Method and system for extracting black substances from waste lithium ion batteries

Abstract

A method for obtaining a metal salt from a spent lithium ion (Li-ion) battery may include contacting a leaching solvent with a portion of the spent lithium ion battery to form a first dispersion. The first dispersion is heated to a temperature in the range of 50 DEG C to 90 DEG C by applying microwave radiation. The temperature of the first dispersion is maintained in the range of 50 DEG C to 90 DEG C for a period of 10 seconds to 5 minutes by further applying microwave radiation to the heated first dispersion. The first dispersion liquid is filtered to obtain a first filtrate. The first dispersion is then filtered to separate undissolved material from the first filtrate. The undissolved precipitate is dehydrated to obtain a black substance.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 407,265, filed on September 16, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference into this application. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, and in particular to a system and method for extracting black matter from spent lithium-ion batteries. Background Art

[0004] The adoption of electric devices such as automobiles and power tools has grown rapidly over the past decade. The vast majority of electric devices use lithium-based batteries. Considering the working life of lithium-based batteries, the number of waste lithium-based batteries is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years. In addition, the amount of metals and other natural resources used as raw materials for lithium-based batteries is limited. Therefore, recycling waste lithium-based batteries to recover precious metals can be an important source of raw materials. In addition, the recycling of waste lithium-based batteries is also important for the environment because the materials used in lithium batteries may cause pollution of water and other resources if left in landfills. Therefore, it is necessary to develop economically viable waste battery recycling methods to keep the cost of raw materials (as well as batteries) affordable and prevent pollution caused by waste lithium-based battery materials.

[0005] The electrodes of lithium-based batteries are composed primarily of metals such as copper, iron, and aluminum, depending on the specific battery chemistry used. Lithium-based batteries also include what is commonly known as black mass, which typically includes graphite and salts of several precious metals, such as iron, cobalt, manganese, nickel, copper, and aluminum (depending on the specific battery chemistry). Black mass also includes lithium salts, which form less than about 1% of the weight of spent batteries and typically less than about 2% of the weight of the active mass of the battery. The black mass of some new battery chemistries may also contain trace amounts of other metals, such as rare earths.

[0006] Thermochemical processes are the most widely used technology for recycling waste lithium batteries. Such thermochemical processes utilize smelting that requires high temperatures, for example in the range of about 500°C to about 1000°C. Therefore, the energy costs associated with the recycling process are high, resulting in metal recovery costs that are significantly higher than the market value of the recovered metal. In addition, the gases produced during smelting are often harmful and can also increase environmental pollution. Furthermore, the amount of each metal recovered by thermochemical processes is generally lower than, for example, hydrometallurgical processes. Therefore, these technologies are not sustainable in the long run.

[0007] Some hydrometallurgical processes can provide higher yields and potentially higher purity of recovered metals. However, these processes generally require heating the leaching solvent at relatively high temperatures for a long time, for example in the range of about 80°C to about 150°C. Therefore, the energy requirements of such processes remain high. In addition, the treatment of high temperature leaching solvates poses certain hazards, which further increases the cost of such processes.

[0008] Therefore, current technologies for recycling spent batteries are not cost-effective relative to technologies for recovering these materials. Therefore, there is a need for cost-effective, low-energy, sustainable and low-carbon footprint technologies to recover materials from spent batteries. Summary of the invention

[0009] The embodiments disclosed herein are derived from the recognition that high temperatures and / or high temperature chemical techniques are not required to effectively recover metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. The present application discloses systems and methods for extracting black matter from spent lithium-ion batteries using a leaching solvent. Because the leaching solvent used in the presently disclosed embodiments is an aqueous solution, microwave radiation can be used to reduce the time and energy required to heat the leaching solvent to an appropriate temperature and maintain the temperature of the leaching solvent to separate the black matter from any salts mixed with the metal. The embodiments also utilize a leaching solvent comprising an oxidant to further improve the efficiency of separating metals and salts from the black matter.

[0010] The leaching solvent of the presently disclosed embodiments is selected so that it can dissolve the various metals used in lithium-ion batteries. Thus, fragments of spent lithium-ion batteries are contacted with the leaching solvent at an appropriate temperature, and the various metals in the batteries dissolve into the leaching solvent, leaving behind a black substance. The embodiments disclosed herein also take advantage of the recognition that once the various metals are dissolved in the leaching solvent, the black substance can be separated from the leaching solvent by filtration. Thus, advantageously, the embodiments disclosed herein are able to extract the black substance present in lithium-ion batteries without the use of high temperature chemical processes, thereby significantly reducing the time, cost, and carbon footprint of recovering metals from lithium-ion batteries.

