Perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of perovskite solar cells based on polymer passivation.Perovskite solar cell is formal perovskite solar cell or trans perovskite solar cell, including conductive glass substrate layer, core layer and metal electrode layer;Core layer is arranged between conductive glass substrate layer and metal electrode layer;Core layer includes electron transport layer, light absorption layer, modification layer and hole transport layer;The core layer of formal perovskite solar cell is mainly composed of electron transport layer, light absorption layer, modification layer and hole transport layer sequentially arranged from bottom to top;The core layer of trans perovskite solar cell is mainly composed of hole transport layer, light absorption layer, modification layer and electron transport layer sequentially arranged from bottom to top.This application passivates defects through polymer functional group coordination on one hand;On the other hand, by polymer, the uniform nucleation of perovskite precursor is controlled, so as to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cell.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of solar cell technology, and more particularly to a perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation. Background Technology

[0002] The application of perovskite materials in solar cells has become one of the most significant research directions in recent years. Since its initial proposal in 2009, perovskite solar cells have rapidly become a hot topic in photovoltaic research. Due to their excellent photoelectric properties, good thermal stability, and low-cost manufacturing processes, perovskites have been widely used in solar cells, photodetectors, lasers, and other fields in recent years. Especially in the field of perovskite solar cells, perovskite materials are seen as a potential alternative to silicon-based solar cells. Compared with traditional silicon-based solar cells, perovskite solar cells have higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and lower production costs. In particular, perovskite materials have very strong light absorption capabilities, effectively absorbing most of the energy in the solar spectrum, thus significantly improving cell performance and attracting considerable attention from researchers and companies.

[0003] Although the efficiency of perovskite solar cells has approached or surpassed that of traditional silicon-based solar cells, their stability remains a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Perovskite materials are susceptible to the effects of moisture, oxygen, and ultraviolet radiation, leading to a decline in their photoelectric performance. Furthermore, some perovskite materials (such as lead-containing perovskites) pose environmental pollution risks, limiting their widespread commercial application. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a polymer-passivated perovskite solar cell. This invention improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells by incorporating polymers.

[0005] The present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0006] I. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation

[0007] The perovskite solar cell is either a conventional perovskite solar cell or an inverted perovskite solar cell. The perovskite solar cell comprises a conductive glass substrate, a core layer, and a metal electrode layer. The core layer is disposed between the conductive glass substrate and the metal electrode layer. The core layer includes an electron transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a modification layer, and a hole transport layer. The core layer of a conventional perovskite solar cell mainly consists of an electron transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a modification layer, and a hole transport layer arranged sequentially from bottom to top. The core layer of an inverted perovskite solar cell mainly consists of a hole transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a modification layer, and an electron transport layer arranged sequentially from bottom to top.

[0008] The light-absorbing layer contains a polymer, and the polymer structure has phenolphthalein and its derivative functional groups. The structural formula of the polymer is:

[0009] or

[0010] ;

[0011] In the structural formula, R is -O, -NH, or -N-(CH2). n -SO3H and -N-(CH2) n -NH2 is one of them.

[0012] The light-absorbing layer of the formal perovskite solar cell is mainly composed of perovskite light-absorbing layer I, which is mainly coated with precursor solution I; the light-absorbing layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell is mainly composed of one of perovskite light-absorbing layer II and perovskite light-absorbing layer III, where perovskite light-absorbing layer II is mainly coated with precursor solution II and perovskite light-absorbing layer III is mainly coated with precursor solution III.

[0013] The precursor solution I contains a polymer with a mass concentration of 0.1-0.9 mg / mL and lead iodide or lead bromide (PbBr2) with a molar concentration of 1.2-1.6 mol / L. The solvent of the precursor solution I is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Preferably, the volume ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is 8-9:2-1.

[0014] The precursor solution II contains a polymer at a mass concentration of 0.3-1.0 mg / mL, lead iodide at a molar concentration of 1.2-1.7 mol / L, formamidin hydroiodide at a molar concentration of 2.0-2.5 mol / L, methylamine hydrochloride at a molar concentration of 0.3-0.5 mol / L, cesium iodide at a molar concentration of 0.15-0.19 mol / L, methylamine hydrobromide at a molar concentration of 0.12-0.15 mol / L, and lead bromide at a molar concentration of 0.13-0.19 mol / L. The solvent of the precursor solution II is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Preferably, the volume ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is 3.5-4:1-1.5.

