Non-stationary time domain localization with frequency hopping

Abstract

An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine Doppler shift information for each transmit receive point of each frequency hopping block; combining frequency hopping blocks associated with the positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points by the transmission reception points; determining the arrival time of the positioning reference signal received from each transmission receiving point based on the combined frequency hopping block; transmitting, to a location management function, at least one of: an average velocity of the device starting from the respective transmit receive point on the frequency hopping block, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined time of arrival, Doppler shift, and velocity of the device; and transmitting the arrival time of each transmission reception point to a location management function.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The exemplary and non-limiting exemplary embodiments relate generally to communications and, more particularly, to non-stationary time domain positioning using frequency hopping. Background Art

[0002] It is known to use reference signals to estimate the position of a terminal device in a communication network. Summary of the invention

[0003] According to one aspect, a device includes: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the device to at least: determine Doppler shift information for each transmission reception point of each frequency hopping block; combine frequency hopping blocks associated with positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points according to the transmission reception points; determine the arrival time of the received positioning reference signal from each transmission reception point based on the combined frequency hopping blocks; send at least one of the following items to a location management function: the average speed of the device starting from the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined arrival time, Doppler shift, and the speed of the device; and send the arrival time of each transmission reception point to the location management function.

[0004] According to one aspect, an apparatus comprises: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to at least: send an indication of the number of frequency hopping blocks to a user equipment, the frequency hopping block corresponding to a corresponding time at which a positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; receive from the user equipment an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of a corresponding transmission receiving point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission receiving point among a plurality of transmission receiving points; receive from the user equipment an arrival time of a positioning reference signal for each transmission receiving point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to the corresponding time at which a positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; determine a distance of the user equipment from the transmission receiving point by transmission receiving point; adjust the distance of the user equipment from the transmission receiving point by transmission receiving point based on the arrival time of each transmission receiving point and the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission receiving point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission receiving point; and determine a position of the user equipment based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission receiving point adjusted by the transmission receiving point.

[0005] According to one aspect, a device includes: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the device to at least: receive, from multiple transmission reception points, an average speed of a user device from the perspective of a corresponding transmission reception point of each transmission reception point on multiple frequency hopping blocks; receive corresponding positioning measurements from multiple transmission reception points based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times of sounding reference signals received by the transmission reception points from the user equipment, the corresponding positioning measurements including: an arrival time of a sounding reference signal sent from the user equipment; determine a distance of the user equipment from the multiple transmission reception points; adjust the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point for each transmission reception point based on at least one of the following items: a positioning measurement for the transmission reception point, or an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and determine the position of the user device based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0006] According to one aspect, a device includes: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the device to at least: determine Doppler shift information for each of a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; determine a speed of a user device for each frequency hopping block based on the Doppler shift information; determine an average speed of the user device from the perspective of a device on the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed; combine frequency hopping blocks associated with a sounding reference signal received from the user device; determine a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device based on the combination of the frequency hopping blocks; send the average speed of the user device from the perspective of the device on the frequency hopping block to a location management function; and send a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device to the location management function. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The foregoing aspects and other features are explained in the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0008] Figure 1 is a block diagram of one possible and non-limiting system in which example embodiments may be practiced.

[0009] Figure 2 Mapping the evolution of IoT devices.

[0010] Figure 3 A non-overlapping frequency hopping scheme is depicted.

[0011] Figure 4 The change in position of the UE as a function of time is shown.

[0012] Figure 5 An illustrative example of UE mobility and its impact in the downlink direction is shown.

[0013] Figure 6 An overview of the time-domain based positioning scheme is depicted.

[0014] Figure 7 is a signaling diagram illustrating the algorithm described herein.

[0015] Figure 8 Frequency hopping of SRS for one or more positioning reference signals is illustrated.

[0016] Fig. 9 A signal diagram overview for a time-corrected frequency hopping algorithm is shown.

[0017] Fig.10 An illustrative example of the accuracy achievable as the bandwidth of the sounding reference signal increases is shown.

[0018] Fig.11 Integrity related definitions are shown.

[0019] Fig.12 The Stanford diagram is shown.

[0020] Fig.13 is an example apparatus configured to implement the examples described herein.

[0021] Fig.14 A representation of an example of a non-volatile storage medium for storing instructions to implement the examples described herein is shown.

[0022] Fig.15 is an example method based on the examples described in this article.

[0023] Fig.16 is an example method based on the examples described in this article.

[0024] Fig.17 is an example method based on the examples described in this article.

[0025] Fig.18 is an example method based on the examples described in this article. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Go to Figure 1 , which shows a block diagram of one possible and non-limiting example in which the examples may be practiced. A user equipment (UE) 110, a radio access network (RAN) node 170 and (multiple) network elements 190 are illustrated. Figure 1In the example of , a user equipment (UE) 110 wirelessly communicates with a wireless network 100. A UE is a wireless device that can access the wireless network 100. The UE 110 includes one or more processors 120, one or more memories 125, and one or more transceivers 130 interconnected by one or more buses 127. Each transceiver 130 in the one or more transceivers 130 includes a receiver Rx132 and a transmitter Tx 133. The one or more buses 127 can be address, data, or control buses, and can include any interconnection mechanism, such as a series of wires on a motherboard or integrated circuit, optical fiber, or other optical communication equipment. The one or more transceivers 130 are connected to one or more antennas 128. The one or more memories 125 include computer program code 123. The UE 110 includes a module 140, which includes one or both of the parts 140-1 and / or 140-2 that can be implemented in a variety of ways. The module 140 can be implemented as a module 140-1 in hardware, such as being implemented as a part of one or more processors 120. Module 140-1 may also be implemented as an integrated circuit or by other hardware (such as a programmable gate array). In another example, module 140 may be implemented as module 140-2, which is implemented as computer program code 123 and executed by one or more processors 120. For example, one or more memories 125 and computer program code 123 may be configured to, together with one or more processors 120, enable user equipment 110 to perform one or more operations described herein. UE 110 communicates with RAN node 170 via wireless link 111.

[0027] In this example, the RAN node 170 is a base station that provides access to the wireless network 100 for wireless devices such as the UE 110. The RAN node 170 may be, for example, a base station for 5G (also referred to as New Radio (NR)). In 5G, the RAN node 170 may be a NG-RAN node, which is defined as a gNB or ng-eNB. The gNB is a node that provides NR user plane and control plane protocol termination to the UE and is connected to the 5GC (such as, for example, network element (s) 190) via an NG interface (such as connection 131). The ng-eNB is a node that provides E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol termination to the UE and is connected to the 5GC via an NG interface (such as connection 131). The NG-RAN node may include multiple gNBs, and it may also include a central unit (CU) (gNB-CU) 196 and (multiple) distributed units (DU) (gNB-DU), of which DU 195 is shown. It is noted that the DU 195 may include or be coupled to a radio unit (RU) and controls the radio unit (RU). The gNB-CU 196 is a logical node that hosts the radio resource control (RRC), SDAP, and PDCP protocols of a gNB or the RRC and PDCP protocols of an en-gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs. The gNB-CU 196 terminates the F1 interface connected to the gNB-DU 195. The F1 interface is illustrated as reference numeral 198, although reference numeral 198 also illustrates a link between a remote element of the RAN node 170 and a centralized element of the RAN node 170, such as between the gNB-CU 196 and the gNB-DU 195. The gNB-DU 195 is a logical node that hosts the RLC, MAC, and PHY layers of a gNB or en-gNB, and its operation is controlled in part by the gNB-CU 196. One gNB-CU 196 supports one or more cells. One cell can be supported by one gNB-DU 195, or one cell can be supported / shared by multiple DUs under RAN sharing. The gNB-DU 195 terminates the F1 interface 198 connected to the gNB-CU 196. It is noted that the DU 195 is considered to include the transceiver 160, for example, as part of the RU, but some examples thereof may include the transceiver 160 as part of a separate RU, for example, under the control of and connected to the DU 195. The RAN node 170 may also be an eNB (evolved NodeB) base station for LTE (Long Term Evolution), or any other suitable base station or node.

[0028] The RAN node 170 includes one or more processors 152, one or more memories 155, one or more network interfaces ((multiple) N / WI / F) 161, and one or more transceivers 160 interconnected by one or more buses 157. Each of the one or more transceivers 160 includes a receiver Rx 162 and a transmitter Tx 163. The one or more transceivers 160 are connected to one or more antennas 158. The one or more memories 155 include computer program code 153. The CU 196 may include (multiple) processors 152, one or more memories 155, and a network interface 161. Note that the DU 195 may also contain its own memory / memories and (multiple) processors and / or other hardware, but these are not shown.

[0029] The RAN node 170 includes a module 150, including one or both of the parts 150-1 and / or 150-2, which can be implemented in a variety of ways. The module 150 can be implemented in hardware as the module 150-1, such as being implemented as part of one or more processors 152. The module 150-1 can also be implemented as an integrated circuit or by other hardware (such as a programmable gate array). In another example, the module 150 can be implemented as a module 150-2, which is implemented as a computer program code 153 and executed by one or more processors 152. For example, one or more memories 155 and the computer program code 153 are configured to, together with the one or more processors 152, enable the RAN node 170 to perform one or more operations as described herein. Note that the functionality of the module 150 can be distributed, such as being distributed between the DU 195 and the CU 196, or implemented only in the DU 195.

[0030] One or more network interfaces 161 communicate over a network, such as via links 176 and 131. Two or more gNBs 170 may communicate using, for example, link 176. Link 176 may be wired or wireless or both, and may implement, for example, an Xn interface for 5G, an X2 interface for LTE, or other suitable interfaces for other standards.

[0031] The one or more buses 157 may be address, data, or control buses, and may include any interconnection mechanism, such as a series of wires on a motherboard or integrated circuit, optical fiber or other optical communication devices, wireless channels, etc. For example, the one or more transceivers 160 may be implemented as a remote radio head (RRH) 195 for LTE, or a distributed unit (DU) 195 for a gNB implementation of 5G, while other elements of the RAN node 170 may be physically located at a different location from the RRH / DU 195, and the one or more buses 157 may be partially implemented as, for example, fiber optic cables or other suitable network connections to connect other elements of the RAN node 170 (e.g., central unit (CU), gNB-CU 196) to the RRH / DU 195. Reference numeral 198 also indicates those suitable network links (multiple).

[0032] The RAN node / gNB may include one or more TRPs, and the methods described in this document may be applied to these TRPs. Figure 1 RAN node 170 is shown to include TRP 51 and TRP 52 in addition to the TRP represented by transceiver 160. Similar to transceiver 160, TRP 51 and TRP 52 may include a transmitter and a receiver, respectively. RAN node 170 may host or include Figure 1 Other TRPs not shown.

[0033] The relay nodes in NR are called integrated access and backhaul nodes. The mobile termination part of the IAB node facilitates the backhaul (parent link) connection. In other words, the mobile termination part includes the functionality of carrying UE functionality. The distributed unit part of the IAB node facilitates the so-called access link (sub-link) connection (i.e., in the case of multi-hop IAB, for access link UE, and for the backhaul of other IAB nodes). In other words, the distributed unit part is responsible for certain base station functionality. The IAB scenario can allow a so-called split architecture, in which the central unit hosts higher layer protocols to the UE and terminates the control plane and user plane interfaces with the 5G core network.

