Fermented total mixed ration for fattening period of beef cattle and preparation method of fermented total mixed ration

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of biological fermentation, in particular to a fermented total mixed ration for the fattening period of beef cattle and a preparation method thereof.The fermented total mixed ration for the fattening period of beef cattle is prepared from, by weight, 23-28 parts of corn, 14-18 parts of potatoes, 3-6 parts of oil residues, 3-5 parts of cottonseed meal and 1-3 parts of wheat bran through fermentation with Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2 on the basis of dry matter; the feed is prepared from 3-6 parts of sugar beet pulp, 3-6 parts of radix astragali residues, 6-10 parts of wheat straw, 25-30 parts of corncob and 1-2 parts of premix. According to the total mixed ration disclosed by the invention, the digestibility of dry matters, fibers and proteins of the total mixed ration is remarkably improved, the oxidation resistance of the ration is improved, the growth performance and economic benefits of beef cattle are improved, and meanwhile, the serum oxidation resistance and immune performance of the beef cattle are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of biological fermentation, in particular to a fermented complete mixed diet for beef cattle in fattening period and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] According to research, feed costs are the largest expense item in fattening cattle farming, usually accounting for more than 50% of the total cost. The global energy shortage has led to a sharp rise in its price, and indirectly led to an increase in feed prices. This has reduced the competitiveness of animal production that relies on grains, beans and cultivated grass. The increase in production costs may lead to a sharp increase in livestock product prices. How to reduce feed costs is an urgent problem to be solved in the animal husbandry industry.

[0003] Total mixed ration (TMR) is a feeding technology that fully mixes roughage, concentrate, minerals, vitamins and other additives to provide sufficient nutrition to meet the needs of dairy cows. Fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) is a diet with reasonable nutrition and long-term storage that is produced by compacting the fully mixed total mixed ration (TMR) with a professional silage baler, and then using a silage wrapper to tightly seal it with plastic stretch film to create a sealed anaerobic environment for anaerobic fermentation. The advantages of FTMR include increasing feed intake, increasing the proportion of low-cost raw materials to reduce feed costs, reducing the incidence of metabolic and digestive system diseases, and reducing labor input for feeding. Compared with ordinary TMR, FTMR has the advantages of high preparation efficiency, long storage time, strong aerobic stability, good palatability, and easy circulation.

[0004] The cost of defective potato and corncobs is much lower than that of conventional feed in the market, and their utilization rate can be improved after fermentation, thereby reducing waste. At the same time, the microorganisms and microbial metabolites enriched in the fermentation process, such as enzymes and vitamins, help to enhance animal immunity and prevent diseases. Astragalus residue is obtained by water extraction or alcohol extraction of Astragalus membranaceus. It is rich in nutrients, and the residual active ingredients such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, and saponins have the ability to enhance the immune function of animal bodies and improve protein metabolism, thereby improving animal resistance to diseases, reducing breeding costs, and increasing breeding benefits. However, there is no research on the preparation of fermented TMR based on potatoes, corncobs, and Astragalus residue. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention proposes a fermented complete mixed diet for beef cattle in the fattening period and a preparation method thereof, which can increase the economic benefits while improving the immunity of beef cattle, thereby achieving the purpose of double cost savings.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution specifically adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0007] A fermented complete mixed diet for fattening beef cattle is obtained by fermenting the following raw materials in parts by weight (based on dry matter) with Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2:

[0008] 23-28 parts of corn, 14-18 parts of potatoes, 3-6 parts of oil residue, 3-5 parts of cottonseed meal, 1-3 parts of wheat bran, 3-6 parts of beet residue, 3-6 parts of astragalus residue, 6-10 parts of wheat straw, 25-30 parts of corn cobs, and 1-2 parts of premix.

[0009] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned fermented complete mixed diet for beef cattle in fattening period, comprising the following steps:

[0010] S1. Crush the potatoes and astragalus residue and set aside;

[0011] S2. Weigh appropriate amounts of corn, potato, oil residue, cottonseed meal, wheat bran, beet residue, astragalus residue, wheat straw, corn cob and premix according to the formula ratio, and stir the components evenly in a TMR machine;

[0012] S3, spraying the lactic acid bacteria liquid, stirring while spraying, and stirring for 5 minutes after the lactic acid bacteria liquid is sprayed until the lactic acid bacteria additive and the raw materials are fully mixed to obtain a mixture;

[0013] S4, making the mixture into fermented TMR packages, and opening the packages for feeding after fermentation at room temperature for 1 month.

