Inspection device for printing and binding publications

Abstract

The invention provides an inspection device for publication printing and binding, which comprises an inspection unit mounted on the upper side of the tail end of a conveying mechanism, a bearing unit is arranged on the outer side of the tail end of the conveying mechanism, the bearing unit comprises a frame, a bearing plate and a moving plate, and the bearing plate capable of longitudinally moving is arranged on the inner side of the frame. The bearing plate can intermittently move downwards when the publications are collected, a through groove with an outward opening is formed in the middle of the end, away from the conveying mechanism, of the bearing plate, a pressing connection piece capable of intermittently moving in a reciprocating mode in the longitudinal direction is arranged in the through groove, and a moving plate is rotationally connected to the end, facing the conveying mechanism, of the frame. The other end of the moving plate is close to the conveying mechanism. The device has the beneficial effects that the device can effectively detect whether the covers of the publications are printed wrongly or not, the publications without printing mistakes are stacked and leveled, the publications with printing mistakes are removed, workers do not need to check the publications subsequently, and the production efficiency is effectively improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of publication printing and binding inspection, and in particular relates to an inspection device for publication printing and binding. Background Art

[0002] Since publications are printed on paper media by a printing press using inkjet or laser, there may be printing errors, such as missing printing, wrong printing, etc. Similarly, binding errors may occur during the binding process of printed publications, especially after binding thick publications such as books and periodicals. In order to prevent incorrect publications from circulating, error detection will be performed after printing and binding. The bound publications are transported to the collection position by a conveyor belt, collected at this position, and then manually sorted. This operation is time-consuming and labor-intensive, affecting production efficiency. In order to solve the above problems, although there are mechanical equipment for sorting, it only performs a single sorting, and cannot effectively and synchronously sort the sorted publications. Therefore, manual real-time sorting is still required, and the operation is still relatively time-consuming and labor-intensive. Summary of the invention

[0003] In view of this, the present invention aims to overcome the deficiencies of the above-mentioned problems in the prior art and proposes an inspection device for publication printing and binding.

[0004] To achieve the above object, the technical solution of the present invention is achieved as follows:

[0005] A testing device for publication printing and binding comprises a testing unit installed on the upper side of the end of a conveying mechanism, a bearing unit is arranged outside the end of the conveying mechanism, the bearing unit comprises a frame, a bearing plate and a movable plate, a bearing plate which can move longitudinally is arranged inside the frame, and the bearing plate can intermittently move downward when collecting publications, a through groove which opens outward is arranged in the middle of one end of the bearing plate away from the conveying mechanism, a crimping piece which can intermittently move back and forth in the longitudinal direction is arranged in the through groove, a movable plate is rotatably connected to one end of the frame facing the conveying mechanism, and the other end of the movable plate is arranged close to the conveying mechanism.

[0006] Furthermore, the conveying mechanism includes a conveyor belt arranged between two side plates, the inspection unit includes an inverted fixed plate and a camera fixed to the top of the inner side of the fixing member, and the fixed plate is located between the upper sides of the two side plates and straddles the conveyor belt.

[0007] Furthermore, one end of the movable plate away from the frame is close to the end of the conveyor belt and is arranged below the upper surface of the conveyor belt, and the movable plate is arranged upwardly and inclined from the frame to the conveyor belt side.

[0008] Furthermore, a base plate is horizontally provided below the frame and is arranged perpendicular to the length direction of the conveying mechanism, and the front side of the base plate extends out from below the frame, and a connecting seat that can move along the length direction of the substrate is provided on the upper side of the base plate, a telescopic unit is fixedly connected to the connecting seat, and the bottom of the supporting plate is fixedly connected to the top of the telescopic end of the telescopic unit.

[0009] Furthermore, the base plate is configured as a U-shaped structure, a screw and a guide rod are connected between the front and rear side walls of the base plate, a connecting seat is connected between the screw and the guide rod, and a first motor is fixedly connected to the outer side of one side wall of the base plate corresponding to the screw, and the output shaft of the first motor is fixedly connected to the screw.

