Non-energy-consumption spontaneous reverse osmosis device

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of reverse osmosis, and particularly relates to a non-energy-consumption spontaneous reverse osmosis device which comprises a first semi-permeable membrane and a second semi-permeable membrane, the pore distribution density of the first semi-permeable membrane is lower than that of the second semi-permeable membrane, the space between the first semi-permeable membrane and the second semi-permeable membrane is filled with an aqueous solution, pure water is arranged on the other side of the first semi-permeable membrane, and pure water is arranged on the other side of the second semi-permeable membrane. Liquid containing water is arranged on the other side of the second semi-permeable membrane; the pressure applied by the water solution to the second semi-permeable membrane is smaller than the osmotic pressure of the second semi-permeable membrane, water in the water-containing liquid flows into the water solution through the second semi-permeable membrane due to the osmotic effect, and the pressure applied by the water solution to the first semi-permeable membrane is larger than the osmotic pressure of the first semi-permeable membrane, so that reverse osmosis is formed; and enabling water in the water solution to flow into the pure water through the first semipermeable membrane. According to the invention, the disordered thermal motion of water molecules is spontaneously converted into macroscopic water flow by means of the effect of the nano one-way valve, spontaneous reverse osmosis can be realized without using external electric energy, and environmental heat energy is directly used for acting, so that waste is turned into wealth.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of reverse osmosis, and in particular relates to a self-generating reverse osmosis device without consuming energy. Background Art

[0002] Osmosis and reverse osmosis have been widely used in biology, sewage purification, desalination and other fields. Osmosis is the spontaneous flow of solvent from a low-concentration solution to a high-concentration solution, while reverse osmosis is the pressure on the solution to make the solvent seep out of the solution. It is generally believed that reverse osmosis cannot occur spontaneously and requires energy input to form. Energy is the basis for human survival and development, and energy consumption has aggravated the global temperature rise, which has become a severe challenge. At present, it is believed that the heat energy in the environment is waste heat. Environmental heat energy is widely present in the air, water, earth and other environments, and contains huge energy. If environmental heat energy can be used, it is possible to turn waste into treasure and directly use environmental heat energy to do work. It is expected to solve the problem of human energy sources and eliminate the root cause of energy consumption aggravating the global temperature rise. However, the currently disclosed technology cannot directly utilize environmental heat energy. Summary of the invention

[0003] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a non-energy-consuming spontaneous reverse osmosis device. The present invention directly utilizes environmental thermal energy to do work, realizing the transformation of waste into treasure. It is expected to solve the problem of energy sources for human beings, eliminate the root cause of energy consumption that aggravates global temperature rise, and reduce carbon emissions.

[0004] The present invention is specifically implemented by the following technical solutions.

[0005] A non-energy-consuming spontaneous reverse osmosis device comprises a first semipermeable membrane and a second semipermeable membrane, wherein the pore distribution density of the first semipermeable membrane is lower than that of the second semipermeable membrane, an aqueous solution is filled between the first semipermeable membrane and the second semipermeable membrane, the other side of the first semipermeable membrane is pure water, and the other side of the second semipermeable membrane is a liquid containing water;

[0006] The pressure exerted by the aqueous solution on the second semipermeable membrane is less than the osmotic pressure of the second semipermeable membrane. The osmotic effect causes the water in the liquid containing water to flow into the intermediate aqueous solution through the second semipermeable membrane. The pressure exerted by the aqueous solution on the first semipermeable membrane is greater than the osmotic pressure of the first semipermeable membrane, forming reverse osmosis, so that the water in the aqueous solution flows into the pure water through the first semipermeable membrane.

[0007] Preferably, in the aqueous solution, the particle size of the solute is larger than the pore size of the first semipermeable membrane and the second semipermeable membrane.

[0008] Preferably, the relationship between the first semipermeable membrane or the second semipermeable membrane and the osmotic pressure is:

[0009] π=KcRT

[0010] Among them, π is the osmotic pressure, c is the concentration difference on both sides of the first semipermeable membrane or the second semipermeable membrane, K is the permeability coefficient of the first semipermeable membrane or the second semipermeable membrane, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. It should be noted that this formula is a new osmotic pressure formula derived from the microscopic action mechanism of the osmotic effect, that is, it is compatible with the traditional osmotic pressure formula π=cRT, and predicts new content. When the density of the membrane pore distribution is larger, the permeability coefficient K is larger, and the corresponding osmotic pressure π is larger. When the density of the membrane pore distribution is smaller, the permeability coefficient K is smaller, and the corresponding osmotic pressure π is smaller.

[0011] Preferably, the liquid containing water is pure water, sea water or sewage.

[0012] Preferably, when the liquid containing water is pure water, the device is used to raise water from a low place to a high place or for water supply or for power generation.

[0013] Preferably, when the device is used to raise water from a low place to a high place, it is arranged in sequence from bottom to top: a liquid containing water, the second semipermeable membrane, an aqueous solution, a first semipermeable membrane and pure water, the liquid containing water is pure water, the water in the liquid containing water passes through the second semipermeable membrane from a low place into the aqueous solution, and the water in the aqueous solution passes through the first semipermeable membrane into the pure water at a high place.

