Wet planting method and application of arrowhead

Abstract

The invention discloses a wet planting method and application of arrowheads. A wet planting method for arrowheads comprises the following steps: (1) soil preparation and close planting: carrying out field planting according to the planting spacing of 0.3 m * 0.3 m without ridging after soil preparation; (2) water management: carrying out root irrigation by adopting a timed drip irrigation system, keeping the soil moisture state to be visible but free of a water layer within one week after field planting, and keeping the root crown soil moist after the plant survives; (3) fertilization management: carrying out topdressing once every 7-15 days by adopting a water and fertilizer integrated system, and carrying out topdressing 8-10 times in the whole growth period; (4) harvesting: mechanically harvesting at one time. Compared with traditional water planting, nitrogen and phosphorus leakage and methane emission can be reduced, the fertilizer and water utilization rate is increased, the growth period is shortened, and harvesting is facilitated; by adopting the method, the yield can be obviously improved by increasing the cultivation density.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of arrowhead cultivation, and in particular relates to a wet cultivation method and application of arrowhead. Background Art

[0002] Sagittaria trifolia L. is a perennial herbaceous aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria in the family Alismataceae. It is mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, South China and Southwest China in my country. It is a popular aquatic root vegetable. Sagittaria leaves are arrow-shaped and bloom white flowers. The end of the underground stolons swells to form bulbs. The bulbs are oval or spherical and can be eaten as vegetables with high nutritional value. Sagittaria bulbs contain rich starch, protein, fat, carbohydrates and dietary fiber and other nutrients. According to the difference in the color of the bulbs, Sagittaria can be divided into black Sagittaria, white Sagittaria and yellow Sagittaria. Sagittaria likes warm, humid and sunny climates, and is suitable for growing on clay soil. It is generally planted in spring and summer and harvested in autumn and winter. Jiangsu Province is the largest Sagittaria production area in the country, with a cultivation area of ​​about 123,000 mu. Baoying County's specialty 'Baoying Sagittaria' is a national agricultural product geographical indication. In recent years, water chestnut products from production areas such as Jiangsu have been exported steadily to Japan and other countries, with strong export foreign exchange earning capabilities and good social and economic benefits.

[0003] At present, traditionally cultivated arrowheads grow in paddy fields, and a 10-20 cm water layer must be maintained throughout the growth period. This cultivation model faces major problems such as increased fertilizer without increased production, excessive application of chemical fertilizers, excessive accumulation of soil nutrients, and decreased nutrient utilization efficiency. Arrowheads are large plants, and most are cultivated in open paddy fields. Part of the applied fertilizer will be washed away by rainwater, and part will evaporate from the water surface, resulting in large amounts of fertilizer, low utilization rate, and serious environmental pollution. Therefore, innovating the production and cultivation methods of arrowheads and achieving "landing" of arrowheads through wet cultivation can significantly improve the utilization rate of fertilizers and water, reduce field nitrogen and phosphorus leakage and greenhouse gas methane emissions, and has important industrial value.

[0004] Wet-dry rotation of greenhouse vegetables is effective in preventing and controlling continuous cropping obstacles. It has significant advantages over traditional continuous cropping models in greenhouses. It can control soil salinization, improve soil, effectively control continuous cropping obstacles, and improve planting benefits. Currently, the wet-stubble vegetables used in wet-dry rotation mainly include taro, water spinach, water celery, etc. The market demand is relatively small, and it is difficult to form an equal rotation relationship with major dry-stubble vegetables such as melons and eggplants. Therefore, it is necessary to further screen the types and varieties of vegetables suitable for wet-dry rotation of greenhouse vegetables. Constructing a wet-growing cultivation technology system for arrowheads and selecting vegetable crops suitable for wet-growing for wet-dry rotation also has important practical significance for alleviating the obstacles of continuous cropping. Summary of the invention

[0005] The invention aims to provide a wet planting method and application of arrowhead, which has high water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, significantly reduces nitrogen and phosphorus leakage and methane emission, and has a low degree of infection of plants by pests and diseases.

[0006] The present invention provides a wet planting method for arrowhead, comprising the following steps:

[0007] (1) Land preparation and dense planting: Apply base fertilizer, plow and level the field, lay drip irrigation tape, cover with plastic film or straw, and plant the arrowhead seedlings;

[0008] (2) Water management: within one week after planting, keep the soil moisture state in a state where visible water is visible but there is no water layer. After the plant survives, keep the root crown soil moist, and the relative soil moisture content is 90% to 100%;

[0009] (3) Fertilization management: After planting, topdressing is carried out every 7 to 15 days using a water-fertilizer integrated system, and a total of 8 to 10 times of topdressing is carried out during the entire growth period; the amount of fertilizer applied during the entire growth period is 70% to 80% of the amount of fertilizer used in traditional production of arrowhead;

[0010] (4) Harvesting: 100 to 110 days after planting, the aboveground stems and leaves of the arrowhead are basically withered and yellow, and the bulbs are fully expanded and harvested at one time.