[0010] Furthermore, fixed blocks are fixed downwardly at both ends of the front side of the frame, a fixed plate is fixed downwardly at the rear side wall, and the front and rear sides of the movable plate are connected between the fixed plate and the corresponding fixed blocks through a rotating shaft near the frame, and a first rotating rod located below the movable plate is connected between the fixed plate and the corresponding fixed block, a first cam is fixedly connected to the first rotating rod, and a rear end of the first rotating rod passes through the fixed plate and is fixedly connected to a driven wheel located outside the fixed plate.

[0011] The crimping piece includes an L-shaped connecting rod and a crimping block fixed to the upper side of the vertical section of the connecting rod, and the crimping block is arranged toward one side of the supporting plate, the vertical section of the connecting rod is rotated through the through slot, and is arranged on the side of the horizontal section of the connecting rod facing away from the supporting plate, and blocks are fixed downwardly on both sides of the bottom of the end of the horizontal section of the connecting rod, a second cam is provided between the two blocks, and the second cam and the first cam are arranged in opposite directions, that is, when the distal end of the first cam is on top, the proximal end of the second cam is on top, a second rotating rod is provided between the fixed plate and the corresponding fixed block, the second cam is fixed on the second rotating rod, the block is located above the second rotating rod, and the end of the second rotating rod passes through the fixed plate and is fixed with a driving wheel located outside the fixed plate, a belt is connected between the driving wheel and the driven wheel, and the driving wheel is driven by a second motor.

[0012] Furthermore, a plurality of longitudinally distributed connection holes are evenly opened on the upper side of the vertical section of the connection rod, and the crimping block is connected to one of the connection holes by means of screws.

[0013] Furthermore, blocking rods are vertically fixed to the upper surface of the carrying plate at both sides of the through slot, and when the carrying frame descends and moves out from under the frame, the top position of the blocking rod is lower than the bottom position of the connecting rod.

[0014] Furthermore, supporting feet are vertically fixed at the four corners of the bottom of the frame.

[0015] Furthermore, a recovery frame is placed below the movable plate, and an arc-shaped plate is fixedly connected outwardly to the top of one end of the recovery frame away from the conveying mechanism.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0017] The inspection device for printing and binding of publications of the present invention detects whether the printing of the delivered publications is wrong through the inspection unit. For the publications with wrong printing, the movable plate is turned up, and then the publications are directly dropped from the end of the conveying mechanism; for the publications with no mistakes, the publications are continuously conveyed, and the publications are slid onto the carrying plate through the movable plate, and are limited and leveled by the crimping parts, and then the carrying plate is controlled to move downward so that the top publication is flush with the upper surface of the frame or slightly lower than the upper surface of the frame, and finally the inspection of the next publication is continued. The device can effectively inspect whether the cover printing of the publications is wrong, and stack and level the publications with no mistakes, and remove the publications with mistakes, without the need for the staff to inspect the publications later. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] The accompanying drawings constituting a part of the present invention are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the present invention. In the accompanying drawings:

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a testing device for publication printing and binding according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of the inspection device for publication printing and binding according to an embodiment of the present invention from another perspective;

[0021] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the carrying plate moving out of the frame according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] Description of reference numerals:

[0023] 1. Conveyor belt; 2. Side plate; 3. Fixed plate; 4. Frame; 5. Moving plate; 6. Load-bearing plate; 601. Through slot; 7. Crimping piece; 701. Connecting rod; 702. Crimping block; 703. Block; 704. Connecting hole; 8. Telescopic unit; 9. Base plate; 10. Screw rod; 11. Guide rod; 12. First motor; 13. Fixed block; 14. Rotating shaft; 15. Fixed plate; 16. First rotating rod; 17. First cam; 18. Guide strip; 19. Connecting cover; 20. Second rotating rod; 21. Second cam; 22. Second motor; 23. Support foot; 24. Connecting seat; 25. Recovery frame; 26. Arc plate; 27. Block; 28. Camera. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features in the embodiments may be combined with each other.