[0014] Preferably, when the device is used for water supply, the pure water is delivered to the user end.

[0015] Preferably, when the device is used for power generation, water in the pure water is discharged or allowed to flow into the liquid containing water to form a water flow, and a generator is arranged in the water flow path to generate electricity using the water flow.

[0016] Preferably, when the liquid containing water is seawater or sewage, the device is used for seawater desalination or sewage purification.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0018] The present invention provides a non-energy-consuming spontaneous reverse osmosis device, comprising a first semipermeable membrane and a second semipermeable membrane, wherein the pore distribution density of the first semipermeable membrane is lower than that of the second semipermeable membrane, an aqueous solution is filled between the first semipermeable membrane and the second semipermeable membrane, the other side of the first semipermeable membrane is pure water, and the other side of the second semipermeable membrane is a liquid containing water; the pressure exerted by the aqueous solution on the second semipermeable membrane is less than the osmotic pressure of the second semipermeable membrane, and the osmotic effect causes the water in the liquid containing water to flow through the second semipermeable membrane into the intermediate aqueous solution, and the pressure exerted by the aqueous solution on the first semipermeable membrane is greater than the osmotic pressure of the first semipermeable membrane, forming reverse osmosis, causing the water in the aqueous solution to flow through the first semipermeable membrane into the pure water. Through the above process, water can be continuously flowed from one side of the second semipermeable membrane to the other side of the first semipermeable membrane, and the above process is carried out by relying on molecular thermal motion, which is essentially a process in which the chaotic thermal motion of water molecules is spontaneously converted into a macroscopic water flow by means of a nano one-way valve effect, and the application of spontaneous reverse osmosis can be realized without using external electrical energy. The present invention directly utilizes environmental thermal energy to do work, thus turning waste into treasure. It is expected to solve the problem of energy sources for mankind, eliminate the root cause of energy consumption that exacerbates global temperature rise, and reduce carbon emissions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the microscopic action mechanism of the permeation effect nano one-way valve.

[0020] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the spontaneous reverse osmosis device using the membrane pore difference method.

[0021] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of spontaneous reverse osmosis circulation system.

[0022] Figure 4 Schematic diagram of spontaneous reverse osmosis cycle power generation.

[0023] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a spontaneous reverse osmosis unpowered water extraction device.

[0024] Figure 6 This is a real picture of the water level difference experiment.

[0025] Figure 7 This is the water level at the beginning of the experiment.

[0026] Figure 8 This is the water level condition during the one-hour experiment.

[0027] Fig. 9 This is a physical picture of the water lifting experiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention and implement it, the present invention is further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and drawings, but the embodiments are not intended to limit the present invention. The experimental methods and detection methods described in the following embodiments are conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the reagents and materials described are all commercially available unless otherwise specified.

[0029] The present invention provides a non-energy-consuming spontaneous reverse osmosis device, such as Figure 2 As shown, it includes a first semipermeable membrane 1 and a second semipermeable membrane 2, the pore distribution density of the first semipermeable membrane 1 is lower than the pore distribution density of the second semipermeable membrane 2, an aqueous solution 3 is filled between the first semipermeable membrane 1 and the second semipermeable membrane 2, the other side of the first semipermeable membrane 1 is pure water 4, and the other side of the second semipermeable membrane 2 is a liquid 5 containing water.

[0030] The pressure exerted by the aqueous solution 3 on the second semipermeable membrane 2 is less than the osmotic pressure of the second semipermeable membrane 2, and the osmotic effect causes the water in the water-containing liquid 5 to flow through the second semipermeable membrane 2 to the intermediate aqueous solution 3, and the pressure exerted by the aqueous solution 3 on the first semipermeable membrane 1 is greater than the osmotic pressure of the first semipermeable membrane 1, forming reverse osmosis, causing the water in the aqueous solution 3 to flow through the first semipermeable membrane 1 to the pure water 4. In the aqueous solution 3, the particle size of the solute is larger than the pore size of the first semipermeable membrane 1 and the second semipermeable membrane 2. The water-containing liquid 5 is pure water, seawater or sewage.

[0031] It should be noted that, in practical applications, a semipermeable membrane with a specific pore distribution density can be individually customized, or the pore distribution density of the semipermeable membrane can be adjusted by stacking multiple semipermeable membranes. For example, multiple second semipermeable membranes 2 can be stacked to prepare a first semipermeable membrane 1. The pore distribution density of the stacked second semipermeable membranes 2 is reduced due to mutual shielding, and the number and stacking method of the stacked second semipermeable membranes 2 can be adjusted according to actual needs.

[0032] In order to verify the feasibility of the above method, the present invention conducted the following experiments: the liquid 5 containing water was set to pure water, and two second semipermeable membranes 2 were stacked to form the first semipermeable membrane 1, and a water level difference experiment and a water extraction experiment were carried out respectively. Figure 2 As shown in the experimental figure, Figure 6 As shown, initially, the water levels of the pure water 4 and the liquid 5 containing water are equal (as shown in FIG. Figure 7 At B in the figure, after one hour, the water level of pure water 4 is about 330 mm higher than that of liquid 5 containing water (e.g. Figure 8 The experiment proves that the high water level can still rise when the water level difference is preset to 12.6m. The water lifting experiment, the experimental principle is shown as follows Figure 5 As shown in the experimental figure, Fig. 9As shown, the water lifting height is about 28mm, and one drop of water falls every 6 seconds. The experiment proves that the technical principle is feasible and the method is effective.

