A method for preparing a composite carrier-supported platinum-based catalyst

Abstract

The present application relates to a kind of preparation methods of composite carrier load platinum-based catalyst, belong to electrochemical energy technology field.The preparation method of the present application includes the following steps: (1) nanometer zirconium oxide, pore-forming agent, carbon precursor are uniformly dispersed in reaction kettle, and mixture A is obtained;(2) under the protection of atmosphere, mixture A is heated and cross-linked in reaction kettle continuously, and mixture B is obtained;(3) under the protection of atmosphere, mixture B continues to be thermally decomposed and pore-forming in reaction kettle, and mixture C is obtained;(4) mixture C continues high-temperature carbonization under the protection of atmosphere, and composite carrier D is obtained;(5) using composite carrier D, the platinum-based catalyst prepared directly by one-step method, the catalyst can be adjusted by adjusting the mass ratio of hydrophilic metal oxide and hydrophobic carbon carrier, thereby significantly adjusting its adaptability to dry and wet conditions.The preparation method has the advantages of simple process, batch preparation, etc.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of electrochemical energy, and relates to a preparation method of a composite carrier loaded platinum-based catalyst. BACKGROUND

[0002] Commercialization of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell puts forward higher requirements on the performance of the fuel cell in dry and wet working conditions. Water in the proton exchange membrane is a channel for proton transmission. If the water content of the catalyst layer is too low, the effective transmission of protons will be affected, thereby reducing the working efficiency of the fuel cell. If the water content of the catalyst layer is too high, the waterlogging of the catalyst layer will occur, which is also not conducive to the electrochemical reaction kinetics. In actual fuel cell applications, in order to improve the performance of the fuel cell in dry and wet working conditions, the adaptability and stability of the fuel cell to different humidity conditions can be improved by selecting appropriate catalyst materials, designing catalyst layer structures and optimizing system design.

[0003] At present, the cathode catalyst is mainly a platinum-carbon catalyst with carbon black as the carrier. Since the carbon black has fewer oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface and exhibits a certain degree of hydrophobicity. In the process of battery operation, the platinum-carbon catalyst is difficult to exhibit high activity and high durability under different humidity conditions. In view of this, the present application provides a preparation method of a composite carrier loaded platinum-based catalyst suitable for dry and wet wide working conditions. A nano-zirconia and porous carbon composite carrier is designed, which can improve its adaptability to different humidity conditions. The platinum-based catalyst is prepared based on the composite carrier. Under high humidity conditions, the catalyst can accelerate the discharge speed of water generated on the surface of the membrane electrode and reduce the dissolution speed of metal ions in the catalyst, thereby improving the high activity and high durability of the catalyst. Under low humidity conditions, the catalyst can improve the water retention capacity of the catalyst layer and accelerate the effective transmission speed of protons in the catalyst layer, thereby improving the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the catalyst. SUMMARY

[0004] The present application aims to provide a preparation method of a composite carrier loaded platinum-based catalyst, which has the characteristics of simple process and batch production.

[0005] The object of the present application can be achieved by the following technical solutions.

[0006] A preparation method of a composite carrier loaded platinum-based catalyst, the preparation method of the catalyst is specifically as follows,

[0007] S1: uniformly dispersing nano-zirconia, a pore-forming agent and a carbon precursor in a mass ratio of 100:(2-20):(20-100) in a reaction kettle to obtain a mixture A;

[0008] S2: under argon atmosphere, the mixture A is reacted in a reaction kettle at 150-250℃ for 2-4h, the stirring speed of the reaction kettle is 300r / min, to obtain mixture B;

[0009] S3: under argon atmosphere, the stirring speed of the reaction kettle is adjusted to 150r / min, the mixture B is further reacted in the reaction kettle at 250-450℃ for 2-4h, to obtain mixture C;

[0010] S4: under argon atmosphere, the reaction temperature is raised to 900℃, the mixture C is further heat treated for 2h, to obtain composite carrier D;

[0011] S5: the composite carrier D is dispersed in deionized water, ultrasonic for 1h, to obtain a dispersion liquid E with a mass fraction of 10%, a transition metal salt aqueous solution with a mass fraction of 30% is added into the dispersion liquid E, the mass ratio of the transition metal salt to the composite carrier D is 3:10, after mixing uniformly, heating at 90℃ for 5h, the mixed slurry is dried at 110℃ for 12h, to obtain a solid mixture, the solid mixture is ground into granules, heat treated at 800℃ for 2h in argon atmosphere, to obtain composite material F;