[0034] It should be noted that the description herein indicates that a "cell" performs a function, but it should be apparent that the devices that form the cell can perform the function. A cell constitutes part of a base station. That is, there may be multiple cells per base station. For example, for a single carrier frequency and associated bandwidth, there may be three cells, each covering one-third of a 360-degree area, so that the coverage area of ​​a single base station covers an approximate ellipse or circle. In addition, each cell may correspond to a single carrier, and a base station may use multiple carriers. So, if there are three 120-degree cells per carrier and there are two carriers, the base station has a total of 6 cells.

[0035] The wireless network 100 may include one or more network elements 190, which may include core network functionality and provide connectivity to other networks such as telephone networks and / or data communication networks (e.g., the Internet) via one or more links 181. Such core network functionality for 5G may include location management functions ((multiple) LMFs) and / or (multiple) access and mobility management functions ((multiple) AMFs) and / or user plane functions ((multiple) UPFs) and / or (multiple) session management functions ((multiple) SMFs). Such core network functionality for LTE may include MME (mobility management entity) / SGW (serving gateway) functionality. Such core network functionality may include SON (self-organizing / optimized network) functionality. These are merely example functions that may be supported by (multiple) network elements 190, and it is noted that 5G and LTE functionality may be supported. The RAN node 170 is coupled to the network element 190 via a link 131. The link 131 may be implemented, for example, as an NG interface for 5G, or an S1 interface for LTE, or other suitable interfaces for other standards. The network element 190 includes one or more processors 175, one or more memories 171, and one or more network interfaces (N / WI / F) 180 interconnected by one or more buses 185. The one or more memories 171 include computer program code 173. The computer program code 173 may include SON and / or MRO functionality 172.

[0036] The wireless network 100 may implement network virtualization, which is the process of combining hardware and software network resources and network functionality into a single software-based managed entity or virtual network. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined with resource virtualization. Network virtualization is categorized as external, combining many networks, or portions of networks, into virtual units, or as internal, providing network-like functionality to software containers on a single system. Note that, to some extent, the virtualized entities produced by network virtualization are still implemented using hardware such as processors 152 or 175 and memories 155 and 171, and such virtualized entities also produce technical effects.

[0037] Computer readable memories 125, 155, and 171 may be of any type suitable for the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, non-volatile memory, transient memory, fixed memory, and removable memory. Computer readable memories 125, 155, and 171 may be components for performing storage functions. Processors 120, 152, and 175 may be of any type suitable for the local technical environment and may include, as non-limiting examples, one or more of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), and a processor based on a multi-core processor architecture. Processors 120, 152, and 175 may be components for performing functions such as controlling UE 110, RAN node 170, (multiple) network elements 190, and other functions described herein.

[0038] In general, various example embodiments of the user equipment 110 may include, but are not limited to, cellular phones such as smart phones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) with wireless communication capabilities, portable computers with wireless communication capabilities, image capture devices with wireless communication capabilities (such as digital cameras), gaming devices with wireless communication capabilities, music storage and playback devices with wireless communication capabilities, Internet appliances including those that allow wireless Internet access and browsing, tablet computers with wireless communication capabilities, head-mounted displays (such as those that implement virtual / augmented / mixed reality), and portable units or terminals that incorporate a combination of such functions. The UE 110 may also be a vehicle such as a car or a UE installed in a vehicle, a UAV such as, for example, a drone or a UE installed in a UAV. The user equipment 110 may be a terminal device, such as a mobile phone, a mobile device, a sensor device, etc., which is a device used by a user or not used by a user.

[0039] UE 110, RAN node 170 and / or network element(s) 190 (and associated memory, computer program code and modules) may be configured to implement (eg, in part) the methods described herein. Figure 1 The computer program code 123, module 140-1, module 140-2 and other elements / features shown in the RAN node 170 can implement the exemplary user equipment related aspects described herein. Figure 1 The computer program code 153, modules 150-1, modules 150-2 and other elements / features shown in the figure may implement the example gNB / TRP related aspects described herein. Figure 1The computer program code 173 and other elements / features shown in may be configured to implement the example network element related aspects described herein.

[0040] Having thus introduced a suitable but non-limiting technical context for practicing the example embodiments, the example embodiments will now be described with greater specificity.

[0041] The technical context of the examples described herein is described in two 3GPP WIs: eRedCap [RP-230903] and Positioning [RP-223549] .

[0042] Reduced capability devices are NR low-layer devices, i.e., devices with reduced capacity and capabilities that are cost-effective. The cost-efficiency is achieved by removing many important HW-level features from the feature list. The 3GPP detailed definition of RedCap UE is in TS38.306 Section 4.2.21, which is prepared for Release 17 RedCap, but the description therein is also valid for Release 18 eRedCap of Hardware (HW). Figure 2 Provides an understanding of RedCap / eRedCap and the evolution of IoT devices since the 13th edition.

[0043] Although the scope of the examples described herein is within the positioning of user equipment devices including RedCap devices and eRedCap devices, no further elaboration of eRedCap is made. The remaining content is for positioning, because the positioning WI also includes a RedCap (hereinafter RedCap refers to RedCap and eRedCap) specific positioning section.

[0044] Release 18 of the Positioning WI [RP-223549] related to extended and improved NR positioning has been agreed to further enhance 3GPP RAN1 NR positioning. One of the main topics is to study RedCap UE. Here is a short capture from the WID [RP-230903]:

[0045]

[0046]

[0047] Frequency hopping was developed in 3GPP to address bandwidth issues for time domain positioning methods. For ToA (time of arrival), the signal spectrum size is linearly related to the measurement accuracy under ideal conditions (reference this article for a discussion of illustrative examples of the relationship between bandwidth and time domain accuracy and Equation 4 and standard deviation ). Although the RedCap bandwidth for FR1 frequencies is limited to a maximum of 20MHz, this small bandwidth means that the accuracy is several meters. It is worth emphasizing that the detection bandwidth is not the enemy but the friend, because the network nodes can effectively resolve the multipath components and obtain accurate ToF / TDoA measurements due to the higher time resolution, which is mainly due to the large bandwidth configuration.

[0048] Figure 3 A non-overlapping frequency hopping scheme (320) is shown.

[0049] The mobility of UE 110 has been excluded from RedCap positioning (i.e., the mobility of UE 110 has not been addressed for RedCap positioning). However, it is easy to understand that positioning cannot be limited to stationary RedCap UEs only. With frequency hopping, stationarity with respect to mobile UEs is further emphasized, with a gap of up to 5ms between each hop.

[0050] Similar to RedCap UE, the total bandwidth is a combination of subbands, so any approach to searching for higher positioning accuracy has the same mobility issues. For example, carrier aggregation can aggregate measurements using non-contiguous bands. Even if the carrier components are transmitted simultaneously, the reference signals they use for positioning may have a time difference. The examples described in this article address the mobility issue. The mobility issue assumes that the subbands are transmitted as a series of bands like RedCap FH. If the bands are transmitted simultaneously, no timing issues are seen.

[0051] The frequency domain compensation (accounting for mobility) for carrier phase positioning (CPP) is relevant for the mobility case in the frequency domain for NR UE devices. The compensation described in this article is in the time domain for time domain based positioning methods like ToA (Time of Arrival). Furthermore, the derived compensation is applied for the frequency hopping case and hence, the compensation is applicable for any bandwidth aggregation technique. Any post processing techniques of the measured signals are also applicable, e.g. to increase the integrity of the reported location coordinates.

[0052] Regarding the latest standardization work in 3GPP, here are some agreement captures from the latest RAN1#114 meeting (agenda item 9.5.5 RedCap positioning). Note that none of these agreements discuss mobility, but focus on other topics such as hopping patterns and configurations. UL SRS hopping pattern:

[0053]

[0054] UL SRS frequency hopping configuration:

[0055]

[0056]

[0057] Figure 4 The change in position of UE 110 as a function of time is shown. The positioning of the UE answers the question where the UE is located at time t1. At time t2>t1, the answer may be available to the user, the network, or any other entity authorized to request information. If the UE moves, it is no longer at the same position at time t1 at time t2, within the measurement system accuracy. Even obtaining information under mobile conditions depends on whether the system knows to operate under mobile conditions, regardless of the direction or speed of movement. The examples described in this article involve how to teach the system to correctly read the measurement signals and how to operate the post-processing to make the necessary corrections to obtain sufficient position information, regardless of the direction or speed of movement.

[0058] Figure 5 is an illustrative example of UE mobility and its impact. Figure 5 In the case of , the downlink direction is used. One of the problems solved by the example described in this article can be found in Figure 5 Give a description. Figure 5 DLPRS transmission 510 and measurements (520, 530) between gNB 170 and UE 110 are shown. Depending on the configuration, Figure 5 UE 110 in performs measurement 520 at t=t1 (which may be Figure 3 ) and UE 110 reports the measurement at t=t2 (530). Note that in the frequency hopping case, the movement of each hop may vary from hop to hop. The positioning accuracy requirements are listed below in TR 38.859 Section 6.5. Even for RedCap UEs, 3GPP has been trying to support high-accuracy positioning performance. The mobility of UE 110 is a key issue in achieving sufficiently high-accuracy positioning.

[0059] Considering the above, mobility during t2-t1 (540) may be critical to positioning accuracy. The examples and embodiments described herein address this issue.

[0060] The problem is equal regardless of the mobile component of the system, or even regardless of how the two ends of the radio link move. The most common mobile component is the UE, but the methods described in this article are easily extended to, for example, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in flight. Similarly, non-terrestrial networks include satellites and high altitude platform stations (HAPS), where all satellites except geostationary satellites move relative to the ground station. Therefore, the examples described in this article are also applicable to satellites and high altitude platform stations.

[0061] While frequency hopping solves the bandwidth problem for stationary RedCap UEs (see bandwidth discussion in this paper), the movement of RedCap UEs during hopping is an additional error factor, at least when not considering any impairments in bandwidth combination. The proposed algorithm is applicable to both DL ( Fig. 9 The main signaling diagram in ) also applies to UL ( Figure 8 ), and some details about where and how the operation is done may also vary.

[0062] Based on the Doppler shift (DS) measured at each hop, the receiver predicts the moving speed of the transmitter / receiver and calculates the time domain correction coefficient. In algorithmic form, the method is presented as operations 1 to 9 as follows:

[0063] 1. Decide how many blocks to read and use for the next operation (more details described herein).

[0064] 2. Read the DS information of each TRP of each FH block (for example, refer to Figure 7 , Figure 8 and Fig. 9 ).

[0065] 3. Convert or transform the DS information into the UE speed for each TRP of each FH block

[0066] 4. The speed information over the FH blocks is averaged, which can be used to determine the speed of the UE.

[0067] 5. Apply FH block combination to each TRP, which can be used to determine the full BW.

