Intelligent Hydrogen Storage Management System

Abstract

The present invention discloses an intelligent hydrogen storage management system, which relates to the field of intelligent control technology. The system includes: a sensor part, a data analysis part, a performance evaluation part, and an adaptive control part; the sensor part is used to obtain the operation data of the hydrogen storage system at the current time; the data analysis part is used to establish a dynamic adsorption process model and a thermodynamic state model of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material according to the operation data at the current time; the performance evaluation part is used to calculate the performance index at the current time according to the dynamic adsorption process model and the thermodynamic state model; the adaptive control part is used to automatically adjust the pressure, temperature, and hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen storage system according to the performance index at the current time by using a proportional-integral regulation mechanism. The present invention can calculate the storage state of hydrogen more accurately, optimize the storage process, improve the storage efficiency, and maintain the stability and safety of the system under different working conditions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of intelligent control technologies, and particularly to an intelligent hydrogen storage management system. Background Art

[0002] As a clean and efficient energy carrier, hydrogen energy is gradually becoming an important part of the future energy system. The high energy density and zero carbon emission characteristics of hydrogen energy make it show broad application prospects in fields such as fuel cells, energy storage, transportation, and industrial applications. However, the high volatility, low density of hydrogen, and the storage problem at normal temperature and pressure have become the main technical bottlenecks for the large-scale application of hydrogen energy. In order to achieve efficient, safe, and economical hydrogen storage and management, researchers at home and abroad have conducted extensive research on physical storage, chemical storage, and material storage technologies of hydrogen, and developed a variety of hydrogen storage management systems. However, the existing technologies still have problems such as low storage efficiency, poor system stability, high energy consumption, and insufficient intelligence, which cannot meet the needs of the development of the hydrogen energy industry. Therefore, in view of the deficiencies of the existing hydrogen storage management systems, the present invention proposes an intelligent hydrogen storage management system, which can monitor, dynamically optimize, and intelligently control the hydrogen storage process in real time to improve storage efficiency, enhance system stability, and reduce operating costs.

[0003] Currently, the storage methods of hydrogen mainly include high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, and solid hydrogen storage. Among them, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is the most common method, which compresses hydrogen to 35 MPa or 70 MPa and stores it in a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank. However, this method has problems such as large energy loss, high material strength requirements, and safety hazards. Since hydrogen molecules are small in volume, they are extremely easy to leak, and the permeation effect of high-pressure hydrogen in materials may cause hydrogen embrittlement of the hydrogen storage container, reducing the long-term service life of the hydrogen storage tank. Cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage technology liquefies hydrogen by cooling it to -253 °C and stores it in an adiabatic container. Although this method can significantly increase the hydrogen storage density, due to the extremely low temperature requirements of liquid hydrogen, its preparation process requires a large amount of energy consumption. At the same time, liquid hydrogen has evaporation losses, and a relatively high hydrogen evaporation rate will occur during long-term storage, increasing the operating cost. In addition, solid hydrogen storage technology has received extensive attention in recent years, which realizes the efficient storage of hydrogen through the adsorption or chemical combination of materials such as metal hydrides, porous materials, and carbon nanotubes. Although this method is superior to the previous two methods in terms of safety and energy efficiency, due to problems such as limited hydrogen storage capacity of the hydrogen storage material, slow hydrogen absorption and desorption rate, and strong temperature sensitivity, its engineering application is still restricted to a certain extent. Therefore, the current hydrogen storage technology still faces many challenges, and there is an urgent need for a more intelligent, efficient, and safe hydrogen storage management system to optimize the storage and release process of hydrogen and improve the utilization efficiency of hydrogen energy. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The object of the present invention is to provide an intelligent hydrogen storage management system. Through precise adsorption modeling, intelligent thermodynamic optimization, storage stability management based on performance evaluation, and adaptive control strategies, the present invention realizes the intelligent upgrade of the hydrogen storage system. Compared with the traditional hydrogen storage management system, the present invention can calculate the storage state of hydrogen more accurately, optimize the storage process, improve the storage efficiency, and maintain the stability and safety of the system under different working conditions. Through intelligent parameter optimization and control strategies, the present invention can not only effectively reduce energy consumption, but also improve the automation level of the system, reduce human intervention, and make the hydrogen storage system more efficient, intelligent and reliable.

[0005] The technical solution of the present invention is realized as follows:

[0006] An intelligent hydrogen storage management system, the system includes: a sensor part, a data analysis part, a performance evaluation part and an adaptive control part; the sensor part is used to obtain the operation data of the hydrogen storage system at the current time; the data analysis part is used to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material in the hydrogen storage system at the current time according to the operation data at the current time, and establish a dynamic adsorption process model and a thermodynamic state model of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material; the performance evaluation part is used to calculate the performance index at the current time according to the dynamic adsorption process model and the thermodynamic state model; the adaptive control part is used to automatically adjust the pressure, temperature and hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen storage system according to the performance index at the current time by using a proportional-integral regulation mechanism.

[0007] Further, the sensor part includes: a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an adsorption amount sensor and a flow sensor; the operation data at the current time includes: the current time temperature in K 、the current time pressure in Pa 、the current time adsorption amount in mol / kg and the current time hydrogen flow rate in kg / s ; is the current time.

[0008] Further, calculate the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material in the hydrogen storage system at the current time:

[0009] ;

[0010] Wherein, is the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material at the current time temperature and the current time pressure; is the reference adsorption capacity under standard conditions, in units of mol / kg; is the temperature-dependent adsorption equilibrium constant with the unit of 1 / Pa; is the enthalpy change of adsorption with the unit of J / mol; is the gas constant with a value of 8.314 J / (mol·K); is the reference temperature with a value of 298 K; is the porosity of the hydrogen storage material; is the pore diameter with the unit of nm; is the reference pore diameter with the unit of nm; is the natural base.

[0011] Furthermore, the temperature-dependent adsorption equilibrium constant is calculated using the following formula:

[0012] ;

[0013] where is the equilibrium constant at the reference temperature with the unit of 1 / Pa; is the adsorption activation energy with the unit of J / mol.

[0014] Furthermore, a dynamic adsorption process model of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material is established through the following formula:

[0015] ;

[0016] where is the adsorption rate constant; is the desorption rate constant; is the desorption activation energy with the unit of J / mol; is the desorption enthalpy change with the unit of J / mol; is the average adsorption amount at the current time.

[0017] Furthermore, , with the unit of 1 / s; is the adsorption frequency factor with the unit of 1 / s and is a set value; , with the unit of 1 / s; is the desorption frequency factor with the unit of 1 / s.

[0018] Furthermore, a thermodynamic state model of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material is established through the following formula:

[0019] ;

[0020] where is the effective thermal conductivity with the unit of W / (m·K); is the average density of the hydrogen storage material with the unit of kg / m³; is the average specific heat capacity with the unit of J / (kg·K); is the bulk density of the hydrogen storage material bed, with the unit of kg / m³; is the convective heat transfer coefficient, with the unit of W / (m²·K); is the heat transfer area of the hydrogen storage material, with the unit of m²; is the volume of the hydrogen storage material, with the unit of m³; is the ambient temperature, with the unit of K; is the critical temperature at the current time.

[0021] Furthermore, through the following formula, calculate the performance index at the current time :

[0022] ;

[0023] wherein, is the first weight coefficient; is the second weight coefficient; is the third weight coefficient; ; is the average adsorption amount at the current time; is the maximum adsorption capacity at the reference temperature; is the optimal operating temperature.