[0012] S6: platinum salt is dispersed in deionized water, to obtain a platinum salt dispersion liquid G with a mass fraction of 25%, the composite material F is dissolved in an organic solvent, to obtain a composite material F solution with a concentration of 6g / L, the prepared platinum salt dispersion liquid G is added into the composite material F solution, the molar ratio of platinum to transition metal in the composite material F is 3.5:1, continuous stirring, heating at 120℃ for 12h, cooling and filtering, drying at 80℃ for 12h, grinding, to obtain composite material H;

[0013] S7: the obtained composite material H is heat treated at 900℃ for 3h in a hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere, to obtain composite material I, then the composite material I is immersed in a nitric acid solution, dealloying treatment is carried out at 80-100℃ for 12-48h, after the treatment is completed, filtering, drying and ball milling, to obtain the catalyst.

[0014] Further, the average particle size of the nano zirconium oxide in S1 is 20-500nm.

[0015] Further, the pore forming agent in S1 is one or more of azodicarbonamide, azodicarbonic acid diisopropyl ester, ammonium oxalate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate, lithium carbonate.

[0016] Further, the carbon precursor in S1 is one or more of polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, polydopamine, polystyrene, sucrose, starch, chitosan, pitch, resin.

[0017] Further, the transition metal salt in S5 is one or more of cobalt nitrate, manganese nitrate, nickel nitrate, iron nitrate, palladium nitrate, gold nitrate, copper nitrate, chromium nitrate, and iridium nitrate.

[0018] Further, the platinum salt in S6 is chloroplatinic acid.

[0019] Further, the organic solvent in S6 is one or more of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol.

[0020] Further, the concentration of the nitric acid solution in S7 is 0.5M-1M.

[0021] Further, the gas volume percentage of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas in S7 is (5-10)% H2+(90-95)% Ar.

[0022] Further, the pore structure size of the carbon carrier of the catalyst prepared in S7 is 3nm-500nm, and the particle size of the platinum alloy is 2nm-10nm.

[0023] The present application provides a preparation method of a composite carrier supported platinum-based catalyst applicable to dry and wet wide working conditions, which comprises the following steps:

[0024] (1) uniformly dispersing nano zirconium oxide, a pore forming agent, and a carbon precursor in a reaction kettle to obtain a mixture A; (2) continuously heating and cross-linking the mixture A in the reaction kettle under a protective atmosphere to obtain a mixture B; (3) continuously performing thermal decomposition and pore forming on the mixture B in the reaction kettle under a protective atmosphere to obtain a mixture C; (4) continuously high-temperature carbonizing the mixture C under a protective atmosphere to obtain a composite carrier D; and (5) directly preparing a platinum-based catalyst by using the composite carrier D through a one-step method, wherein the catalyst can significantly adjust its adaptability to dry and wet working conditions by adjusting the mass ratio of the hydrophilic metal oxide and the hydrophobic carbon carrier.

[0025] The present application combines nano zirconium oxide, a pore forming agent, and a carbon precursor, and prepares a composite carrier with special structure and performance through a series of heat treatments. The carrier has high specific surface area, good pore structure, and chemical stability, which is beneficial to the dispersion and stability of the platinum-based catalyst. The present application adds the carbon precursor to the carrier to improve the activity of the catalyst. The carbon material has high specific surface area, which is beneficial to the dispersion of platinum nanoparticles, increases the active sites of the catalyst, and thus improves the catalytic efficiency. The carbon material has good mechanical strength and chemical stability, which can protect the platinum nanoparticles from agglomeration or dissolution under harsh conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, and prolongs the service life of the catalyst. By adding the pore forming agent and adjusting the reaction conditions, the composite carrier with porous structure can be obtained, which is beneficial to the mass transfer of reactants and the diffusion of products, and improves the efficiency of the catalytic reaction.