[0015] The precursor solution III contains a polymer at a mass concentration of 0.1-0.5 mg / mL, lead iodide at a molar concentration of 1.5-1.8 mol / L, formamidin hydroiodate at a molar concentration of 0.8-1.0 mol / L, methylamine hydrochloride at a molar concentration of 0.2-0.4 mol / L, cesium iodide at a molar concentration of 0.05-0.1 mol / L, and methylamine hydroiodate at a molar concentration of 0.15-0.18 mol / L. The solvent of the precursor solution III is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Preferably, the volume ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is 4-5:0.9-1.

[0016] A modification layer is provided between the functional layer of the formal perovskite solar cell and the hole transport layer, and a modification layer is provided between the functional layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell and the electron transport layer.

[0017] The modification layer of the formal perovskite solar cell is mainly formed by spin coating of modification layer solution I, while the modification layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell is mainly formed by spin coating of modification layer solution II or modification layer solution III.

[0018] The original solution I for the modified layer is a modified layer material I with a concentration of 2-6 mg / mL. The modified layer material I contains 1-4.5 mg / mL of phenylethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI) or a phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivative. The phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivative includes one or more of the following phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivatives in which the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by halogen elements: p-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (pF-PEAI), o-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (oF-PEAI), and m-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (mF-PEAI).

[0019] The original solution II of the modification layer is a modification material II with a concentration of 2-4 mg / mL. The modification material II contains phenylethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI), octylamine hydroiodide (OAI), or a phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivative. The phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivative includes one or more of the following: p-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (pF-PEAI), o-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (oF-PEAI), and m-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (mF-PEAI), in which the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by halogen elements.

[0020] The original solution III of the modification layer is a modification material III with a concentration of 1-4 mg / mL. The modification material III contains phenylethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI) or octylamine hydroiodide (OAI) or phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivatives. The phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivatives include one or more of the following phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivatives in which the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by halogen elements: p-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (pF-PEAI), o-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (oF-PEAI), and m-fluorophenylethylamine iodide (mF-PEAI).

[0021] The conductive glass substrate layer is made of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium tin oxide (ITO). The metal electrode layer is made of molybdenum trioxide and silver. The electron transport layer of the formal perovskite solar cell is made of tin oxide. The hole transport layer of the formal perovskite solar cell is made of 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP), lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide (Li-TFSI), and 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD). The electron transport layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell is made of methyl phenyl C-61 butyrate (PCBM). The hole transport layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell is made of nickel oxide.

[0022] II. A method for fabricating perovskite solar cells based on polymer passivation

[0023] The preparation method includes the following steps:

[0024] In the fabrication of formal perovskite solar cells:

[0025] S1. Coating an electron transport layer onto the conductive glass substrate;

[0026] S2. Coat the electron transport layer described in S1 with the light-absorbing layer of a formal perovskite solar cell;

[0027] S3. Coat the light-absorbing layer described in S2 with a modification layer;

[0028] S4. Coat the hole transport layer on the modification layer described in S3;

[0029] S5. A metal electrode layer is deposited on the hole transport layer described in S4 to obtain the formal perovskite solar cell.

[0030] In step S1, coating the electron transport layer specifically involves: ultrasonically treating the SnO2 colloidal aqueous solution for 10-30 minutes and then filtering it; then spin-coating the filtered SnO2 solution onto the FTO or ITO surface and annealing it; wherein the SnO2 colloidal aqueous solution is obtained by mixing a 12% SnO2 solution by mass with deionized water in a volume ratio of 3:1; preferably, ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes is followed by filtration, and annealing on a hot plate at 150°C for 30 minutes to complete the preparation of the electron transport layer.

[0031] In step S2, coating the light-absorbing layer of the formal perovskite solar cell specifically involves: preparing a precursor solution I by adding an N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing the polymer and lead iodide to dimethyl sulfoxide; spin-coating the precursor solution I onto the electron transport layer; and then sequentially performing pre-annealing, adding an organic cation solution, and annealing to form a perovskite light-absorbing layer I on the electron transport layer, thereby forming the light-absorbing layer of the formal perovskite solar cell; the precursor solution I contains a polymer with a mass concentration of 0.1-0.9 mg / mL and lead iodide or lead bromide with a molar concentration of 1.2-1.6 mol / L, and the solvent of the precursor solution I is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.