[0068] 6. Read the reception time (ToA) of each TRP using the full BW, for example, refer to T in Equation 1 1，i .

[0069] 7. Apply the UE's speed to correct the ToA of each TRP to determine a certain time-compensated ToA for each TRP (more details are described in this article).

[0070] 8.LMF calculates the UE's location.

[0071] 9. LMF checks integrity. If integrity is not achieved, the FH block is refined or restructured (more details described in this article).

[0072] Several variations of the main use cases are also described in this paper.

[0073] exist Figure 6An overview of the time domain based positioning scheme is shown in . It is applicable to stationary UE 110. The downlink direction is shown (from base station 170 to UE 110), but without loss of generality, the signaling direction can be reversed (in the uplink direction, from UE 110 to base station 170). The number of base stations 170 is at least three, any other higher number of TRPs is possible and will generally improve positioning accuracy. Using the time domain based positioning scheme from Figure 6 The symbol is used to calculate the distance using the following formula

[0074] D i =c·(T 1，i -T 0，i ) (Equation 1)

[0075] In the above equation 1, i = A, B or C. Transmission time moment T 0，i Ideally it is the same for all base stations (BS) 170. The arrival time T 1，i It will naturally depend on the distance between BS A, BS B or BS C (D i ). The coordinate triplet (X, Y, H) of each BS (where each BS is a TRP) is known, that is, the location of the TRP.

[0076] Refer to the article on Equation 4 and Fig.10 to understand the relationship between bandwidth and time domain accuracy as it relates to the ideas presented in this paper.

[0077] The mobility problem when considering RedCap UE positioning is not serious for low-speed RedCap UE. Figure 3 For the frequency hopping case shown, the worst case time between each hop is 5 ms, and for a total of 5 hops, the difference between the first and last hop (from center to center) is 20 ms + 4 x duration of SRS symbol ≈ 20 ms. If it is assumed that the maximum additional error due to mobility is allowed to be 0.5 m (note that in some embodiments described herein, the method of summing the error components present in the total inaccuracy calculation is not considered), then this corresponds to If the tolerance of the system is low, then slower speeds are allowed. Considering the use cases defined for RedCap UE, there is also a sports watch use case, so this calculated maximum tolerable speed limit is too low. Moreover, if the same technique is used in the context of carrier aggregation, even lower speeds come into play where the tolerance margin is significantly smaller. If the accuracy of the system cannot be degraded regardless of the movement, then only stationary and quasi-stationary cases are OK without any corrective action.

[0078] Because the examples described in this article focus on the time domain, it is important to understand that movement here changes the timing of the reference signal (like the SRS used for positioning in the uplink or the PRS in the downlink) propagating between the transmitter and the receiver. If the signal takes shorter / longer time to propagate to the receiver, the measurement "fails". The receiver cannot properly understand the error caused. Therefore, the receiver needs a way to know how to compensate. Apply the information available to the Doppler shift.

[0079] Note that the Doppler shift is per TRP. The movement of the UE is a 3D problem and the projection of the movement will change for different TRPs. Even the sign of the Doppler shift value will change, depending on whether the UE is moving towards or away from the TRP. Furthermore, to simplify the network signaling and computational effort, some TRP directions can be excluded from the Doppler shift estimation, especially if their accuracy is negligible.

[0080] Regarding measurement errors, the following points can be listed. Note that in this description, other error sources such as phase discontinuity, HW (hardware) impairments, inter-hop frequency gaps, channel incoherence during the scan time, demodulation errors, etc. are not considered. Issues related to the examples described in this article include (cases 1 to 4):

[0081] 1. Due to mobility, errors are taken into account in the measurement

[0082] 2. The error considered is the error between measurements of different TRP

[0083] 3. The error considered is the time difference between measurement and reporting

[0084] 4. The error considered is that the jump is cancelled due to exceeding the mobility threshold

[0085] The examples described in this article apply to case #1 and cover the hopping use case. The frequency can be a single frequency, but the examples described in this article involve a) the bandwidth of each block, and b) the arrival time of each block. In the RedCap use case, the block bandwidth is limited to 20MHz under FR1 or 100MHz under FR2. In other types of bandwidth aggregation systems, the block bandwidth may be higher; see, for example, the carrier aggregation case, where multiple bands can be combined. Blocks / bands are not necessarily continuous in the frequency domain. Non-contiguous allocations present their own problems when performing band / block combinations. It is assumed that block / band combinations are feasible regardless of the size of the blocks / bands to be combined or the gaps between them. Later, in 6G, completely new spectrum allocations will be made, which can be very high bandwidth allocations. Therefore, the ideas described in this article are not limited to the RedCap use case. The first consideration is to perform Doppler shift (DS) estimation and frequency domain correction from the received blocks / bands (see the discussion on reciprocal channels later). Because of the changes in frequency and speed, the DS is block / band specific. If the block / band bandwidth is very high, the DS may vary even within the block / band. The method involves implementing a technique to estimate the DS over frequency and speed. Then finally, the distance (see Figure 6 ) is compensated. Next, this distance compensation will be discussed in detail. Note that distance and time are two sides of the coin here, and any of these parameters can be used during the implementation of the examples described in this article.

[0086] Consider the use case of a single block and UE movement. The discussion of a moving TRP (TRP is used here to represent any receiver, which could actually be an eNB, gNB, HAPS, satellite, etc.) is similar, so the details related to UE movement described in this article apply to TRP movement. Alternatively, a third case is where both the transmitter and receiver are moving; again, this case is more complex from a signaling and error estimation perspective, but the ideas described in this article remain the same. When the UE moves while transmitting the reference signal SRS used for positioning, the block propagation distance changes; if the UE is moving towards the TRP, the distance disappears, and if the UE is moving away from the TRP, the distance increases. It should be noted that the motion vector is usually not towards or away from the TRP, but this article considers the motion projection towards or away from the TRP. Now, when the distance changes, the measured propagation time also changes - for simplicity, it can be assumed that distance and time are linearly related to each other. In real life, the medium changes the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves, and there may be situations where halving the distance does not exactly correspond to halving the propagation time. However, this situation is rare in nature and requires that the medium between the transmitter and the receiver is not air (vacuum), but a medium that is (strongly) different from vacuum electromagnetically. For simplicity, it can be assumed that a single block can be considered as an entity that arrives at the receiver at a specific time. In theory, the transmission time of a block could be so long that the arrival times are distributed, leading to further complications, but this is not a practical assumption. Therefore, a block arrives "earlier" (or "later", depending on the direction of movement) than it should have arrived. Now, in the event of positioning, this same block arrives at multiple TRPs. For simplicity and better positioning accuracy, it is assumed that the UE is able to send SRS for all involved TRPs at the same time. If the UE is not able to send SRS for all involved TRPs at the same time, this condition will lead to further inaccuracies and should be compensated by some other means if identified and possibly compensated. It is to be noted that the SRS is usually specified separately for each TRP in the frequency domain to avoid interference problems. This means that it is not a single SRS symbol and is read by multiple TRPs, but (for example) three symbols that are sent at the same time and frequency multiplexed. However, depending on the capabilities of the UE, this "same time" may mean different symbols in a slot, or in the worse case, even different slots. In the frequency domain, a single SRS can be spread across all tiles (see Figure 7 and Figure 8 ), which is probably easier from a composition and implementation perspective.

[0087] Each TRP will see different movement, which comes from the 3D geometry of the event. Each TRP attempts to draw a hyperbola (or similar geometry) depending on the implementation. Figure 6In the example above, these curves are simple circles (610, 620, 630), but due to the movement, the position or shape of the hyperbolas are wrong. The LMF then reads these hyperbolas to make the final position determination. If no correction is made to the individual TRP measurements, an incorrect position is reported. Figure 6 As shown in FIG. 6 , BS A 170 is associated with circle 610 , BS B 170 is associated with circle 620 , and BS C 170 is associated with circle 630 .

[0088] In the frequency hopping case, the blocks (frequency bands) are then received with different timestamps.

[0089] As mentioned, the Doppler shift (DS) is used to estimate the correction needed. The above discussion involved shortening or lengthening the propagation time due to a change in distance. DS is a frequency domain property. This shift changes the frequency of the signal. A method can be implemented to perform DS estimation and correction ("Frequency Offset Correction", FOC) to account for this physical phenomenon. This information can now be reverse engineered to detect the speed of the transmitter (or receiver, or the combined speed of the transmitter and receiver). Simplifying the process a bit, the FOC algorithm gives the speed (per TRP). Now, using Figure 7 The new algorithm described in (marking mobile UEs and static TRPs).

[0090] Figure 7 A signaling diagram between UE 110, serving gNB 170, neighboring gNBs (170-2, 170-3, 170-4), and LMF 190 is shown. In 720, the serving gNB 170, neighboring gNBs (170-2, 170-3, 170-4), and LMF exchange NRRPa configurations and DL PRS information of the gNBs. In 730, the UE 110, serving gNB 170, neighboring gNBs (170-2, 170-3, 170-4), and LMF 190 perform LPP capability transfer. In 701, the LMF defines the number of required hops based on the selected use case and integrity level. In 702, the UE 110 reads the DS for each TRP of each FH block. In 703, the UE 110 DS is converted to the speed of the UE 110 for each TRP of each FH block. In 704, UE 110 determines the average speed over the FH block for each TRP. In 705, UE 110 performs FH combining per TRP. In 706, UE 110 calculates ToA per TRP. In 740, the assistance information is shared between UE 110, serving gNB 170, neighbor gNBs (170-2, 170-3, 170-4), and LMF 190.

[0091] In 707, LMF 190 calculates the correction of ToA for each TRP. In 708, LMF 190 calculates the position of UE 110. In 709, LMF 190 determines whether the calculated position of UE 110 meets the expected completeness or accuracy. If in 709, LMF 190 determines that the calculated position of UE 110 calculated in 708 does not meet the expected completeness or accuracy, the method transitions to 711. If in 709, LMF 190 determines that the calculated position of UE 110 calculated in 708 does meet the expected completeness or accuracy, the method transitions to 710. In 711, the UE refines and / or readjusts parameters and / or recalculates the position of the UE (transitions to 701 and / or 707 and / or 708). In 710, LMF 190 reports the position of UE 110.

[0092] Figure 8 This is to clarify the frequency hopping (FH) scheme and the time dependency of the SRS blocks. Figure 8 and Fig. 9 The “difference” in also indicates that either direction, DL or UL, is feasible for the ideas proposed here.

[0093] In particular, Figure 8 FIG. 4 shows the frequency hopping of the SRS used for positioning reference signal. Figure 8 The frequency hopping principle is illustrated from the perspective of UE transmission.

[0094] In 802, UE 110 transmits SRS FH1TRP3 to neighboring TRP3 170-3. In 804, neighboring TRP3 170-3 detects DS. In 806, UE 110 transmits SRS FH1TRP2 to neighboring TRP2 170-2. In 808, neighboring TRP2 170-2 detects DS. In 810, UE 110 transmits SRS FH1TRP1 to serving TRP1 170. In 812, serving TRP1 170 detects DS. Items 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, and 812 are performed during block #1 at time t1 (840).