[0011] In addition, the leachate separated from the black mass includes salts of various precious metals and can be further processed to obtain high-purity precious metals.

[0012] Therefore, in at least one embodiment, the method of extracting black matter from a spent lithium ion (Li-ion) battery comprises contacting a leaching solvent with a portion of the spent lithium ion battery to obtain a first dispersion. The first dispersion is heated to a temperature in the range of 50°C to 90°C by applying microwave radiation. The temperature of the first dispersion is maintained in the range of 50°C to 90°C for a period of 10 seconds to 5 minutes by further applying microwave radiation to the heated electrode dispersion. The first dispersion is then filtered to separate undissolved material from the first filtrate. The undissolved precipitate is dehydrated to obtain the black matter.

[0013] According to at least one embodiment, a system for recycling waste lithium ion batteries may include a crusher, a cleaning chamber, one or more storage tanks, two or more reaction chambers and a controller. The crusher is configured to crush the battery cells of the waste lithium ion battery into fragments. The cleaning chamber is configured to, for example, use water and / or other neutral solvents to clean the fragments. One or more storage tanks are configured to store chemicals and may include at least one first storage tank storing a first alkali. Two or more reaction chambers are coupled to one or more storage tanks via one or more pumps and valves. At least the first reaction chamber in the two or more reaction chambers is coupled to a microwave generator (e.g., including a magnetron) configured to provide microwave generation to the reactants in the first reaction chamber, and at least the second reaction chamber in the two or more reaction chambers is coupled to the first storage tank. The controller is configured to control one or more pumps and / or one or more valves to adjust the transfer rate and amount of the chemical substances transferred from the one or more storage tanks to the corresponding reaction chambers in the two or more reaction chambers. The controller is further configured to control the microwave generator to adjust the amount of microwave radiation provided to the first reaction chamber, thereby heating the reactants in the first reaction chamber to a temperature within a predetermined range, and maintaining the temperature of the reactants within the predetermined range for a predetermined period of time. The precipitate and undissolved material in the first reaction chamber are separated from the solvent to obtain a black substance.

[0014] Additional features and advantages of the subject technology will be set forth in the following description, and in part will become apparent from the description, or may be learned through the practice of the subject technology. The advantages of the subject technology will be realized and obtained through the structures particularly pointed out in the written description and its embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

[0015] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the subject technology. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Various features of the illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The illustrative embodiments are intended to illustrate the present invention, but not to limit the present invention. The drawings include the following figures:

[0017] Figure 1 An apparatus for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure is schematically shown.

[0018] Figure 2 A flow chart of a method of obtaining metal salts from spent lithium-ion batteries according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0019] 3 is a process flow diagram for a process used in a method of obtaining a metal salt from a spent lithium-ion battery according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] In the detailed description below, many specific details are set forth to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject technology. It should be understood that the subject technology can be practiced without some of these specific details. In other cases, well-known structures and techniques are not shown in detail to avoid obscuring the subject technology.

[0021] Furthermore, while the present description sets forth specific details of various embodiments, it should be understood that the description is illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting in any way. Furthermore, it is contemplated that while specific embodiments of the present disclosure may be disclosed or shown in the context of recycling certain types of lithium-ion batteries, such embodiments may be used with all types of lithium-ion batteries using modifications within the scope of the present disclosure and claims. Furthermore, various applications of such embodiments and modifications thereof that may occur to a person skilled in the art are also included in the general concepts described herein.

[0022] Depending on the battery chemistry used, a typical lithium-ion battery may contain graphite powder and salts of one or more precious metals, such as lithium, aluminum, copper, cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, etc. Tables 1 to 6 provide some common lithium-ion battery types and the content of graphite and various metals in these battery types.

[0023] Table 1: Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) battery

[0024]

[0025]

[0026] Table 2: Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (LNCA) Battery

[0027]

[0028]

[0029] Table 3: Ratio of 1 / 3 nickel, manganese and cobalt in active cathode (NMC111) batteries

[0030]

[0031]

[0032] Table 4: Active cathode (NMC622) battery with nickel, manganese and cobalt in a ratio of 60% / 20% / 20%

[0033]

[0034] Table 5: Active cathode (NMC811) battery with nickel, manganese and cobalt in the ratio of 80% / 10% / 10%

[0035]

[0036]

[0037] Table 6: Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery

[0038]

[0039]

[0040] As is evident from Tables 1 to 6, graphite constitutes a large portion of spent lithium-ion batteries. The technology disclosed herein enables economical, sustainable, and large-scale recovery of graphite and other materials included in the black matter from spent lithium-ion batteries. The method disclosed herein has a low energy requirement, thereby reducing the carbon footprint of the recovery process. In addition, the method disclosed herein provides high-purity graphite and is capable of extracting precious metals from the black matter through further processing, which can be advantageously used directly in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries rather than obtaining graphite from other sources.

