Planting mode in functional plant zone of wheat-corn rotation system

Abstract

The invention discloses a planting mode in a functional plant zone of a wheat-corn rotation system, and aims to protect biodiversity, exert the service function of an ecological system and adapt to the conditions of short farming time and limited planting space in North China Plain. According to the mode, dandelion is selected as a functional plant, and sowing can be conducted after summer corn is harvested and before soil is frozen. Through the steps of ploughing, land leveling, ditching and sowing, agricultural film covering and the like, it is ensured that dandelion seedlings emerge and overwinter safely. As a perennial herbaceous plant, dandelion has medicinal and edible value, can conserve natural enemy groups, and provides ecological service for farmland. The mode also considers farming operation convenience, such as reserved tractor-ploughing space, reasonable arrangement of plant zone intervals and the like, and ensures that whole-course mechanical operation of wheat and corn is not influenced. Experiments prove that the mode can effectively increase the diversity of natural enemies on the earth surface and the vegetation layer, reduce the occurrence rate of pests, and bring economic benefits to farmers at the same time.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of planting production, and in particular to a planting mode in a functional plant belt of a wheat-corn rotation system. Background Art

[0002] Intensive planting and production patterns, changes in landscape structure, and the large-scale application of pesticides have caused a decline in biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. At present, planting functional plants in farmland is an important means to protect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, maintain its ecosystem service functions, and promote green and sustainable agricultural development. However, the use of functional plants to conserve natural enemies and exert their pest control functions is still in the initial application stage in the North China Plain, and the screening and promotion of functional plants face great difficulties. In the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in North China, large-scale intensive planting has left very limited space for functional plant planting in farmland. Screening out functional plants with low management intensity, high ecological regulation value, certain economic added value, and no hindrance and interference to agricultural production activities will be the working principle for expanding the promotion and application of functional plants in the wheat-corn rotation system in the North China Plain, which is more acceptable to farmers. At the same time, the rotation system in this region is a two-year three-crop system, and the farming time is quite tight. Therefore, mid-October each year, from the harvest of summer corn to the sowing of winter wheat, becomes the key period for the initial application of functional plants in the target farmland. However, the north will experience a significant drop in temperature after the Frost Descent solar term, which will make it impossible for functional plants to germinate normally and safely overwinter, greatly hindering the role of functional plants in regulating ecosystem service technology and its subsequent promotion and application in the coming year.

[0003] At present, there are mainly two existing technical methods for planting functional plants in farmland to protect biodiversity and play the role of ecosystem services:

[0004] (1) Construction of semi-natural habitats and wildflower belts: Select an area or strip in the cultivated land for habitat management measures such as leaving it fallow or planting wildflowers, providing food resources, natural habitats and shelters for natural enemies and pollinators in the area. However, this method has technical disadvantages: although studies have shown that it helps to protect the diversity of natural enemies and pollinators, the practice of managing within cultivated land is equivalent to occupying cultivated land, reducing the production area of ​​crops, and is not conducive to ensuring the area of ​​cultivated land and food production. At the same time, although fallow semi-natural habitats or wildflower belts provide ecological value, they cannot generate direct economic value.

[0005] (2) Planting of functional plants with direct economic value: Select some plants with direct economic value and high ecological value for semi-natural habitat management of farmland, generally Chinese herbal medicines with large flowering volume. However, this method also has technical disadvantages: if plants with high water and fertilizer requirements and high management intensity are selected, the application management is difficult. If annual plants are selected, they need to be sown every year to achieve the year-round natural enemy conservation and pest control effects. However, the farming season in North China is tight, and the functional plants have missed the best sowing period after corn harvest, so it is difficult to germinate and safely overwinter. If the selected plants are taller, it will affect the mechanized production management of nearby crops to a certain extent. Summary of the invention

[0006] The present invention aims to provide a planting pattern in a functional plant belt in a wheat-corn rotation system, so as to provide a functional plant planting method that can effectively protect biodiversity, exert ecosystem service functions, and adapt to the conditions of tight farming time and limited planting space in the North China Plain.