[0033] In the above content, the pore distribution density of the first semipermeable membrane 1 is lower than that of the second semipermeable membrane 2, so that the osmotic pressure corresponding to one side of the first semipermeable membrane 1 is low and the osmotic pressure corresponding to one side of the second semipermeable membrane 2 is high. The theoretical basis is explained as follows.

[0034] The relationship between semipermeable membrane and osmotic pressure is:

[0035] π=KcRT

[0036] Where π is the osmotic pressure, c is the concentration difference of the aqueous solution on both sides of the semipermeable membrane, K is the semipermeable membrane permeability coefficient, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. It should be noted that compared with the traditional osmotic pressure formula, the Van'toff formula π=cRT, this formula has an additional permeability coefficient K, which reflects that the osmotic pressure is related to the membrane pore distribution density. When the membrane pores are dense enough, K=1, and the above formula returns to the Van'toff formula, which is exactly the same as the Van'toff formula. This shows that the Van'toff formula is only an idealized special case of this osmotic pressure formula, and the new formula provided by the present invention is compatible with the Van'toff formula.

[0037] The derivation process of the osmotic pressure formula of the present invention is specifically as follows:

[0038] The osmotic effect is a phenomenon in which solute particles in an aqueous solution block the pores of a semipermeable membrane, causing asymmetric bidirectional diffusion of water molecules on both sides of the membrane. More water molecules pass through the semipermeable membrane from the low-concentration side to the high-concentration side. Its power comes from the kinetic energy of the molecules' own thermal motion and is completely spontaneous. The microscopic mechanism of the osmotic effect nano one-way valve is as follows: Figure 1 shown.

[0039] Figure 1 In the figure, the black vertical line represents the container wall, the blue horizontal thick dashed line represents the semipermeable membrane, the blue balls represent water molecules, the black balls represent solute particles, and the red thin dashed lines and the black thin dashed lines are both marking lines. According to the principle of nano one-way valve, the black solute particles and the membrane pores together form a nano one-way valve, which blocks the diffusion of water molecules from top to bottom but allows water molecules to diffuse from bottom to top. Not all solute particles can form a nano one-way valve with the membrane pores, only the solute particles at the membrane interface can do so. If the solute particle is too far away from the membrane and there are water molecules between the particle and the membrane, the particle cannot prevent these water molecules from diffusing through the semipermeable membrane pores, and it cannot form a nano one-way valve with the membrane pores. We call the area in the short range of the membrane interface, where the solute particles can form a nano one-way valve with the membrane pores, the "effective area of ​​the nano one-way valve action interface". Figure 1The red dotted box marks the three black particles in the box and can form a nano one-way valve with the membrane pores below, while the two black particles above cannot prevent the water molecules from passing through the membrane pores due to the presence of water molecules. These two particles cannot form a nano one-way valve with the membrane pores and are outside the working interface. Figure 1 In the figure, the thickness of the interface is marked by a black dashed line and is denoted as d. If the distance between the particle and the membrane is greater than the diameter of a water molecule, there will be water molecules between them, and the particle will not be able to prevent these water molecules from passing through the semipermeable membrane pores. Therefore, the thickness of the osmotic interface is approximately the size of the solute particle diameter plus the water molecule diameter.

[0040] like Figure 1 As shown, assuming that the density of the solution is ρ, the number of solute particles per unit volume of the solution is n, a semipermeable membrane is set between the solution and pure water, the area of ​​the semipermeable membrane is S, and the thickness of the effective area of ​​the nano-check valve interface is d. Then the volume of the effective area of ​​the nano-check valve interface is dS, the mass of the solution in the area is m=ρdS, and the corresponding number of all solute particles is ndS. Figure 1 In the figure, 6 represents the pores in the semipermeable membrane, 7 represents the water molecules, and 8 represents the solute particles.

[0041] If the pores of the semipermeable membrane are dense enough and the distance between the pores is smaller than the diameter of the solute particles, these solute particles will always block at least one membrane pore and together form a nano one-way valve. Therefore, in an ideal case, the total number of nano one-way valves is dndS. Considering that the actual intervals between the membrane pores may be large, the solute particles in the interface may not have corresponding membrane pores to form a nano one-way valve together. The distribution density of membrane pores directly affects the pairing of particles and pores. When the interval between membrane pores is smaller than the particle diameter, the particle can at least block one membrane pore. When the interval between membrane pores is larger than the particle diameter, the particle may have no pore to block. We agree to call the probability of pairing particles with membrane pores "permeability coefficient K". Obviously, the permeability coefficient K is related to the size of the particles and pores, and also to the distribution density of membrane pores. When the membrane pores are dense enough and the interval between pores is smaller than the particle diameter, the probability of solute particles in the interface blocking the pores is 100%, and K = 1. If the membrane is completely poreless, K = 0. Generally, the probability of solute particles in the interface blocking the pores is greater than 0 and less than 1, that is, 0≤K≤1. In this case, within the effective area volume of the nano-one-way valve action interface, the number of nano-one-way valves that can be formed by pairing particles and holes is KndS.