[0024] Furthermore, through the following formula, according to the performance index at the current time, use the proportional-integral regulation mechanism to calculate the control parameters at the next time step to automatically regulate the pressure, temperature and hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen storage system:

[0025] ;

[0026] wherein, is the pressure for regulating the hydrogen storage system at the next time step; is the temperature for regulating the hydrogen storage system at the next time step; is the hydrogen flow rate for regulating the hydrogen storage system at the next time step; is the pressure set value; is the temperature set value; is the hydrogen flow rate set value; is the pressure proportional control coefficient; is the temperature proportional control coefficient; is the hydrogen flow rate control coefficient; is the pressure integral control coefficient; is the temperature integral control coefficient; is the hydrogen flow rate integral control coefficient; is the time integral variable.

[0027] The intelligent hydrogen storage management system of the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0028] The beneficial effects of the present invention are firstly reflected in the accurate modeling of the adsorption process. The storage of hydrogen depends on the adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material, and the adsorption process is affected by various factors such as temperature, pressure, and the microstructure of the hydrogen storage material. Traditional hydrogen storage systems often adopt static adsorption models, which cannot accurately describe the adsorption behavior of hydrogen under dynamic conditions, resulting in the inability to maximize the utilization of the storage capacity. The present invention adopts a dynamic adsorption model based on temperature, pressure, and material properties. This model can accurately predict the maximum adsorption capacity of hydrogen and adjust it in real time with the change of environmental parameters, enabling the storage capacity of the hydrogen storage material to be fully exerted. This dynamic modeling method ensures that the system can maintain an efficient storage state under different working conditions and reduces the problem of decreased adsorption efficiency caused by improper parameter setting.

[0029] Secondly, the present invention realizes the accurate calculation of the temperature change during the hydrogen adsorption and desorption processes by constructing a thermodynamic state model. The adsorption of hydrogen is usually an exothermic process, while desorption requires the absorption of a certain amount of heat. Therefore, the temperature change directly affects the adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material. If the temperature is too high, the adsorption capacity of hydrogen will decrease, resulting in a reduction in storage efficiency; if the temperature is too low, the desorption rate of hydrogen may be limited, affecting the hydrogen supply capacity of the system. The thermodynamic state model established by the present invention can accurately calculate the temperature change during the hydrogen adsorption and desorption processes and optimize the thermal management strategy of the hydrogen storage system in combination with the environmental heat exchange situation, thereby ensuring that the hydrogen storage material is always within the optimal temperature range. Compared with the traditional management system that relies on a fixed temperature control strategy, the intelligent temperature management mechanism of the present invention can better adapt to different working conditions, improve the energy efficiency of the system, reduce the additional temperature control energy consumption, and make the hydrogen storage more efficient and stable.

[0030] Another important beneficial effect of the present invention lies in optimizing the storage stability of hydrogen. During the hydrogen storage process, fluctuations in pressure and temperature will affect the equilibrium state of the adsorption and desorption processes. If not properly controlled, it may lead to the rapid release of hydrogen or a reduction in storage efficiency, and even affect the safety of the system. The present invention quantitatively analyzes the current hydrogen storage state through a performance evaluation model and introduces performance indicators to comprehensively measure the operation of the system. This performance indicator not only considers the hydrogen storage efficiency but also combines the temperature deviation and dynamic stability, enabling the system to accurately evaluate its own operation quality, thereby detecting and correcting possible anomalies at an early stage. This optimization method based on performance indicators enables the hydrogen storage system to always maintain the best state during long-term operation, improves the safety and reliability of the system, and avoids the problems of storage attenuation and efficiency reduction that may occur in traditional hydrogen storage systems during long-term operation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system structure of the intelligent hydrogen storage management system provided by the embodiments of the present invention. Detailed implementation manners

[0032] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects to be solved by the present disclosure clearer and more understandable, the present disclosure will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present disclosure and are not used to limit the present disclosure.

[0033] Embodiment 1, refer to Figure 1 : An intelligent hydrogen storage management system, the system includes: a sensor part, a data analysis part, a performance evaluation part and an adaptive control part; the sensor part is used to obtain the operation data of the hydrogen storage system at the current time; the data analysis part is used to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material in the hydrogen storage system at the current time according to the operation data at the current time, and establish a dynamic adsorption process model and a thermodynamic state model of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material based on this; the performance evaluation part is used to calculate the performance index at the current time according to the dynamic adsorption process model and the thermodynamic state model; the adaptive control part is used to automatically adjust the pressure, temperature and hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen storage system according to the performance index at the current time by using a proportional-integral regulation mechanism.

[0034] Specifically, in the intelligent hydrogen storage management system, the sensor part is the foundation of the entire system. It is responsible for obtaining the operation data of the hydrogen storage system in real time, ensuring that the system can accurately sense the state of the hydrogen storage material, and providing necessary information support for subsequent data analysis, performance evaluation, and adaptive control. The core role of this part is to construct a complete physical quantity perception network through the monitoring of temperature, pressure, adsorption amount, and hydrogen flow rate, enabling the system to dynamically adjust the hydrogen storage conditions and achieve efficient and safe intelligent management. The role of the temperature sensor in the system is particularly crucial because the adsorption and desorption processes of hydrogen are extremely sensitive to temperature, and a slight change in temperature may cause a significant change in the adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material. Through a high-precision temperature sensor, the real-time temperature of the hydrogen storage material can be accurately measured, providing basic data for the calculation of parameters such as the adsorption equilibrium constant, maximum adsorption capacity, and adsorption rate, enabling the system to grasp the storage state of hydrogen in real time. In addition, the temperature information is also used for thermodynamic state modeling to calculate the impact of adsorption heat release on the material temperature, thereby optimizing the thermal management strategy. The role of the pressure sensor is to measure the real-time pressure inside the hydrogen storage system. The adsorption behavior of hydrogen is directly affected by pressure. Under high-pressure conditions, hydrogen molecules are more likely to enter the pores of the hydrogen storage material, thereby increasing the storage capacity. Therefore, the data of the pressure sensor is not only used to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity at the current time but also combined with temperature data for dynamic adsorption process modeling. The sensing accuracy of this part directly determines the reliability of the hydrogen storage system. Once the pressure measurement error is too large, it will lead to incorrect estimation of the adsorption capacity and kinetic parameters, affecting the intelligent control effect of the entire system. The core role of the adsorption amount sensor is to measure the amount of hydrogen adsorbed by the hydrogen storage material per unit mass under the current conditions. This data is an important indicator for measuring the state of the hydrogen storage material and is also the core variable in adsorption kinetics modeling. By monitoring the adsorption amount in real time, the hydrogen transmission rate, adsorption equilibrium state, and hydrogen release rate during the desorption process can be calculated, providing key data for the performance evaluation part.

[0035] At the same time, the measurement results of this sensor can be used to evaluate the aging degree and service life of the hydrogen storage material. Once it is found that the adsorption amount shows abnormal attenuation, it indicates that the hydrogen storage material may be deteriorated and needs maintenance or replacement. The role of the hydrogen flow sensor is to monitor the flow of hydrogen in the storage system, including the flow rate during hydrogen injection and release, ensuring that the hydrogen storage system operates under the best flow conditions. The flow data can be used to calculate the hydrogen inlet and outlet rates and, combined with the change in the adsorption amount, deduce the actual adsorption kinetics characteristics of the hydrogen storage material. In addition, this data is also an important input for the adaptive control part. By controlling the hydrogen flow rate, the adsorption and desorption rates of the hydrogen storage material can be effectively adjusted to achieve precise intelligent control.