[0007] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a planting pattern in a functional plant belt of a wheat-corn rotation system, comprising the following steps:

[0008] S1. Select dandelion as the functional plant, and sow dandelion after summer corn is harvested and before the soil freezes;

[0009] S2. Use a tiller to till the land to a depth of 20-25 cm, confirm the soil moisture, use an iron harrow to level the land, clean the dry grass and straw on the surface, and place the excess soil along both sides of the plant belt for subsequent use with agricultural film covering and fixing;

[0010] S3. When sowing, use a hoe to dig three shallow furrows of 1-2 cm in width with a spacing of 20 cm within a range of 1 m. After watering in the shallow furrows, evenly sow the dandelion seeds, cover with soil and gently flatten and compact.

[0011] S4. Keep the soil moist within 1-2 weeks after sowing the seeds, irrigate the wheat with frozen water in winter and green water in spring at the same time, and synchronize the time and amount of fertilization with the crops in the field;

[0012] S5. After the sowing work is completed on the plant belt, insert both ends of bamboo strips into the soil in the vertical direction of the functional plant belt to form an arch as a support frame, with a spacing of 1-1.5m between the bamboo strips. Stretch the agricultural film along the unfolding direction and cover it on the support frame. Take soil on site and cover the agricultural film on both sides of the functional plant belt with soil to fix and compact it.

[0013] S6. Next year, after the wheat has been sprayed with herbicides, the film will be removed and the support poles of the greenhouse will be removed;

[0014] S7. After dismantling the greenhouse, carry out inter-row cultivation and weeding of the malignant weeds in the plant belt. The weeding work should be carried out until the dandelions grow to cover the ridges.

[0015] Specifically, the width of the agricultural film is 1.5 times that of the functional plant belt, and the length of the support frame is equal to the width of the agricultural film. The width of the functional plant belt is 1m, the width of the agricultural film is 1.5m, the specification of the film is 0.02mm, and the specification of the bamboo support frame is 1.5m long / root.

[0016] Specifically, after the plant strips are grown, avoid the plant strips when spraying weeds on corn and wheat.

[0017] Specifically, the functional plant belt is constructed along the direction of crop sowing in the farmland, and at least 3m of mechanized farming space is left between one end of the vegetation belt and the farmland boundary to facilitate the operation of agricultural machinery in the farmland. When constructing multiple functional plant belts, the remaining ends of the mechanized farming routes should remain consistent, and the vegetation belts should be spaced 15-30m apart from each other.

[0018] Specifically, after corn is harvested, if there are too many weeds or corn stalks on the vegetation belt, an iron rake can be used to remove the weeds and stalks covering the vegetation belt.

[0019] Specifically, the dosage of dandelion seeds is 1kg / mu. The seeds should be soaked for 10 hours in an environment of about 20°C 2-3 days before sowing. If the seeds are too moist after soaking and it is inconvenient to sow them manually, they can be mixed with clean fine sand without weed seeds in a 1:1 ratio before sowing.

[0020] The principle and beneficial effects of this technical solution:

[0021] (1) Dandelion is a perennial herb and a plant with certain economic value as both a medicine and food. It can generate returns for many years after sowing once. It can increase farmers' income while realizing its ecological value.

[0022] (2) Dandelions can bloom as early as the end of March, and can bloom again when the temperature is suitable. They have a large aboveground biomass and high surface coverage, providing natural pollen and nectar food resources and habitats for natural enemies on the ground and in the vegetation layer. Annual monitoring has found that they support a large number of natural enemy groups. The establishment of functional plant belts in the wheat-corn rotation system provides a refuge for natural enemy groups in farmland after wheat and corn harvest.

[0023] (3) The establishment of greenhouses provides a possible solution for the initial promotion of functional plant cultivation in North China, where corn is harvested late and the farming season is tight. It ensures the emergence rate of dandelions in the first year of sowing and allows them to grow safely over the winter.