[0042] We agree that the average time for a water molecule to pass through each membrane pore is a "permeation cycle", and the permeation and result of a permeation cycle of the entire semipermeable membrane is called "one permeation". Each nano one-way valve corresponds to one water molecule, and in one permeation, KndS nano one-way valves will cause KndS more water molecules to enter the upper solution from bottom to top than to enter the water from top to bottom.

[0043] The physical quantity that characterizes the strength of molecular thermal motion is the average molecular kinetic energy, and the macroscopic temperature is a measure of the average molecular kinetic energy. For ideal gas molecules, the relationship between the average molecular translational kinetic energy and temperature is:

[0044]

[0045] Where R is the universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J / k.mol, N A is Avogadro's constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature, and the unit is K. This formula is also considered to be applicable to the relationship between the average kinetic energy of molecules in a solution and temperature.

[0046] According to formula (1), the sum of the kinetic energy of KndS water molecules is:

[0047]

[0048] Figure 1 In the solution, KndS water molecules pass through the semipermeable membrane and bring a total of After several collisions between these water molecules and particles, the kinetic energy is dispersed and transferred to each particle and each direction. Considering that there is no special superior direction for molecular motion in three-dimensional space, ideally the kinetic energy allocated to the three dimensions is equal, and the kinetic energy obtained in each dimension is 1 / 3 of the total kinetic energy mentioned above, that is:

[0049]

[0050] If the solution flows unrestricted after osmosis, the water molecules gain kinetic energy, which causes the liquid to flow in the corresponding direction. Figure 1 In the example, the container restricts the horizontal flow of the liquid, but not the vertical flow. Therefore, the vertical kinetic energy will cause the liquid to move vertically. Considering that the liquid is in a gravitational field, this movement causes the solution level to rise and the potential energy to increase.

[0051] So, can a single penetration allow the liquid surface to reach the maximum height corresponding to the vertical kinetic energy at one time? No. Because the effective area of ​​the nano one-way valve interface is very thin, the corresponding amount of water is very small, usually much smaller than the total amount of liquid in the container. The additional kinetic energy brought to the liquid by KndS water molecules passing through the semipermeable membrane can only cause a very small rise in the entire liquid surface. In particular, the surface tension of the liquid is very strong. Before reaching osmotic equilibrium, even if the water molecules that penetrate have strong kinetic energy, it is difficult to break through the surface tension of the liquid and rise alone. They can only rise together with the entire liquid surface, and the remaining kinetic energy still exists in the liquid.

[0052] As the osmosis continues, the liquid level in the container gradually rises, and the potential energy of the liquid continues to increase. The potential energy will be converted into kinetic energy, prompting the water molecules to flow downward from the semipermeable membrane holes faster. Macroscopically, it manifests as an increase in pressure at the bottom of the container, and more water flows out of the semipermeable membrane per unit time. As the liquid level gets higher and higher, the potential energy becomes stronger and stronger, and the incoming water molecules need to contribute more vertical kinetic energy to overcome the potential energy and do work. Eventually, the kinetic energy and number of water molecules flowing out due to the increase in potential energy are balanced with the kinetic energy and number of water molecules flowing in due to osmosis, and the liquid level no longer rises. At this time, the water level pressure of the liquid surface relative to the semipermeable membrane is the osmotic pressure.

[0053] If you want to examine the whole process to derive the osmotic pressure formula, it involves the shape of the container, volume, changes in water flow in and out, changes in solution concentration, duration, etc. It is very complicated and difficult to calculate. But we know that the larger the volume of the solution, the smaller the amount of liquid level rise caused by a single penetration. The smaller the volume of the solution, the greater the liquid level rise caused by a single penetration. Reasoning step by step, if the volume of the solution is as small as the minimum action unit, the amount of liquid level rise caused by a single penetration is the maximum rising capacity of the penetration, or the limit rising capacity.

[0054] Back to Figure 1 The effective area of ​​the nano one-way valve action interface marked with a red dotted box is the smallest action unit (the thinnest solution thickness, the area can be arbitrary). If it is smaller, it will not be a complete, comprehensive and accurate nano one-way valve composition and effect. In this way, the maximum height that the smallest action unit can rise is the maximum height that the penetration can reach.

[0055] Assumptions Figure 1 There is no more solution above, only the liquid in the red dotted area, the smallest action unit. Without considering the solid-liquid interface interaction between the liquid and the container, we examine how high this smallest action unit can rise in one penetration under ideal conditions. Now calculate how much the center of mass of the aqueous solution in this area will move up if all the vertical kinetic energy is converted into liquid potential energy.

[0056] For dilute aqueous solutions, the number of nanometer one-way valves that can be constructed is small, and the number of water molecules entering the effective area of ​​the interface from below is small. For the sake of simplicity, we ignore their mass and volume in the calculation. The minimum action unit is very thin, and we ignore the initial gravitational potential energy of the liquid in this unit.