[0036] In the intelligent hydrogen storage management system, the data analysis part is the core computing unit of the whole system, undertaking the tasks of parsing, modeling and calculating the raw data obtained by the sensor part, so as to achieve the accurate evaluation of the adsorption capacity of hydrogen storage materials and provide reliable data support for subsequent performance evaluation and adaptive control. Since the hydrogen storage process involves complex thermodynamic equilibrium, gas-solid interaction and material microstructure characteristics, the data analysis part is not just a simple numerical processing of the measured data, but to build a complete physical-mathematical model, enabling the system to dynamically predict the change of the adsorption performance of hydrogen storage materials based on real-time data and optimize the hydrogen storage conditions, thus improving the overall efficiency and stability of the system. This part first needs to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material at this moment according to the temperature, pressure, adsorption amount and flow rate data at the current time. This is a key parameter determining the upper limit of hydrogen storage and also the basis for subsequent dynamic adsorption modeling and control strategy formulation. To calculate the maximum adsorption capacity, the system must consider multiple factors, including the pore structure of the hydrogen storage material, the adsorption-desorption equilibrium state of hydrogen, and the influence of temperature and pressure on the adsorption behavior. In practical applications, the hydrogen adsorption process can be described by the adsorption equilibrium constant, which varies with temperature and is affected by the enthalpy change of adsorption and activation energy. Therefore, the data analysis part needs to calculate the adsorption equilibrium constant under the current environment according to the real-time temperature information provided by the temperature sensor and deduce the maximum adsorption capacity at the current time in combination with the pressure information of hydrogen. The core of this calculation lies in establishing an adsorption isotherm model with variable temperature and pressure, which must be able to accurately describe the adsorption behavior of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material and be applicable to different types of hydrogen storage materials, enabling the system to have strong adaptability and generalization ability. In addition, to further improve the calculation accuracy, the data analysis part also needs to consider the influence of the pore size distribution of the hydrogen storage material on the adsorption capacity. Hydrogen storage materials usually consist of a porous structure, and the size of its microscopic pore diameter determines the ease of entry of hydrogen molecules and the adsorption efficiency. Therefore, when calculating the maximum adsorption capacity, a pore size correction factor needs to be introduced to characterize the influence of the microscopic pore structure on the adsorption capacity. This correction factor can be fitted through experimental data or theoretically deduced based on the physical properties of the material, enabling the model to accurately reflect the adsorption characteristics of different hydrogen storage materials under different working conditions. In addition to the calculation of the maximum adsorption capacity, the data analysis part also needs to establish a dynamic adsorption process model of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material to describe the actual adsorption rate of hydrogen and the change of the storage state.

[0037] The adsorption process is not instantaneous but a time-dependent process affected by temperature, pressure, and material properties. Therefore, in the data analysis section, a kinetic equation needs to be constructed to describe the adsorption and desorption rates of hydrogen and predict the storage evolution trend of the system under different external conditions. The adsorption rate generally depends on the adsorption rate constant, which is greatly affected by temperature. Thus, during the data analysis process, based on the real-time temperature data provided by the sensor, the adsorption rate constant at the current time needs to be calculated, and combined with the current hydrogen pressure and adsorption amount, the transmission rate of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material is deduced. In addition, since the desorption process of hydrogen is usually accompanied by energy release, the system also needs to calculate the desorption rate constant and, combined with the desorption activation energy and temperature data, predict the desorption behavior of hydrogen under different temperature and pressure conditions. To further improve the accurate characterization of the hydrogen storage state by the system, the data analysis section also needs to establish a thermodynamic state model to describe the temperature change of the material during the hydrogen adsorption-desorption process. During the hydrogen adsorption process, due to the interaction between hydrogen molecules and the surface of the hydrogen storage material, heat is released during adsorption, which affects the temperature distribution of the hydrogen storage material. Therefore, the data analysis section needs to combine the heat diffusion equation to simulate the temperature distribution of the hydrogen storage material and calculate the impact of adsorption heat release on temperature change. In addition, this section also needs to consider the heat exchange effect between the ambient temperature and the hydrogen storage material, that is, the convective heat transfer between the hydrogen storage system and the external environment, to ensure the accuracy of the model. For the thermal management of the hydrogen storage material, the data analysis section not only needs to calculate the temperature increase caused by hydrogen adsorption heat release but also predict the temperature gradient distribution inside the material and, combined with the heat conduction model, analyze the heat diffusion process inside the material. These calculation results are crucial for optimizing the thermal management strategy of the system because temperature changes directly affect the hydrogen adsorption capacity, and too high or too low temperatures may lead to a decline in system performance. Therefore, through the thermodynamic modeling in the data analysis section, an optimization strategy can be provided for subsequent adaptive control to keep the system operating within the optimal temperature range. In addition to establishing a dynamic adsorption process model and a thermodynamic state model for hydrogen storage, the data analysis section also needs to transfer these calculation results to the performance evaluation section to calculate the system performance indicators at the current time and provide a basis for optimal control.

[0038] In the intelligent hydrogen storage management system, the performance evaluation part plays a crucial role. It is responsible for quantitatively evaluating the current state of the hydrogen storage system and judging whether the system is in the optimal operating state by calculating comprehensive performance indicators. Since the hydrogen storage process is affected by multiple factors, including temperature, pressure, adsorption capacity, and thermodynamic state, the performance evaluation part must construct a complete mathematical system to integrate these key variables for a comprehensive analysis of the system operation. The core goal of this part is to provide a quantitative indicator based on which the system can adjust operation parameters in real time to optimize the hydrogen storage efficiency, improve safety, and extend the service life of hydrogen storage materials. The key to performance evaluation lies in how to accurately measure the adsorption capacity of the system, which involves the dynamic adsorption behavior of hydrogen, the physical properties of hydrogen storage materials, and the changes in the storage environment. Since the adsorption capacity of hydrogen storage materials is not constant but dynamically adjusts with temperature and pressure, the performance evaluation part needs to measure the hydrogen storage efficiency based on the maximum adsorption capacity and the current average adsorption amount calculated by the data analysis part. If the current average adsorption amount is close to the maximum adsorption capacity, it indicates that the system is in a good storage state. If there is a large deviation between the two, it means that the system may be in a metastable state, the adsorption process may not be fully carried out, or desorption may occur too quickly, resulting in hydrogen loss.