[0014] Furthermore, in step S3, the lactic acid bacteria are dissolved in tap water that has been left to stand for 24 hours, 1 g of bacterial powder is used for each ton of fermented TMR, and the volume of water used to dissolve the bacterial powder does not exceed 10 L per ton of diet.

[0015] Furthermore, in step S4, if the pH is lower than 4.2 after room temperature fermentation, it is necessary to add an appropriate amount of baking soda to a pH greater than 4.2 to prevent rumen acidosis of beef cattle during feeding.

[0016] The present invention has the following characteristics and beneficial effects:

[0017] The present invention configures a total mixed diet formula that meets the nutritional needs of beef cattle during the fattening period and saves costs, significantly improves the digestibility of dry matter, fiber and protein in the fermented total mixed diet through fermentation, increases the antioxidant performance of the diet, improves the growth performance and economic benefits of beef cattle, and simultaneously improves the antioxidant performance and immune performance of beef cattle serum. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The following embodiments will help those skilled in the art to further understand the present invention, but are not intended to limit the present invention in any form. It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0019] Example

[0020] 1 Test materials

[0021] The fermentation strain inoculated in this experiment was Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2, with a preservation number of CGMCC No. 24966, a functional silage lactic acid bacteria preparation developed by Lanzhou University.

[0022] 1.2 Experimental design

[0023] 1.2.1 Experimental animals, diets and feeding management

[0024] A single-factor completely randomized experimental design was used. Twenty healthy Simmental crossbred beef cattle with similar body weight (380±5.5kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups, with 10 cattle in each group, and each group was housed separately. The control group was fed with farm TMR: 42.18% corn, 9.93% soybean meal, 6.69% oil residue, 6.25% distiller's grains, 10.04% wheat bran, 8.04% wheat straw, 11.31% corn straw, 3.72% premix, and 0.93% salt; the experimental group (FTMR) diet was formulated according to the beef cattle nutrition standard (NRC, 2012): 26 parts corn, 16 parts potato, 5 parts oil residue, 4 parts cottonseed meal, 2 parts wheat bran, 5 parts astragalus residue, 4 parts wet beet pulp, 28 parts corn cob, 8 parts wheat straw, and 2 parts premix. After the potato and astragalus residue were crushed, the raw materials were placed in a TMR machine according to the proportion and mixed evenly. Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2 was added at an amount of 1×10 5 cfu / kg fresh weight, made by wrapping, and started feeding after fermentation at room temperature for 1 month. Before the start of the experiment, the cowshed needs to be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected and dewormed, and a dedicated person is designated to ensure that the drinking water equipment is cleaned and the cowshed is cleaned regularly. During the entire experiment, feeding is carried out once a day at 5:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., and it is ensured that the cattle have free access to clean water around the clock. The trial period is 7 days and the main trial period is 90 days. During the 7-day trial period, the FTMR of the experimental group is increased by 20% of the basic feed every day. The baking soda in the fermented total mixed diet is added before feeding and mixed evenly and fed.

[0025] 1.3 Sample collection and index determination

[0026] 1.3.1 Determination of dietary nutrient composition, fermentation quality and antioxidant properties

[0027] After the fermentation process was completed, the TMR of the control group and the whole mixed feed samples after fermentation were collected from the cattle farm. These samples were divided into two parts, one of which was placed in a constant temperature drying oven set at 65°C for 72 hours. The samples were crushed and screened through a 1.00mm mesh and finally stored in sealed bags. According to the standard method for animal nutrition and feed analysis, the conventional nutrients in the feed samples were determined, including dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid insoluble ash (AIA). From the other part, 20g was taken out and mixed with 180mL of distilled water, squeezed in a juicer for 1min, filtered through four layers of medical gauze, and the filtrate was poured into a conical flask through a short-necked funnel. Next, two 10mL centrifuge tubes were prepared, and about 8mL of filtrate was poured into each tube. 50% concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the first tube to adjust the pH to 2.0 for the determination of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA) and butyric acid (BA). The second tube mixed the filtrate with 25% trichloroacetic acid at a ratio of 4:1, and then stood at room temperature for 60 minutes to allow protein precipitation. After precipitation, the supernatant was collected by centrifugation (18000×g, 15min, 4°C) for determination of soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and the third tube filtrate was not treated. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of FTMR were determined using the Nanjing Jiancheng Antioxidant Kit.