[0032] The organic cation solution contains formamidin hydroiodide (FAI), methylamine hydroiodide (MAI) at a mass concentration of 5-10 mg / mL, and methylamine hydrochloride (MACl) at a mass concentration of 5-10 mg / mL; the solvent of the organic cation solution is isopropanol (IPA), and the organic cation solution also contains at least one of methylamine hydrobromide (MABr), cesium iodide (CsI), and formamidin hydrochloride (FACl).

[0033] The spin coating conditions on the electron transport layer are: spin coater speed of 3000-5000 r / min, time of 20-40 s; the spin coating conditions on the hole transport layer are: spin coater speed of 3000-4000 r / min, time of 25-40 s.

[0034] In step S3, coating the modification layer on the light-absorbing layer specifically involves coating the light-absorbing layer with modification layer stock solution I to form a modification layer; the modification layer stock solution I contains modification layer material I, which includes phenylethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI) or phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivatives, and the phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivatives include one or more of the phenylethylamine hydroiodide derivatives in which the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by halogen elements, such as pF-PEAI, oF-PEAI, and mF-PEAI.

[0035] In the fabrication of inverted perovskite solar cells:

[0036] D1. A hole transport layer is coated on the conductive glass substrate;

[0037] D2. Coat the hole transport layer described in D1 with a light-absorbing layer of an inverted perovskite solar cell;

[0038] D3. Coat the light-absorbing layer described in D2 with a modification layer;

[0039] D4. Coat an electron transport layer onto the modification layer described in D3;

[0040] D5. A metal electrode layer is deposited on the hole transport layer described in D1 to obtain the inverted perovskite solar cell.

[0041] In step D1, coating the hole transport layer specifically involves: applying a NiO layer... x After sonicating the solution for 10-30 minutes, filter it, and then use the filtered NiO. x The solution is spin-coated onto the FTO or ITO surface, or the SAM solution is spin-coated onto the FTO or ITO surface, followed by annealing; the NiO x The concentration of the solution is 10 mg / mL, and the concentration of the SAM solution is 1 mg / mL. Preferably, NiO... x The solution was sonicated for 20 minutes and then filtered. The filtered NiO x The hole transport layer is prepared by spin-coating the solution onto the FTO or ITO surface and annealing it on a hot plate at 180°C for 15 min; or the hole transport layer is prepared by spin-coating the SAM solution onto the FTO or ITO surface and annealing it on a hot plate at 100°C for 10 min.

[0042] In step D2, coating the light-absorbing layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell specifically involves: spin-coating precursor solution II or precursor solution III onto the hole transport layer, then adding an antisolvent solution followed by annealing to form perovskite light-absorbing layer II or perovskite light-absorbing layer III on the hole transport layer, thereby forming the light-absorbing layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell; the precursor solution II contains a polymer with a mass concentration of 0.3-1.0 mg / mL, lead iodide with a molar concentration of 1.2-1.7 mol / L, formamidinium hydroiodate with a molar concentration of 2.0-2.5 mol / L, methylamine hydrochloride with a molar concentration of 0.3-0.5 mol / L, cesium iodide with a molar concentration of 0.15-0.19 mol / L, and 0.12-0 The precursor solution II contains 0.15 mol / L methylamine hydrobromide and 0.13-0.19 mol / L lead bromide, wherein the solvent of the precursor solution II is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide; the precursor solution III contains 0.1-0.5 mg / mL polymer, 1.5-1.8 mol / L lead iodide, 0.8-1.0 mol / L formamidin hydroiodide, 0.2-0.4 mol / L methylamine hydrochloride, 0.05-0.1 mol / L cesium iodide and 0.15-0.18 mol / L methylamine hydroiodide, wherein the solvent of the precursor solution III is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.

[0043] The antisolvent solution is one of chlorobenzene, anisole, and diethyl ether.

[0044] The spin coating conditions on the hole transport layer are as follows: spin coater speed is 1000-2000 r / min, time is 5-10 s, and 4000-5000 r / min, time is 20-35 s. The spin coating conditions on the electron transport layer are as follows: spin coater speed is 1000-2000 r / min, time is 20-40 s; the antisolvent is added 5-10 s before the end of the spin; the pre-annealing temperature is 60-80℃, time is 30-90 s; the re-annealing temperature is 90-110℃, time is 15-30 min.