[0026] Nano zirconium oxide is a metal oxide with acidity, alkalinity, oxidation and reduction, and the average particle size can be controlled at about 50 nm, as a p-type semiconductor, easy to produce oxygen vacancies. Compared with carbon black carrier, nano zirconium oxide used for fuel cell cathode catalyst carrier can enhance the interaction between active components and carrier, thereby effectively improving the performance of the catalyst. In addition, by introducing nano zirconium oxide into the carbon carrier, the wettability and hydrophilicity of the composite carrier can also be effectively improved. Therefore, the platinum-based catalyst prepared by using nano zirconium oxide and porous carbon as a composite carrier can effectively improve the activity and matching of the platinum-based catalyst in dry and wet wide working conditions.

[0027] In the preparation of the catalyst, the transition metal is introduced, and through the interaction between the transition metal and platinum, the catalytic performance and stability of the catalyst can be further improved. The platinum salt is loaded in the form of dispersion liquid to ensure the uniform distribution of platinum on the carrier. At the same time, through subsequent heat treatment and dealloying treatment, the structure and performance of the catalyst are further optimized.

[0028] There is electron transfer and sharing between transition metal and platinum, which will cause the change of the electronic structure of platinum. The d-band center position of transition metal is different from that of platinum. When they form an alloy, the d-band center will move, which can affect the adsorption energy and activation energy of the reactants on the surface of the catalyst, thereby optimizing the catalytic performance.

[0029] The addition of transition metal can change the morphology, size and distribution of platinum particles. The optimized platinum particle structure can provide more active sites, which is beneficial to the catalytic reaction. Because the lattice parameters of transition metal and platinum are different, when they are closely combined, lattice distortion will occur, which can change the number and distribution of active sites on the surface of the catalyst, thereby affecting the catalytic activity.

[0030] The beneficial effects of the present application are as follows:

[0031] The composite carrier structure obtained by combining nano zirconium oxide and porous carbon in the present application can effectively widen the matching window of the catalyst carrier to the dry and wet working conditions of the fuel cell.

[0032] The platinum-based catalyst prepared by using nano zirconium oxide and porous carbon as a composite carrier can effectively improve the activity and matching of the platinum-based catalyst in dry and wet wide working conditions. The preparation method has the advantages of simple process, batch production, etc. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0033] In order to facilitate the understanding of those skilled in the art, the present application will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0034] Figure 1 The structure schematic diagram of the composite carrier prepared in Example 1 of the present application.

[0035] Figure 2 Battery performance of the alloy catalyst prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-2 under low humidity conditions (25% humidity / 80°C);

[0036] Figure 3 Battery performance of the alloy catalyst prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-2 under high humidity conditions (95% humidity / 42°C). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] To further explain the technical means and effects adopted by the present application to achieve the predetermined object of the application, the specific embodiments, structures, features and effects according to the present application are described in detail below in combination with the drawings and preferred embodiments.

[0038] Example 1

[0039] S1: 50 g of nano-zirconium oxide (average particle size 50 nm), 1 g of azodicarbonamide, and 80 g of soluble starch were weighed respectively and uniformly dispersed by stirring in a reaction kettle to obtain a mixture A;

[0040] S2: Under an argon atmosphere, the mixture A was reacted at 150°C for 4 h in a 10 L reaction kettle, and the stirring speed of the reaction kettle was 300 r / min to obtain a mixture B;

[0041] S3: Under an argon atmosphere, the stirring speed of the reaction kettle was adjusted to 150 r / min, and the mixture B was continuously reacted at 400°C for 2 h in the reaction kettle to perform thermal decomposition and pore formation, to obtain a mixture C;

[0042] S4: Under an argon atmosphere, the reaction temperature was increased to 900°C, and the mixture C was further heat-treated for 2 h to obtain a composite carrier D;

[0043] S5: 10 g of the composite carrier D was dispersed in deionized water, and ultrasonic treatment was performed for 1 h to obtain a dispersion liquid E with a mass fraction of 10%, and a 30% mass fraction of a cobalt nitrate aqueous solution was added to the dispersion liquid E, wherein the mass ratio of the cobalt nitrate to the composite carrier D was 3:10, and after uniform mixing, heating was performed at 90°C for 5 h to obtain a mixed slurry, and the mixed slurry was dried at 110°C for 12 h to obtain a solid mixture, and the solid mixture was ground into a granular state, and heat treatment was performed at 800°C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere to obtain a composite material F;