[0039] On this basis, the performance evaluation part also needs to consider the impact of temperature on system performance. The storage of hydrogen is extremely sensitive to temperature. The exothermic effect generated during the adsorption process will cause the temperature of the material to rise, while the endothermic effect during the desorption process may cause the temperature to drop. Too high or too low temperature may affect the hydrogen storage efficiency. Therefore, the performance evaluation part needs to calculate the deviation between the current temperature and the optimal operating temperature to ensure that the system can operate within the optimal temperature range. If the temperature deviates too much from the optimal operating temperature, it will affect the adsorption equilibrium and thus reduce the hydrogen storage efficiency. In addition, the performance evaluation part also needs to consider the stability of the adsorption and desorption processes. The storage of hydrogen is not a static process, but a dynamic behavior affected by changes in external conditions. The adsorption and desorption rates of the hydrogen storage material must match the operating requirements of the system. If the adsorption rate is too fast or the desorption rate is too slow, it may cause hydrogen to not be fully stored or released in a short time, thus affecting the overall performance of the system. Therefore, the performance evaluation part needs to calculate the change rate of the adsorption amount per unit time and, combined with the temperature change trend, judge the stability of the system. If there are violent fluctuations in the adsorption and desorption processes, it may indicate that the system is operating unstably and the operating parameters need to be adjusted to maintain stable operation. On the other hand, the calculation results of the performance evaluation part also need to be able to be used to guide the decision-making of the adaptive control part. Therefore, this part must output a comprehensive performance index that can be used for optimization and adjustment. This index not only needs to reflect the current hydrogen storage efficiency, but also needs to quantify the impact of temperature changes and consider the dynamic characteristics of the adsorption and desorption processes. To this end, the performance evaluation part uses a weight assignment method to combine multiple key variables into a single performance evaluation value and, through a dynamic calculation method, enables it to reflect the system operating state in real time. The selection of weights needs to be adjusted according to actual application requirements to ensure that the system can maintain the best operating state under different working conditions.

[0040] In the intelligent hydrogen storage management system, the adaptive control part is a crucial link to ensure the stability and efficiency of the system operation. The main task of this part is to adjust the operation parameters of the hydrogen storage system in real time based on the data collected by sensors, the calculation results of the data analysis part, and the system status information provided by the performance evaluation part, so that it is always in the optimal storage state. Since the hydrogen adsorption and desorption processes are affected by the coupling effects of factors such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate, the traditional fixed-parameter control method is difficult to adapt to the complex and changeable operating environment. However, the adaptive control method adopted in the present invention can enable the system to achieve efficient and safe hydrogen storage under different working conditions through real-time calculation and dynamic adjustment. The core control strategy of this part is based on the proportional-integral (PI) regulation mechanism, which can calculate the appropriate control quantity according to the current system state error, thereby dynamically adjusting the hydrogen storage parameters. The basic principle of the control is that when the performance index of the system deviates from the optimal state, the adaptive control part can detect this deviation and quickly calculate the appropriate adjustment strategy to correct the key variables such as temperature, pressure, and hydrogen flow rate, so that they gradually return to the optimal values. The role of the proportional control is to directly adjust the control quantity according to the magnitude of the current error, thereby quickly responding to the changes in the system state, while the integral control is used to accumulate the errors over a period of time in the past to avoid the system being in a non-optimal state for a long time and to ensure the stability and accuracy of the control adjustment. Since the hydrogen storage process involves the coupled changes of multiple variables, the adaptive control part does not simply adjust a single parameter, but needs to optimize the three variables of temperature, pressure, and flow rate simultaneously, making them coordinate with each other to achieve the best storage effect. The control of temperature is crucial because the hydrogen adsorption and desorption rates are extremely sensitive to temperature. If the temperature is too high, the hydrogen storage material may not be able to adsorb hydrogen sufficiently, while if the temperature is too low, it may lead to difficulties in hydrogen release.

[0041] Therefore, the adaptive control part needs to calculate a reasonable adjustment plan according to the real-time temperature change trend, and by controlling the heating or cooling system, keep the hydrogen storage material within the optimal operating temperature range. At the same time, the regulation of pressure is equally important, because the hydrogen adsorption amount increases with the increase of pressure, but too high pressure may cause physical structure changes in the material, affecting its long-term use performance. Therefore, the adaptive control part needs to calculate the influence of pressure on the adsorption capacity in real time and automatically adjust the pressure according to the storage demand, so that it can not only maximize the hydrogen storage amount, but also ensure the safety of the system and the stability of the material. In addition, the control of hydrogen flow is also crucial for maintaining the dynamic balance of the storage process. When the system needs to store hydrogen, the adaptive control part needs to calculate the appropriate hydrogen injection rate to ensure the smooth progress of the adsorption process, and when the system needs to release hydrogen, it needs to precisely control the hydrogen outflow rate to avoid pressure fluctuations in a short time affecting the stability of the system. Through precise control of the flow rate, the adaptive control part can optimize the hydrogen use efficiency while maintaining the system balance, improving the overall system energy utilization rate. It should be noted that the adaptive control part does not rely solely on data at a single time point for control, but adopts a dynamic adjustment method. Based on historical data and the results of real-time calculations, it predicts the operation trend of the system in the next period of time and makes adjustments in advance. This predictive control method can effectively improve the system response speed and avoid reduction of storage efficiency or system instability caused by hysteresis effects. In practical applications, the calculation results of this part need to be continuously optimized to adapt to different operating environments, such as different hydrogen storage materials, different external temperature conditions or different operating requirements.

[0042] Example 2: The sensor part includes: a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an adsorption amount sensor and a flow sensor; the current time operation data includes: the current time temperature in K , the current time pressure in Pa , the current time adsorption amount in mol / kg and the current time hydrogen flow rate in kg / s ; where is the current time.

[0043] Specifically, the function of the temperature sensor is to monitor the temperature of the hydrogen storage material in real time , and this parameter directly affects the hydrogen adsorption capacity and desorption rate. The hydrogen adsorption process is usually an exothermic reaction, while desorption is an endothermic process. Therefore, the temperature change not only determines the hydrogen storage efficiency, but also affects the stability of the hydrogen storage material. Through precise temperature measurement, the system can identify whether overheating occurs during the adsorption process, or whether it is necessary to optimize the adsorption and desorption behavior by regulating the temperature. The pressure sensor is used to measure the real-time pressure inside the hydrogen storage system , the change in pressure directly affects the hydrogen adsorption equilibrium. Generally speaking, a higher pressure helps to increase the hydrogen adsorption amount, but exceeding the material's tolerance may lead to structural deformation and even deterioration of the hydrogen storage material's performance. Therefore, the accurate measurement and real-time monitoring of pressure are crucial for ensuring the safety and stability of the system. In addition, combining pressure data with temperature data can be used to calculate the adsorption equilibrium constant , and deduce the maximum adsorption capacity of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material , thus providing key inputs for the data analysis part.

[0044] The role of the adsorption amount sensor is to measure the amount of hydrogen adsorbed by the hydrogen storage material per unit mass under the current conditions , and this data is the core index for judging the current storage capacity of the system. Since the hydrogen adsorption amount is jointly affected by temperature, pressure, and the material's microstructure, the real-time monitoring of the adsorption amount can reflect the actual working state of the hydrogen storage material and be used to evaluate the dynamic changes in the adsorption process. Combining the adsorption amount data, the system can establish a hydrogen adsorption kinetic model, calculate the adsorption rate and desorption rate, predict the future hydrogen storage trend, and provide an optimization decision basis for the adaptive control part. The flow sensor is used to measure the flow rate of hydrogen in the storage system , and its unit is , and this data is crucial for controlling the hydrogen inlet and outlet rates. When hydrogen is stored, the flow data can be used to calculate the hydrogen injection rate and, combined with the adsorption amount data, deduce the adsorption rate of the hydrogen storage material; when hydrogen is released, the flow data can be used to judge the dynamic process of hydrogen desorption, ensuring that the system can stably release hydrogen at the set rate and avoiding pressure fluctuations or energy losses caused by too fast or too slow release. Through the data fusion of these four types of sensors, the system can build a complete real-time operating status monitoring network, enabling the intelligent hydrogen storage management system to dynamically adapt to different working conditions and optimize the safety and efficiency of hydrogen storage.