[0011] In the above method, there is no need to form ridges after land preparation.

[0012] In the above method, the planting row spacing of the arrowhead seedlings is shortened to 0.3m×0.3m.

[0013] In the above method, the planting depth is 10 to 15 cm, and the distance between the root system and the drip irrigation belt does not exceed 10 cm.

[0014] In the above method, water management is performed by near-root drip irrigation using a timed irrigation system, and the relative soil moisture content needs to be 100% within one week after planting.

[0015] In the above method, topdressing is applied every 7 to 10 days after the plants survive, with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer being 6 to 8 kg / mu, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer being 12 to 13 kg / mu, and the amount of potassium fertilizer being 6 to 7 kg / mu. Topdressing is applied every 10 to 16 days during the stolon growth stage and the heading stage, with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer being 6 to 7 kg / mu, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer being 32 to 33 kg / mu, and the amount of potassium fertilizer being 5 to 6 kg / mu during the stolon growth stage. During the heading stage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is 6 to 7 kg / mu, and the amount of potassium fertilizer is 6 to 7 kg / mu.

[0016] In the above method, irrigation is stopped and the fields are dried 15 to 20 days before harvest.

[0017] In the above method, the soil moisture content is low and the soil layer is hard during the harvesting period, and the arrowhead is harvested mechanized.

[0018] The present invention also provides application of any of the above-mentioned methods for wet planting of arrowhead in wet-dry crop rotation.

[0019] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0020] (1) The wet planting method of the present invention performs water management and fertilization management in stages, and adopts near-root drip irrigation technology to maintain the wet planting state of arrowhead, which can significantly save irrigation water in paddy field production and improve water resource utilization. Compared with traditional hydroponics, the wet planting method of the present invention can achieve dense planting and significantly increase yield. Based on the wet planting method of the present invention, the yellowing of the aboveground stems and leaves of arrowhead can occur in advance, and the underground product organs develop faster, with a growth period of 100 to 110 days. Compared with the existing arrowhead wet planting technology, the present invention does not require open water after the plant is alive, and there is no need to irrigate ridges, which can further save labor and water, and can be planted in areas where water resources are not abundant, significantly expanding the cultivation area of ​​arrowhead.

[0021] (2) The wet planting method of the present invention significantly reduces the emission of methane from the planting field because there is no exposed water.

[0022] (3) The wet cultivation method of the present invention is less susceptible to smut infection during cultivation, and the degree and frequency of insect pests are low.

[0023] (4) The wet planting method of the present invention uses a water-fertilizer integrated system to manage water and fertilizer in small amounts and multiple times in a scientific manner. Compared with the broadcasting and hole-fertilization methods used in the prior art, it significantly improves the efficiency of fertilizer and water utilization, reduces the amount of fertilizer and water used per unit area, makes the plants shorter and stronger, has a higher density, and has a higher yield, and can save labor and cost. In addition, farmers blindly believe that "high input means high output", so they will apply more fertilizer in actual hydroponic production. The amount of fertilizer applied in the wet planting method of the present invention is 70% to 80% of the actual amount of fertilizer applied by farmers in hydroponic production. There is less nitrogen and phosphorus leakage, which is more environmentally friendly and changes the current situation of high pollution production of aquatic crops.

[0024] (5) Based on the above advantages of the wet planting method of the present invention, it can be applied to the wet-dry rotation mode, increasing the selection of wet-planted vegetables in the wet-dry rotation system, playing a greater role in practical applications, and having important practical significance for alleviating the obstacles of continuous cropping. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 This is a flow chart of the timed irrigation and water-fertilizer integration system.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a photo of the arrowhead seedlings when they were planted in Example 1.

[0027] Figure 3 These are photos of the arrowhead plants of Example 1 that survived after being planted.

[0028] Figure 4This is a photo of wet-planted arrowhead planted outdoors in Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the examples, which are intended to be used to explain the present invention but are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. The experimental methods used in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.