[0025] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside" and the like indicate positions or positional relationships based on the positions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present invention. In addition, the terms "first", "second", and the like are only used for descriptive purposes, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, features defined as "first", "second", and the like may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, "multiple" means two or more.

[0026] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by specific circumstances.

[0027] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in conjunction with embodiments.

[0028] As shown in the figure, a testing device for printing and binding publications includes a testing unit installed on the upper side of the end of a conveying mechanism, a bearing unit is provided at the outer side of the end of the conveying mechanism, and the bearing unit includes a frame 4, a bearing plate 6 and a movable plate 5. A bearing plate 6 that can move longitudinally is provided on the inner side of the frame 4, and the bearing plate 6 can intermittently move downward when collecting publications. A through groove 601 is provided at the middle of the end of the bearing plate 6 away from the conveying mechanism, and a crimping piece 7 that can intermittently move back and forth along the longitudinal direction is provided in the through groove 601. The movable plate 5 is rotatably connected to the end of the frame 4 facing the conveying mechanism, and the other end of the movable plate 5 is arranged near the conveying mechanism. In this embodiment, when collecting publications, the bearing plate 6 moves downward intermittently. When the collection is completed, the bearing plate 6 moves forward with the publications placed thereon, and then after the publications are removed, the bearing plate 6 moves backward to the bottom of the frame 4, and then rises into the frame 4 to continue the next round of publication collection.

[0029] The conveying mechanism includes a conveyor belt 1 arranged between two side plates 2, and the inspection unit includes an inverted fixed plate 153 and a camera 28 fixed to the top of the inner side of the fixing member, and the fixed plate 153 is located between the upper sides of the two side plates 2 and straddles the conveyor belt 1.

[0030] One end of the movable plate 5 away from the frame 4 is close to the end of the conveyor belt 1 and is arranged below the upper surface of the conveyor belt 1 , and the movable plate 5 is arranged obliquely upward from the frame 4 to the conveyor belt 1 side.

[0031] A base plate 9 is horizontally arranged below the frame 4 and is arranged perpendicular to the length direction of the conveying mechanism, and the front side of the base plate 9 extends out from below the frame 4. A connecting seat 24 that can move along the length direction of the base plate 9 is arranged on the upper side of the base plate 9. A telescopic unit 8 is fixedly connected to the connecting seat 24, and the bottom of the carrying plate 6 is fixedly connected to the top of the telescopic end of the telescopic unit 8. In this embodiment, the telescopic unit 8 is an electric telescopic rod.

[0032] The base plate 9 is set as a U-shaped structure, and a screw rod 10 and a guide rod 11 are connected between the front and rear side walls of the base plate 9, and a connecting seat 24 is connected between the screw rod 10 and the guide rod 11, and a first motor 12 is fixedly connected to the screw rod 10 at the outer side of one side wall of the base plate 9, and the output shaft of the first motor 12 is fixedly connected to the screw rod 10. In this embodiment, the connecting seat 24 is screwed together with the screw rod 10, and is movably sleeved with the guide rod 11, and the first motor 12 drives the screw rod 10 to rotate, thereby driving the connecting seat 24 to move forward and backward.