[0024] (4) Dandelions have strong adaptability and do not require high soil, water and fertilizer conditions. Their plants are not tall. Through simple maintenance during critical periods and reasonable spatial layout, optimal measures can greatly reduce their management intensity. While fully realizing their ecological value, they will not affect the full mechanized operation of wheat and corn. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments:

[0027] like Figure 1 As shown, the present invention provides a planting pattern for a functional plant belt in a wheat-corn rotation system, which is mainly suitable for the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in the North China Plain. It can better achieve the conservation and pest control of natural enemies in farmland, and has functional plants with certain economic added value.

[0028] The above-mentioned function of natural enemy conservation and pest control of functional plants in farmland is achieved through dandelion, which is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Taraxacum in the Asteraceae family. Its Latin name is Taraxacum mongolicum, and its aliases are yellow flowered dandelion, dandelion, lantern grass, etc. It has strong adaptability and a wide distribution range, and often grows on hillside grasslands, roadsides, fields, and riverbanks. Dandelion is a plant with both medicinal and edible properties. Its dried whole grass can be used as medicine. At the same time, dandelion is rich in nutrients and contains a variety of vitamins, minerals, polysaccharides and other active ingredients. Its raw and cooked young leaves and flowers are edible, and it can achieve the same-year yield in the same year of sowing.

[0029] Dandelion functional plants are used to conserve the diversity of natural enemy groups on the ground (carabids, spiders) and in the vegetation layer (parasitic wasps, ladybugs, aphid flies, grasshoppers) and to exert their pest control effects. During the field arthropod survey, no pests that harm wheat and corn were found on dandelions.

[0030] The planting mode of the present invention specifically includes:

[0031] A functional plant greenhouse dedicated to the seedling stage is constructed so that the dandelions can be sown after the summer corn is harvested and before the soil freezes.

[0032] The greenhouse mainly includes agricultural film and bamboo support frame. The width of the agricultural film is 1.5 times that of the functional plant belt. The width of the functional plant belt is 1m, and the width of the agricultural film is 1.5m. The film specification is 0.02mm. If the temperature is low during sowing and the wind is strong in winter, a thicker film can be selected to keep warm and resist wind. The bamboo support frame can be selected to be the same width as the agricultural film, which is 1.5m long per root.

[0033] The specific operation method of the greenhouse is as follows: After the sowing work is completed on the plant belt. First, insert the two ends of the bamboo strips into the soil and place them in an arch at an interval of 1-1.5m / root along the vertical direction of the functional plant belt, tighten the agricultural film along the unfolding direction and cover it on the support frame, take soil on the spot and fix and compact the agricultural film on both sides of the functional plant belt. Note: When planting in plots with poor soil moisture, drip irrigation belts can be laid before setting up the greenhouse to ensure plant sowing, germination and irrigation during the seedling stage; if drip irrigation equipment is laid for wheat and corn planting in the farmland, the functional plant belt can be laid and used together with it.

[0034] The dosage of dandelion seeds is 1kg / mu. The seeds can be soaked for 10 hours at about 20℃ 2-3 days before sowing to increase the germination rate and speed up the germination. If the seeds are too wet after soaking during sowing, it is inconvenient to sow manually. You can mix them with clean fine sand without weed seeds in a 1:1 ratio before sowing.

[0035] The specific sowing method of dandelion functional plant belt is as follows: (1) Before sowing, use a tiller to till the land to a depth of about 20-25cm. Confirm the soil moisture conditions to determine the amount of water to be irrigated after sowing. Use an iron rake to level the land, clean the dead grass and straw on the surface, and place the excess soil layer on both sides of the plant belt for later use with agricultural film covering the soil. (2) When sowing, use a hoe to dig three 1-2cm shallow trenches with a spacing of 20cm within a 1m wide range, water in the shallow trenches, and then evenly sow the dandelion seeds, cover with soil and gently flatten and compact. (3) Keep the soil moist for 1 to 2 weeks after sowing the seeds, and subsequent winter freezing water and spring greening water can be used for irrigation at the same time as wheat. Dandelions do not have high requirements for soil conditions, and the time and amount of fertilization can be synchronized with farmland crops.