[0028] result:

[0029] After 30 days of FTMR fermentation, its pH was 4.10, the content of lactic acid (LA) was 6.15 (%DM), the content of acetic acid (AA) was 2.07 (%DM), the content of propionic acid (PA) was 0.24 (%DM), the content of butyric acid (BA) was 0, the content of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was 11.64 (%TN), and the content of soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was 13.40 (%DM), indicating that the fermentation quality of the total mixed diet of the experimental group was very good.

[0030] Table 1 Nutrient composition and antioxidant properties of diets (30 days of FTMR fermentation)

[0031]

[0032] As shown in Table 1, the dry matter and fiber content of the experimental group feed were lower than those of the control group, while the protein content of the experimental group feed was slightly higher than that of the control group; compared with the control group, the T-A0C of the experimental group feed increased by 172.09%, the CAT increased by 327.71%, and the SOD increased by 110.01%. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention significantly improve the antioxidant performance of the diet.

[0033] 1.3.2 Determination of fecal nutrient composition and apparent digestibility of nutrients

[0034] 5 days before the end of the feeding experiment, fresh fecal samples of beef cattle need to be collected every 6 hours for 3 consecutive days in three different time periods: morning, noon and evening. About 100g to 150g are collected from each cow each time. After all samples are collected, the fecal samples of each cow are thoroughly mixed. Then, 1 / 10 is taken from the mixed sample, 20% concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to fix the nitrogen content, and it is sealed and stored at -20°C for subsequent determination of the crude protein (CP) content in the feces. The remaining fecal samples are stored at low temperature and brought back to the laboratory, and dried in an oven at 65°C for 72 hours to determine the initial moisture content. Afterwards, the samples were crushed and passed through a 40-mesh sieve for the detection of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid insoluble ash (AIA), and the apparent digestibility of nutrients in each group was calculated, where apparent digestibility of nutrients = 100% - (nutrient content in feces × acid insoluble ash content in feed) / (nutrient content in feed × acid insoluble ash content in feces) × 100%. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0035] Table 2 Apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients (%)

[0036]

[0037] As shown in Table 2, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the experimental group were 58.04%, 69.40%, 59.78% and 57.22%, respectively, which were increased by 13.2%, 26.3%, 32.1% and 29.2% respectively compared with the control group. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention significantly improve the digestibility of dry matter, fiber and protein in the diet.

[0038] 1.3.3 Blood collection, serum antioxidant and immune index determination

[0039] Blood samples were collected on the 90th day of the experiment. Eight cows were randomly selected from each group and blood was collected from the neck vein on an empty stomach in the morning. The blood samples were placed in a 37°C water bath for 30 minutes and centrifuged at 3500r / min for 10 minutes. The supernatant was divided into 0.5mL conical centrifuge tubes and stored in a -20°C refrigerator. The Nanjing Jiancheng Antioxidant Kit was used to determine the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of the serum of beef cattle in different treatment groups. At the same time, the ELISA kit of Shanghai Enzyme-Linked Corporation was used to detect the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the serum of beef cattle in different treatment groups. The results are shown in Table 3.

[0040] Table 3 Results of serum antioxidant and immune index determination

[0041]

[0042]

[0043] As shown in Table 3, the T-AOC, CAT, SOD, IgM, IgA and IgG of the experimental group were 3.20U / mL, 18.24U / mL, 15.96U / mL, 1044.4ug / mL, 294.5ug / mL and 8.03mg / mL, respectively, which were increased by 30.01%, 206.04%, 19.46%, 12.17%, 34.53% and 36.79% respectively compared with the control group, and the IFN-γ of the experimental group was 218.9, which was reduced by 47.49% compared with the control group. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention significantly improve the antioxidant and immune properties of beef cattle serum.