[0045] In step D3, coating the modification layer on the light-absorbing layer specifically involves coating the light-absorbing layer with modification layer stock solution II or modification layer stock solution III to form a modification layer; the modification layer stock solution II comprises modification layer material II, which contains phenylethylamine hydroiodate or octylamine hydroiodate or a phenylethylamine hydroiodate derivative, and the phenylethylamine hydroiodate derivative includes one or more of p-fluorophenylethylamine iodine, o-fluorophenylethylamine iodine and m-fluorophenylethylamine iodine; the modification layer stock solution III comprises modification layer material III, which contains phenylethylamine hydroiodate or octylamine hydroiodate or a phenylethylamine hydroiodate derivative, and the phenylethylamine hydroiodate derivative includes one or more of p-fluorophenylethylamine iodine, o-fluorophenylethylamine iodine and m-fluorophenylethylamine iodine.

[0046] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0047] 1. This invention focuses on the research of perovskite light absorption layer defect passivation. Based on the preparation of formal or inverted perovskite solar cells, a polymer is added only to the precursor solution. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the formal device is increased by 21.11% compared with the standard device, and the inverted device is increased by 11.23% compared with the standard device, which greatly improves the device efficiency and stability.

[0048] 2. The present invention utilizes the phenolphthalein and its derivative functional groups in the polymer structure to reduce surface defects through coordination, and the long polymer chain enables the perovskite precursor to nucleate uniformly in the thin film, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device. Attached Figure Description

[0049] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of various polymers used in this invention.

[0050] Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of polymers 1, 2 and 3 used in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0051] Figure 3 This is a JV curve diagram of the perovskite solar cells obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.

[0052] Figure 4 These are stability test diagrams of the perovskite solar cells obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.

[0053] Figure 5 This is a JV curve diagram of the perovskite solar cells obtained in Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 of the present invention.

[0054] Figure 6 These are stability test diagrams of the perovskite solar cells obtained in Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 of the present invention.

[0055] Figure 7 This is a JV curve diagram of the perovskite solar cells obtained in Example 3 and Comparative Example 3 of the present invention.

[0056] Figure 8 These are stability test diagrams of the perovskite solar cells obtained in Example 3 and Comparative Example 3 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0057] All technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The terminology used herein in the description of the invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. The singular forms “a,” “the,” and “the” as used in this application and the appended claims are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0058] Unless otherwise specified in the embodiments of this invention, conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer shall apply. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be obtained through conventional technical means or commercially available.

[0059] The embodiments of the present invention are as follows:

[0060] In embodiments of the present invention, the polymer is derived from, for example... Figure 1 Any of the shown structures, such as Figure 1 As shown in (a) and (b), R can be -O, -NH, or -N-(CH2). n -SO3H, -N-(CH2) n -NH2 any one of the groups (n=0~20).

[0061] Specifically, select a structural formula such as Figure 2 (a) Polymer 1, (b) Polymer 2 and (c) Polymer 3 are shown. Example

[0062] In this embodiment, a precursor solution I containing a polymer 1 solution with a mass concentration of 0.35 mg / mL was used to prepare a formal perovskite solar cell. The light-absorbing layer of the perovskite solar cell obtained in this embodiment is mainly composed of perovskite light-absorbing layer I.

[0063] The specific steps are as follows:

[0064] Step 1: After sequentially cleaning the ITO conductive glass with deionized water, isopropanol, and ethanol solutions, dry it with nitrogen gas and then treat it with an ultraviolet ozone instrument for 20 min. Mix a 15% SnO2 solution with deionized water at a volume ratio of 4:1 and sonicate for 20 min. Spin-coat the prepared SnO2 onto the ITO surface and anneal it on a hot plate at 150℃ for 30 min to form an electron transport layer.

[0065] Step 2: Weigh 0.35 mg of Polymer 1 and dissolve it in DMF. Prepare 1.5 M PbI2 and dissolve it in 900 μL of DMF (containing 0.35 mg / mL Polymer 1) and 100 μL of DMSO. After stirring and dissolving for 12 h, filter to obtain precursor solution I. Spin-coat precursor solution I onto the surface of the electron transport layer using a spin coater at 1700 r / min for 30 s, and then pre-anneal at 75℃ for 45 s. After the substrate is brought back to room temperature, add an organic cation solution dropwise to the center of the perovskite substrate. The organic cation is prepared by dissolving 90 mg of FAI, 6.4 mg of MAI, and 9 mg of MACl in 1 mL of isopropanol IPA. Anneal the substrate at 150℃ for 10 min to form perovskite light-absorbing layer I.