[0041] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of an apparatus 100 for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. In some embodiments, the apparatus 100 includes a crusher 102, a cleaning chamber 104, one or more chemical storage tanks 106, a controller 108, one or more reaction chambers (such as a separation chamber 110), a sedimentation chamber 112, one or more clean water tanks 114, one or more recovery water tanks 116, and one or more pumps 120.

[0042] In some embodiments, the crusher 102 is designed to crush the battery cells of the waste lithium-ion batteries (also referred to herein as "waste batteries" for ease of reference) into fragments ranging in size from about 1 mm to about 5 cm. In some embodiments, the crusher 102 may include a sealable and evacuable chamber to reduce the amount of oxygen in the chamber to prevent oxidation of the waste battery fragments. In some embodiments, the chamber may be re-pressurized using an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen or argon).

[0043] In some embodiments, the cleaning chamber 104 is designed to clean the spent battery fragments obtained from the shredder 102. Cleaning the fragments may include processes such as washing the fragments with water (e.g., distilled water), ultrasonically treating the fragments while in water or after drying the washed fragments, drying the washed and / or ultrasonically treated fragments, and the like.

[0044] In some embodiments, cleaning can be performed at room temperature or at elevated temperatures. In some embodiments, cleaning can be performed in air at atmospheric pressure. Alternatively or additionally, cleaning can be performed under vacuum and / or in an inert atmosphere, such as in the presence of nitrogen, argon, etc.

[0045] In some embodiments, cleaning debris may include dispersing the debris of the waste battery in a fluid and filtering the debris using one or more filtration processes (e.g., using one or more screens, each screen having a different screen size). In some embodiments, the screen size may be in the range of about 50 microns to about 5 millimeters. For example, the filtration process may include filtering the dispersion sequentially through a screen with a screen size of about 5 millimeters, then filtering through a screen with a screen size of about 1 millimeter, then filtering through a screen with a screen size of about 500 microns, then filtering through a screen with a screen size of about 500 microns. In some embodiments, one or more of these steps may be omitted. Alternatively or additionally, one or more filtration steps may be added in the process.

[0046] In some embodiments, the separated material after filtering through a relatively small mesh size can be removed for further processing, such as contacting the material with a chemical, such as a leaching chemical, an acid, a neutralizing solution (e.g., an alkaline solution, an acid solution, a salt solution, etc.), water, and / or other specialized solutions including one or more chemicals that can be used in a recycling process. In some embodiments, the undissolved material after further processing can be further separated and dried to obtain graphite powder.

[0047] In some embodiments, one or more storage tanks 106 may store chemicals such as leaching chemicals, acids, neutralizing solutions (e.g., alkaline solutions, acid solutions, saline solutions, etc.), water, and / or other specialized solutions including one or more chemicals that may be used in the recovery process.

[0048] In some embodiments, each of the one or more storage tanks 106 can be connected to two or more reaction chambers 110, 112. In addition, the connection between the storage tank and the reaction chamber can include a control valve that can be controlled by the controller 108. The controller 108 is configured to control the amount of chemical transferred from the storage tank 106 to the reaction chamber 110, 112 via the control valve (or other mechanism). For example, the controller 108 can control parameters such as the volume and / or flow rate of the chemical transferred from the storage tank to the corresponding reaction chamber.

[0049] In some embodiments, controller 108 can utilize control parameters such as pH, temperature, volume, turbidity, density, and / or other parameters associated with the chemical in a given reaction chamber to control the volume, mass, and / or flow rate of the chemical transferred from the storage tank to a given reaction chamber. Thus, system 100 can also include one or more sensors for measuring one or more corresponding control parameters and measuring one or more controlled parameters (e.g., volume, mass, flow rate, etc.).

[0050] In some embodiments, the controller 108 can control the temperature of the material in the reaction chambers, for example, by controlling the amount of heat delivered to one of the reaction chambers or the material within the reaction chambers. For example, in some embodiments, the controller 108 can control the power input to a microwave generator (e.g., comprising a magnetron) coupled to one of the reaction chambers to control the amount of microwave energy delivered to the material in the reaction chambers. The controller 108 can control the power input based on a parameter such as the temperature of the material in the reaction chambers.