[0095] In 814, UE 110 sends SRS FH2TRP3 to neighbor TRP3 170-3. In 816, neighbor TRP3 170-3 detects DS. In 818, UE 110 sends SRS FH2TRP2 to neighbor TRP2 170-2. In 820, neighbor TRP2 170-2 detects DS. In 822, UE 110 sends SRS FH2TRP1 to serving TRP1 170. In 824, serving TRP1 170 detects DS. Items 814, 816, 818, 820, 822, and 824 are performed during block #2 at time t2 (850).

[0096] Item 826 indicates that this method is targeted at FH i Repeat until the last block.

[0097] In 828, UE 110 sends SRS FH to neighboring TRP3 170-3. i TRP3. In 830, neighboring TRP3 170-3 detects DS. In 832, UE 110 sends SRS FH to neighboring TRP2 170-2. i In 834, neighboring TRP2 170-2 detects DS. In 836, UE 110 sends SRS FH to serving TRP1 170. i TRP1. In 838, service TRP1170 detects DS. At time t i Items 828, 830, 832, 834, 836, and 838 (860) are executed during block #i.

[0098] N≤M PRS / SRS frequency hopping

[0099] The previously described algorithm step #2 (reading DS information for each TRP for each FH block) involves the optionality of using fewer frequency hops than are available. Let us assume that there are at most M hops available. In a first embodiment, when the gNB combines measurements, the LMF requests (e.g. via configuration) the TRP (gNB) to combine at least N≤M SRS frequency hops. In another embodiment, the LMF defines a configuration to send N≤M PRS frequency hops from the TRP when the UE combines measurements. Similarly, there may be a case where the LMF defines or configures the UE to send N≤M hops, or a case where the UE requests the LMF or gNB to configure N≤M hops, or even in a more complex case, a single TRP (possibly a gNB) requests the LMF to configure a case where that TRP sends L<N≤M hops, while the other TRPs involved send N≤M hops. The default case may be to use the maximum number of available hops without passing any signaling.

[0100] The decision mechanism about the parameters L and N is based on integrity. This paper also describes integrity (references to the discussion related to positioning integrity and Fig.11 and Fig.12 ). The LMF checks integrity results such as horizontal and / or vertical protection levels reported from the UE. If the reported integrity results do not meet the integrity requirements, the LMF requests the UE or gNB to refine or re-adjust the FH blocks. From an integrity perspective, this document lists some use cases.

[0101] Energy savings in the form of last hop discarding: When the desired integrity level is achieved with a non-maximum number of hops, the trigger mechanism is to count the minimum number of hops required to achieve the desired reliability. No more transmission is performed.

[0102] Spectral efficiency / cell level capacity: RedCap UEs are barred or not barred from camping on the same cell as normal NR UEs. When the capacity of a cell becomes an issue, the network may limit the number of hops to free up some spectrum to be used primarily for other purposes.

[0103] Positioning accuracy: Frequency hopping methods have been developed to improve positioning accuracy, but in some applications, the accuracy requirement is quite low. Therefore, within a corresponding cell, different UEs have different requirements and therefore, from the FH perspective, also require different numbers of hops.

[0104] Time domain correction

[0105] The time domain correction is as follows. The measured Doppler shift is known from the FOC. The Doppler shift formula is defined in Equation 2:

[0106]

[0107] Since the measured Doppler shift is known from the FOC, the transmitter velocity (v s，i，j )(i-th block, j-th TRP, see Figure 8 and Fig. 9 ). If v r，i，j ≠0, the solution of equation 2 is mathematically more complex and no unique solution exists, but more conditions are required. In the network, if any mobility is applied, the mobility of the TRP is usually known, because the TRP is not a randomly moving device, but the TRP serves users, so its mobility is strictly controlled. Therefore, the UE speed is explicitly solved by equation 2. Next, since the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is very high compared to the speed of the UE (in all practical implementations), the time measured for the propagation time from the transmitter to the receiver is used as such, without searching for a time correction. Therefore, block t i，j The time is known, and v s，i，jis known. The distance correction d i，j for

[0108] d i，j =t i，j ·v s，i，j· (Equation 3)

[0109] It should be noted that for the sake of clarity, the above i，j The interpretation is done per block. In practice, estimating the UE's position for each block is inaccurate. For example, estimating the UE position using only a single block is inaccurate because the bandwidth of a single block is narrow, which is why the method described in this article uses frequency hopping. If the arrival time estimation is done per block, it will be affected by the narrow bandwidth. Therefore, the algorithm implementation slightly changes the order of steps to take advantage of frequency hopping. All speed values ​​for each block are recorded and the average value of the block is calculated. This average value is used to correct the time (or distance) to be reported to the LMF after combining the FH blocks to the full bandwidth. This order is included in reference to this article and Fig. 9 Operations 1 to 9 are described in the algorithm listed.

[0110] For example, refer to Fig. 9 , determining a speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 906, determining a speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 916, and determining a speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 928. The three N speeds are averaged (summed and then divided by N, where N is the number of blocks) to determine a first average speed associated with TRP1 170. Determining a speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 908, determining a speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 918, and determining a speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 930. The three N speeds are averaged (summed and then divided by N, where N is the number of blocks) to determine a second average speed associated with TRP2 170-2. The speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 910, the speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 920, and the speed of UE 110 determined using the reference signal sent in 932. The three N speeds are averaged (summed and then divided by N, where N is the number of blocks) to determine a third average speed associated with TRP3 170-3. The first average speed, the second average speed, and the third average speed may be reported to LMF 190 (e.g., by UE 110), and the LMF may use the first average speed, the second average speed, and the third average speed to determine the position of UE 110 by adjusting the determined distance based on the first average speed, the second average speed, and the third average speed.

[0111] Reference Figure 8 , TRP1 170 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 810, TRP1 170 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 822, and TRP1 170 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 836. The three N speeds are averaged (summed and then divided by N, where N is the number of blocks) to determine a first average speed of UE 110. TRP2 170-2 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 806, TRP2 170-2 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 818, and TRP2 170-2 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 832. The three N speeds are averaged (summed and then divided by N, where N is the number of blocks) to determine a second average speed of UE 110. TRP3 170-3 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 802, TRP3 170-3 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 814, and TRP3 170-3 may determine the speed of UE 110 based on the reference signal sent in 828. The three N speeds are averaged (summed and then divided by N, where N is the number of blocks) to determine a third average speed of UE 110. The first average speed may be sent to LMF 190 by TRP1 170, the second average speed may be sent to LMF 190 by TRP2 170-2, and the third average speed may be sent to LMF 190 by TRP3 170-3. The LMF may use the first average speed, the second average speed, and the third average speed received from TRP1, TRP2, and TRP3 to determine the position of UE 110 by adjusting the determined distance based on the first average speed, the second average speed, and the third average speed.

[0112] In relation to the examples described herein, "TimeOfDeparture" is the departure time of a positioning reference signal from the corresponding transmission reception point. However, this definition only applies to the case where the positioning reference signal (PRS) is sent with full bandwidth without using FH. The TRP can also send PRS in FH mode, but the definition of TimeOfDeparture is block-by-block. However, in this case, it is sufficient to know the time of departure (TOD) of the first block, because the other blocks are then calculated by the length of the symbol and the gap between symbols, and these parameters are controlled. In an embodiment, the block-by-block TOD measurement is omitted. However, when SRS is sent in the UL case, by definition, there is no full bandwidth transmission, so the only option for measuring the time is to use block-by-block TOD. The LMF knows the TOD from the TRP as part of the routine signaling.

[0113] The frequency hopping block refers to the frequency hopping of the DL PRS or UL SRS. In one example, the frequency hopping block corresponds to a positioning reference signal received once from a transmission reception point. In another example, the frequency hopping block corresponds to a sounding reference signal sent once from a user equipment.

[0114] It is possible to compensate for ToA as well as distance. Therefore, the correction methods described in this article are for a) ToA correction, and b) distance correction by time parameters. If the corrected ToA is not available, the distance cannot be calculated (strictly speaking, both ToA and ToD are needed, but ToD is part of the normal signaling routine). But ToA can be calculated without taking into account any distance calculation.

[0115] The above discussion refers to the receiver when estimating the DS. This is natural since the receiver senses the over-the-air channel and performs the channel estimation, including the mobile identification described herein. However, in many cases the reverse direction is also used since the over-the-air channel is reciprocal in most cases. The network may define downlink reference signals that the UE reads and estimates the channel. The UE in turn uses information from these downlink signals for its uplink reference signals. Therefore, the ideas described herein are not limited to downlink-only or uplink-only use cases.

[0116] Error case #2 means that a delay from measurement to reporting of the UE position is understood to exist. This case occurs when the network fails to perform measurements at multiple TRPs simultaneously for any reason.

[0117] Error case #3 in Figure 5 middle.

[0118] Error case #4 is a new case and is covered by the discussion of N≤M PRS / SRS frequency hopping described in this article.

[0119] In different use cases, energy savings can be used to simplify the above process. For example, if it is assumed that the movement during each hop is roughly constant, which is a fairly reasonable assumption due to the laws of inertia of any physical object, then the velocity evaluation is not done for all hops, but once per full block number of TRPs, or any lower number. In theory, some hops may also be "smooth" and therefore no velocity evaluation is needed, but this is impractical for the same laws of inertia. On the other hand, if the UE knows its movement, it can report it directly to the LMF and no velocity evaluation is needed. Cross-validation can also be implemented on the reported corrections to improve the integrity of the positioning; for example in one method, subsequent positions are used to estimate the next position, and if the online compensation leads to the same position, the integrity is at a high level. Another cross-validation method is to combine the velocity projections of all involved TRPs to form a 3D movement curve, and if the smoothness of the curve is high enough, then a single projection is calculated correctly.

[0120] Signal Diagram

[0121] Next, Fig. 9 The above explanation is described in the form of a signal diagram shown in . A TRP transmission (where the TRP can be, for example, a gNB such as gNB 170, gNB 170-2 or gNB 170-3) can also have full bandwidth at the time, but repeat symbols until UE 110 has switched all hops covering the TRP transmission bandwidth. In this case, the TRP (170, 170-2, 170-3) needs to convey information about how wide the applied bandwidth is, which may also define to UE 110 the size of the hop to be used. Three (3) TRPs are used here, but the number of TRPs and the positioning vector direction can be any number greater than 3. The average reflects the number of TRPs. Correction calculations can also be done by UE 110; LMF 190 is then responsible for configuring UE 110 to perform the necessary steps. The reported average DS also contains the parameters used, such as how many hops were used or whether any other mathematical functions were applied.

[0122] therefore, Fig. 9 A signal diagram overview of the time-corrected frequency hopping algorithm described herein is shown.

[0123] In 902, LMF 190, serving TRP1 170, neighbor TRP2 170-2, neighbor TRP3 170-3, and UE 110 perform initialization. In 904, all TRPs (serving TRP1 170, neighbor TRP2 170-2, neighbor TRP3 170-3) and UE 110 are activated for FH, which activation may involve LMF 190.