[0044] S6: 24.9 g chloroplatinic acid was dispersed in deionized water to obtain a chloroplatinic acid dispersion G with a mass fraction of 25%, and the composite material F was dissolved in 500 ml of ethylene glycol to obtain a composite material F solution with a concentration of 6 g / L, then the prepared platinum salt dispersion G was added to the composite material F solution, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to transition metal in the composite material F was 3.5:1, and the stirring was continued, and the solution was heated at 120℃ for 12 h, and then cooled, filtered, dried at 80℃ for 12 h, and ground to obtain a composite material H;

[0045] S7: The obtained composite material H was heat-treated at 900℃ for 3 h in a hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere with a gas volume percentage of 10% H2+90% Ar to obtain a composite material I, and then the composite material I was immersed in a nitric acid solution with a concentration of 1 M and subjected to dealloying treatment at 80℃ for 48 h, and then filtered, dried, and ball-milled to obtain the Pt-Co / C alloy catalyst.

[0046] In the Pt-Co / complex carrier alloy catalyst prepared in the embodiment, the alloy particles are uniformly distributed on the carbon material, and the average particle size is 4.5 nm; the battery performance of the alloy catalyst under low humidity conditions (25% humidity / 80℃) is as shown in Figure 2 , and the corresponding test standard is the electrocatalyst test method in GB / T20042.4-2009; the battery performance of the alloy catalyst under high humidity conditions (95% humidity / 42℃) is as shown in Figure 3 , and the corresponding test standard is the electrocatalyst test method in GB / T20042.4-2009.

[0047] Example 2

[0048] S1: 50 g of nano-zirconia (average particle size 100 nm), 5 g of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate, and 100 g of polyacrylic acid were weighed respectively and uniformly dispersed in a reaction kettle under stirring to obtain a mixture A;

[0049] S2: The mixture A was reacted at 250℃ for 2 h in a 10 L reaction kettle under an argon atmosphere, and the stirring speed of the reaction kettle was 300 r / min to obtain a mixture B;

[0050] S3: The stirring speed of the reaction kettle was adjusted to 150 r / min under an argon atmosphere, and the mixture B was continuously reacted at 350℃ for 4 h in the reaction kettle to perform thermal decomposition and pore formation, and a mixture C was obtained;

[0051] S4: The reaction temperature was raised to 900℃ under an argon atmosphere, and the mixture C was further heat-treated for 2 h to obtain a complex carrier D;

[0052] S5: 10 g of the composite carrier D was dispersed in deionized water for 1 h to obtain a dispersion E with a mass fraction of 10%, and then 30% of a cobalt nitrate aqueous solution was added to the dispersion E, wherein the mass ratio of cobalt nitrate to the composite carrier D was 3:10, and the mixture was uniformly mixed and heated at 90°C for 5 h to obtain a mixed slurry, which was dried at 110°C for 12 h to obtain a solid mixture, which was ground into particles and heat-treated at 800°C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere to obtain a composite material F;

[0053] S6: 24.9 g of chloroplatinic acid was dispersed in deionized water to obtain a chloroplatinic acid dispersion G with a mass fraction of 25%, and the composite material F was dissolved in 500 ml of ethylene glycol to obtain a composite material F solution with a concentration of 6 g / L, and then the prepared platinum salt dispersion G was added to the composite material F solution, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to transition metals in the composite material F was 3.5:1, and the mixture was continuously stirred and heated at 120°C for 12 h, cooled and filtered, dried at 80°C for 12 h, and ground to obtain a composite material H;

[0054] S7: The obtained composite material H was heat-treated at 1000°C for 1 h in a hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere with a gas volume percentage of 5% H2+95% Ar to obtain a composite material I, and then the composite material I was immersed in a 0.5M nitric acid solution for dealloying treatment at 100°C for 24 h, and after the treatment, the composite material I was filtered, dried, and ball-milled to obtain the Pt-Co / C alloy catalyst.