[0057] The kinetic energy to potential energy conversion relationship is mgh = E, where m is the mass of the object, g is the gravitational acceleration, and h is the height of the object. Specifically, the mass of the liquid m = ρdS, and substituting m and the value of E1 in formula (3) into the kinetic energy to potential energy conversion formula is:

[0058]

[0059] The two sides have about dS:

[0060]

[0061] (5) reflects the maximum height that the center of mass of the liquid unit with the minimum penetration effect can reach. However, we are concerned about the liquid level height, and the center of mass height can be converted to the liquid level height. For a liquid column with equal cross-section, its center of mass is located at the midpoint of the liquid column, and the liquid level height is twice the center of mass height. Let the liquid level height be H, then

[0062] Substituting it into (5) and eliminating 1 / 2, we have:

[0063]

[0064] This is the maximum height that the liquid level can reach in one minimum penetration unit.

[0065] Considering that ρgH is the liquid level pressure, the traditional symbol of the osmotic pressure formula is adopted, which is recorded as π, and It is the molar concentration per unit volume, using the traditional symbol of the osmotic pressure formula, denoted as c, and formula (6) is rewritten as:

[0066] π=KcRT (7)

[0067] Furthermore, when both sides of the semipermeable membrane are aqueous solutions, it can be proved that c in the formula represents the concentration difference of the aqueous solutions on both sides.

[0068] This is the osmotic pressure formula derived according to the nano-check valve mechanism. Compared with the Van't Hoff formula, it has an additional permeability coefficient K, which reflects that the osmotic pressure is related to the membrane pore distribution density.

[0069] When the membrane pores are dense enough, K = 1, and equation (7) returns to the van't hoff formula:

[0070] π=cRT (8)

[0071] This formula is exactly the same as the Van't Hoff formula, which shows that the Van't Hoff formula is only an idealized special case of this osmotic pressure formula, and the new formula is compatible with the Van't Hoff formula.

[0072] Liquid pressure depends on the height of the liquid and has nothing to do with the cross-sectional area of ​​the liquid, the size of the water body, etc. The movement of liquid molecules inside the liquid does not need to consider the interface effect. The maximum height that can be reached by the smallest penetration unit at one time is also the maximum height that can be reached by the entire liquid penetration effect. When the container is large and the amount of water is large, it takes several penetrations to reach the maximum height.

[0073] Formula (7) shows that the osmotic pressure depends not only on the liquid concentration and temperature, but also on the characteristics of the membrane. When the membrane pore distribution density is larger, the osmotic pressure is higher; when the membrane pore distribution density is lower, the osmotic pressure is lower. The same solution will have different osmotic pressures when separated by two semipermeable membranes with the same pore size but different pore distribution densities.

[0074] The explanation of the permeation mechanism and the derivation of the formula of the nano one-way valve model further reveal the microscopic mechanism of the permeation effect, which can explain both what the traditional permeation mechanism can explain and what the traditional permeation mechanism cannot explain, including but not limited to the following parts.

[0075] A. The energy basis of osmosis is molecular thermal motion. The reason why solvent molecules can penetrate the semipermeable membrane is due to the diffusion of molecular thermal motion. The rise in the liquid level of the aqueous solution is caused by the partial conversion of the kinetic energy of the thermal motion of water molecules into liquid potential energy. The more intense the molecular thermal motion, the higher the osmotic pressure formed. If the diffusion motion of molecules is lost, for example, when water freezes, it cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane and cannot form an osmotic effect. The macroscopic manifestation of molecular thermal motion is temperature. The higher the temperature, the greater the osmotic pressure.

[0076] B. Osmosis is an interfacial effect. The osmotic effect originates from the blocking of the semipermeable membrane pores by solute particles. Only particles near the interface layer of the semipermeable membrane can block the membrane pores and prevent solute particles from diffusing through the semipermeable membrane pores. Particles far away cannot play a blocking role. Therefore, it is the solution concentration at the interface of the semipermeable membrane rather than the concentration of the entire solution that determines the size of the osmotic pressure.

[0077] C. Osmotic pressure is related to membrane properties. The new osmotic pressure formula shows that the osmotic pressure is not only proportional to the concentration and temperature of the solution, but also related to the distribution density of the membrane pores. The sparser the membrane pores, the fewer the number of nano-one-way valves that can be paired with the membrane pores by the solute particles, and the lower the osmotic pressure. In fact, this situation is equivalent to a decrease in the concentration of the solute particles, which is a decrease in the number of nano-one-way valves.

[0078] D. The osmotic pressure has nothing to do with the water absorption properties of the solute. In the nano one-way valve model, the solute particles only block the membrane pores, which is obviously unrelated to their water absorption properties, chemical properties, etc., but the prerequisite is that the solute particles do not adhere to the semipermeable membrane.

[0079] The Van'toff formula is an ideal osmotic pressure formula. The new osmotic pressure formula can degenerate into the Van'toff formula under ideal conditions, which proves the correctness of the new interpretation and formula derivation to a certain extent. The new interpretation and formula are more widely applicable and more predictive. There are two ways to test the correctness of the new formula. One is the "concentration difference method" that causes the osmotic pressure difference by regulating the interface concentration at the semipermeable membrane, and the other is the "membrane pore difference method" that causes the osmotic pressure difference by selecting two semipermeable membranes with different pore densities.