[0124] 1 . In 906, serving TRP1 170 sends PRS FH1 to UE 110. In 908, neighboring TRP2 170-2 sends PRS FH1 to UE 110. In 910, neighboring TRP3 170 sends PRS FH1 to UE 110. Items 906, 908, and 910 occur during block #1 at time t1 (912). In 914, LMF 190 sends information to UE 110 so that UE 110 can store the DS of each TRP ("Per Hop Per TRP DS", 3 values).

[0125] In 916, serving TRP1 170 sends PRS FH2 to UE 110. In 918, neighboring TRP2 170-2 sends PRS FH2 to UE 110. In 920, neighboring TRP3 170 sends PRS FH2 to UE 110. Items 916, 918, and 920 occur during block #2 at time t2 (922). In 924, the LMF sends information to UE 110 so that UE 110 can store the DS of each TRP.

[0126] Item 924 indicates that the process is repeated until the Nth block. In 926, optionally, the LMF sends information to the UE 110 so that the UE 110 reads N of the M transmission blocks.

[0127] In 928, serving TRP1 170 sends PRS FH to UE 110 N At 930, neighboring TRP2 170-2 sends a PRS FH to UE 110. N In 932, neighboring TRP3 170 sends a PRS FH to UE 110. N Items 928, 930, and 932 appear at time t N During block #N of (934). In 936, LMF 190 sends information to UE 110 so that UE 110 can store the DS of each TRP.

[0128] In 938, LMF 190 sends information to UE 110 so that UE calculates each TRP DS (v i , in which case variable i is the number of TRPs) and sends this information to UE 110. Item 940 indicates that if sensitivity is required as an example, the process is repeated. In 942, UE 110 performs FH combining for each TRP. In 944, UE 110 performs FFT and calculates ToA for each TRP.

[0129] In 946, LMF 190 and UE 110 perform reporting based on 3 options (1 to 3):

[0130] 1) UE 110 performs compensation of RSTD or UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement that reflects its mobility and reports the compensated measurement.

[0131] 2) LMF 190 requests UE 110 to perform RSTD or UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement compensation based on its mobility and report the compensated measurement.

[0132] 3) UE 110 reports its capabilities (eg, to LMF 190), i.e., UE 110 can compensate / correct RSTD / UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement.

[0133] At 948, UE 110 reports the ToA (t TOF_i , variable i is the number of TRPs). At 950, UE 110 reports the average DS (v i ). In 952, LMF 190 calculates d i (distance of each TRP). In 954, LMF calculates corr i =t TOF_i Multiply by v i In 956, LMF through corr i Correctiond i At 958 , the LMF calculates the location of UE 110 .

[0134] Illustrative example for the relationship between bandwidth and time domain accuracy

[0135] The following is additional information to better understand the benefits and technical effects of the frequency hopping algorithms discussed in 3GPP. This article discusses accuracy from the perspective of standard deviation.

[0136] The achievable accuracy of time-based positioning methods can be calculated by the standard deviation [wait

[0137] Formula 4] is used to establish, which is defined as

[0138]

[0139] In Equation 4, C is the speed of light, P is the received power, and N o is the noise spectral density and T is the integration or measurement time. i Indicates the carrier frequency f i and the corresponding wavelength λ i bandwidth, which is used for positioning measurements.

[0140] Fig.10 Depicts the parameter value {λ i =8.57cm, P / N o =15dB.Hz} and an illustrative example of the achievable accuracy with an increase in the sounding reference signal bandwidth. It is worth emphasizing that equation (4) is one possible example case and that these expressions may vary for different system configurations, i.e., OFDM, etc. However, the underlying relationships between the parameters (e.g. ) still holds true under different scaling conditions, so, Fig.10 An overview and trend of the achievable accuracy of the detection bandwidth is provided.

[0141] from Fig.10 It can be noted that the achievable time accuracy is very sensitive to the configured bandwidth of the sounding reference signal. It is worth emphasizing that the sounding bandwidth is not an enemy but a friend, as network nodes can effectively resolve multipath components and obtain accurate ToF / TDoA measurements due to higher time resolution, which is mainly due to the large bandwidth configuration.

[0142] Completeness

[0143] Definition of Positioning Integrity: It is a measure of the confidence in the accuracy of position-related data provided by a positioning system and its ability to provide timely and effective warnings when the positioning system does not meet expected operating conditions.

[0144] Checking the reliability of position estimates is critical for several life-threatening applications. However, in the context of the examples described in this article, the life-threatening aspect is not the only triggering function. Resource conservation can also be used as the main mechanism for determining the integrity threshold. The integrity described in this article may be from a life-threatening perspective.

[0145] Several factors can affect location accuracy. There are natural causes such as noise and interference, and intentional causes such as jamming and spoofing.

[0146] The framework originally developed for GNSS uses the following integrity-related definitions (1 to 5), also as Fig.11 As shown in:

[0147] 1. Target Integrity Risk (TIR) ​​1110: The probability that the positioning error exceeds the alarm limit (AL) within the required alarm time (TTA) without warning the user.

[0148] 2. Alarm Limit (AL) 1130: The maximum permissible positioning error that allows the positioning system to be used for the intended application. If the positioning error exceeds AL, the positioning system should be declared unusable for the intended application to prevent loss of positioning integrity.

[0149] 3. Alarm Time (TTA) 1120: The maximum allowable elapsed time from when the positioning error exceeds the Alarm Limit (AL) until the function providing positioning integrity publishes the corresponding alarm.

[0150] 4. Integrity Availability (IA) 1140: Integrity availability is the percentage of time that the PL is below the required AL.

[0151] 5. Protection Level (PL) 1150: The PL is the (calculated) statistical upper bound of the Positioning Error (PE) 1170, ensuring that the probability per unit time that the true error is greater than AL and the PL is less than or equal to AL exceeds the TTA is less than the required TIR.

[0152] TIR, AL, TTA, and IA are system requirements. The PL is calculated by the system.

[0153] The system seeks to control the probability that the positioning error exceeds the AL without warning the user. This is the most critical case because the user would utilize the information without knowing that it is likely to be incorrect. This probability is called the TIR. To this end, the system calculates the PL. The PL must satisfy the statistical upper bound of the positioning error (PE) to ensure that the probability that the true error is greater than AL and the PL is less than or equal to AL exceeds the TTA is less than the required TIR.

[0154] Probability per unit time [((PE > AL) & (PL <= AL)) exceeds TTA] < required TIR.

[0155] In the above probability per unit time formula (also shown in 1160), PE specifies the (true, unknown) positioning error.

[0156] As Fig.12 illustrated by the Stanford diagram shown in, several events may occur (including 1 to 2 below):

[0157] 1. PL < AL: The system is declared available.

[0158] 1a. Nominal operation when PE < PL.

[0159] 1b. Hazardous misleading information when PE > AL: When the position error exceeds the alarm limit while the system is declared available, a hazardous misleading information event occurs. The probability of this situation occurring should be less than the TIR.

[0160] 1c. Misleading information when PE < AL: When the position error exceeds the protection level but does not exceed the alarm limit while the system is declared available, a misleading information event occurs.

[0161] 2. PL > AL: The system is declared unavailable.

[0162] 2a. When PE < AL, PL is too conservative: the system will be declared unavailable even when it can be declared available.

[0163] 2b. In other cases, it is reasonable to alert the user to potential integrity losses.

[0164] More stringent PL overruns are preferred and sometimes necessary to reduce the unavailable period and meet IA requirements.

[0165] As Fig.12 shown, there are various possibilities: the system is unavailable, where PE < AL < PL (1210); the system is unavailable, where AL < PE < PL (1220); the system is unavailable and misleading, where AL < PL < PE (1230); nominal operation, where PE < PL < AL (1240); misleading information, where PL < PE < AL (1250); and dangerous misleading information, where PL < AL < PE (1260).

[0166] The method described herein enables the location of a RedCap UE regardless of its mobility. This means increased user satisfaction as users may expect to move freely when scanning for their location. Restrictions on the static location scenario are not feasible in terms of technology and user experience. The ideas described herein can be standardized in 3GPP.

[0167] Fig.13 is example apparatus 1300, which may be implemented in hardware and configured to implement the examples described herein. Apparatus 1300 includes at least one processor 1302 (e.g., FPGA and / or CPU), one or more memories 1304 including computer program code 1305, the computer program code 1305 having instructions to perform the methods described herein, wherein at least one memory 1304 and the computer program code 1305 are configured to, with the at least one processor 1302, cause the apparatus 1300 to implement circuitry, processes, components, modules, or functions (implemented with control module 1306) to implement the examples described herein. The memory 1304 may be non-transitory memory, transitory memory, volatile memory (e.g., RAM) or non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM). The positioning of control module 1330 implements the various aspects described herein related to positioning.

[0168] The device 1300 includes a display and / or I / O interface 1308, which includes user interface (UI) circuit systems and elements, which can be used to display various aspects or states of the methods described herein (e.g., while one of the methods is being executed or at a subsequent time), or to receive input from a user (such as using a keyboard, camera, touch screen, touch area, microphone, biometrics, one or more sensors, etc.). The device 1300 includes one or more communications, such as network (N / W) interface ((multiple) I / F) 1310. The (multiple) communication I / F 1310 can be wired and / or wireless, and communicate over the Internet / (multiple) other networks via any communication technology (including via one or more links 1324). The (multiple) link 1324 can be from Figure 1 Link(s) 131 and / or 176. Figure 1 The link(s) 131 and / or 176 may also be implemented using transceiver(s) 1316 and corresponding wireless link(s) 1326. The communication I / F(s) 1310 may include one or more transmitters or one or more receivers.

[0169] The transceiver 1316 includes one or more transmitters 1318 and one or more receivers 1320. The transceiver 1316 and / or the communication I / F(s) 1310 may include standard well-known components such as amplifiers, filters, frequency converters, (de)modulators and encoder / decoder circuitry and one or more antennas, such as antenna 1314 for communicating over a wireless link 1326.

[0170] The control module 1306 of the device 1300 includes one or both of the parts 1306-1 and / or 1306-2 that can be implemented in a variety of ways. The control module 1306 can be implemented in hardware as the control module 1306-1, such as being implemented as part of one or more processors 1302. The control module 1306-1 can also be implemented as an integrated circuit or by other hardware (such as a programmable gate array). In another example, the control module 1306 can be implemented as a control module 1306-2, which is implemented as a computer program code (with corresponding instructions) 1305 and is executed by one or more processors 1302. For example, one or more memories 1304 store instructions that, when executed by one or more processors 1302, cause the device 1300 to perform one or more operations described herein. In addition, one or more processors 1302, one or more memories 1304, and example algorithms (e.g., as flow charts and / or signaling diagrams) encoded as instructions, programs, or codes are components for causing the operations described herein to be performed.