[0055] Example 3

[0056] S1: 50 g of nano-zirconium oxide (average particle size 200 nm), 10 g of lithium carbonate, and 80 g of sucrose were weighed and uniformly dispersed in a reaction kettle to obtain a mixture A;

[0057] S2: In an argon atmosphere, the mixture A was reacted at 160°C for 4 h in a 10 L reaction kettle, and the stirring speed of the reaction kettle was 300 r / min to obtain a mixture B;

[0058] S3: In an argon atmosphere, the stirring speed of the reaction kettle was adjusted to 150 r / min, and the mixture B was continuously reacted at 450°C for 2 h in the reaction kettle to perform thermal decomposition and pore formation, and a mixture C was obtained;

[0059] S4: In an argon atmosphere, the reaction temperature was increased to 900°C, and the mixture C was further heat-treated for 2 h to obtain a composite carrier D;

[0060] S5: 10 g of the composite carrier D was dispersed in deionized water under ultrasonic for 1 h to obtain a dispersion liquid E with a mass fraction of 10%, and then 30% mass fraction of a cobalt nitrate aqueous solution was added to the dispersion liquid E, wherein the mass ratio of cobalt nitrate to the composite carrier D was 3:10, and the mixture was uniformly mixed and heated at 90°C for 5 h to obtain a mixed slurry, and the mixed slurry was dried at 110°C for 12 h to obtain a solid mixture, and the solid mixture was ground into particles, and the particles were heat-treated at 800°C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere to obtain a composite material F;

[0061] S6: 24.9 g of chloroplatinic acid was dispersed in deionized water to obtain a chloroplatinic acid dispersion liquid G with a mass fraction of 25%, and the composite material F was dissolved in 500 ml of ethylene glycol to obtain a composite material F solution with a concentration of 6 g / L, and then the prepared platinum salt dispersion liquid G was added to the composite material F solution, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to transition metals in the composite material F was 3.5:1, and the stirring was continued, and the mixture was heated at 120°C for 12 h, and then cooled, filtered, dried at 80°C for 12 h, and ground to obtain a composite material H;

[0062] S7: The obtained composite material H was heat-treated at 1000°C for 1 h in a hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere with a volume percentage of 10% H2+90% Ar to obtain a composite material I, and then the composite material I was immersed in a nitric acid solution with a concentration of 0.5 M and treated at 90°C for 12 h, and then filtered, dried, and ball-milled to obtain the Pt-Co / C alloy catalyst.

[0063] Comparative Example 1

[0064] S1: 10 g of nano-zirconia (average particle size 100 nm) was ultrasonically dispersed in deionized water to obtain a dispersion liquid, and then an aqueous solution containing 3.1 g of cobalt nitrate was added to the dispersion liquid, and the mixture was heated at 100°C for 2 h to form a slurry, and then the slurry was dried and ball-milled, and then the mixture was heat-treated at 900°C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere to obtain a composite material;

[0065] S2: An aqueous solution containing 24.9 g of chloroplatinic acid was prepared according to a molar ratio of platinum to transition metals of 3.5:1, and the obtained chloroplatinic acid dispersion liquid was added to a 500 ml dispersion solution of the composite material obtained in S1 in ethylene glycol, and the stirring was continued and the mixture was heated at 120°C for 12 h, and then filtered, dried, and ball-milled to obtain a composite material;

[0066] S3: The composite material obtained in S2 was heat-treated at 1000°C for 1 h in a hydrogen-argon mixed gas with a volume fraction of 10% hydrogen, to obtain a composite material H, and then the composite material H was further treated in a 0.5 M molar concentration nitric acid solution at 90°C for 12 h, and then filtered, dried, and ball-milled to obtain a Pt-Co / zirconia alloy catalyst.

[0067] The support used in Comparative Example 1 does not contain carbon material.

[0068] Comparative Example 2

[0069] S1: 10 g of high surface area carbon black was weighed and dispersed in deionized water under ultrasonic condition to obtain a dispersion liquid. An aqueous solution containing 3.1 g of cobalt nitrate was added to the dispersion liquid, and the mixture was heated at 100°C for 2 h to form a carbon slurry. The slurry was then dried, ball-milled, and heat-treated at 900°C for 2 h under argon atmosphere to obtain a composite material.

[0070] S2: An aqueous solution containing 24.9 g of chloroplatinic acid was prepared according to a molar ratio of platinum to transition metal of 3.5:1. The obtained chloroplatinic acid dispersion liquid was added to a 500 ml dispersion solution of ethylene glycol of the composite material prepared in S1, and the mixture was continuously stirred and heated at 120°C for 12 h. The mixture was then filtered, dried, and ball-milled to obtain a composite material.

