determining a sum of the second net cost and the third net cost to obtain a fourth net cost of the baseline scenario model; The difference between the first net cost and the fourth net cost is determined to obtain the economic benefit.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The environmental impacts include multiple types; different types of environmental impacts include at least two of the following: acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential, ozone layer depletion potential, photochemical oxidant generation potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, and fossil fuel non-living resource depletion potential; For each emission factor in the same scenario model, different types of environmental impacts correspond to different emission factor values; wherein the scenario model includes a cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Determining the activity level and emission factor of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model based on the life cycle inventory includes: Determine the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model by performing extrapolation calculations based on the material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; The amount of atmospheric pollutant emissions during the cement kiln production process is determined based on the life cycle inventory.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that The material energy input and output of the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model are extrapolated to determine the material input, electricity, and transportation volume in the baseline scenario model, including: When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the coal input is calculated by the following formula: Among them, m OCP,coal represents the coal input required for the cement kiln to produce ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model; m CS,coal represents the coal input in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model; LHV OCP,coal Indicates the average lower calorific value of coal, m CS,HW Indicates the amount of hazardous waste disposed of under the CS scenario, LHV CS,HW represents the average lower calorific value of mixed hazardous waste, and 1.15 represents the replacement ratio of the heat provided by waste incineration to the heat provided by coal combustion; In the case of cement kiln without co-processing, limestone input is calculated by the following formula: Among them, m OCP,limestone represents the limestone input required for the cement kiln to produce ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model; m CS,limestone represents the limestone input in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, m OCP,HW Indicates the amount of hazardous waste disposed of when cement kilns produce ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model. Here, the value is 0. Ca,coal Indicates the calcium content in coal, ω Ca,limestone Indicates the calcium content in limestone, ω Ca,HW Indicates the calcium content in mixed hazardous waste; If the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the converter slag input is calculated by the following formula: Among them, m OCP,slag It represents the amount of converter slag required for producing ordinary cement clinker in the cement kiln in the benchmark scenario model, m CS,slag represents the amount of converter slag input in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, ω Fe,coal Indicates the iron content in coal, ω Fe,slag Indicates the iron content in converter slag, ω Fe,HW Indicates the iron content in hazardous waste; When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the electricity consumption of the pulverized coal preparation process is calculated by the following formula: Among them, Electricity OCP,PCP Indicates the electricity consumption of pulverized coal preparation in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model. CS,PCP represents the electricity consumption of the pulverized coal preparation process in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, m OC It represents the coal output of the vertical coal mill used in the pulverized coal preparation process, P CM Indicates the power of the coal vertical mill used in the coal powder preparation process, P CW Indicates the power of the coal vertical mill fan used in the coal powder preparation process; When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the electricity consumption of the limestone crushing and homogenization stage is calculated by the following formula: Among them, Electricity OCP,LP Indicates the electricity consumption of limestone crushing and homogenization in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model. CS,LP represents the electricity consumption of limestone crushing and homogenization in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model, m OL Indicates the output of the crusher used in the limestone crushing and homogenization process, P LC Indicates the power of the crusher used in the limestone crushing and homogenization process; When the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the electricity consumption of the raw mill is calculated by the following formula: Among them, Electricity OCP,RMP Indicates the electricity consumption of the raw mill in the case of cement kiln producing ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model. CS,RMP represents the electricity consumption of the raw mill in the scenario model of cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste, m OCP,RM Indicates the raw material quantity when the cement kiln produces ordinary cement clinker in the baseline scenario model, m CS,RM represents the amount of raw material in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model, m ORM Indicates the output of raw mill, P RMM Indicates the power of the raw mill; If the cement kiln does not carry out co-processing, the transportation volume is calculated by the following formula: Transport OCP,a =Transport CS,a +Distance a ×m OCP,a -m CS,a ); Among them, the subscript a represents the material whose transportation volume changes due to the change of input volume. OCP,a Indicates the transportation volume of material a in the baseline scenario model, Transport CS,a Distance represents the transportation volume of material a in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model. a Indicates the transportation distance of material a from the production place to the cement enterprise, m OCP,a Indicates the dosage of material a in the baseline scenario model, m CS,a It represents the dosage of material a in the cement kiln co-treatment of hazardous waste scenario model.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The method further comprises: Using parameter change analysis to determine the sensitivity of the environmental impacts and economic benefits to fluctuations in input parameters; The sensitivity is calculated by the following formula: Among them, S ij Indicates the sensitivity of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit output under the condition of the i-th input parameter, x i Indicates the initial value of the i-th input parameter, y j represents the initial assessment value of the jth type of environmental impact or economic benefit, △x i Indicates the change value of the i-th input parameter, △y j represents the change in the evaluation results of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit, x i ' represents the changed value of the i input parameter, and y' represents the changed value of the evaluation result of the j-th type of environmental impact or economic benefit; both i and j are positive integers.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The method further comprises: For each emission factor, determine the fluctuation limit of the emission factor based on different values ​​of the same emission factor in different databases; Based on the fluctuation boundary of the emission factor, Monte Carlo simulation is used to conduct uncertainty analysis of the environmental impact.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The method further comprises: Determining the environmental impact corresponding to each unit process in the cement kiln co-processing hazardous waste scenario model and the baseline scenario model; sorting the environmental impact corresponding to each unit process in descending order, and determining the unit processes corresponding to the first n environmental impacts as target unit processes affecting environmental economic benefits based on the sorting results; wherein n is a positive integer; Improvement suggestions are generated based on the target unit process.

8. An environmental economic benefit evaluation device for the coordinated disposal of hazardous wastes in cement kilns, characterized in that: include: processor; a memory for storing processor-executable instructions; The processor is configured to implement the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 when executing the instructions stored in the memory.

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