[0051] In some embodiments, two or more reaction chambers can be connected to the clean water tank 114. In some embodiments, the connection between the reaction chamber and the clean water tank can be controlled by a control valve. Similar to the connection between the reaction chamber and the storage tank, the controller 108 can control the amount and / or flow rate of water transferred from the clean water tank 114 to the reaction chamber via the control valve based on parameters such as pH, temperature, volume, turbidity, density and / or other parameters related to the chemical substances in a given reaction chamber.

[0052] In some embodiments, two or more reaction chambers are further connected to a recovery tank 116. When the reaction in the reaction chamber is completed, any solid material generated, such as precipitated and / or separated, in a given reaction chamber is removed. The solid material can be removed, for example, by filtration. In some embodiments, the remainder of the chemical substance, such as filtrate, is neutralized using, for example, a neutralizing solution, which is introduced into the reaction chamber from the corresponding storage tank by the control of the control valve by the controller.

[0053] In some embodiments, the neutralization process can be carried out in several steps, by gradually adding a neutralizing solution to sequentially increase the pH of the filtrate so as to sequentially precipitate different substances. For example, a first precipitate (e.g., a first metal salt) can be obtained at a first pH, a second precipitate can be obtained at a second pH, and the like. In such embodiments, the amount and flow rate of the neutralizing solution added to the reaction chamber can be controlled by a control valve based on the pH of the contents in the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, instead of a neutralizing solution, a neutralizing chemical (e.g., solid) can be added to the reaction chamber to increase the pH of the contents of the reaction chamber.

[0054] In some embodiments, after removing any possible precipitate generated by the neutralization reaction, such as by filtration, the remaining water may be further treated to bring its pH to a neutral pH and may then be transferred to a recovered water storage tank 116 .

[0055] In some embodiments, the transfer of material to or from one or more of the storage tank 106, reaction chambers 110, 112, clean water tank 114, and / or recovery water tank 116 can be facilitated by one or more pumps 120. In some embodiments, the one or more pumps 120 are coupled to a controller 108, which can control the one or more pumps 120 to control the flow rate and / or volume of the material being transferred.

[0056] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a suitable apparatus (e.g., apparatus 100) can be used to recycle spent batteries. Specifically, in some embodiments, an apparatus such as apparatus 100 can be used to extract black matter found in spent lithium-ion batteries. The black matter can be further processed to obtain salts of graphite and precious metals, such as lithium salts, aluminum salts, copper salts, iron salts, nickel salts, cobalt salts, and manganese salts.

[0057] Figure 2A flow chart of a method 200 for extracting black matter from spent lithium-ion batteries according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. The method 200 may include contacting a leaching solvent with a portion of the spent lithium-ion battery at 202 to obtain a first dispersion. At 204, the first dispersion is heated to a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C by applying microwave radiation to the first dispersion. At 206, the temperature of the heated first dispersion is maintained in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C for a time of about 10 seconds to about 5 minutes by controlled application of microwave radiation. At 208, the first dispersion is filtered to separate the first filtrate from undissolved material. At 210, the undissolved material is separated to obtain metal flakes and black matter.

[0058] In some embodiments, a portion of the spent lithium-ion battery is obtained by crushing the lithium-ion battery. The process for obtaining a suitable portion of the lithium-ion battery may also include, for example, a step of separating the crushed portion by a series of separation steps to separate materials of different sizes. For example, in some embodiments, the separation may include using a suitable sieve to separate coarse fragments having a size in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, and then further using a second suitable sieve to separate fine fragments having a size in the range of about 50 microns to about 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, sieves of different mesh sizes may be used to perform several (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more) separation steps.

[0059] A portion of the spent lithium-ion battery, such as fine fragments and / or black matter, can be introduced into a reaction chamber, where the fine fragments and / or black matter (hereinafter collectively referred to as "black matter" for ease of reference) are contacted with a leaching solvent at 202. In some embodiments, the leaching solvent may include an acid, such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid, etc. In some embodiments, the leaching solvent may include more than one acid.

[0060] In some embodiments, the leaching solvent may also include an oxidant, such as hydrogen peroxide or nitric acid. In some embodiments, the concentration of the leaching solvent acid may be in the range of about 0.5N to about 10N. In some embodiments, the pH of the leaching solvent may be in the range of about 0 to about 7.0. In some embodiments, the leaching solvent may have a pH of about 0. In some embodiments, the leaching solvent is introduced into the reaction chamber from a storage tank. The amount and / or flow rate of the leaching solvent introduced may be controlled by a controller.

[0061] Table 7 provides the concentrations of various materials used in the leaching solvent according to one example.

[0062] Table 7: Specifications of leaching solvents according to examples.

[0063]

[0064] After the leaching solvent is introduced into the reaction chamber, the leaching solvent and the black material are stirred, for example using an agitator (which may or may not be controlled by the controller), to form a first dispersion.