[0071] S3: The composite material obtained in S2 was heat-treated at 1000°C for 1 h under a hydrogen argon mixed gas with a volume fraction of hydrogen of 10% to obtain a composite material H. The composite material H was then delidded in a 0.5 M HNO3 solution at 90°C for 12 h. The mixture was then filtered, dried, and ball-milled to obtain a Pt-Co / C alloy catalyst.

[0072] The carbon support used in Comparative Example 2 does not contain zirconia.

[0073] The above description is only the preferred embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application in any form. Although the present application has been disclosed with the preferred embodiments as above, it is not intended to limit the present application. Any person skilled in the art can make some changes or modifications to the above disclosed technical content to obtain equivalent embodiments with equivalent changes, as long as the changes do not deviate from the technical solution of the present application. Any modification, change, equivalent change and modification of the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present application are still within the scope of the technical solution of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a composite support-supported platinum-based catalyst, characterized by, The preparation method of the catalyst is specifically as follows, S1: uniformly dispersing nano zirconium oxide, a pore forming agent and a carbon precursor in a mass ratio of 100:(2-20):(20-100) in a reaction kettle to obtain a mixture A; S2: under an argon atmosphere, reacting the mixture A in the reaction kettle at 150-250 DEG C for 2-4 h, and the stirring speed of the reaction kettle is 300 r / min to obtain a mixture B; S3: under an argon atmosphere, adjusting the stirring speed of the reaction kettle to 150 r / min, and continuously reacting the mixture B in the reaction kettle at 250-450 DEG C for 2-4 h to obtain a mixture C; S4: under an argon atmosphere, increasing the reaction temperature to 900 DEG C, and further heat treating the mixture C for 2 h to obtain a composite carrier D; S5: dispersing the composite carrier D in deionized water, and ultrasonicating for 1 h to obtain a dispersion liquid E with a mass fraction of 10%, adding a transition metal salt aqueous solution with a mass fraction of 30% to the dispersion liquid E, wherein the mass ratio of the transition metal salt to the composite carrier D is 3:10, uniformly mixing, heating at 90 DEG C for 5 h, drying the mixed slurry at 110 DEG C for 12 h to obtain a solid mixture, grinding the solid mixture into a granular shape, heat treating at 800 DEG C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere to obtain a composite material F; S6: dispersing a platinum salt in deionized water to obtain a platinum salt dispersion liquid G with a mass fraction of 25%, dissolving the composite material F in an organic solvent to obtain a composite material F solution with a concentration of 6 g / L, and adding the prepared platinum salt dispersion liquid G to the composite material F solution, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to the transition metal in the composite material F is 3.5:1, continuously stirring, heating at 120 DEG C for 12 h, cooling and filtering, drying at 80 DEG C for 12 h, and grinding to obtain a composite material H; S7: heat treating the obtained composite material H at 900 DEG C for 3 h in a hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere to obtain a composite material I, then immersing the composite material I in a nitric acid solution, and performing dealloying treatment at 80-100 DEG C for 12-48 h, and after the treatment, filtering, drying, and ball milling to obtain the catalyst.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The average particle size of the nano zirconium oxide in S1 is 20-500 nm.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The pore forming agent in S1 is one or more of azodicarbonamide, azodicarbonic acid diisopropyl ester, ammonium oxalate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate, and lithium carbonate.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The carbon precursor in S1 is one or more of polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, polydopamine, polystyrene, sucrose, starch, chitosan, and pitch.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The transition metal salt in S5 is one or more of cobalt nitrate, manganese nitrate, nickel nitrate, iron nitrate, palladium nitrate, gold nitrate, copper nitrate, chromium nitrate, and iridium nitrate.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The platinum salt in S6 is chloroplatinic acid.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The organic solvent in S6 is one or more of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The concentration of the nitric acid solution in S7 is 0.5-1 M.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The hydrogen-argon mixed gas in S7 is (5-10)% H2+(90-95)% Ar.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The pore structure size of the carbon carrier of the catalyst prepared in the S7 is 3nm-500nm, and the particle size of the platinum alloy is 2nm-10nm.

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