[0066] Step 3: Spin-coat a 1.5 mg / mL octylamino iodide (OAI) modification layer onto the substrate surface.

[0067] Step 4: An acetonitrile solution containing 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and Li-TFSI, and a chlorobenzene solution containing Spiro-OMeTAD are spin-coated onto a perovskite substrate as a hole transport layer.

[0068] Step 5: Place the substrate in the vapor deposition apparatus, first vapor deposit 4.5 nm of molybdenum trioxide, and then vapor deposit 80 nm of silver as the back electrode. Example

[0069] In this embodiment, a precursor solution II containing a polymer 2 solution with a mass concentration of 0.9 mg / mL was used to prepare an inverted perovskite solar cell. The light-absorbing layer of the perovskite solar cell obtained in this embodiment is mainly composed of the perovskite light-absorbing layer II.

[0070] The specific steps are as follows:

[0071] Step 1: After sequentially cleaning with deionized water, isopropanol, and ethanol solutions, the ITO conductive glass was dried with nitrogen gas and then treated with a UV ozone generator for 20 min. NiO at a concentration of 10 mg / mL was then added. x The solution was spin-coated onto the ITO surface and annealed on a hot plate at 180°C for 15 min to form a hole transport layer.

[0072] Step 2: Weigh 0.9 mg of polymer 2 and dissolve it in 1 mL of DMF. After complete dissolution, filter the solution. Then prepare perovskite precursor solution II: Solution A: Weigh 1135.99 mg of PbI2, 385.07 mg of FAI, and 30.24 mg of MACl and dissolve them in 1.28 mL of DMF (containing 0.9 mg / mL of polymer 1) and 0.32 mL of DMSO; Solution B: Weigh 15.66 mg of MABr and 56.53 mg of PbBr2 and dissolve them in 80 μL of DMF and 20 μL of DMSO; Solution C: Weigh 45.38 mg of CsI and dissolve it in 100 μL of DMSO. Stir solutions A, B, and C for 12 h and then mix them to obtain precursor solution II. Precursor solution II was spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at spin coater speeds of 1000 r / min for 10 s and 5000 r / min for 30 s. Chlorobenzene antisolvent was added dropwise during the last 5 s, and the mixture was annealed on a hot plate at 100°C for 30 min. After the substrate was allowed to return to room temperature, perovskite light-absorbing layer II was formed.

[0073] Step 3: Spin-coat a phenylethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI) modification layer with a concentration of 2.4 mg / mL onto the substrate surface.

[0074] Step 4: Spin-coat a 20 mg / mL PCBM onto the substrate surface as a hole transport layer.

[0075] Step 5: Place the substrate in a vapor deposition apparatus and vapor deposit 80 nm of silver as the back electrode. Example

[0076] In this embodiment, a precursor solution III containing a polymer 3 solution with a mass concentration of 0.5 mg / mL was used to prepare an inverted perovskite solar cell. The light-absorbing layer of the perovskite solar cell obtained in this embodiment is mainly composed of the perovskite light-absorbing layer III.

[0077] The specific steps are as follows:

[0078] Step 1: After being cleaned sequentially with deionized water, isopropanol, and ethanol solutions, the ITO conductive glass was dried with nitrogen gas and then treated with a UV ozone instrument for 20 min. 1 mg / mL SAM was then spin-coated in a glove box and annealed at 100°C for 10 min to form a hole transport layer.

[0079] Step 2: Weigh 0.5 mg of polymer 3 and dissolve it in 1 mL of DMF solution. After complete dissolution, filter the solution. Then prepare perovskite precursor solution III: Weigh 1452 mg of PbI2, 438.6 mg of FAI, 30 mg of MACl, 39 mg of CsI, and 47.8 mg of MAI and dissolve them in 1.49 mL of DMF (containing 0.5 mg / mL of polymer 1) and 0.31 mL of DMSO. Stir and dissolve for 12 h to obtain precursor solution III. Spin-coat precursor solution III onto the hole transport layer surface using a spin coater at 1000 r / min for 10 s, 5000 r / min for 30 s, and add anisole antisolvent in the last 15 s. Anneal at 100℃ for 15 min. After the substrate is cooled to room temperature, perovskite light-absorbing layer III is formed.