[0044] 1.3.4 Growth performance and economic benefit analysis

[0045] After the pre-feeding trial phase, the fasting weight of the beef cattle participating in the experiment was measured from the first day of the formal trial phase, and their initial weight was recorded. On the last day of the experiment, their weight was recorded again to calculate the average daily weight gain. The results are shown in Table 4. The daily feed intake was measured every week during the formal trial. Based on the weight gain, feed cost and the market price of live cattle in November 2024, the feed weight gain cost, the income and profit brought by weight gain were further calculated. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0046] Table 4 Growth performance of beef cattle

[0047]

[0048] It can be seen from Table 4 that the average daily feed intake of the beef cattle in the experimental group was 10.26 kg / day, an increase of 14.63% over that of the control group. At the same time, the average daily weight gain of the beef cattle in the experimental group was 1.27 kg / head, an increase of 24.51% over that of the control group. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention can increase the average daily feed intake of beef cattle and significantly improve the growth performance of beef cattle.

[0049] Table 5 Economic benefits of beef cattle

[0050]

[0051] As can be seen from Table 5, the total weight gain of the experimental group increased by 24.5% compared with the control group. Due to the increase in daily feed intake, the feed cost increased, but the feed efficiency of the experimental group increased by 8.8% compared with the control group. At the same time, the weight gain income of the experimental group was 1828.8 yuan / head, an increase of 24.5% compared with the control group. Therefore, the final profit of the experimental group increased by 33.6% compared with the control group. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method design of the present invention can significantly improve the economic benefits of beef cattle.

[0052] In summary, the fermented complete mixed diet for beef cattle in fattening period of the present invention significantly improves the digestibility of dry matter, fiber and protein in the diet, increases the antioxidant property of the diet, improves the growth performance and economic benefits of beef cattle, and simultaneously improves the antioxidant property and immune property of beef cattle serum.

[0053] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited by the above embodiments. The above embodiments and descriptions are only preferred examples of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention may have various changes and improvements, which will fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the attached claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A fermented complete mixed diet for beef cattle during the fattening period, characterized in that: Based on dry matter, obtained by lactic acid fermentation of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 23-28 parts of corn, 14-18 parts of potatoes, 3-6 parts of oil residue, 3-5 parts of cottonseed meal, 1-3 parts of wheat bran, 3-6 parts of beet residue, 3-6 parts of astragalus residue, 6-10 parts of wheat straw, 25-30 parts of corn cobs, and 1-2 parts of premix.

2. A fermented total mixed diet for fattening beef cattle as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The lactic acid bacteria is Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2.

3. The method for preparing a fermented total mixed diet for beef cattle in the fattening period according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: The steps include: S1. Crush the potatoes and astragalus residue and set aside; S2. Weigh appropriate amounts of corn, potato, oil residue, cottonseed meal, wheat bran, beet residue, astragalus residue, wheat straw, corn cob and premix according to the formula ratio, and stir the components evenly in a TMR machine; S3, spraying the lactic acid bacteria liquid, stirring while spraying, and stirring for 5 minutes after the lactic acid bacteria liquid is sprayed until the lactic acid bacteria additive and the raw material are fully mixed to obtain a mixture; S4, making the mixture into fermented TMR packages, and opening the packages for feeding after fermentation at room temperature for 1 month.

4. The method for preparing a fermented total mixed ration for beef cattle in fattening period according to claim 3, characterized in that: In the step S3, the lactic acid bacteria are dissolved in tap water that has been left to stand for 24 hours, 1 g of bacterial powder is used for each ton of fermented TMR, and the volume of water for dissolving the bacterial powder does not exceed 10 L per ton of diet.

5. The method for preparing a fermented total mixed diet for beef cattle in the fattening period as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: In step S4, if the pH is lower than 4.2 after room temperature fermentation, it is necessary to add an appropriate amount of baking soda to a pH greater than 4.2.

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