[0065] Next, at 204, microwave radiation is applied to the first dispersion to heat the first dispersion to a temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 90° C. Thus, at 206, the first dispersion can be heated to a temperature of, for example, about 50° C., about 55° C., about 60° C., about 65° C., about 70° C., about 75° C., about 80° C., about 85° C., about 90° C., or any temperature between any two of these values.

[0066] In some embodiments, the application of microwave radiation is controlled by a controller that uses the temperature in the reaction chamber as a feedback parameter. The temperature in the reaction chamber can be determined, for example, by a temperature sensor disposed in the reaction chamber. The temperature sensor can be coupled to the controller. In some embodiments, the controller can be a proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller, but other types of controllers can be expected within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0067] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the first dispersion in the reaction chamber is stirred while being heated. Stirring the first dispersion can help to more evenly distribute the heat generated by applying microwave radiation in the first dispersion. Additionally or alternatively, the first dispersion can be ultrasonically treated by applying, for example, ultrasound during the heating process.

[0068] Once the temperature of the first dispersion reaches the desired value, microwave radiation is continued to be applied to maintain the temperature at the desired value for a period of time in the range of about 10 seconds to about 5 minutes at 208. For example, the temperature of the first dispersion can be maintained at the desired value for about 10 seconds, about 15 seconds, about 20 seconds, about 25 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 35 seconds, about 40 seconds, about 45 seconds, about 50 seconds, about 55 seconds, about 60 seconds, about 70 seconds, about 80 seconds, about 90 seconds, about 100 seconds, about 120 seconds, about 140 seconds, about 160 seconds, about 180 seconds, about 200 seconds, about 220 seconds, about 240 seconds, about 260 seconds, about 280 seconds, about 300 seconds, or any amount of time between any two of these values.

[0069] In some embodiments, the continuous application of microwave radiation at 204 is controlled using a controller (e.g., the same controller used in 204). It should be understood that the continuous application of microwave radiation does not necessarily mean the continuous application of microwave radiation. Therefore, in some embodiments, at 206, microwave radiation can be applied in pulses. Each pulse can have a pulse width ranging from about 0.5 seconds to 5 seconds or longer. The microwave pulses may or may not have the same peak power. Therefore, in some embodiments, the continuous application of microwave radiation can include the application of pulse waves of microwave radiation and control parameters such as pulse width, peak power of the pulses, pulse rate, and the total amount of time that microwave radiation is applied to the first dispersion.

[0070] Additionally, at 206 , the first dispersion may be stirred and / or sonicated using ultrasound to more evenly distribute heat generated by the application of microwave radiation through the first dispersion.

[0071] After maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion for a predetermined period of time, at 208, the first dispersion can be allowed to cool to room temperature. The first dispersion is then filtered to separate undissolved material from the first filtrate. In some embodiments, the first dispersion can be cooled to room temperature before filtering at 208. In some embodiments, filtering the first dispersion can include passing the first dispersion through a fine filter, mesh, or screen. In some embodiments, the filtration process can separate materials larger than a predetermined size from the first filtrate. For example, the filtration process can separate any material larger than, for example, about 1 micron, about 5 microns, about 10 microns, or about 50 microns from the first filtrate.

[0072] It is understood that salts of precious metals from the ferrous material may be dissolved in the leaching solvent. Thus, at the end of 208, the undissolved material includes the undissolved portion of the ferrous material, which may primarily include graphite and undissolved metal flakes. On the other hand, the first filtrate may include metal ions. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the metal ions in the first filtrate are in the highest oxidation state due to the presence of the oxidant in the leaching solvent.

[0073] Next, at 210, the undissolved material is separated to obtain undissolved metal flakes and graphite. In some embodiments, separating the undissolved material includes sequentially passing the dispersion containing the undissolved material through one or more screens of different sizes.

[0074] In some embodiments, the filter, screen or sieve can be designed or selected to separate solid materials of different sizes. For example, the first screen, filter or sieve can separate solid materials with a size greater than about 1 mm; the second screen, filter or sieve can separate solid materials with a size in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm; the third screen, filter or sieve can separate solid materials with a size in the range of about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm; the fourth screen, filter or sieve can separate solid materials with a size in the range of about 50 microns to about 100 microns; the fifth screen, filter or sieve can separate solid materials with a size in the range of about 10 microns to about 50 microns; the sixth screen, filter or sieve can separate solid materials with a size in the range of about 1 micron to about 10 microns; and so on.

[0075] In some embodiments, the material obtained after separation using a minimal filter, screen or sieve (also referred to herein as "powder") is further processed to obtain graphite. For example, the powder can be washed in one or more washing cycles using water, dilute acid and / or dilute alkali to remove any adsorbed salts or metals. The washed powder can then be dehydrated to obtain graphite powder.