[0045] Example 3: Calculate the current time maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material in the hydrogen storage system:

[0046] ;

[0047] where is the current time maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material at the current time temperature and the current time pressure; is the reference adsorption capacity under standard conditions, with the unit mol / kg; is the temperature-dependent adsorption equilibrium constant, with the unit 1 / Pa; is the enthalpy change of adsorption, with the unit J / mol; is the gas constant, with a value of 8.314 J / (mol·K); is the reference temperature, with a value of 298 K; is the porosity of the hydrogen storage material; is the pore diameter, with the unit of nm; reference pore diameter, with the unit of nm; is the natural base.

[0048] Specifically, in the intelligent hydrogen storage management system, calculating the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material is a key step in the system's optimal operation. The maximum adsorption capacity directly determines the amount of hydrogen that the hydrogen storage system can store at the current temperature and pressure and affects the overall operation efficiency of the system. To ensure the accuracy of the calculation, the present invention adopts an improved adsorption model, which comprehensively considers the adsorption behavior of hydrogen, the physical properties of the hydrogen storage material, and thermodynamic factors, enabling it to be applicable to different storage conditions and ensuring that the system is always in the optimal working state. The core part of this calculation formula is derived from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which is used to describe the adsorption process of hydrogen on the surface of the hydrogen storage material. First, the standard adsorption capacity in the formula represents the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material under standard conditions ( , ), which is a reference value determined by experiments, and different hydrogen storage materials have different values. The adsorption amount of hydrogen is affected by temperature and pressure. Therefore, under different working conditions, its maximum adsorption capacity will vary.

[0049] To characterize the influence of pressure on the adsorption behavior, a ratio is included in the formula. This term is derived from the Langmuir adsorption equilibrium model and is used to describe the degree of hydrogen adsorption on the hydrogen storage material. Here, is the temperature-dependent adsorption equilibrium constant, which represents the tendency of hydrogen molecules to be adsorbed onto the surface of the hydrogen storage material at a specific temperature. When the pressure is low, the adsorption amount is approximately proportional to the pressure. When the pressure increases, the adsorption sites on the hydrogen storage material are gradually filled, causing the adsorption amount to tend to saturation. The physical meaning of this part is that the hydrogen storage capacity increases with the increase of pressure within a certain range, but when the adsorption sites are close to saturation, further increasing the pressure has limited effect on the improvement of the hydrogen storage capacity. Therefore, this ratio term can well characterize the adsorption state of the hydrogen storage material under different pressures.

[0050] In addition, adsorption is a thermodynamic process that is affected by temperature. The adsorption of hydrogen is usually an exothermic reaction. Therefore, an increase in temperature will inhibit adsorption, while a decrease in temperature is favorable for adsorption. To quantitatively describe this effect, an exponential correction factor is included in the formula , which is based on the van't Hoff equation and is used to describe the effect of temperature changes on the adsorption behavior. Here is the enthalpy change of adsorption, which represents the energy released per mole of hydrogen during adsorption. It is usually a negative value, meaning that energy is released during adsorption and additional energy input is required during desorption. The gas constant is a standard thermodynamic constant, whose role is to normalize the energy change to keep the calculation results within a reasonable numerical range. When the temperature is higher than the reference temperature , the value of the exponential term will decrease, indicating a decrease in the adsorption capacity. When the temperature is lower than , the value of the exponential term increases, indicating an increase in the adsorption capacity. This correction factor ensures that the calculation results can accurately reflect the effect of temperature on the adsorption behavior, making the model more in line with the actual working conditions.

[0051] In addition to the effects of pressure and temperature, the microstructure of the hydrogen storage material is also a key factor determining the adsorption capacity. To describe the effect of the pore structure on the hydrogen storage capacity, a correction factor is introduced into the formula, where represents the porosity of the hydrogen storage material, while and represent the actual pore diameter and the reference pore diameter of the hydrogen storage material, respectively. The role of this correction term is that as the pore diameter increases, the adsorption capacity of hydrogen will be affected because too large a pore diameter may reduce the adsorption energy of hydrogen molecules on the material surface, making it easier to desorb. When the pore diameter is small, the specific surface area of the material is large and the adsorption capacity is strong, but if the pore diameter is too small, hydrogen molecules may have difficulty entering the material interior, thus reducing the storage efficiency. Therefore, this correction factor can effectively describe the adsorption capacity of hydrogen storage materials with different pore structures under different conditions, making the calculation model more accurate and capable of adapting to different types of hydrogen storage materials.

[0052] Example 4: Temperature-dependent adsorption equilibrium constant Calculated using the following formula:

[0053] ;

[0054] where is the equilibrium constant at the reference temperature, with the unit of 1 / Pa; is the adsorption activation energy, with the unit of J / mol.

[0055] Specifically, in the intelligent hydrogen storage management system, the adsorption equilibrium constant is a key parameter that describes the adsorption capacity of hydrogen on the surface of hydrogen storage materials. It determines the adsorption tendency of hydrogen under different temperature conditions and directly affects the calculation of the maximum adsorption capacity. Since the adsorption behavior of hydrogen is greatly affected by temperature changes, accurately describing the temperature-dependent adsorption equilibrium constant is crucial for optimizing the hydrogen storage process and improving system efficiency. For precise modeling, the present invention adopts an exponential form of temperature dependence and calculates it through an Arrhenius-type expression , ensuring that it can accurately characterize the adsorption characteristics of hydrogen storage materials. The basis of this calculation method comes from the thermodynamic equilibrium theory, that is, the kinetic equilibrium of the adsorption-desorption process at different temperatures can be described by the relationship between the intermolecular interaction energy and temperature. In the formula, represents the adsorption equilibrium constant at the reference temperature , and its unit is , which is used to quantify the adsorption capacity of a specific hydrogen storage material under standard conditions. Different hydrogen storage materials have different values. This parameter is usually determined experimentally and is related to factors such as the surface characteristics of the material, pore structure, and intermolecular forces of hydrogen molecules.

[0056] In this calculation formula, the trend of the adsorption equilibrium constant changing with temperature is determined by the exponential term . Here, the adsorption activation energy reflects the energy barrier that hydrogen molecules need to overcome when adsorbing onto the surface of hydrogen storage materials. Its unit is , which describes the energy change experienced by hydrogen molecules during the adsorption process. If is large, it indicates that the interaction between hydrogen molecules and hydrogen storage materials is strong, meaning that the material has a stronger adsorption capacity for hydrogen. If is small, it indicates that the adsorption of hydrogen is more susceptible to temperature, and it may desorb rapidly at higher temperatures. The gas constant takes a value of , which is used to normalize the relationship between the adsorption activation energy and temperature, making the calculation results conform to the thermodynamic theory. The structure of the exponential term comes from the Arrhenius formula, which describes the trend of the adsorption rate constant changing with temperature. In this formula, the reciprocal difference term of temperature change reflects the relative change of the adsorption process at different temperatures. When the current temperature is higher than the reference temperature , this term is negative, which makes the exponential term decrease, thereby reducing the adsorption equilibrium constant , that is, indicating that the adsorption capacity of hydrogen decreases at high temperatures. Conversely, when is lower than When this item is positive, the exponential term increases, thus improving , which indicates that the hydrogen adsorption capacity at low temperatures is enhanced. The physical significance of this formula lies in its ability to accurately describe the influence of temperature on the adsorption equilibrium, enabling the system to dynamically adjust the hydrogen storage strategy according to the actual working conditions. For example, at lower temperatures, has a larger value, indicating that the hydrogen storage material has a stronger adsorption capacity for hydrogen. At this time, the input pressure of hydrogen can be appropriately increased to maximize the storage capacity. At higher temperatures, becomes smaller, indicating that the adsorption tends to decrease. At this time, the system may need to lower the temperature or adjust the pressure to avoid excessive desorption of hydrogen and thus maintain a stable storage state.