[0033] A fixed block 13 is fixed downwardly at both ends of the front side of the frame 4, and a fixed plate 153 is fixed downwardly on the rear side wall. The front and rear sides of the movable plate 5 are connected between the fixed plate 153 and the corresponding fixed block 13 by a rotating shaft 14 near the frame 4, and a first rotating rod 16 located below the movable plate 5 is connected between the fixed plate 153 and the corresponding fixed block 13, and a first cam 17 is fixedly connected to the first rotating rod 16. The rear end of the first rotating rod 16 passes through the fixed plate 153 and is fixedly connected to a driven wheel located outside the fixed plate 153. The crimping piece 7 includes an L-shaped connecting rod 701 and a crimping block 702 fixedly connected to the upper side of the vertical section of the connecting rod 701, and the crimping block 702 is arranged toward one side of the supporting plate 6, the vertical section of the connecting rod 701 is rotated through the through slot 601, and the horizontal section of the connecting rod 701 is arranged toward a side away from the supporting plate 6 The second cam 21 is arranged on the side, and both sides of the bottom of the horizontal section end of the connecting rod 701 are fixed downwardly with blocks 703, and a second cam 21 is arranged between the two blocks 703. The second cam 21 is arranged between the two blocks 703 to ensure that the second cam 21 will not deviate or disengage from the crimping piece 7; and the second cam 21 and the first cam 17 are arranged in the opposite direction, that is, when the distal end of the first cam 17 is on top, the proximal end of the second cam 21 is on top, and a second rotating rod 20 is arranged between the fixing plate 153 and the corresponding fixing block 13, and the second cam 21 is fixedly connected to the second rotating rod 20, and the block 703 is located above the second rotating rod 20, and the end of the second rotating rod 20 passes through the fixing plate 153 and is fixedly connected to a driving wheel located outside the fixing plate 153, a belt is connected between the driving wheel and the driven wheel, and the driving wheel is driven by the second motor 22. In this embodiment, there are two first cams 17, so that the movable plate 5 is supported more stably by the first cams 17, and the guide bars 18 are fixed at the bottom of the movable plate 5 corresponding to the two sides of the first cam 17. The first cam 17 is between the two guide bars 18, ensuring that the relative movement between the movable plate 5 and the first cam 17 during the rotation of the first cam 17 is carried out along the two guide bars 18, ensuring the stability of the movement between the two and avoiding the situation of front and rear deviation. In addition, in this embodiment, a connecting cover 19 is fixed to the outside of the fixed plate 153, and the driving wheel, the driven wheel and the belt are all located inside the connecting cover 19. A second motor 22 is fixed to the outside of the connecting cover 19, and the output shaft of the second motor 22 is fixed to the driving wheel. The second motor 22 drives the driving wheel to rotate, thereby causing the second rotating rod 20 and the first rotating rod 16 to rotate at the same time, driving the first cam 17 and the second cam 21 to rotate, realizing the reciprocating movement of the crimping member 7 and the flipping of the movable plate 5. In this embodiment, the proximal end of the cam is the point on the circumferential surface of the cam that is closest to the rotation center, and the distal end is the point on the circumferential surface of the cam that is farthest from the rotation center. When the proximal end of the first cam 17 supports the movable plate 5, the inclination angle of the movable plate 5 is the smallest, and at this time, there is still a small gap between the end of the movable plate 5 facing the conveyor belt 1 and the conveyor belt 1, which will not affect the smooth operation of the conveyor belt 1.

[0034] A plurality of longitudinally distributed connection holes 704 are evenly opened on the upper side of the vertical section of the connection rod 701, and the crimping block 702 is screwed to one of the connection holes 704. In this embodiment, the position of the crimping block 702 can be adjusted according to the thickness of the publication, so that the publication can be crimped better.

[0035] The upper surface of the carrier plate 6 is vertically fixed with blocking rods 27 at both sides of the through slot 601, and when the carrier is lowered and moved out from under the frame 4, the top position of the blocking rod 27 is lower than the bottom position of the connecting rod 701, ensuring that the blocking rod 27 is not constrained by the connecting rod 701 and can be smoothly moved out or moved in from under the frame 4. In this embodiment, the blocking rod 27 cooperates with the crimping member 7 to limit the position of the delivered publications.

[0036] Support legs 23 are vertically fixed at the four corners of the bottom of the frame 4 .

[0037] A recovery frame 25 is placed below the movable plate 5, and an arc plate 26 is fixed outwardly to the top of one end of the recovery frame 25 away from the conveying mechanism. When a publication with publication error is detected, the movable plate 5 is rotated to flip it upward at a certain angle, and the publication falls from between the conveyor belt 1 and the movable plate 5, and is blocked by the arc plate 26 and slides into the recovery frame 25.