[0030] A wet planting method for arrowhead comprises the following steps:

[0031] (1) Land preparation and close planting: Apply decomposed organic fertilizer, which can be chicken, cow, sheep manure or rapeseed cake, at a rate of 500 kg / mu. Plough the field flat, without ridges or ridges. Lay the integrated water-fertilizer system and drip irrigation tape. The drip irrigation tape can be laid at a row spacing of 0.3m. The drip irrigation tape is 0.2mm thick and has two holes with a hole spacing of 15cm. Cover with mulch or straw. The mulch is pure black or silver-black two-color mulch. When covering with silver-black two-color mulch, the silver side faces up and the black side faces down. The silver side can reflect ultraviolet light, increase the reflected light from the ground, and promote crop photosynthesis. At the same time, the reflective effect of the silver side can also repel pests such as aphids and whiteflies, thereby achieving the effect of preventing and controlling pests and diseases. Before planting, remove the outer leaves of the arrowhead seedlings, leaving one leaf and one heart for each plant. Plant the arrowhead seedlings at a planting depth of 10 to 15cm. The roots are close to the drip irrigation tape, and the distance between the roots and the drip irrigation tape does not exceed 10cm.

[0032] (2) Water management: Within one week after planting, keep the soil moisture state to a state where visible water is visible but there is no water layer, and the relative soil moisture content is 100%. After the plant survives, keep the root crown soil moist, and the relative soil moisture content is 90% to 100%. Stop irrigation 15 to 20 days before harvesting, and dry the field to facilitate harvesting.

[0033] (3) Fertilization management: After the plants are alive, topdressing is performed every 7 to 10 days, with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer being 6 to 8 kg / mu, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer being 12 to 13 kg / mu, and the amount of potash fertilizer being 6 to 7 kg / mu. Topdressing is performed every 10 to 16 days during the stolon stage and the heading stage. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer during the stolon stage is 6 to 7 kg / mu, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer is 32 to 33 kg / mu, and the amount of potash fertilizer is 5 to 6 kg / mu. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer during the heading stage is 6 to 7 kg / mu, and the amount of potash fertilizer is 6 to 7 kg / mu. In the present invention, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be selected as urea, superphosphate and potassium sulfate, all of which are water-soluble fertilizers; water-soluble fertilizers of macroelements with similar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios can also be used.

[0034] (4) Harvesting: 100 to 110 days after planting, the aboveground stems and leaves of the arrowhead are basically withered and yellow, and the bulbs are fully expanded, and they can be harvested mechanically in one go. This improves the problems of traditional paddy field cultivation using high-pressure water guns for washing in winter, the difficulty of manual labor, and the waste of water resources and soil erosion caused by washing.

[0035] The present invention optimizes the cultivation mode of arrowhead, uses drip irrigation technology to maintain the wet planting state of arrowhead, improves the fertilizer and water utilization efficiency while maintaining the yield, and significantly saves the amount of water used for farmland irrigation; the use of integrated water and fertilizer avoids the large-scale application of fertilizers, saves labor and costs, and can slow down the eutrophication of water bodies caused by nitrogen and phosphorus leakage. Under wet planting conditions, arrowhead plants grow shorter, which reduces the plant type. There is no need to spray paclobutrazol for dwarfing as in traditional paddy field production, which prevents paclobutrazol from remaining in the plant endogenously; compared with traditional hydroponics, wet planting can also reduce field methane emissions and greenhouse gas emissions. The wet planting method of the present invention also expands the selection of wet stubble crops in wet-dry rotation, has important practical significance for alleviating the obstacles of crop continuous cropping, and also provides a reference for wet planting of other aquatic vegetables with underground rhizomes as product organs.

[0036] Example 1

[0037] The variety of arrowhead in this embodiment is 'Gua Lao Wu', and the wet planting method of arrowhead comprises the following steps:

[0038] (1) Seedling cultivation: On May 10, 2024, arrowhead bulbs with complete terminal buds were selected for seedling cultivation.

[0039] (2) Land preparation: On June 29, chicken manure fertilizer was applied at a rate of 500 kg / mu. The field was ploughed and leveled, and no ridges or ridges were required. On July 1, a timed irrigation and water-fertilizer integration system was set up ( Figure 1 ), lay drip irrigation tape, lay the drip irrigation tape at a row spacing of 0.5m, the drip irrigation tape is 0.2mm thick, with double holes, the hole spacing is 15cm, and covered with silver and black two-color film.

[0040] When the timed irrigation and water-fertilizer integration system is running, the water source is always on. When the timer reaches the set time, the downstream power supply will be connected. The solenoid valve and water pump connected to the power supply will start working, so that the water source is connected and flows out to the downstream drip irrigation belt system. If fertilizer needs to be applied, it can be conveniently applied through an external fertilizer barrel.