[0171] The apparatus 1300 implementing the functionality of control 1306 may be a UE 110, a RAN node 170 (e.g., a gNB), or (multiple) network elements 190 (e.g., a LMF 190). Thus, processor 1302 may correspond to processor(s) 120, processor(s) 152 and / or processor(s) 175, memory 1304 may correspond to memory(s) 125, memory(s) 155 and / or memory(s) 171, computer program code 1305 may correspond to computer program code 123, computer program code 153 and / or computer program code 173, control module 1306 may correspond to module 140-1, module 140-2, module 150-1 and / or module 150-2, and communication I / F(s) 1310 and / or transceiver 1316 may correspond to transceiver 130, antenna(s) 128, transceiver 160, antenna(s) 158, N / WI / F(s) 161 and / or N / WI / F(s) 180. Alternatively, apparatus 1300 and its elements may not correspond to any of UE 110, RAN node 170, or network element(s) 190 and their respective elements, as apparatus 1300 may be part of a Self-Organizing / Optimizing Network (SON) node or other node, such as a node in the cloud.

[0172] Apparatus 1300 may also correspond to neighboring gNBs 170-2, 170-3 and / or 170-4.

[0173] The apparatus 1300 may also be distributed throughout the network (eg, 100 ), including within and between the apparatus 1300 and any network elements (such as a network control element (NCE) 190 and / or a RAN node 170 and / or a UE 110 ).

[0174] Interface 1312 enables data communication and signaling between various items of apparatus 1300, such as Fig.13 . For example, interface 1312 can be one or more buses, such as an address, data, or control bus, and can include any interconnection mechanism, such as a series of wires on a motherboard or integrated circuit, optical fiber or other optical communication device, etc. Computer program code (e.g., instructions) 1305 (including control 1306) can include object-oriented software that is configured to pass data or messages between objects within computer program code 1305. Device 1300 need not include each of the features mentioned, or may include other features as well. The various components of device 1300 may reside at least partially in a common housing 1328, or subsets of the various components of device 1300 may be at least partially located in different housings, which may include housing 1328.

[0175] Fig.14 Schematic representations of non-volatile memory media 1400a (e.g., a computer / compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD)) and 1400b (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) memory stick) and 1400c (e.g., a cloud storage device for downloading instructions and / or parameters 1402 or receiving email instructions and / or parameters 1402) storing instructions and / or parameters 1402 that, when executed by a processor, allow the processor to perform one or more steps of the methods described herein. The instructions and / or parameters 1402 may represent non-transitory computer-readable media.

[0176] Fig.15 The example method 1500 is based on the example embodiments described herein. In 1510, the method includes determining Doppler shift information for each transmission reception point for each frequency hopping block. In 1520, the method includes combining frequency hopping blocks associated with positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points by transmission reception point. In 1530, the method includes determining a time of arrival of a positioning reference signal received from each transmission reception point based on the combined frequency hopping blocks. In 1540, the method includes sending to a location management function at least one of the following items: an average speed of the device starting from the corresponding transmission reception point over the frequency hopping block, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined arrival time, Doppler shift, and speed of the device. In 1550, the method includes sending to the location management function the time of arrival of each transmission reception point. The method 1500 may be performed by the UE 110 or the device 1300.

[0177] Fig.16The example method 1600 is based on the example embodiments described herein. In 1610, the method includes: sending an indication of a number of frequency hopping blocks to a user equipment, the frequency hopping block corresponding to a corresponding time at which a positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment. In 1620, the method includes: receiving from the user equipment an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission reception point of a plurality of transmission reception points. In 1630, the method includes: receiving from the user equipment a time of arrival of a positioning reference signal for each transmission reception point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to the corresponding time at which the positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment. In 1640, the method includes: determining a distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point. In 1650, the method includes: adjusting the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point based on the time of arrival of each transmission reception point and the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission reception point. In 1660, the method includes: determining a position of the user equipment based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point. The method 1600 may be performed using one or more network elements 190 (eg, LMF 190 ) or apparatus 1300 .

[0178] Fig.17 The example method 1700 is based on the example embodiments described herein. In 1710, the method includes: receiving from a plurality of transmission reception points an average speed of a user device from the perspective of a corresponding transmission reception point of each transmission reception point on a plurality of frequency hopping blocks. In 1720, the method includes: receiving corresponding positioning measurements from a plurality of transmission reception points based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times of sounding reference signals received by the transmission reception points from the user device, the corresponding positioning measurements including: a time of arrival of a sounding reference signal sent from the user device. In 1730, the method includes: determining a distance of the user device from the plurality of transmission reception points. In 1740, the method includes: adjusting a distance of the user device from the transmission reception point for each transmission reception point based on at least one of the following: a positioning measurement for the transmission reception point, or an average speed of the user device from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block. In 1750, the method includes: determining a location of the user device based on the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point. The method 1700 may be performed with one or more network elements 190 (e.g., LMF 190) or apparatus 1300.

[0179] Fig.18is an example method 1800 based on an example embodiment described herein. In 1810, the method includes: determining Doppler shift information for each frequency hopping block in a plurality of frequency hopping blocks. In 1820, the method includes: determining a speed of a user device for each frequency hopping block based on the Doppler shift information. In 1830, the method includes: determining an average speed of the user device from the perspective of a device on the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed. In 1840, the method includes: combining frequency hopping blocks associated with sounding reference signals received from the user device. In 1850, the method includes: determining a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device based on the combination of the frequency hopping blocks. In 1860, the method includes: sending the average speed of the user device from the perspective of the device on the frequency hopping block to a location management function. In 1870, the method includes: sending a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device to the location management function. Method 1800 may be performed using a RAN node 170 (e.g., a serving gNB or TRP1 170), a neighboring gNB or TRP2 170-2, a neighboring gNB or TRP3 170-3, a neighboring gNB or TRP4 170-4, or an apparatus 1300.

[0180] The following examples are provided and described herein.

[0181] Example 1. A device, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the device to at least: determine Doppler shift information for each transmission reception point of each frequency hopping block; combine frequency hopping blocks associated with positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points by transmission reception points; determine the arrival time of the received positioning reference signal from each transmission reception point based on the combined frequency hopping blocks; send to a location management function at least one of the following items: the average speed of the device starting from the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined arrival time, Doppler shift, and speed of the device; and send the arrival time of each transmission reception point to the location management function.

[0182] Example 2. The apparatus of example 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: receive an indication of a number of frequency hopping blocks from a location management function.

[0183] Example 3. The apparatus according to Example 2, wherein the number of frequency hopping blocks for determining the Doppler shift information is less than the number of frequency hopping blocks of the positioning reference signal received from the transmission reception point.

[0184] Example 4. The apparatus according to any one of Examples 1 to 3, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: transmit a sounding reference signal for each transmission reception point for each frequency hopping block to the transmission reception point, the frequency hopping block corresponding to a respective time at which the sounding reference signal is transmitted to the transmission reception point.

[0185] Example 5. The device according to any one of Examples 1 to 4, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the device to at least: determine at least one of a compensated time difference measurement or a compensated Rx-Tx time difference measurement for each transmission reception point based on a speed or an average speed of the device from the perspective of each transmission reception point on a frequency hopping block; and send at least one of the compensated time difference measurement or the compensated Rx-Tx time difference measurement for each transmission reception point to a location management function.

[0186] Example 6. The apparatus of Example 5, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: receive a request from a location management function to determine at least one of a compensated time difference measurement or an Rx-Tx time difference measurement based on an average speed of the apparatus from the perspective of each transmission reception point on a frequency hopping block.

[0187] Example 7. The apparatus of Example 6, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: send an indication of the apparatus's ability to determine a compensated time difference measurement or a compensated Rx-Tx time difference measurement for each transmission reception point to a location management function based on an average speed of the apparatus from the perspective of each transmission reception point on a frequency hopping block.

[0188] Example 8. The apparatus according to any one of Examples 1 to 7, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine a full bandwidth aggregation for each transmission reception point based on a frequency hopping block associated with a positioning reference signal received from the transmission reception point by combination of transmission reception points; wherein the arrival time of the received positioning reference signal for each transmission reception point is determined based on the full bandwidth aggregation.

[0189] Example 9. The apparatus according to any one of Examples 1 to 8, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine the full carrier aggregation of each transmission reception point based on the frequency hopping block associated with the positioning reference signal received from the transmission reception point by the combination of the transmission reception points; wherein the arrival time of the received positioning reference signal of each transmission reception point is determined based on the full carrier aggregation.

[0190] Example 10. An apparatus according to any one of Examples 1 to 9, wherein the positioning measurement includes an arrival time, and the arrival time is used together with a location management function to determine a positioning reference signal travel time for each transmission reception point as: an arrival time of a positioning user equipment with a positioning reference signal for the corresponding transmission reception point minus a departure time of the positioning reference signal from the corresponding transmission reception point, and a correction for the transmission reception point is determined as: the positioning reference signal travel time for the corresponding transmission reception point multiplied by an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on a frequency hopping block, wherein a distance of the user equipment to the corresponding transmission reception point is adjusted based on the correction for the corresponding transmission reception point.

[0191] Example 11. The apparatus according to any one of Examples 1 to 10, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine a speed of the apparatus for each transmission reception point of each frequency hopping block based on Doppler shift information; and determine an average speed of the apparatus from the perspective of each transmission reception point of the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed.

[0192] Example 12. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to at least: send an indication of the number of frequency hopping blocks to a user equipment, the frequency hopping block corresponding to a corresponding time at which a positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; receive from the user equipment an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission reception point among a plurality of transmission reception points; receive from the user equipment an arrival time of the positioning reference signal for each transmission reception point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to the corresponding time at which the positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; determine a distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point; adjust the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point based on the arrival time of each transmission reception point and the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission reception point; and determine the position of the user equipment based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0193] Example 13. The apparatus of Example 12, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine whether the determined position satisfies a level of integrity or a level of accuracy; and in response to the determined position not satisfying the level of integrity or the level of accuracy, adjust the number of frequency hopping blocks.

[0194] Example 14. The apparatus of any one of Examples 12 to 13, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: receive a compensated time difference measurement for each transmission reception point from the user equipment based on an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and determine a location of the user equipment based on the compensated time difference measurement for each transmission reception point received from the user equipment.

[0195] Example 15. The apparatus of Example 14, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: send a request to the user equipment to determine a compensated time difference measurement based on an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of each transmission reception point over the frequency hopping block.

[0196] Example 16. The apparatus of Example 15, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: receive from the user equipment an indication of the ability to measure the compensated time difference for each transmission reception point based on an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of each transmission reception point over the frequency hopping block.

[0197] Example 17. An apparatus according to any one of Examples 12 to 16, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine a positioning reference signal travel time for each transmission reception point as: an arrival time of a user equipment for the corresponding transmission reception point with a positioning reference signal minus a departure time of the positioning reference signal from the corresponding transmission reception point; determine a correction for the transmission reception point as: the positioning reference signal travel time for the corresponding transmission reception point multiplied by an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; wherein the distance of the user equipment to the corresponding transmission reception point is adjusted based on the correction for the corresponding transmission reception point.