[0038] In this embodiment, the base plate 9 is fixed to the ground by bolts, etc. A weight block (not shown) is fixed to the upper side of the horizontal section of the connecting rod 701, and when the second cam 21 rotates to the proximal end and contacts the connecting rod 701, it is more conducive to the crimping member 7 to move downward under its own gravity.

[0039] In this embodiment, the camera 28, the first motor 12, the second motor 22, and the telescopic unit 8 are all connected to the PLC. The camera 28 transmits the detection data to the PLC, and the PLC makes a comparison and judgment with the pre-stored data inside. The first motor 12, the second motor 22, and the telescopic unit 8 control their working status through the PLC. The electrical connection relationship is a conventional technical means that can be mastered by technicians in this field, and the innovation point of this application is not here, so the specific connection structure will not be repeated here.

[0040] The working process of this embodiment is as follows:

[0041] Before each inspection, the distal end of the second cam 21 is first brought into contact with the connecting rod 701; the publication to be inspected is transported to the end by the conveyor belt 1, and the publication is inspected by the camera 28. When it is inspected that the publication is printed correctly, the publication is transported to the movable plate 5 by the conveyor belt 1, and slides to the upper side of the carrier plate 6. In the process of sliding from the movable plate 5 to the carrier plate 6, the second motor 22 is started to drive the second rotating rod 20 to rotate, thereby driving the second cam 21 to rotate, so that the distal end of the second cam 21 rotates downward, and then the proximal end of the second cam 21 contacts the connecting rod 701. When the publication slides to the connecting rod 701 and the blocking rod 27, the connecting rod 701 moves downward to make the crimping block 702 quickly crimped on the upper side of the publication, and the publication is quickly limited and sorted to avoid Due to the deformation caused by sliding inertia, multiple publications cannot be aligned. During this process, the second motor 22 will also synchronously drive the first rotating rod 16 to rotate, so that the distal end of the first cam 17 rotates to the contact point with the movable plate 5, that is, the movable plate 5 flips over at this time. Since no new publications will be delivered to the vicinity of the movable plate 5 at this time, no publications will fall from between the conveyor belt 1 and the movable plate 5 due to operational errors during the flipping process of the movable plate 5. During this process, the flipping of the movable plate 5 can push the publications on the movable plate 5 forward, so that the publications can reach the supporting plate 6 smoothly; then the telescopic unit 8 moves downward, driving the supporting plate 6 and the publications on the supporting plate 6 to move downward together, so that the top publication is flush with the upper surface of the frame 4 or slightly below; and the next publication is inspected again.

[0042] When a printing error is detected in a publication, before the publication reaches the movable plate 5, the second motor 22 is started to drive the movable plate 5 to flip upward, and the publication continues to be conveyed forward, falls from the conveyor belt 1 and enters the recovery frame 25 below.

[0043] When there are many publications placed on the carrying plate 6, the telescopic unit 8 can be controlled to move downward so that the blocking rod 27 is completely lowered to the bottom of the connecting rod 701, and then the first motor 12 is started to move the connecting seat 24 forward, and finally the publications are moved out from under the frame 4. The operator can then remove the publications, and then use the first motor 12 to move the connecting seat 24 back to the bottom of the frame 4. Under the action of the telescopic unit 8, the carrying plate 6 is moved up to the inside of the frame 4, and subsequent inspection work is carried out again.

[0044] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A testing device for publication printing and binding, characterized in that: The invention comprises an inspection unit installed on the upper side of the end of the conveying mechanism, a bearing unit is arranged on the outer side of the end of the conveying mechanism, the bearing unit comprises a frame, a bearing plate and a movable plate, a bearing plate which can move longitudinally is arranged on the inner side of the frame, and the bearing plate can move downward intermittently when collecting publications, a through groove which opens outward is arranged in the middle of one end of the bearing plate away from the conveying mechanism, a crimping piece which can move back and forth intermittently in the longitudinal direction is arranged in the through groove, a movable plate is rotatably connected to one end of the frame facing the conveying mechanism, and the other end of the movable plate is arranged close to the conveying mechanism.