[0041] (3) Planting: Before planting, remove the outer leaves of the arrowhead seedlings, leaving one leaf and one heart for each plant. On July 3, select arrowhead seedlings with a plant height of more than 30 cm and 2 to 4 true leaves, and plant them at a plant spacing of 0.4m×0.5m and a planting depth of 10cm. The distance between the root system and the drip irrigation tape is 5cm.

[0042] (4) Sagittaria is relatively shade-tolerant during the budding growth stage and can be covered with a shade net. When the plant enters the head-forming stage, it needs sufficient light. The temperature for Sagittaria leaf growth is 25-30℃, and the temperature for the runner and head-forming stages is 20-25℃.

[0043] (5) Water management: Within one week after planting (July 3 to July 10), the soil moisture state should be maintained at a state where visible water is visible but there is no water layer, and the soil relative moisture content is 100% ( Figure 2 After the plants are established (July 11), keep the root crown soil moist ( Figure 3 and Figure 4 ), the relative soil moisture content is 90%. Figure 3 The marked position is the new leaves grown after the arrowhead plants survive. The specific process of water management is shown in Table 1. Stop irrigation 15 days before harvest and dry the field to facilitate harvesting.

[0044] Table 1 Water management of wet-grown arrowhead

[0045] Growth stage Specific watering measures After planting Drip irrigation for 3 hours at 7:00 and 16:00 every day 1 week after planting Drip irrigation for 3 hours at 7:00 and 16:00 every day 2 weeks after implantation Drip irrigation every 3 days 3 weeks after implantation From 7:00 to 21:00 every day, drip irrigation for 8 to 10 minutes every hour One and a half months after planting Drip irrigation for 10 to 15 minutes every hour from 7 to 21 o'clock every day 2 months after planting From 7:00 to 21:00 every day, drip irrigation is carried out for 5 to 10 minutes every hour 4 months after implantation Drip irrigation is used every 2 to 5 days, for 30 minutes each time.

[0046] (6) Fertilization management: Topdressing was performed every 7 days after the plants took root (July 11), and every 15 days during the period of stolon formation (August 3) and the period of heading (September 3). Topdressing was performed 9 times during the entire growth period of Sagittaria, all using water-soluble fertilizers. The specific process of fertilization management is shown in Table 2.

[0047] Table 2 Fertilization management of wet-planted arrowhead

[0048]

[0049] (7) Harvesting: On October 18, irrigation was stopped and the fields were sun-dried. 110 days after planting (October 23), the aboveground stems and leaves of the arrowheads were basically withered and yellow, and the bulbs were fully expanded. They were harvested at one time. After harvesting, the bulbs were rinsed with water and the yield was measured.

[0050] Comparative Example 1

[0051] A traditional aquatic cultivation technology of arrowhead comprises the following steps:

[0052] (1) Seedling cultivation: Same as step (1) in Example 1.

[0053] (2) Land preparation: On June 29, base fertilizer was applied, the field was ploughed and leveled, and ridges were built around the field to store water; the amount of base fertilizer applied was the same as that in step (2) of Example 1.

[0054] (3) Planting: Same as step (3) in Example 1.

[0055] (4) Same as step (4) in Example 1.

[0056] (5) Water management: The soil should maintain a 10-20 cm water layer throughout the growth period of arrowhead.

[0057] (6) Fertilization management: the amount of fertilizer, the time and frequency of topdressing are the same as those in step (6) of Example 1, and the fertilization method is direct fertilization on the water surface.

[0058] (7) Harvesting: On November 3 (120 days after transplanting), the aboveground stems and leaves of the arrowhead are basically withered and yellow, and the bulbs are fully expanded and mature. They are harvested all at once and rinsed with water after harvesting.

[0059] The methane emission flux of the arrowhead field was tested at the same time point on the 15th day, 30th day and 45th day after planting during the cultivation process of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0060] Table 3 Methane emission fluxes from Sagittaria sagittifolia fields detected at three time points during the whole growth period

[0061]

[0062] It can be seen from Table 3 that the wet cultivation method of arrowhead nut of the present invention can significantly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from the planting field.

[0063] Example 2

[0064] The wet cultivation method of arrowhead is different from the steps of Example 1 in that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers applied during the entire growth period of arrowhead is reduced, which are 75% and 50% of the amount of fertilizers applied in Example 1, respectively, and the remaining steps are the same as Example 1.

[0065] The yield, irrigation amount during the whole growth period, and pest and disease index of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Example 2 were statistically analyzed, and the results are shown in Table 4.