[0057] Example 5: A dynamic adsorption process model of hydrogen in a hydrogen storage material is established through the following formula:

[0058] ;

[0059] where, is the adsorption rate constant; is the desorption rate constant; is the desorption activation energy, with the unit J / mol; is the desorption enthalpy change, with the unit J / mol; is the average adsorption amount at the current time.

[0060] Specifically, the core of this model is to describe the rate of change of the average adsorption amount of the hydrogen storage material at time with time, that is, , which represents the amount of hydrogen adsorbed or released by the hydrogen storage material per unit time. If the adsorption amount increases, it means that more hydrogen molecules enter the microporous structure of the hydrogen storage material and are adsorbed by the material; if the adsorption amount decreases, it means that some hydrogen molecules desorb from the surface or pores of the material and enter the gas phase. Therefore, the left side of this equation directly reflects the dynamic storage characteristics of hydrogen inside the hydrogen storage material. The first term on the right side of the equation represents the hydrogen adsorption rate, where is the adsorption rate constant, which describes the rate at which hydrogen is adsorbed by the hydrogen storage material at the current temperature . In this term, represents the current adsorption driving force of the system, that is, the difference between the actual adsorption amount of the hydrogen storage material and its maximum possible adsorption amount . If the hydrogen storage material is not yet saturated (i.e., ), the driving force is larger and the hydrogen adsorption rate is faster; conversely, when is close to When the adsorption approaches saturation, the adsorption rate decreases. Therefore, this item describes how the hydrogen adsorption process changes with the saturation degree of the hydrogen storage material and reflects the non-linear characteristics of the dynamic adsorption process.

[0061] The second term on the right side of the equation represents the desorption rate of hydrogen, where is the desorption rate constant, which describes the rate at which hydrogen is released from the hydrogen storage material. The desorption process is usually greatly affected by temperature because the desorption of hydrogen requires an energy input to enable the hydrogen molecules to overcome the adsorption potential barrier of the hydrogen storage material and thus enter the gas phase. Therefore, increases with the increase in temperature, meaning that high temperature helps the desorption of hydrogen, while the desorption is slower at low temperature. In addition, the in this item indicates that the desorption rate is proportional to the current adsorption amount of the hydrogen storage material, that is, the larger the adsorption amount, the higher the desorption rate, which is in line with the actual physical phenomenon. To further accurately describe the temperature dependence of the desorption rate, the present invention introduces an exponential factor in the desorption term, where the enthalpy change of desorption represents the energy change when hydrogen is desorbed from the hydrogen storage material, which is usually positive and has the unit of . This exponential term is derived from the Arrhenius formula and is used to describe how the desorption rate changes with temperature. When the temperature is high, the value of the exponential term is large, meaning that the desorption rate is fast; when the temperature is low, the value of the exponential term is small, indicating that it is difficult for hydrogen to be desorbed from the hydrogen storage material. This part ensures that the model can accurately reflect the release characteristics of hydrogen under different temperature conditions, thereby guiding the intelligent control system to optimize the hydrogen storage and release strategies. In addition, the in this formula represents the desorption activation energy, that is, the minimum energy that hydrogen molecules need to overcome to be released from the surface or pores of the hydrogen storage material. The magnitude of this parameter depends on the chemical composition of the hydrogen storage material, the pore size, and the strength of the adsorption sites. If is high, it means that the interaction force between hydrogen and the material is strong, and the desorption process is difficult to carry out, requiring a higher temperature or a longer time to achieve desorption; if is low, it means that hydrogen is more easily released, and desorption can be completed at a lower temperature. This part is crucial for optimizing the hydrogen storage system because in practical applications, it is necessary to select appropriate temperature control strategies according to different hydrogen storage materials to balance the adsorption and desorption rates, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the system.

[0062] Example 6: , with the unit of 1 / s; is the adsorption frequency factor, with the unit of 1 / s and is a set value; , with the unit of 1 / s; is the desorption frequency factor, with the unit of 1 / s.

[0063] Specifically, the calculation of the adsorption rate constant follows the Arrhenius relationship, i.e., , where is the adsorption frequency factor, representing the theoretical maximum adsorption rate at the high-temperature limit, with the unit of . This value is usually determined experimentally and depends on the physicochemical properties of the hydrogen storage material. The exponential term reflects the trend of the adsorption rate varying with temperature, where the adsorption activation energy represents the energy barrier that hydrogen molecules need to overcome when adsorbing onto the surface of the hydrogen storage material, with the unit of . The gas constant takes the value of , which is used to normalize the relationship between energy and temperature. The physical meaning of this formula is that as the temperature increases, the value of the exponential term decreases, making also decrease, indicating that high temperature is not conducive to hydrogen adsorption. This is consistent with the exothermic nature of the adsorption process: when the temperature is high, hydrogen molecules tend to remain in the gas phase rather than being adsorbed onto the hydrogen storage material, resulting in a decrease in the adsorption rate; conversely, when the temperature is low, hydrogen molecules are more easily adsorbed by the hydrogen storage material, and the adsorption rate increases accordingly. Therefore, this relationship accurately describes the influence of temperature on the adsorption process, enabling the system to adjust the storage strategy according to the ambient temperature change to optimize the hydrogen storage efficiency. Similarly, the calculation of the desorption rate constant also uses the Arrhenius formula, i.e., , where is the desorption frequency factor, representing the theoretical maximum desorption rate, with the unit of , and its value is related to the microstructure of the hydrogen storage material and the binding strength of hydrogen on the material surface. The desorption activation energy in the exponential term represents the energy barrier that hydrogen molecules need to overcome when releasing from the surface of the hydrogen storage material, and this value is usually greater than the adsorption activation energy because desorption usually requires a higher energy input. The physical meaning of this formula is that as the temperature increases, the value of the exponential term increases, making also increase, indicating that high temperature is conducive to hydrogen desorption. This is consistent with the endothermic nature of the desorption process: when the temperature is high, hydrogen molecules obtain sufficient energy to overcome the adsorption potential barrier and are thus more likely to desorb into the gas phase; while when the temperature is low, the desorption process is inhibited, and it is more difficult for hydrogen to be released from the hydrogen storage material. Therefore, this formula accurately describes the influence of temperature on the desorption process, enabling the system to adjust the temperature as needed to control the hydrogen release rate.

[0064] Example 7: Establish a thermodynamic state model of hydrogen in a hydrogen storage material through the following formula:

[0065] ;

[0066] Among them, is the effective thermal conductivity, with the unit of W / (m·K); is the average density of the hydrogen storage material, with the unit of kg / m³; is the average specific heat capacity, with the unit of J / (kg·K); is the bulk density of the hydrogen storage material bed, with the unit of kg / m³; is the convective heat transfer coefficient, with the unit of W / (m²·K); is the heat transfer area of the hydrogen storage material, with the unit of m²; is the volume of the hydrogen storage material, with the unit of m³; is the ambient temperature, with the unit of K; is the critical temperature at the current time.