[0198] Example 18. An apparatus according to any one of Examples 12 to 17, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: receive from a plurality of transmission reception points an average speed of a user device from the perspective of a corresponding transmission reception point on a plurality of frequency hopping blocks, the frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times at which a sounding reference signal is sent from the user device to the transmission reception point; receive from a plurality of transmission reception points an arrival time of a sounding reference signal received from a corresponding transmission reception point from the user device based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times at which the transmission reception point receives the sounding reference signal from the user device; adjust the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point based on the arrival time of the sounding reference signal of each transmission reception point and the average speed of the user device from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission reception point; and determine the position of the user device based on the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point based on the arrival time of the sounding reference signal of each transmission reception point.

[0199] Example 19. The apparatus of any one of Examples 12 to 18, wherein the number of frequency hopping blocks indicated by the apparatus to the user equipment and for which the average speed and arrival time are determined is less than the number of frequency hopping blocks for receiving positioning reference signals from the transmission reception point by the user equipment.

[0200] Example 20. The apparatus of any one of Examples 12 to 19, wherein the combination of frequency hopping blocks comprises full bandwidth aggregation.

[0201] Example 21. The apparatus of any one of Examples 12 to 20, wherein the combination of frequency hopping blocks comprises full carrier aggregation.

[0202] Example 22. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to at least: receive, from a plurality of transmission reception points, an average speed of a user device from the perspective of a corresponding transmission reception point of each transmission reception point on a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; receive corresponding positioning measurements from a plurality of transmission reception points based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times at which the transmission reception points receive a sounding reference signal from the user device, the corresponding positioning measurements comprising: an arrival time of a sounding reference signal sent from the user device; determine a distance of the user device from the plurality of transmission reception points; adjust the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point for each transmission reception point based on at least one of the following: a positioning measurement for the transmission reception point, or an average speed of the user device from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and determine a position of the user device based on the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0203] Example 23. The apparatus of Example 22, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine whether the determined position satisfies a level of integrity or a level of accuracy; and in response to the determined position not satisfying the level of integrity or the level of accuracy, adjust the number of frequency hopping blocks.

[0204] Example 24. The apparatus of any one of Examples 22 to 23, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: send an indication of the number of frequency hopping blocks to at least one transmission reception point of the plurality of transmission reception points.

[0205] Example 25. The apparatus according to Example 24, wherein the number of frequency hopping blocks indicated by the apparatus to at least one transmission reception point and for which the corresponding average speed and the corresponding arrival time are determined is less than the number of frequency hopping blocks for which the at least one transmission reception point receives a sounding reference signal from the user equipment.

[0206] Example 26. An apparatus according to any one of Examples 22 to 25, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine a sounding reference signal travel time for each transmission reception point as a corresponding arrival time of a sounding reference signal received from the user equipment at the corresponding transmission reception point minus a corresponding departure time of the sounding reference signal from the user equipment; determine a correction for the transmission reception point as the sounding reference signal travel time of the corresponding transmission reception point multiplied by an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; wherein the distance of the user equipment to the corresponding transmission reception point is adjusted based on the correction.

[0207] Example 27. The apparatus of any one of Examples 22 to 26, wherein the combination of frequency hopping blocks comprises full bandwidth aggregation.

[0208] Example 28. The apparatus of any one of Examples 22 to 27, wherein the combination of frequency hopping blocks comprises full carrier aggregation.

[0209] Example 29. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-volatile memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to at least: determine Doppler shift information for each frequency hopping block of a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; determine a speed of a user device for each frequency hopping block based on the Doppler shift information; determine an average speed of the user device from the perspective of a device on the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed; combine frequency hopping blocks associated with sounding reference signals received from the user device; determine a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signals received from the user device based on the combination of the frequency hopping blocks; send the average speed of the user device from the perspective of the device on the frequency hopping block to a location management function; and send a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signals received from the user device to the location management function.

[0210] Example 30. The apparatus of Example 29, wherein when executed by at least one processor causes the apparatus to at least: receive, from the location management function, an indication of a number of frequency hopping blocks used to determine Doppler shift information.

[0211] Example 31. The apparatus according to Example 30, wherein the number of frequency hopping blocks for determining the Doppler shift information is less than the number of frequency hopping blocks of the sounding reference signal received from the user equipment.

[0212] Example 32. An apparatus according to any one of Examples 29 to 31, wherein the instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determine a full bandwidth aggregation for each transmission reception point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks associated with a sounding reference signal received from a user equipment; wherein a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user equipment is based on the full bandwidth aggregation.

[0213] Example 33. An apparatus according to any one of Examples 29 to 32, wherein when executed by at least one processor, the instructions cause the apparatus to at least: determine a full carrier aggregation for each transmission reception point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks associated with a sounding reference signal received from a user equipment; wherein the positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user equipment is based on the full carrier aggregation.

[0214] Example 34. An apparatus according to any one of Examples 29 to 33, wherein the positioning measurement includes an arrival time, and the arrival time is used with a location management function to determine a sounding reference signal travel time for the apparatus as a corresponding arrival time of a sounding reference signal of the apparatus received from a user equipment minus a corresponding departure time of the sounding reference signal from the user equipment, and to determine a correction for the apparatus as the sounding reference signal travel time for the apparatus multiplied by an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the apparatus over a frequency hopping block, wherein a distance from the user equipment to the apparatus is adjusted based on the correction.

[0215] Example 35. The apparatus of any one of Examples 29 to 34, wherein the positioning measurement comprises: relative time of arrival, Rx-Tx time difference, or reference signal received power.

[0216] Example 36. A method, comprising: determining Doppler shift information for each transmission reception point for each frequency hopping block; combining frequency hopping blocks associated with positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points by transmission reception points; determining an arrival time of the positioning reference signal received from each transmission reception point based on the combined frequency hopping blocks; sending to a location management function at least one of the following items: an average speed of the device starting from the corresponding transmission reception point over the frequency hopping block, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined arrival time, Doppler shift, and speed of the device; and sending the arrival time of each transmission reception point to the location management function.

[0217] Example 37. A method, comprising: sending an indication of a number of frequency hopping blocks to a user equipment, the frequency hopping block corresponding to a corresponding time at which a positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; receiving from the user equipment an average speed of the user equipment at each of a plurality of transmission reception points from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; receiving from the user equipment an arrival time of the positioning reference signal at each transmission reception point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to the corresponding time at which the positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; determining a distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point; adjusting the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point based on the arrival time of each transmission reception point and the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point at each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and determining a position of the user equipment based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0218] Example 38. A method, comprising: receiving from a plurality of transmission reception points an average speed of a user device from the perspective of a corresponding transmission reception point of each transmission reception point on a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; receiving corresponding positioning measurements from the plurality of transmission reception points based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times at which the transmission reception points receive sounding reference signals from the user device, the corresponding positioning measurements comprising: an arrival time of a sounding reference signal sent from the user device; determining a distance of the user device from the plurality of transmission reception points; adjusting the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point for each transmission reception point based on at least one of: a positioning measurement for the transmission reception point, or an average speed of the user device from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and determining a position of the user device based on the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0219] Example 39. A method comprising: determining Doppler shift information for each of a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; determining a speed of a user device for each frequency hopping block based on the Doppler shift information; determining an average speed of the user device from the perspective of a device on the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed; combining frequency hopping blocks associated with a sounding reference signal received from the user device; determining a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device based on the combination of the frequency hopping blocks; sending the average speed of the user device from the perspective of the device on the frequency hopping block to a location management function; and sending a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device to the location management function.

[0220] Example 40. An apparatus comprising: a component for determining Doppler shift information for each transmission reception point for each frequency hopping block; a component for combining frequency hopping blocks associated with positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points by transmission reception points; a component for determining an arrival time of the positioning reference signal received from each transmission reception point based on the combined frequency hopping blocks; a component for sending at least one of the following items to a location management function: an average speed of the device starting from the corresponding transmission reception point over the frequency hopping block, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined arrival time, Doppler shift, and device speed; and a component for sending the arrival time of each transmission reception point to the location management function.

[0221] Example 41. An apparatus comprising: a component for sending an indication of the number of frequency hopping blocks to a user equipment, the frequency hopping block corresponding to a corresponding time at which a positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; a component for receiving from the user equipment an average speed of the user equipment at each of a plurality of transmission reception points from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; a component for receiving from the user equipment an arrival time of the positioning reference signal at each transmission reception point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to the corresponding time at which the positioning reference signal is sent to the user equipment; a component for determining, by transmission reception point, a distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point; a component for adjusting, by transmission reception point, the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point based on the arrival time of each transmission reception point and the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point at each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and a component for determining a position of the user equipment based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0222] Example 42. An apparatus comprising: a component for receiving, from a plurality of transmission reception points, an average speed of a user device from the perspective of a corresponding transmission reception point of each transmission reception point on a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; a component for receiving, from the plurality of transmission reception points, corresponding positioning measurements based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times at which the transmission reception points receive sounding reference signals from the user device, the corresponding positioning measurements comprising: an arrival time of a sounding reference signal sent from the user device; a component for determining a distance of the user device from the plurality of transmission reception points; a component for adjusting the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point for each transmission reception point based on at least one of: a positioning measurement for the transmission reception point, or an average speed of the user device from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and a component for determining a position of the user device based on the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0223] Example 43. An apparatus comprising: a component for determining Doppler shift information for each of a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; a component for determining a speed of a user device for each frequency hopping block based on the Doppler shift information; a component for determining an average speed of the user device from the perspective of a device on the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed; a component for combining frequency hopping blocks associated with a sounding reference signal received from the user device; a component for determining a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device based on the combination of the frequency hopping blocks; a component for sending the average speed of the user device from the perspective of the device on the frequency hopping block to a location management function; and a component for sending a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user device to the location management function.

[0224] Example 44. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, comprising program instructions stored thereon to perform at least the following operations: determining Doppler shift information for each transmission reception point for each frequency hopping block; combining frequency hopping blocks associated with positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points by transmission reception point; determining an arrival time of the positioning reference signal received from each transmission reception point based on the combined frequency hopping blocks; sending to a location management function at least one of the following items: an average speed of a device starting from the corresponding transmission reception point over the frequency hopping block, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined arrival time, Doppler shift, and device speed; and sending each transmission reception point arrival time to the location management function.

[0225] Example 45. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, comprising program instructions stored thereon to perform at least the following operations: sending an indication of a number of frequency hopping blocks to a user equipment, the frequency hopping blocks corresponding to respective times at which positioning reference signals are sent to the user equipment; receiving from the user equipment an average speed of the user equipment at each of a plurality of transmission reception points from the perspective of the respective transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; receiving from the user equipment an arrival time of the positioning reference signal at each transmission reception point based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to respective times at which positioning reference signals are sent to the user equipment; determining a distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point; adjusting the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point by transmission reception point based on the arrival time of each transmission reception point and the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the respective transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block for each transmission reception point; and determining a position of the user equipment based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0226] Example 46. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon to perform at least the following operations: receiving from a plurality of transmission reception points an average speed of a user device from the perspective of a corresponding transmission reception point of each transmission reception point on a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; receiving corresponding positioning measurements from the plurality of transmission reception points based on a combination of frequency hopping blocks corresponding to corresponding times at which the transmission reception points receive sounding reference signals from the user device, the corresponding positioning measurements comprising: an arrival time of a sounding reference signal sent from the user device; determining a distance of the user device from the plurality of transmission reception points; adjusting the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point for each transmission reception point based on at least one of: a positioning measurement for the transmission reception point, or an average speed of the user device from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and determining a position of the user device based on the distance of the user device from the transmission reception point adjusted by the transmission reception point.