[0066] Table 4

[0067]

[0068] Note: The statistical plant height of arrowhead is the plant height at the peak growth period of arrowhead 75 days after planting.

[0069] It can be seen from Table 4 that the wet cultivation method of the present invention has no pesticide residues. Compared with traditional aquatic cultivation, it can lead to dwarfing of plants and reduce plant type. There is no need to spray plant growth retardant (paclobutrazol) to dwarf plants as in traditional paddy field production to prevent endogenous residue of paclobutrazol. It can effectively save farmland irrigation water, reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and the underground product organs develop faster, the growth period is shortened by about 10 days, and the yield is basically the same.

[0070] Example 3

[0071] A wet planting method for arrowhead is different from the steps of Example 1 in that the row spacing of arrowhead seedlings is reduced during planting and is set to 0.3m×0.3m. The remaining steps are the same as Example 1.

[0072] Example 4

[0073] The wet cultivation method of arrowhead is different from the steps of Example 3 in that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers applied during the entire growth period of arrowhead is reduced to 75% and 50% of the amount of fertilizers applied in Example 3, respectively, and the remaining steps are the same as Example 3.

[0074] The production statistics of Example 3 and Example 4 are shown in Table 5.

[0075] Table 5

[0076]

[0077] It can be seen from Table 5 that the wet planting method of the present invention significantly increases the yield when the spacing between rows and plants is reduced; the yield of Example 3 is the highest, which is the best wet planting method of the present invention, and its fertilizer application amount is about 80% of the current fertilizer used by farmers, and the yield is significantly increased, up to 2177kg (under traditional cultivation conditions, the yield per mu of arrowhead is about 1500kg). After the fertilizer input is further reduced, the yield can still be maintained, indicating that the wet planting method of the present invention significantly improves the utilization rate of fertilizer and water.

[0078] It is understandable that a person skilled in the art may change, modify or replace the above-mentioned embodiments within the scope of the present invention without departing from the principles and purpose of the present invention, and these changes, modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A wet planting method for arrowhead, characterized in that: The steps include: (1) Land preparation and dense planting: Apply base fertilizer, plow and level the field, lay drip irrigation tape, cover with plastic film or straw, and plant the arrowhead seedlings; (2) Water management: within one week after planting, keep the soil moisture state in a state where visible water is visible but there is no water layer. After the plant survives, keep the root crown soil moist, and the relative soil moisture content is 90% to 100%; (3) Fertilization management: After planting, topdressing is carried out every 7 to 15 days using a water-fertilizer integrated system, and a total of 8 to 10 times of topdressing is carried out during the entire growth period; the amount of fertilizer applied during the entire growth period is 70% to 80% of the amount of fertilizer used in traditional production of arrowhead; (4) Harvesting: 100 to 110 days after planting, the aboveground stems and leaves of the arrowhead are basically withered and yellow, and the bulbs are fully expanded and harvested at one time.

2. The wet planting method of arrowhead according to claim 1, characterized in that: No ridge making is required after land preparation.

3. The wet planting method of arrowhead according to claim 1, characterized in that: The row spacing of the arrowhead seedlings is shortened to 0.3m×0.3m.

4. The wet planting method of arrowhead according to claim 1, characterized in that: The planting depth is 10 to 15 cm, and the distance between the root system and the drip irrigation belt does not exceed 10 cm.

5. The wet planting method of arrowhead according to claim 1, characterized in that: Use a timed irrigation system to manage water through near-root drip irrigation, and the soil relative moisture content should be 100% within one week after planting.

6. The wet planting method of arrowhead according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the plants survive, topdressing is applied every 7 to 10 days, with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer being 6 to 8 kg / mu, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer being 12 to 13 kg / mu, and the amount of potassium fertilizer being 6 to 7 kg / mu. Topdressing is applied every 10 to 16 days during the stolon growth stage and the heading stage. During the stolon growth stage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is 6 to 7 kg / mu, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer is 32 to 33 kg / mu, and the amount of potassium fertilizer is 5 to 6 kg / mu. During the heading stage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is 6 to 7 kg / mu, and the amount of potassium fertilizer is 6 to 7 kg / mu.

7. The wet planting method of arrowhead according to claim 1, characterized in that: Stop irrigation and dry the fields 15 to 20 days before harvest.

8. The wet planting method of arrowhead according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the harvest period, the soil moisture content is low and the soil layer is hard, so mechanization is used for the harvest of arrowhead.

9. Use of the wet planting method of Sagittaria sagittifolia according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in wet-dry crop rotation.

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