[0036] After the greenhouse is installed, the film should not be removed unless necessary, depending on the plant growth and temperature. The film can be removed after the wheat is sprayed with herbicides next year, and the greenhouse support poles can be removed. After the plant belt grows, corn and wheat should be sprayed with weeds away from the plant belt.

[0037] After dismantling the greenhouse, the malignant weeds in the plant belt should be cultivated and weeded. The weeding work should be carried out until the dandelions grow to cover the ridges.

[0038] The functional plant belt should be constructed along the sowing direction of farmland crops, and one end of the vegetation belt should leave at least 3m of mechanical tillage space with the farmland boundary to facilitate the operation of agricultural machinery in the farmland. Note: When constructing multiple functional plant belts, the remaining ends of the mechanical tillage routes should be consistent.

[0039] The vegetation belts should be spaced 15-30m apart.

[0040] After corn is harvested, if there are too many weeds or corn stalks on the vegetation belt, you can use an iron rake to remove the weeds and stalks covering the vegetation belt.

[0041] Example:

[0042] Eight winter wheat-summer corn rotation fields with flat terrain, sufficient sunlight, soil physical and chemical properties, field management, and landscape configuration were selected in Beiyou Village, Quzhou County, Handan City, Hebei Province. Four of the fields were planted with 1*50m dandelion functional plant belts at the edge of the plots and operated according to the above steps as experimental areas, and the other four fields were not planted with dandelions as control areas.

[0043] Wheat season:

[0044] (1) Surface natural enemy sampling: The surface trap cup method was used, and sampling was performed three times. A 50-meter sample strip was set up at the junction of the functional plant belt and the wheat field (0m), and in the wheat field 10m and 30m away from the functional plant belt. A trap cup was placed in the center of each sample strip and 10m away from the edges of the sample strip on both sides. There were three trap cups in each sample strip. (The trap cup was 8cm in diameter and 13.8cm deep. 150mL of saturated salt solution was placed in the cup as a preservative, and a few drops of detergent were added to break the surface tension. A 5×5cm plastic trap cup was placed above each trap cup. 2 plastic film to protect it from rain) to sample ground-level natural enemies (carabids, spiders);

[0045] (2) Sampling of natural enemies in the vegetation layer: The yellow basin method was used, and sampling was performed 3 times in total. A 50-meter sample strip was set up in the wheat field at the center of the functional plant belt, 10m away from the functional plant belt, and 30m away from the functional plant belt. A yellow basin device was placed 15m away from the edges on both sides of each sample strip. There were 2 devices in each sample strip (the inner diameter of the trap cup was 21cm and the depth was 10cm. It was placed on a metal bracket at a height close to the height of wheat. About 400mL of clean water was poured into the basin and salt was added to saturation as a preservative. Detergent was dripped in to reduce the surface tension of the water surface). The sample was recovered each time sampling was performed, and the salt water was replenished once. To sample natural enemies in the vegetation layer (parasitic wasps, ladybugs, aphid flies, and grass hoppers);

[0046] (3) Aphid monitoring: A visual survey method was used for a total of three surveys. Sample strips were set up in the wheat field at 1m, 10m, and 30m from the boundary. Four sampling points were randomly selected on each sample strip. 25 wheat tillers were randomly surveyed at each sampling point, with a total of 100 tillers in each sample strip. The abundance of aphids and aphids was recorded.

[0047] Corn Season:

[0048] (1) Sampling of surface natural enemies: The surface trap cup method was used, and sampling was performed 4 times. Four 50-m-long sample strips were established in each sample plot at 0m, 10m, 20m, and 30m parallel to the flower strip. A trap cup was placed in the center of each sample strip and 10m away from the edges of both sides of the sample strip. There were 3 trap cups in each sample strip to sample surface natural enemies (carabids, spiders);