[0067] Specifically, the core of this thermodynamic model is to describe the critical temperature changing rate with time , that is, on the left side of the equation. This differential term represents the change in the temperature of the hydrogen storage material per unit time, which is jointly affected by internal heat transfer, adsorption heat release, and convective heat transfer. The three terms on the right side correspond to these three influencing factors respectively. The first term of the equation describes the heat conduction behavior of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material, where the effective thermal conductivity reflects the internal heat diffusion ability of the material, with the unit of . This term is based on Fourier's law of heat conduction, is the Laplace operator of the temperature gradient, which describes the spatial distribution of temperature inside the material. When the temperature distribution of the hydrogen storage material is uneven, heat diffuses inside the material through conduction, making the temperature gradually tend to be uniform. Here, is the average density of the hydrogen storage material (unit: ), is the average specific heat capacity (unit: ), which is used to measure the degree of temperature change when the material absorbs or releases unit heat. This term ensures that the model can accurately describe the heat conduction effect inside the material, enabling the system to predict the change trend of temperature at different positions.

[0068] The second term of the equation represents the heat release or absorption effect during hydrogen adsorption or desorption. Among them, is the bulk density of the hydrogen storage material bed, with the unit of , which describes the overall density distribution of the hydrogen storage material in the system. is the enthalpy change of adsorption, with the unit of , which represents the heat released when each mole of hydrogen molecules is adsorbed onto the hydrogen storage material. Since the adsorption of hydrogen is usually an exothermic reaction, during the adsorption process, the temperature will increase, while during the desorption process, since energy is required for hydrogen desorption, the temperature will decrease. In this term, represents the change rate of the hydrogen adsorption amount per unit time, that is, the current adsorption or desorption rate. This term ensures that the model can accurately reflect the temperature change trend of the hydrogen storage material during the adsorption-desorption process, enabling the system to predict the temperature fluctuations caused by the storage or release of hydrogen and adopt corresponding control strategies. The third term of the equation describes the convective heat transfer process between the hydrogen storage material and the environment, where the convective heat transfer coefficient (unit: ) represents the heat exchange rate between hydrogen and the surrounding environment. is the heat transfer area of the hydrogen storage material (unit: ), while is the volume of the hydrogen storage material (unit: ), and they jointly determine the heat exchange capacity between the material and the environment. is the environmental temperature, with the unit of , which is used to measure the influence of the external environment on the temperature of the hydrogen storage material. When the temperature of the hydrogen storage material is higher than the environmental temperature , heat will be dissipated through convection, causing the temperature to gradually decrease; conversely, when the environmental temperature is high, the hydrogen storage material will absorb heat from the environment, resulting in a temperature rise. This term ensures that the model can consider the heat dissipation of the hydrogen storage system and dynamically adjust the operating state of the system in combination with the change of the external temperature to maintain the thermal stability of the hydrogen storage process. The thermodynamic state model proposed in this embodiment completely describes the dynamic change of temperature during the hydrogen storage process, covering the heat conduction inside the material, the exothermic effect of adsorption / desorption, and the influence of environmental convective heat transfer. Compared with the traditional fixed temperature assumption, this model can more accurately describe the thermal evolution process of the hydrogen storage material under actual working conditions and provide reliable prediction data for the intelligent control system. By calculating the change trend of in real time, the system can optimize the temperature control strategy to avoid the decrease of hydrogen storage capacity caused by too high temperature or the limitation of the desorption process caused by too low temperature. In addition, this model can also provide theoretical support for the cooling and heating strategies of the system, enabling the intelligent hydrogen storage management system to adaptively adjust the storage temperature under different environmental conditions, thereby improving the overall operating efficiency and safety.

[0069] Example 8: Calculate the performance index at the current time through the following formula :

[0070] ;

[0071] Among them, is the first weight coefficient; is the second weight coefficient; is the third weight coefficient; ; is the average adsorption amount at the current time; is the maximum adsorption capacity at the reference temperature; is the optimal operating temperature.

[0072] Specifically, the first term of the formula is used to measure the hydrogen storage efficiency. Among them, is the current time 's average adsorption amount, representing the hydrogen storage level of the hydrogen storage material in the current state; is the reference temperature and the reference pressure 's maximum adsorption capacity, used to normalize the adsorption amount, making the calculation result independent of the specific storage scale. The physical meaning of this term is that when approaches , it indicates that the storage efficiency of the system is close to the theoretical optimal value, and the performance index also increases accordingly; conversely, if is much smaller than , it means that the hydrogen storage efficiency is low, and the system may need to optimize the adsorption conditions, such as adjusting the temperature, pressure, or flow rate. The weight coefficient reflects the importance of the adsorption amount in the overall performance evaluation, and its value is usually relatively high to ensure that the hydrogen storage capacity contributes significantly to the performance index. The second term of the formula is used to measure the degree of deviation of the system temperature. Among them, is the current temperature, is the optimal operating temperature, representing the temperature setting value of the system under the optimal adsorption efficiency, while is the critical temperature at the current time, representing the reference standard for temperature extreme values. The physical meaning of this term is that when is close to , this term approaches zero, indicating that the temperature condition is ideal; but when is far from , the absolute value of this term increases, indicating that the temperature deviates from the optimal condition, which may lead to a decrease in adsorption efficiency or unstable system operation. Therefore, the negative weight makes decrease when the temperature deviates from the optimal value, thereby guiding the system to take control measures, such as adjusting the heating or cooling strategy. The weight coefficient reflects the influence of temperature on the overall performance, and its value is usually moderate to balance the relationship between storage efficiency and temperature control. The third term of the formula For measuring the dynamic stability of the hydrogen storage process. Here, represents the time change rate of the adsorption amount, which is used to reflect the intensity of the adsorption rate; is the normalized form of the temperature deviation degree, indicating the relative degree of the current temperature deviating from the optimal temperature. The physical meaning of this item is that if the adsorption rate of hydrogen changes too fast, or the temperature fluctuates too much, the system may be in an unstable state. Therefore, the value of this item increases, thereby reducing , warning the system to take optimization measures. The integral operator makes this item accumulate the fluctuation influence on a longer time scale, ensuring that the system can consider historical data for regulation. The weight coefficient controls the influence degree of this item, and its value is usually small to avoid overly suppressing the change of the adsorption rate while ensuring the stability of the system operation. Generally speaking, the calculation formula of this performance index combines three aspects: adsorption efficiency, temperature deviation, and dynamic stability, enabling the intelligent hydrogen storage management system to comprehensively evaluate the current operating state and make adjustments when necessary. Compared with the traditional single-parameter evaluation method, the calculation model of the present invention is more comprehensive and adaptable, and can maintain the high efficiency and stability of hydrogen storage under different storage conditions. By calculating the performance index , the system can dynamically optimize the storage parameters during the automatic control process, ensuring that the hydrogen storage process can not only maintain high efficiency but also avoid unstable phenomena caused by temperature fluctuations or too fast rate changes, thereby improving the intelligent level and practical application value of the entire system.

[0073] Example 9: Through the following formula, according to the performance index at the current time, using the proportional-integral regulation mechanism, calculate the control parameters at the next time step to automatically adjust the pressure, temperature, and hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen storage system:

[0074] ;

[0075] where, is the pressure for adjusting the hydrogen storage system at the next time step; is the temperature for adjusting the hydrogen storage system at the next time step; is the hydrogen flow rate for adjusting the hydrogen storage system at the next time step; is the pressure set value; is the temperature set value; is the hydrogen flow rate set value; is the pressure proportional control coefficient; is the temperature proportional control coefficient; is the hydrogen flow rate control coefficient; is the pressure integral control coefficient; is the temperature integral control coefficient; is the hydrogen flow integral control coefficient; is the time integral variable.