[0227] Example 47. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon to perform at least the following operations: determining Doppler shift information for each of a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; determining a speed of a user device for each frequency hopping block based on the Doppler shift information; determining an average speed of the user device from the perspective of a device on the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed; combining frequency hopping blocks associated with a detection reference signal received from the user device; determining a positioning measurement based on the detection reference signal received from the user device based on the combination of the frequency hopping blocks; sending the average speed of the user device from the perspective of the device on the frequency hopping block to a location management function; and sending a positioning measurement based on the detection reference signal received from the user device to the location management function.

[0228] References to "computers," "processors," and the like should be understood to cover not only computers having different architectures (such as single / multi-processor architectures and sequential or parallel architectures), but also special purpose circuits such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific circuits (ASICs), signal processing devices, and other processing circuit systems. References to computer programs, instructions, code, and the like should be understood to cover software for a programmable processor or firmware, such as, for example, the programmable content of a hardware device, whether instructions for a processor or configuration settings for a fixed function device, gate array, or programmable logic device, and the like.

[0229] The memory described herein can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, non-volatile memory, transient memory, fixed memory, and removable memory. The memory can include a database for storing data.

[0230] As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to the following: (a) hardware circuit implementations, such as implementations in analog and / or digital circuitry, and (b) combinations of circuitry and software (and / or firmware), such as, as applicable: (i) a combination of (multiple) processors, or (ii) a portion of (multiple) processors / software, including (multiple) digital signal processors, software, and memory, which work together to enable the device to perform various functions, and (c) circuitry, such as (multiple) microprocessors or portions of (multiple) microprocessors, which require software or firmware to operate, even if the software or firmware is not physically present. As yet another example, as used herein, the term "circuitry" would also cover implementations of only a processor (or multiple processors) or a portion of a processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. For example, the term "circuitry" would also cover a baseband integrated circuit or an application processor integrated circuit for a mobile phone or similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or another network device, if applicable.

[0231] It should be understood that the foregoing description is illustrative only. Various alternatives and modifications may be designed by those skilled in the art. For example, the features listed in the various dependent claims may be combined with each other in any suitable combination (multiple). In addition, the features from the above-mentioned different example embodiments may be selectively combined into new example embodiments. Therefore, this description is intended to include all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

[0232] The following abbreviations and abbreviations that may be found in the specification and / or the drawings are given below (the abbreviations and abbreviations may be appended to each other, or to other characters using, for example, a dash, a hyphen, a slash or a number, and may not be case sensitive):

[0233] 3D

[0234] 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

[0235] 4G Fourth Generation

[0236] 5G Fifth Generation

[0237] 5GC 5G Core Network

[0238] 6G Sixth Generation

[0239] AL Alarm Limit

[0240] AMF Access and Mobility Management Function

[0241] ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit

[0242] Batt Battery

[0243] BS Base Station

[0244] BW Bandwidth

[0245] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0246] Cat-M2 Category M2

[0247] Cat-NB2 Category Narrowband 2

[0248] CD / Computer disk

[0249] Cov.Enh Coverage Enhancement

[0250] corr correction

[0251] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0252] CPP Carrier Phase Positioning

[0253] CPU Central Processing Unit

[0254] CU Central Unit or Centralized Unit

[0255] DL Downlink

[0256] DS Doppler shift

[0257] DSP Digital Signal Processor

[0258] DU Distributed Unit

[0259] DVD Digital Versatile Disc

[0260] EC-GPRS Extended Coverage General Packet Radio Service eMTC Enhanced Machine Type Communication

[0261] eNB Evolved Node B (e.g., LTE base station)

[0262] EN-DC E-UTRAN New Radio - Dual Connectivity

[0263] en-gNB is a node that provides NR user plane and control plane protocol termination to the UE and acts as a secondary node in EN-DC

[0264] eRedCap Enhanced Red Capability

[0265] eFeMTC Even Further Enhanced Machine Type Communications

[0266] E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access, i.e. LTE radio access technology

[0267] E-UTRAN E-UTRA Network

[0268] F1 Interface between CU and DU

[0269] FDD Frequency Division Duplex

[0270] FeMTC: Further Enhanced Machine Type Communications

[0271] FFS for further study

[0272] FFT Fast Fourier Transform

[0273] FH Frequency Hopping

[0274] FOC Frequency Offset Correction

[0275] FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array

[0276] FR1 Frequency Range 1

[0277] gNB is a base station for 5G / NR, i.e., a node that provides NR user plane and control plane protocol termination to the UE and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface

[0278] GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

[0279] HAPS High Altitude Platform Station

[0280] HMI Hazards Misleading Information

[0281] HW Hardware

[0282] IA Integrity Availability

[0283] IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul

[0284] I / F Interface

[0285] I / O Input / Output

[0286] IoT

[0287] KPI Key Performance Indicator

[0288] LCS Location Services

[0289] LMF Location Management Function

[0290] LPP LTE Positioning Protocol

[0291] LPWA Low Power Wide Area

[0292] LTE Long Term Evolution (4G)

[0293] MAC Media Access Control

[0294] MI Misleading Information

[0295] MME Mobility Management Entity

[0296] MRO mobility robustness optimization

[0297] MTC Machine Type Communication

[0298] NB-IoT Narrowband Internet of Things

[0299] NCE Network Control Element

[0300] ng or NG new generation

[0301] ng-eNB Next-generation eNB NG-RAN Next Generation Radio Access Network Non-BL Non-bandwidth limited NR New Radio NRPPa NR Positioning Protocol A N / W Network

[0302] OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol PHY Physical Layer PE positioning error PL Protection Level PRS Positioning Reference Signal RAM Random Access Memory RAN Radio Access Network RAN1 Radio Layer 1

[0303] RAN RAN Working Group 2 RedCap Reduced Capacity Rel release RLC Radio Link Control ROM Read Only Memory RP RAN Plenary Meeting RRC Radio Resource Control RS reference signal RSTD Reference Signal Time Difference RTOA Relative time of arrival RU Radio Unit Rx Receiver or Receiver SCS Subcarrier Spacing SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol

[0304] SGW Service Gateway

[0305] SMF session management functions

[0306] SON self-organizing / optimizing network

[0307] SRS-P Sounding Reference Signal for Positioning

[0308] SRS Sounding Reference Signal

[0309] TDoA Time Difference of Arrival

[0310] TDD Time Division Duplex

[0311] TIR target integrity risk

[0312] ToA Arrival Time

[0313] ToF Time of Flight

[0314] TR Technical Report

[0315] TRP Transmission Reception Point

[0316] TS Technical Specifications

[0317] TTA Alarm Time

[0318] Tx, TX Transmitter or Transmit

[0319] UAV

[0320] UE User Equipment (e.g. wireless device, usually a mobile device) UI

[0321] UL Uplink

[0322] UPF User Plane Function

[0323] USB Universal Serial Bus

[0324] VoLTE Voice over LTE

[0325] X2 Network interface between RAN nodes and between RAN and core network

[0326] Xn Network interface between NG-RAN nodes

[0327] WI Work Item

[0328] WID Work Item Description

Claims

1. A device for communication, comprising: at least one processor; as well as at least one non-transitory memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: Determine Doppler frequency shift information for each transmission receiving point of each frequency hopping block; combining the frequency hopping blocks associated with the positioning reference signals received from the transmission reception points by transmission reception points; determining a time of arrival of the received positioning reference signal from each transmission reception point based on the combined frequency hopping blocks; sending to a location management function at least one of: an average velocity of the device over the frequency hopping block from the corresponding transmission reception point, or an adjusted positioning measurement based on at least one of the determined arrival time, Doppler shift, and velocity of the device; as well as The arrival time for each transmission reception point is sent to the location management function.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: An indication of the number of frequency hopping blocks is received from the location management function.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determining at least one of a compensated time difference measurement or a compensated Rx-Tx time difference measurement for each transmission reception point based on the speed or the average speed of the device from the perspective of the corresponding transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and At least one of the compensated time difference measurement or the compensated Rx-Tx time difference measurement for each transmission reception point is sent to the location management function.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determining a full bandwidth aggregate for each transmission reception point based on the frequency hopping block associated with the positioning reference signal received from the transmission reception point by the combination of transmission reception points; The arrival time of the received positioning reference signal at each transmission reception point is determined based on the full bandwidth aggregation.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein positioning measurements include arrival times, and the arrival times are used with the location management function to determine a positioning reference signal travel time for each transmission reception point as the arrival time of the user equipment with the positioning reference signal for the respective transmission reception point minus a departure time of the positioning reference signal from the respective transmission reception point, and to determine a correction for a transmission reception point as the positioning reference signal travel time for the respective transmission reception point multiplied by the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the respective transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block, wherein a distance of the user equipment to the respective transmission reception point is adjusted based on the correction for the respective transmission reception point.

6. A device for communication, comprising: at least one processor; as well as at least one non-transitory memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: receiving, from a plurality of transmission reception points, an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of each transmission reception point at a corresponding transmission reception point over a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; receiving respective positioning measurements from the plurality of transmission reception points based on a combination of the frequency hopping blocks corresponding to respective times of sounding reference signals received by the transmission reception points from the user equipment, the respective positioning measurements comprising: times of arrival of the sounding reference signals sent from the user equipment; Determining a distance between the user equipment and the plurality of transmission reception points; adjusting the distance of the user equipment from each transmission reception point based on at least one of: the positioning measurement for the transmission reception point, or the average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of each transmission reception point on the frequency hopping block; and The location of the user equipment is determined based on the distance of the user equipment from the transmission reception point adjusted according to the transmission reception point.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determining whether the determined position satisfies a level of completeness or a level of accuracy; and In response to the determined position not satisfying the level of integrity or level of accuracy, a number of frequency hopping blocks is adjusted.

8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: An indication of the number of frequency hopping blocks is sent to at least one transmission reception point of the plurality of transmission reception points.

9. An apparatus for communication, comprising: at least one processor; as well as at least one non-transitory memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: determining Doppler shift information for each frequency hopping block in a plurality of frequency hopping blocks; Determining a speed of the user equipment for each frequency hopping block based on the Doppler shift information; determining an average speed of the user equipment from the perspective of the apparatus on the frequency hopping block based on the determined speed; combining the frequency hopping blocks associated with a sounding reference signal received from the user equipment; determining, based on the combination of the frequency hopping blocks, a positioning measurement based on the sounding reference signal received from the user equipment; sending said average speed of said user equipment from said perspective of said device on said frequency hopping block to a location management function; as well as The positioning measurements based on the sounding reference signal received from the user equipment are sent to the location management function.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: An indication of the number of frequency hopping blocks used to determine the Doppler shift information is received from the location management function.

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