[0049] (2) Sampling of natural enemies in the vegetation layer: The sweeping net method was used, and a total of 4 samples were taken. Four 30-meter-long sample strips were established at 0m, 10m, 20m, and 30m away from the farmland boundary, and the net was swept 4 times along the 30-m area of ​​each sample strip. The net was swept up and down along the direction of the corn plant, from the base to the top of the plant. In the flower strip planting area, due to the different vegetation heights, the sweeping net was swept horizontally using a standard side-to-side motion to sample parasitic wasps. After each sweeping net sampling, the natural enemies of parasitic wasps in the four sample strips were collected and preserved, and combined with the parasitic wasp groups sampled by the surface trap method for subsequent analysis;

[0050] (3) Pest incidence survey: Visual survey was conducted at four maize growth stages (seedling stage, trumpet stage, tasseling stage, and maturity stage). Ten maize plants were randomly selected from four sampling strips, the total number of leaves of each maize plant was counted, and the number of leaves with characteristic leaf damage caused by feeding by corn borer larvae was checked. The leaf damage rate of each plant was calculated using the following formula: Leaf damage rate (%) = number of characteristic leaf damage / total number of leaves of each maize plant.

[0051] The survey sampling results are shown in the table below.

[0052] Table 1 Survey of arthropods during the wheat season

[0053]

[0054]

[0055]

[0056] Note: K represents the blank control treatment group, P represents the dandelion treatment group, the serial number represents the sample plot number, and the abundance is the sum of the number of arthropods sampled in the sample strip of the sample plot.

[0057] Table 2 Survey on arthropod and leaf damage rate during corn season

[0058]

[0059]

[0060]

[0061] Note: K represents the blank control treatment group, P represents the dandelion treatment group, the serial number represents the sample plot number, and the abundance is the sum of the number of arthropods sampled in the sample strip of the sample plot.

[0062] As shown in Table 1, in the wheat season, for surface arthropods, the abundance of carabids in the dandelion treatment group was generally lower than that in the blank control group, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt had limited conservation effects on carabids; the abundance of spiders in the dandelion treatment group was generally higher than that in the blank control group, especially in the center (0m) and 30m of the functional plant belt, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt had a positive effect on the habitat and activities of spiders, which may be because it provided a good habitat for spiders. For arthropods in the vegetation layer, the abundance of parasitic wasps in the dandelion treatment group was generally higher than that in the blank control group, especially at the center (0m) and 10m of the functional plant belt, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt has a significant attraction effect on parasitic wasps and may provide high-quality habitats for parasitic wasps; the abundance of ladybugs in the dandelion treatment group was generally higher than that in the blank control group, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt has a promoting effect on the habitat and activities of ladybugs; the abundance of aphid flies in the dandelion treatment group was significantly higher than that in the blank control group, especially at the center (0m) and 10m of the functional plant belt, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt has a significant attraction effect on aphid flies and may provide aphid flies with rich pollen, honey resources and habitats; the abundance of grass hoppers in the dandelion treatment group was generally lower than that in the blank control group, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt may have little effect on the habitat and activities of grass hoppers. At the same time, the abundance of aphids in the dandelion treatment group was generally lower than that in the blank control group, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt may have an inhibitory effect on the aphid population by increasing the number of natural enemies, thereby reducing the incidence of pests.

[0063] As shown in Table 2, in the corn season, for ground arthropods, the abundance of ground beetles in the dandelion treatment group was generally higher than that in the blank control group, especially at the center (0m) and 20m of the functional plant belt, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt had a positive effect on the habitat and activities of ground beetles; the abundance of spiders in the dandelion treatment group was generally higher than that in the blank control group, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt provided a better habitat for spiders and increased the spider population. For arthropods in the vegetation layer, the abundance of parasitic wasps in the dandelion treatment group was significantly higher than that in the blank control group, especially at the center (0m) and 10m of the functional plant belt, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt had a significant effect on attracting parasitic wasps and may provide a high-quality habitat for parasitic wasps. At the same time, the leaf damage rate in the dandelion treatment group was generally lower than that in the blank control group, indicating that the dandelion functional plant belt inhibited the population and damage of pests such as corn borers by increasing the number of natural enemies, thereby reducing the leaf damage rate.