[0076] Therefore, the present disclosure provides a system and method for obtaining black matter including graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Advantageously, the graphite powder so obtained by the process disclosed herein already meets the specifications for lithium-based batteries. Therefore, the graphite powder obtained by the process disclosed herein can be used as is to manufacture lithium-based batteries.

[0077] The method disclosed herein is a low temperature method that uses microwave radiation to heat the dispersion of the black substance to improve energy efficiency. In addition, since the process does not require smelting or other high temperature processes, there is no gas emission and the process is essentially a zero pollution process. In addition, the water used in the process can also be recycled, thereby further reducing waste.

[0078] Example

[0079] 100 kg of LCO, LNCA, NMC111, NMC622, NMC811 and LFP (contributing 25 weight percent) batteries were recycled using the method disclosed herein to recover electrode metals.

[0080] Table 9 provides the amount of electrode metal recovered after the process.

[0081] Table 9: Quantities of graphite recovered from the extraction process described herein.

[0082] Battery Type Quantity (kg) LCO 387.88 LNCA 387.88 NMC111 387.88 NMC622 387.88 NMC811 387.88 LFP 394.84

[0083] Further considerations

[0084] In some embodiments, any clause in this article can be attached to any independent clause or any dependent clause. In one aspect, any clause (e.g., dependent or independent clause) can be combined with any other one or more clauses (e.g., dependent or independent clause). In one aspect, a claim can include some or all of the words (e.g., steps, operations, devices or parts) listed in a clause, sentence, phrase or paragraph. In one aspect, a claim can include some or all of the words listed in one or more clauses, sentences, phrases or paragraphs. In one aspect, some words in each clause, sentence, phrase or paragraph can be deleted. In one aspect, additional words or components can be added to clauses, sentences, phrases or paragraphs. In one aspect, the subject technology can be realized without utilizing some of the parts, components, functions or operations described herein. In one aspect, the subject technology can be realized using additional parts, components, functions or operations.

[0085] For example, the subject technology is described according to the various aspects described below. For convenience, various examples of various aspects of the subject technology are described as numbered clauses (1, 2, 3, etc.). These are provided as examples and do not limit the subject technology. It should be noted that any dependent clauses can be combined in any combination and placed in corresponding independent clauses, such as clause 1 or clause 5. Other clauses can be proposed in a similar manner.

[0086] Item 1. A method for extracting black matter from spent lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, the method comprising: contacting a leaching solvent with a portion of the spent lithium-ion batteries to obtain a first dispersion; heating the first dispersion to a temperature in the range of 50°C to 90°C by applying microwave radiation; maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion in the range of 50°C to 90°C for a period in the range of 10 seconds to 5 minutes by further applying microwave radiation to the heated first dispersion; filtering the first dispersion to separate the first filtrate from undissolved material; and separating the undissolved material to obtain metal flakes and the black matter.

[0087] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the black substance comprises graphite.

[0088] Clause 3. The method of Clause 1, wherein the leaching solvent comprises sulfuric acid.

[0089] Clause 4. The method of clause 3, wherein the leaching solvent further comprises an oxidant.

[0090] Clause 5. The method of Clause 4, wherein the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.

[0091] Clause 6. The method of Clause 1, wherein the pH of the leaching solvent is in the range of 0 to 7.0.

[0092] Clause 7. The method of Clause 1, wherein heating the first dispersion further comprises stirring the first dispersion while applying the microwave radiation.

[0093] Clause 8. The method of Clause 1, wherein maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion comprises controlling the application of the microwave radiation using a controller.

[0094] Clause 9. The method of Clause 1, wherein heating the first dispersion comprises heating the first dispersion to a temperature in a range of 60°C to 80°C.

[0095] Clause 10. The method of Clause 1, wherein maintaining the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion in a range of 60°C to 80°C for a period of time in a range of 30 seconds to 5 minutes.

[0096] Clause 11. The method of Clause 1, wherein the portion of the spent lithium-ion battery comprises metal flakes and a black substance comprising graphite and a metal oxide.

[0097] Clause 12. The method of Clause 11, wherein filtering the first dispersion comprises filtering the first dispersion through a sieve.

[0098] Clause 13. The method of Clause 1, wherein heating the first dispersion further comprises continuously stirring the first dispersion while applying the microwave radiation.

[0099] Clause 14. The method of Clause 1, wherein maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion further comprises continuously stirring the first dispersion while applying the microwave radiation.