[0080] When the other side of the second semipermeable membrane 2 is filled with pure water, Figure 2 To elaborate the corresponding ideas. Figure 2 In the figure, the black line represents the container wall, the blue on the left and right sides of the container represent pure water, the water drop pattern represents the aqueous solution, the light red on the left represents a semipermeable membrane with sparse pores (i.e., the first semipermeable membrane 1), and the dark red on the right represents a semipermeable membrane with dense pores (i.e., the second semipermeable membrane 2). According to the new osmotic pressure formula, the pores of the left semipermeable membrane are sparse, and the corresponding osmotic pressure is low, while the pores of the right semipermeable membrane are dense, and the corresponding osmotic pressure is high. The water on the left and right sides will spontaneously penetrate into the aqueous solution 3, and the pressure in the middle will increase. The pore distribution density of the first semipermeable membrane 1 is lower than that of the second semipermeable membrane 2, so that the osmotic pressure corresponding to one side of the first semipermeable membrane 1 is low, and the osmotic pressure corresponding to one side of the second semipermeable membrane 2 is high. The aqueous solution is in the middle with high concentration. The water on the left and right sides will spontaneously penetrate into the aqueous solution 3, and the pressure in the middle will increase. When the water on the left and right sides penetrates into the middle and its pressure reaches the corresponding osmotic pressure on the left (i.e., the osmotic pressure corresponding to the first semipermeable membrane 1), the water on the left will no longer penetrate. The water on the right side will continue to infiltrate if it has not reached the osmotic pressure. The pressure in the middle part will continue to rise and gradually become greater than the osmotic pressure on the left side. This pressure difference will cause the aqueous solution to form reverse osmosis on the left semipermeable membrane (i.e., the first semipermeable membrane 1), squeeze out the water, and flow to the left. In this way, the water on the right side will continue to infiltrate spontaneously, and the water on the left side will continue to spontaneously seep out. Macroscopically, it is a one-way flow until both sides reach pressure balance, the water on the right side will no longer infiltrate, and the water on the left side will also stop seeping out, and the system will reach a state of equilibrium. As long as the following conditions are defined: the pressure applied by the aqueous solution 3 to the second semipermeable membrane 2 is less than the osmotic pressure of the second semipermeable membrane 2, the osmotic effect can make the water in the liquid 5 containing water flow through the second semipermeable membrane 2 to the middle aqueous solution 3, and the pressure applied by the aqueous solution 3 to the first semipermeable membrane 1 is greater than the osmotic pressure of the first semipermeable membrane 1, forming reverse osmosis, so that the water in the aqueous solution 3 flows through the first semipermeable membrane 1 to the pure water 4, thus forming a macroscopic water flow phenomenon in which water continuously flows from the right side of the second semipermeable membrane 2 to the left side of the second semipermeable membrane 1.

[0081] Similarly, assuming that the pressure in the middle is H C The water pressures on the left and right sides are H L , H R The permeability coefficients of the left and right semi-permeable membranes are K L , K R The corresponding osmotic pressures on the left and right sides are π L , π R .

[0082] At this point, the new osmotic pressure formula can be deduced:

[0083] H L -H R =K R cRT-KL cRT=(K R -K L )cRT (9)

[0084] The above formula shows that the different permeability coefficients K of the two semipermeable membranes will also cause different water level differences on the left and right sides. In particular, when the solution concentration c is high enough, K R , K L When the difference is large, the osmotic pressure difference between the left and right sides is obvious. R =1, K L =0.1, when c is 10% concentration, its osmotic pressure difference corresponds to the osmotic pressure of 9% concentration liquid, and the water level difference can reach hundreds of meters.

[0085] Theoretically, the solute in the device is locked by two semi-permeable membranes and does not leak out, the solution concentration remains unchanged, energy is not lost, and no energy is consumed during operation. Spontaneous reverse osmosis by membrane pore difference method does not require any external force fields such as electric field and magnetic field, and is not restricted by solute type. It is easy to produce a large osmotic pressure difference and can be developed as a priority.

[0086] In view of the fact that the device realizes the one-way valve effect by means of the osmosis principle, the device can be called an osmosis one-way valve and can be used in the following applications.

[0087] Application Example 1

[0088] If in Figure 2 When the left side has not yet reached the equilibrium water level (for example, half the height), let the water flow to the right and fall. Figure 3 As shown, the water on the right will flow to the left through the solution, and the water level on the left will rise and then fall to the right, forming a continuous water flow cycle. As long as the semipermeable membrane completely locks the solute and the concentration in the middle chamber remains unchanged, this water flow cycle will never stop. Figure 3 As shown in the figure, a turbine generator is added to the lower end of the right water drop, and the water flow is used to generate electricity, so that energy can be continuously output, thereby achieving the purpose of using the infiltration effect to gather energy from the environment to generate electricity. Figure 4 shown.

[0089] Specifically, the pure water 4 flows into the liquid 5 containing water, and a generator is provided between the pure water 4 and the liquid 5 containing water to generate electricity using the water flow.