[0080] Step 3: Spin-coat a phenylethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI) modification layer with a concentration of 2 mg / mL onto the substrate surface.

[0081] Step 4: Spin-coat a PCBM concentration of 15 mg / mL and a BCP concentration of 1 mg / mL onto the substrate surface as a hole transport layer.

[0082] Step 5: Place the substrate in a vapor deposition apparatus and vapor deposit 80 nm of silver as the back electrode.

[0083] Comparative Example 1

[0084] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that polymer 1 was not added to the perovskite precursor solution I in step 2.

[0085] Comparative Example 2

[0086] The difference between this comparative example and Example 2 is that polymer 2 was not added to the perovskite precursor solution II in step 2.

[0087] Comparative Example 3

[0088] The difference between this comparative example and Example 3 is that polymer 3 was not added to the perovskite precursor solution III in step 2.

[0089] The perovskite solar cells prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3 of this invention were subjected to JV curve tests and stability tests, respectively. The test process and results are as follows:

[0090] The battery uses silver as the back electrode. During JV testing, the instrument calibration and assembly method for the formal / reverse perovskite solar cell devices are as follows: First, the Keithley instrument is calibrated using a standard silicon-based solar cell. Then, the prepared battery is placed within it, with the back electrode in contact with the probe in the test cell mold. The positive and negative electrodes of the test cell mold are connected to the positive and negative electrodes of the calibrated Keithley instrument, respectively. A JV curve test is performed on the battery with a given voltage of 1.2 V.

[0091] Figure 3 , Figure 5 and Figure 7 The JV curves are as follows: JV curves of a formal perovskite solar cell (Example 1) containing 0.35 mg / mL polymer 1 in perovskite precursor solution I and a control sample (Comparative Example 1); JV curves of an inverted perovskite solar cell (Example 2) containing 0.9 mg / mL polymer 2 in perovskite precursor solution II and a control sample (Comparative Example 2); and JV curves of an inverted perovskite solar cell (Example 3) containing 0.5 mg / mL polymer 3 and a control sample (Comparative Example 3).

[0092] from Figure 3 As can be seen, the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell prepared by adding polymer 1 to the perovskite precursor solution is 23.12% (Example 1), with corresponding current density Jsc, turn-on voltage Voc, and fill factor FF of 24.73 mA / cm². 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency of Example 1 was 1.146 V and 81.08% compared to Comparative Example 1.

[0093] from Figure 5 As can be seen from the data, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the inverted perovskite solar cell prepared by adding 0.9 mg / mL of polymer 2 to the perovskite precursor solution is 23.61% (Example 2), with corresponding current Jsc, onset voltage Voc, and fill factor FF of 23.95 mA / cm². 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency of Example 3 was 11.23% higher than that of Comparative Example 3, with 1.51V and 23.57%.

[0094] from Figure 7 As can be seen, the inverted perovskite solar cell containing 0.5 mg / mL polymer 3 (Example 3) has a maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency of 23.57%, with corresponding current density Jsc, turn-on voltage Voc, and fill factor FF of 23.95 mA / cm². 2The photoelectric conversion efficiency of Example 3 was 1.151 V and 85.31%. Compared with Comparative Example 3, the photoelectric conversion efficiency was improved by 11.23%.

[0095] Figure 4 , Figure 6 and Figure 8 The figures show the stability test results for the following: Example 1: a perovskite solar cell containing 0.35 mg / mL polymer 1 in a perovskite precursor solution; Example 2: a trans-perovskite solar cell containing 0.9 mg / mL polymer 2 in a perovskite precursor solution; and Example 3: a trans-perovskite solar cell containing 0.5 mg / mL polymer 3 in a perovskite precursor solution; and Example 4: a comparator sample (Comparative Example 5).

[0096] from Figure 4 , Figure 6 and Figure 8 As can be seen, the stability of perovskite solar cells is improved by adding polymers.