[0100] Clause 15. The method of Clause 1, wherein separating the undissolved material comprises passing the dispersion comprising the undissolved material sequentially through one or more sieves of different sizes.

[0101] Clause 16. The method of Clause 15, wherein the one or more screens have a mesh size in the range of about 5 mm to about 0.01 mm.

[0102] Item 17. The method according to Item 16, further comprising drying remaining undissolved material after passing the dispersion through a sieve having a minimum mesh size to obtain graphite powder.

[0103] Clause 18. A system for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries, the system comprising: a crusher configured to break down battery cells of the spent lithium-ion batteries into fragments; one or more storage tanks configured to store chemicals, including at least one first storage tank storing a first base; one or more reaction chambers coupled to the one or more storage tanks via one or more pumps and valves, a first reaction chamber of the one or more reaction chambers being coupled to a microwave generator, the microwave generator being configured to provide microwave radiation to reactants therein; a separator configured to separate undissolved materials from the first reaction chamber; and a controller. The controller is configured to control: the one or more pumps and / or the one or more valves to adjust the transfer rate and amount of chemicals transferred from the one or more storage tanks to corresponding reaction chambers of the one or more reaction chambers, and the microwave generator to adjust the amount of microwave radiation provided to the first reaction chamber to heat the reactants in the first reaction chamber to a temperature within a predetermined range, and maintain the temperature of the reactants within the predetermined range for a predetermined period of time. The fragments are placed in the first reaction chamber to contact with a leaching solvent.

[0104] Clause 19. The system of Clause 18, wherein at least one of the one or more reaction chambers comprises an agitator configured to agitate the reactants therein.

[0105] Clause 20. The system of Clause 18, wherein the crusher comprises a chamber configured to be maintained under vacuum and / or with an inert atmosphere.

[0106] Clause 21. The system of Clause 18, wherein the leaching solvent comprises sulfuric acid and an oxidant.

[0107] Clause 22. The system of Clause 18, wherein the predetermined temperature range is 50°C to 90°C.

[0108] Clause 23. The system of clause 18, wherein the predetermined period of time is in the range of 10 seconds to 5 minutes.

[0109] Clause 24. The system of Clause 18, wherein the leaching solvent has a pH in the range of 0 to 7.0.

[0110] Clause 25. The system of Clause 18, wherein maintaining the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature of the reactants in a range of 60°C to 80°C for a period of time in a range of 30 seconds to 5 minutes.

[0111] Clause 26. The system of Clause 18, wherein the separator comprises one or more screens of different sizes through which the dispersion of undissolved material is sequentially passed.

[0112] Clause 27. The system of Clause 26, wherein the one or more screens have a mesh size in a range of about 5 mm to about 0.01 mm.

[0113] Clause 28. The system of Clause 18, wherein the microwave generator comprises a magnetron.

[0114] The foregoing description is provided to enable those skilled in the art to practice the various configurations described herein. Although the subject technology has been described in detail with reference to various drawings and configurations, it should be understood that these are only for illustrative purposes and should not be considered to limit the scope of the subject technology.

[0115] There may be many other ways to implement the subject technology. The various functions and components described herein may be divided differently from those shown without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Various modifications to these configurations will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other configurations. Therefore, those of ordinary skill in the art may make many changes and modifications to the subject technology without departing from the scope of the subject technology.

[0116] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the disclosed process is an illustration of an exemplary method. Based on design preferences, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the process can be rearranged. Some steps can be performed simultaneously. The attached method claims present components of the various steps in an example order and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0117] As used herein, the term "about" preceding a quantity indicates a variation from the stated quantity. This variation may be due to manufacturing tolerances or may be due to differences in measurement techniques. In some cases, the variation from the listed value may be as high as 10%. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that variations in a particular quantity may be context-dependent, and thus, for example, variations in dimensions on the micrometer or nanometer scale may differ from variations on the meter scale.

[0118] As used herein, the phrase "at least one" preceding a series of items, and the use of the terms "and" or "or" to separate any items, modifies the entire list, not each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase "at least one" does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows for a meaning that includes at least one of any item, and / or at least one of any combination of multiple items, and / or at least one of each item. For example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" each refers to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and / or at least one of each of A, B, and C.

[0119] As used herein, the terms "top", "bottom", "front", "rear", etc. should be understood to refer to an arbitrary reference frame, not the ordinary gravitational reference frame. Thus, the top surface, bottom surface, front surface, and rear surface may extend upward, downward, diagonally, or horizontally in the gravitational reference frame.

[0120] Furthermore, with respect to the use of the terms "including," "having," and the like in the specification or claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to how the term "comprising" is interpreted when it is used as a transitional term in a claim.