[0090] In addition, it should be noted that as long as a water flow is formed, it can be used for power generation. In addition to the above-mentioned vertical water flow, the water in the pure water 4 can be discharged or the pure water 4 can be flowed into the liquid 5 containing water to form a horizontal water flow. A generator is set at the water flow to generate electricity.

[0091] On the surface, spontaneous reverse osmosis cycle power generation seems to violate the law of conservation of energy, but this is not the case. Osmosis is carried out by molecular thermal motion. The above process is essentially the process in which the chaotic thermal motion of water molecules is spontaneously converted into macroscopic water flow power generation with the help of the one-way valve effect. The thermal energy of the water in the device is partially converted into electrical energy and transported outward. The temperature of the water will decrease. When the ambient temperature is high, the heat will spontaneously flow from the high temperature to the low temperature, replenishing the environmental thermal energy of the water, maintaining work and continuous external energy output. The whole process conserves energy. Therefore, this type of power generation is essentially the conversion of environmental thermal energy into electrical energy, which is then converted into heat energy and returned to the environment after consumption. The temperature diffuses, replenishing the thermal energy at the power generation site, and continuing to support the operation of the system, forming a cycle.

[0092] Air has a small heat capacity and poor thermal conductivity, while water has a large heat capacity and good thermal conductivity. In practical applications, the above-mentioned power generation device can be sealed and placed in water for operation to enhance its ability to absorb heat from the environment and improve power generation efficiency.

[0093] At present, there is a technology for generating electricity by using the osmotic principle of river-sea salt difference. Norway has taken the lead in developing the world's first river-sea osmotic power generator. Spontaneous reverse osmosis cycle power generation technology looks very similar to river-sea osmotic power generation, but its properties are completely different and its application potential is also very different. The seawater concentration is about 3.5%, and the osmotic power generator can generate a water level difference of about 240 meters. Spontaneous reverse osmosis can achieve a water level difference much higher than that. For example, H L -H R =K R cRT-K L cRT=(K R -K L )cRT where K R =1, K L =0.1, when c is a 10% concentration salt solution, its osmotic pressure difference is equivalent to the osmotic pressure of 9% concentration seawater, about 620 meters water level difference. Seawater salt ions are very small, and river-sea osmotic power generation can only use small-aperture semipermeable membranes, and the water flow rate is small. Spontaneous reverse osmosis cycle power generation can arbitrarily select larger solute particles to match large-aperture semipermeable membranes, and the water flow rate will be significantly improved. Therefore, in theory, spontaneous reverse osmosis cycle power generation can achieve a higher water level difference and a larger water flow rate than river-sea osmotic power generation, and the power generation efficiency will be significantly improved. Pure solution can completely avoid clogging of semipermeable membranes, overcoming the biggest difficulty in the practical application of river-sea osmotic power generation. It is expected that spontaneous reverse osmosis cycle power generation will have more potential and advantages than river-sea osmotic power generation in terms of power generation efficiency, applicability, durability, and economy.

[0094] Application Example 2

[0095] If in Figure 2 When the water level on the left side has not yet reached equilibrium, let the water flow into the upper pool, and a slight deformation will form Figure 5The water is lifted from low to high as shown in the figure. This is the basic principle of non-powered water lifting technology. In theory, the water can be lifted up to several hundred meters, which can be used to meet the needs of daily production and life, and can also be used for energy storage and power generation.

[0096] Specifically, Figure 5 As shown, when the device is used to raise water from a low place to a high place, it is arranged in sequence from bottom to top: a liquid containing water 5, the second semipermeable membrane 2, an aqueous solution 3, a first semipermeable membrane 1 and pure water 4. The liquid containing water 5 is pure water. The water in the liquid containing water 5 passes through the second semipermeable membrane 2 from a low place into the aqueous solution 3, and the water in the aqueous solution 3 passes through the first semipermeable membrane 1 into the pure water 4 at a high place.

[0097] In addition, the pure water 4 can also be directly discharged and delivered to the user end without the need for the above-mentioned vertical arrangement.

[0098] Application Example 3

[0099] The device of the present invention can be used for seawater desalination or sewage purification. In this case, the liquid 5 containing water is seawater or sewage. When the solution on the right is seawater or sewage, the concentration is c R According to the new osmotic pressure formula, it can be deduced that:

[0100] H L -H R =K R (cc R )RT-K L cRT=(K R -K L )cRT-K R c R RT (10)

[0101] The first term on the right side of the above formula (K R -K L )cRT represents the osmotic pressure difference formed by the different semipermeable membranes on the left and right sides. The second term K R c R RT represents the osmotic pressure corresponding to the concentration of seawater or sewage. As long as the first term is greater than the second term, that is, (K R -K L )cRT>K R c R RT can make the water molecules in the seawater and sewage in the right chamber penetrate into the middle chamber and then reverse osmosis into the left chamber, thus realizing energy-free seawater desalination and sewage purification.