[0097] The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited thereto. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, the present invention is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of this application that follow the general principles of this application and include common knowledge or customary technical means in the art that are not disclosed in this application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation, characterized in that: The perovskite solar cell is either a conventional perovskite solar cell or an inverted perovskite solar cell. The perovskite solar cell comprises a conductive glass substrate, a core layer, and a metal electrode layer. The core layer is disposed between the conductive glass substrate and the metal electrode layer. The core layer includes an electron transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a modification layer, and a hole transport layer. The core layer of a conventional perovskite solar cell mainly consists of an electron transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a modification layer, and a hole transport layer arranged sequentially from bottom to top. The core layer of an inverted perovskite solar cell mainly consists of a hole transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a modification layer, and an electron transport layer arranged sequentially from bottom to top. The light-absorbing layer contains a polymer, and the polymer structure has phenolphthalein and its derivative functional groups. The structural formula of the polymer is: or ； In the structural formula, R is -O, -NH, or -N-(CH2). n -SO3H and -N-(CH2) n -NH2 is one of them.

2. The perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The light-absorbing layer of the formal perovskite solar cell is mainly composed of perovskite light-absorbing layer I, which is mainly coated with precursor solution I.

3. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 2, characterized in that: The precursor solution I contains a polymer with a mass concentration of 0.1-0.9 mg / mL and lead iodide or lead bromide with a molar concentration of 1.2-1.6 mol / L. The solvent of the precursor solution I is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, and the volume ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is 8-9:2-1.

4. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The light-absorbing layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell is mainly composed of one of the perovskite light-absorbing layer II and the perovskite light-absorbing layer III. The perovskite light-absorbing layer II is mainly coated with precursor solution II, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer III is mainly coated with precursor solution III.

5. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 4, characterized in that: The precursor solution II contains a polymer at a mass concentration of 0.3-1.0 mg / mL, lead iodide at a molar concentration of 1.2-1.7 mol / L, formamidin hydroiodide at a molar concentration of 2.0-2.5 mol / L, methylamine hydrochloride at a molar concentration of 0.3-0.5 mol / L, cesium iodide at a molar concentration of 0.15-0.19 mol / L, methylamine hydrobromide at a molar concentration of 0.12-0.15 mol / L, and lead bromide at a molar concentration of 0.13-0.19 mol / L. The solvent of the precursor solution II is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, wherein the volume ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is 3.5-4:1-1.

5. The precursor solution III contains a polymer at a mass concentration of 0.1-0.5 mg / mL, lead iodide at a molar concentration of 1.5-1.8 mol / L, formamidin hydroiodate at a molar concentration of 0.8-1.0 mol / L, methylamine hydrochloride at a molar concentration of 0.2-0.4 mol / L, cesium iodide at a molar concentration of 0.05-0.1 mol / L, and methylamine hydroiodate at a molar concentration of 0.15-0.18 mol / L. The solvent of the precursor solution III is a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, wherein the volume ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is 4-5:0.9-1.

6. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The modification layer of the formal perovskite solar cell is mainly formed by spin-coating of modification layer stock solution I. Modification layer stock solution I is modification layer material I with a concentration of 2-6 mg / mL. Modification layer material I contains 1-4.5 mg / mL of phenylethylamine hydroiodate or phenylethylamine hydroiodate derivatives. The phenylethylamine hydroiodate derivatives include one or more of p-fluorophenylethylamine iodine, o-fluorophenylethylamine iodine, and m-fluorophenylethylamine iodine.

7. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The modification layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell is mainly formed by spin coating of modification layer solution II or modification layer solution III. The original solution II of the modification layer is a modification material II with a concentration of 2-4 mg / mL. The modification material II contains phenethylamine hydroiodate or octylamine hydroiodate or a phenethylamine hydroiodate derivative. The phenethylamine hydroiodate derivative includes one or more of p-fluorophenethylamine iodine, o-fluorophenethylamine iodine and m-fluorophenethylamine iodine. The original solution III of the modification layer is a modification layer material III with a concentration of 1-4 mg / mL. The modification layer material III contains phenethylamine hydroiodate or octylamine hydroiodate or phenethylamine hydroiodate derivatives. The phenethylamine hydroiodate derivatives include one or more of p-fluorophenethylamine iodine, o-fluorophenethylamine iodine and m-fluorophenethylamine iodine.

8. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The conductive glass substrate layer is made of fluorine-doped tin oxide or indium tin oxide, and the metal electrode layer is made of molybdenum trioxide and silver.

9. A perovskite solar cell based on polymer passivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electron transport layer of the formal perovskite solar cell contains tin oxide, and the hole transport layer of the formal perovskite solar cell contains 4-tert-butylpyridine, lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide, and 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene; the electron transport layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell contains methyl phenyl C-61 butyrate, and the hole transport layer of the inverted perovskite solar cell contains nickel oxide.

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