[0121] The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations.

[0122] Unless otherwise specified, reference to a singular component is not intended to mean "one and only one," but rather "one or more." Masculine pronouns (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., she and it) and vice versa. The term "some" refers to one or more. Underlined and / or italicized headings and subheadings are used for convenience only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not to be referenced in conjunction with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. All structural and functional equivalents to the components of the various configurations described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be covered by the subject technology. In addition, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public, regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the above description.

Claims

1. A method for extracting black matter from waste lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, the method comprising: contacting a leaching solvent with a portion of the spent lithium ion battery to obtain a first dispersion; heating the first dispersion to a temperature in the range of 50°C to 90°C by applying microwave radiation; maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion in the range of 50°C to 90°C for a period in the range of 10 seconds to 5 minutes by further applying microwave radiation to the heated first dispersion; filtering the first dispersion to separate the first filtrate from undissolved materials; and The undissolved material is separated to obtain metal flakes and the black substance. The method of claim 1 , wherein the black substance comprises graphite.

3. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the leaching solvent comprises sulfuric acid.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the leaching solvent further comprises an oxidant.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the pH of the leaching solvent is in the range of 0 to 7.

0.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein heating the first dispersion further comprises stirring the first dispersion while applying the microwave radiation.

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion comprises using a controller to control the application of the microwave radiation.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein heating the first dispersion comprises heating the first dispersion to a temperature in the range of 60°C to 80°C.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein maintaining the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion in a range of 60°C to 80°C for a period of time in a range of 30 seconds to 5 minutes.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the portion of the spent lithium-ion battery comprises metal flakes and a black substance comprising graphite and metal oxides. 12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein filtering the first dispersion comprises filtering the first dispersion through a sieve.

13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein heating the first dispersion further comprises continuously stirring the first dispersion while applying the microwave radiation.

14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein maintaining the temperature of the first dispersion further comprises continuously stirring the first dispersion while applying the microwave radiation.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein separating the undissolved material comprises passing the dispersion comprising the undissolved material sequentially through one or more sieves of different sizes.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more screens have a mesh size in the range of about 5 mm to about 0.01 mm.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising drying remaining undissolved material after passing the dispersion through a sieve having a minimum mesh size to obtain graphite powder.

18. A system for recycling waste lithium-ion batteries, the system comprising: a crusher configured to break down the battery cells of the waste lithium-ion batteries into fragments; one or more storage tanks configured to store chemicals, the one or more storage tanks including at least one first storage tank storing a first base; One or more reaction chambers, the one or more reaction chambers being coupled to the one or more storage tanks via one or more pumps and valves, a first reaction chamber of the one or more reaction chambers being coupled to a microwave generator, the microwave generator being configured to provide microwave radiation to reactants therein; a separator configured to separate undissolved material from the first reaction chamber of the one or more reaction chambers; as well as A controller configured to control: the one or more pumps and / or the one or more valves to adjust the transfer rate and amount of the chemical species transferred from the one or more storage tanks to the corresponding reaction chambers of the one or more reaction chambers, and The microwave generator adjusts an amount of microwave radiation provided to the first reaction chamber of the one or more reaction chambers to heat the reactants in the first reaction chamber of the one or more reaction chambers to a temperature within a predetermined range and maintain the temperature of the reactants within the predetermined range for a predetermined period of time, The fragments are placed in the first reaction chamber of the one or more reaction chambers to contact with a leaching solvent.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein at least one of the one or more reaction chambers comprises an agitator configured to agitate the reactants therein.

20. The system of any one of claims 18 to 19, wherein the crusher comprises a chamber configured to be maintained under vacuum and / or with an inert atmosphere.

21. The system of any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein the leaching solvent comprises sulfuric acid and an oxidizing agent.

22. The system of any one of claims 18 to 21, wherein the predetermined temperature range is 50°C to 90°C.

23. The system according to any one of claims 18 to 22, wherein the predetermined period of time is in the range of 10 seconds to 5 minutes.

24. The system of any one of claims 18 to 23, wherein the leaching solvent has a pH in the range of 0 to 7.

0.

25. The system of any one of claims 18 to 24, wherein maintaining the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature of the reactants in a range of 60°C to 80°C for a period of time in a range of 30 seconds to 5 minutes.

26. The system of any one of claims 18 to 25, wherein the separator comprises one or more screens of different sizes through which the dispersion of undissolved material is sequentially passed.

27. The system of claim 26, wherein the one or more screens have a mesh size in the range of about 5 mm to about 0.01 mm.

28. The system of any one of claims 18 to 27, wherein the microwave generator comprises a magnetron.

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