[0102] Let's use an example to illustrate that if K R =1, K L = 0.1, the middle chamber is c = 10% concentration salt water, then the first term (K R -K L)cRT corresponds to the osmotic pressure difference of 9% saline, about 620 meters of water level difference. If the right chamber is seawater, 3.5% concentration, then the second term K R c R RT corresponds to a water level difference of about 240 meters. The reverse osmotic pressure obtained by subtracting the second term from the first term is equivalent to the osmotic pressure of 5.5% salt water. The water level difference is about 380 meters, which is equivalent to applying 38 atmospheres of pressure to a normal reverse osmosis desalination device. The effect is obvious. The whole process does not require energy input for pressurization and is carried out spontaneously.

[0103] This analysis also applies to wastewater purification.

[0104] Based on the nanometer one-way valve interpretation model, the present invention expounds the microscopic mechanism of the osmotic effect and derives the osmotic pressure formula. Based on the new interpretation and osmotic pressure formula, the membrane pore difference method is proposed to construct a spontaneous reverse osmosis device, forming a one-way valve effect, which allows water to flow from a low place to a high place by itself, achieving the purpose of directly using the ambient temperature energy of water to do work.

[0105] The relevant principles and methods help to achieve the following fundamental breakthroughs and have great theoretical significance.

[0106] A. Spontaneous reverse osmosis.

[0107] B. Let water flow spontaneously from low to high.

[0108] C. No temperature difference is required, and the ambient temperature energy of water is directly used to do work.

[0109] The above breakthrough has been tested and confirmed by experiments of concentration difference method and membrane difference method. Theoretical breakthroughs are conducive to the birth of new technologies. The core technology formed by this invention is called molecular energy technology from the energy source; from the difference with traditional temperature difference work, it can be called technology without temperature difference heat work; from the principle and function, it can be called permeation check valve technology; from the perspective of phenomenon and energy saving, it can be called non-energy consumption reverse osmosis technology. From the perspective of application, it is expected to promote the emergence of new technologies and have an important impact on related industries and fields.

[0110] Energy is the foundation of human survival and development, and energy consumption exacerbates global temperature rise, which has become a severe challenge. The present invention helps promote people's re-understanding of environmental thermal energy, and no longer simply regards environmental thermal energy as waste heat, but may turn waste into treasure. Directly using environmental thermal energy to do work is expected to solve the problem of human energy sources and eliminate the root cause of energy consumption exacerbating global temperature rise. It is the clean energy that humans are looking forward to. We hope that it will be valued and developed, and molecular energy applications will be started as soon as possible.

[0111] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, they are also intended to be included.

Claims

1. A non-energy-consuming spontaneous reverse osmosis device, characterized in that: The invention comprises a first semipermeable membrane (1) and a second semipermeable membrane (2), wherein the pore distribution density of the first semipermeable membrane (1) is lower than the pore distribution density of the second semipermeable membrane (2), an aqueous solution (3) is filled between the first semipermeable membrane (1) and the second semipermeable membrane (2), the other side of the first semipermeable membrane (1) is pure water (4), and the other side of the second semipermeable membrane (2) is a liquid (5) containing water; The pressure exerted on the second semipermeable membrane (2) by the aqueous solution (3) is less than the osmotic pressure of the second semipermeable membrane (2), and the osmotic effect causes water in the liquid (5) containing water to flow into the aqueous solution (3) through the second semipermeable membrane (2). The pressure exerted on the first semipermeable membrane (1) by the aqueous solution (3) is greater than the osmotic pressure of the first semipermeable membrane (1), forming reverse osmosis, causing water in the aqueous solution (3) to flow into the pure water (4) through the first semipermeable membrane (1).

2. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the aqueous solution (3), the particle size of the solute is larger than the pore size of the first semipermeable membrane (1) and the second semipermeable membrane (2).

3. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The relationship between the first semipermeable membrane (1) or the second semipermeable membrane (2) and the osmotic pressure is: π = KcRT; Wherein, π is the osmotic pressure, c is the concentration difference across the first semipermeable membrane (1) or the second semipermeable membrane (2), K is the permeability coefficient of the first semipermeable membrane (1) or the second semipermeable membrane (2), R is the universal gas constant, and T is the thermodynamic temperature.

4. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The water-containing liquid (5) is pure water, seawater or sewage.

5. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 4, characterized in that: When the liquid (5) containing water is pure water, the device is used to raise water from a low place to a high place or to supply water or to generate electricity.

6. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 5, characterized in that: When the device is used to raise water from a low place to a high place, the following components are arranged in order from bottom to top: a liquid containing water (5), a second semipermeable membrane (2), an aqueous solution (3), a first semipermeable membrane (1) and pure water (4); the liquid containing water (5) is pure water; water in the liquid containing water (5) passes through the second semipermeable membrane (2) from a low place into the aqueous solution (3); and water in the aqueous solution (3) passes through the first semipermeable membrane (1) into the pure water (4) at a high place.

7. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 5, characterized in that: When the device is used for water supply, the water in the pure water (4) is transported to the user end.

8. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 5, characterized in that: When the device is used to generate electricity, water in the pure water (4) is discharged or allowed to flow into the liquid (5) containing water to form a water flow, and a generator is arranged in the water flow path to generate electricity using the water flow.

9. The energy-free spontaneous reverse osmosis device according to claim 4, characterized in that: When the liquid (5) containing water is seawater or sewage, the device is used for seawater desalination or sewage purification.

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