[0076] Specifically, the core of this control strategy lies in using the combination of proportional regulation (P) + integral regulation (I) for closed-loop control. The proportional regulation term can quickly respond to the current system deviation and provide real-time adjustment, while the integral regulation term eliminates the long-term steady-state error by accumulating historical deviations, ensuring that the system can gradually tend to the optimal operating state. The left side of the entire control equation represents the set parameters at the next time step moment, that is, the pressure , temperature and hydrogen flow , while the right side consists of three parts, namely: the set value at the previous time step, the proportional regulation term, and the integral regulation term.

[0077] The first part represents the set parameters of the system at time moment. This ensures that the calculation of the next time step is a fine-tuning based on the current set value rather than a complete reset of the parameters, thus ensuring the continuity and stability of the system. The second part represents proportional regulation (P), where , , are the proportional control coefficients of pressure, temperature, and hydrogen flow respectively. They determine the sensitivity of the current performance index to the control parameters. The physical meaning of this term is that represents the comprehensive performance index of the system. When its partial derivative with respect to a certain control variable is large, it indicates that this variable has a significant impact on the system performance, so a large adjustment is required. Proportional control can quickly respond to the current system deviation and improve the dynamic adjustment ability of the system. For example, if the current temperature of the system deviates too much from the optimal operating temperature , then is also large, resulting in having a larger adjustment amplitude, so that the temperature regulation can quickly return to the optimal state. The third part represents integral regulation (I), where , , are the integral control coefficients of pressure, temperature, and hydrogen flow respectively. The role of this term is to accumulate and calculate the past errors to correct the long-term deviation of the system. The physical meaning of the integral term is that simple proportional regulation may cause the system to be unable to completely eliminate the steady-state error in some cases, while the integral term can make the system finally tend to be stable by accumulating errors. For example, during long-term operation, if the pressure set value of the system If it continuously deviates from the optimal pressure range, then the integral term will continuously accumulate and finally correct the pressure set value to make it approach the optimal state.

[0078] Overall, this control model adopts P-I compound regulation. Compared with the traditional methods that only rely on proportional control or open-loop control, the present invention can more accurately adjust the operating parameters of the hydrogen storage system, improve the hydrogen storage efficiency and system stability. Especially because the hydrogen adsorption and desorption processes are affected by complex non-linear effects of temperature and pressure, the present invention guides the control strategy by introducing performance index gradient information 、 、 so that the system can respond quickly and accurately and maintain efficient operation under dynamic working conditions. Compared with the traditional hydrogen storage management methods, the control strategy of the present invention has the following advantages: Real-time dynamic adjustment: Using proportional-integral regulation, it can adaptively optimize pressure, temperature and flow according to the current state and historical state of the system to achieve precise control. Comprehensive optimization performance: Based on the calculation of performance index gradient, the adjustment amplitude of each control variable depends on its influence on the system performance, making the regulation more intelligent and efficient. Eliminating long-term errors: The integral term ensures that the system will not deviate from the optimal state for a long time, improves the stability of long-term operation, and avoids energy loss and efficiency decline. Avoiding sudden adjustments: Compared with the control strategy that only relies on proportional regulation, the PI compound regulation of the present invention can reduce the sudden change of parameter adjustment, ensure the smoothness of the adjustment process, and thus reduce the mechanical stress and thermal stress of the system.

[0079] The preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. This does not limit the scope of rights of the present disclosure. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and essence of the present disclosure shall fall within the scope of rights of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. Intelligent hydrogen storage management system, characterized in that: The system comprises: a sensor part, a data analysis part, a performance evaluation part and an adaptive control part; the sensor part is used to obtain the operation data of the hydrogen storage system at the current time; the data analysis part is used to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material in the hydrogen storage system at the current time according to the operation data at the current time, and to establish a dynamic adsorption process model and a thermodynamic state model of hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material; the performance evaluation part is used to calculate the performance index at the current time according to the dynamic adsorption process model and the thermodynamic state model; the adaptive control part is used to automatically adjust the pressure, temperature and hydrogen flow of the hydrogen storage system according to the performance index at the current time by using a proportional-integral adjustment mechanism; The sensor part includes: a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an adsorption amount sensor and a flow sensor; the current time operation data includes: the current time temperature in units of K , the current time pressure in Pa , the adsorption amount at the current time in mol / kg and the hydrogen flow rate at the current time in kg / s ; is the current time; Calculate the current maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material in the hydrogen storage system: ； in, The temperature at the current time and the current time maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogen storage material under the current time pressure; is the reference adsorption capacity under standard conditions, in mol / kg; is the temperature-dependent adsorption equilibrium constant, in 1 / Pa; is the adsorption enthalpy change, in J / mol; is the gas constant, which is 8.314 J / (mol·K); is the reference temperature, which is 298K; is the porosity of the hydrogen storage material; is the pore size, in nm; Reference pore size, in nm; is the natural base; Temperature dependence of adsorption equilibrium constant Calculated using the following formula: ； in, is the equilibrium constant at the reference temperature, in units of 1 / Pa; is the adsorption activation energy, in J / mol; The performance index of the current time is calculated by the following formula : ； in, is the first weight coefficient; is the second weight coefficient; is the third weight coefficient; ; is the average adsorption amount at the current time; is the reference temperature and reference pressure The maximum adsorption capacity under For the best operating temperature, is the critical temperature at the current time.

2. The intelligent hydrogen storage management system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dynamic adsorption process model of hydrogen in hydrogen storage materials is established through the following formula: ； in, is the adsorption rate constant; is the desorption rate constant; is the desorption activation energy, in J / mol; is the desorption enthalpy change, in J / mol; is the average adsorption amount at the current time.

3. The intelligent hydrogen storage management system according to claim 2, characterized in that: , the unit is 1 / s; is the adsorption frequency factor, the unit is 1 / s, which is the set value; , unit 1 / s; is the desorption frequency factor, unit is 1 / s.

4. The intelligent hydrogen storage management system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The thermodynamic state model of hydrogen in hydrogen storage materials is established through the following formula: ； in, is the effective thermal conductivity, in W / (m·K); is the average density of hydrogen storage materials, in kg / m³; is the average specific heat capacity, in J / (kg·K); is the bulk density of the hydrogen storage material bed, in kg / m³; is the convective heat transfer coefficient, in W / (m²·K); is the heat exchange area of ​​the hydrogen storage material, in m²; is the volume of hydrogen storage material, in m³; is the ambient temperature in K.

5. The intelligent hydrogen storage management system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The following formula is used to calculate the control parameters at the next time step based on the performance indicators at the current time using the proportional-integral regulation mechanism to automatically adjust the pressure, temperature and hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen storage system: ； in, Adjust the pressure of the hydrogen storage system for the next time step; Adjust the temperature of the hydrogen storage system for the next time step; Adjusting the hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen storage system for the next time step; is the pressure setting value; is the temperature setting value; Set the value for the hydrogen flow rate; is the pressure proportional control coefficient; is the temperature proportional control coefficient; is the hydrogen flow control coefficient; is the pressure integral control coefficient; is the temperature integral control coefficient; is the integral control coefficient of hydrogen flow; is the time-integrated variable.

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