2. A publication printing and binding inspection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The conveying mechanism includes a conveyor belt arranged between two side plates, and the inspection unit includes an inverted fixed plate and a camera fixed to the top of the inner side of the fixing member, and the fixed plate is located between the upper sides of the two side plates and straddles the conveyor belt.

3. A publication printing and binding inspection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: One end of the moving plate away from the frame is close to the end of the conveyor belt and is arranged below the upper surface of the conveyor belt, and the moving plate is arranged upwardly and inclined from the frame to the conveyor belt side.

4. A publication printing and binding inspection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A base plate is horizontally arranged below the frame and is arranged perpendicular to the length direction of the conveying mechanism, and the front side of the base plate extends out from below the frame. A connecting seat that can move along the length direction of the base plate is arranged on the upper side of the base plate, a telescopic unit is fixedly connected to the connecting seat, and the bottom of the supporting plate is fixedly connected to the top of the telescopic end of the telescopic unit.

5. A publication printing and binding inspection device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The base plate is set as a U-shaped structure, a screw and a guide rod are connected between the front and rear side walls of the base plate, a connecting seat is connected between the screw and the guide rod, and a first motor is fixedly connected to the screw at the outer side of one side wall of the base plate, and the output shaft of the first motor is fixedly connected to the screw.

6. The inspection device for publication printing and binding according to claim 1, characterized in that: A fixed block is fixed downwardly at both ends of the front side of the frame, a fixed plate is fixed downwardly at the rear side wall, and the front and rear sides of the movable plate are connected between the fixed plate and the corresponding fixed block by a rotating shaft near the frame, and a first rotating rod located below the movable plate is connected between the fixed plate and the corresponding fixed block, a first cam is fixedly connected to the first rotating rod, and a rear end of the first rotating rod passes through the fixed plate and is fixedly connected to a driven wheel located outside the fixed plate. The crimping piece includes an L-shaped connecting rod and a crimping block fixed to the upper side of the vertical section of the connecting rod, and the crimping block is arranged toward one side of the supporting plate, the vertical section of the connecting rod is rotated through the through slot, and is arranged on the side of the horizontal section of the connecting rod facing away from the supporting plate, and blocks are fixed downwardly on both sides of the bottom of the end of the horizontal section of the connecting rod, a second cam is provided between the two blocks, and the second cam and the first cam are arranged in opposite directions, that is, when the distal end of the first cam is on top, the proximal end of the second cam is on top, a second rotating rod is provided between the fixed plate and the corresponding fixed block, the second cam is fixed on the second rotating rod, the block is located above the second rotating rod, and the end of the second rotating rod passes through the fixed plate and is fixed with a driving wheel located outside the fixed plate, a belt is connected between the driving wheel and the driven wheel, and the driving wheel is driven by a second motor.

7. A publication printing and binding inspection device according to claim 6, characterized in that: A plurality of longitudinally distributed connection holes are evenly opened on the upper side of the vertical section of the connection rod, and the crimping block is connected to one of the connection holes by means of screws.

8. The inspection device for publication printing and binding according to claim 6, characterized in that: The upper surface of the bearing plate is vertically fixed with blocking rods at both sides of the through slot, and when the bearing frame descends and moves out from under the frame, the top position of the blocking rod is lower than the bottom position of the connecting rod.

9. The inspection device for publication printing and binding according to claim 1, characterized in that: Support legs are vertically fixed at the four corners of the bottom of the frame.

10. The inspection device for publication printing and binding according to claim 1, characterized in that: A recovery frame is placed below the movable plate, and an arc-shaped plate is fixedly connected outwardly to the top of one end of the recovery frame away from the conveying mechanism.

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