[0064] In summary, the dandelion functional plant belt significantly increased the diversity and number of natural enemy groups on the surface and in the vegetation layer, especially spiders, parasitic wasps, ladybugs and hoverflies, which played a positive role in biodiversity conservation. At the same time, by increasing the number of natural enemies, it effectively reduced the incidence and degree of harm of pests (such as aphids and corn borers), and had a significant natural control effect on farmland pests. As a plant with both medicinal and edible properties, dandelion not only has ecological value, but also can bring economic benefits to farmers. It is a sustainable agricultural planting model. This planting model has good adaptability in the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in the North China Plain. Through reasonable layout and simple management measures, it does not affect the mechanized operation of major crops and has a high value for promotion and application.

[0065] The above is only an embodiment of the present invention, and the common knowledge such as the known specific technical solutions or characteristics in the solution is not described in detail here. For those skilled in the art, without departing from the technical solution of the present invention, several modifications and improvements can be made, which should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention, and these will not affect the effect of the implementation of the present invention and the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection required by this application shall be based on the content of its claims, and the specific implementation methods and other records in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A planting pattern in a functional plant belt in a wheat-corn rotation system, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. Select dandelion as the functional plant, and sow dandelion after summer corn is harvested and before the soil freezes; S2. Use a tiller to till the land to a depth of 20-25 cm, confirm the soil moisture, use an iron harrow to level the land, clean the dry grass and straw on the surface, and place the excess soil along both sides of the plant belt for subsequent use with agricultural film covering and fixing; S3. When sowing, use a hoe to dig three shallow furrows of 1-2 cm in width with a spacing of 20 cm within a range of 1 m. After watering in the shallow furrows, evenly sow the dandelion seeds, cover with soil and gently flatten and compact. S4. Keep the soil moist within 1-2 weeks after sowing the seeds, irrigate the wheat with frozen water in winter and green water in spring at the same time, and synchronize the time and amount of fertilization with the crops in the field; S5. After the sowing work is completed on the plant belt, insert both ends of bamboo strips into the soil in the vertical direction of the functional plant belt to form an arch as a support frame, with a spacing of 1-1.5m between the bamboo strips. Stretch the agricultural film along the unfolding direction and cover it on the support frame. Take soil on site and cover the agricultural film on both sides of the functional plant belt with soil to fix and compact it. S6. Next year, after the wheat has been sprayed with herbicides, the film will be removed and the support poles of the greenhouse will be removed; S7. After dismantling the greenhouse, carry out inter-row cultivation and weeding of the malignant weeds in the plant belt. The weeding work should be carried out until the dandelions grow to cover the ridges.

2. A planting pattern in a functional plant belt in a wheat-corn rotation system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The width of the agricultural film is 1.5 times that of the functional plant belt, the length of the support frame is equal to the width of the agricultural film, the width of the functional plant belt is 1m, the width of the agricultural film is 1.5m, the film specification is 0.02mm, and the bamboo support frame specification is 1.5m long / root.

3. The planting pattern of the functional plant belt in the wheat-corn rotation system according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the plant strips grow, avoid spraying weeds on corn and wheat.

4. The planting pattern of the functional plant belt in the wheat-corn rotation system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The functional plant belt is constructed along the direction of crop sowing in the farmland, and at least 3m of mechanized farming space is left between one end of the vegetation belt and the boundary of the farmland to facilitate the operation of agricultural machinery in the farmland. When constructing multiple functional plant belts, the remaining ends of the mechanized farming routes should be kept consistent, and the vegetation belts should be spaced 15-30m apart from each other.

5. The planting pattern of the functional plant belt in the wheat-corn rotation system according to claim 1, characterized in that: After corn is harvested, if there are too many weeds or corn stalks on the vegetation belt, you can use an iron rake to remove the weeds and stalks covering the vegetation belt.

6. The planting pattern of the functional plant belt in the wheat-corn rotation system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dosage of dandelion seeds is 1kg / mu. The seeds should be soaked for 10 hours in an environment of about 20℃ 2-3 days before sowing. If the seeds are too moist after soaking and it is inconvenient to sow them manually, they can be mixed with clean fine sand without weed seeds in a 1:1 ratio before sowing.

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