Short-distance balance braking structure applied to villa elevator

Abstract

The invention discloses a short-distance balance brake structure applied to a villa elevator, which is based on a traction system and a brake system in the elevator, changes the trend of a traction steel wire rope by additionally arranging an auxiliary hydraulic system, and essentially does not interfere with the traction process of a bridge box and a counterweight filler. Instead, the first limiting wire guide wheel and the second limiting wire guide wheel are used for changing the routing angle of the traction steel wire rope relative to the traction wheel, and when the traction wheel is braked through the brake pad arc frame, the routing angle of the traction steel wire rope located at the first limiting wire guide wheel and the second limiting wire guide wheel can be further affected; the load bearing part is used as a key force bearing position, the braking effect of the traction wheel is not directly influenced when the wiring angle is changed, the traction distance of the traction steel wire rope is changed in a small range, and the tension change of the traction steel wire rope is borne and transferred according to the linear movement process and the angle deflection process in the first limiting wire guide wheel and the second limiting wire guide wheel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of elevator braking, and in particular to a short-distance balanced braking structure applied to a villa elevator. Background Art

[0002] Any form of elevator structure will be equipped with a braking system, which essentially uses friction to interfere with the operation of the traction machine structure. Please refer to publication numbers CN106687404A and CN103889874A. The working principles include electromagnetic braking, hydraulic braking, disc braking, etc.

[0003] From the perspective of inertia, there is a direct relationship between the braking distance, the travel speed of the bridge car, and the load-bearing gravity in the braking system, and the braking process (upward and downward) will generate tension burden on the steel cable structure in the traction system. For the elevator system used in the villa, it belongs to the light-load and short-distance operation state. Taking the single-floor 2.79-3.5m as an example, the "available" braking distance is relatively short and there may be problems of excessive / low braking force, which will have a higher "negative impact" on the bridge car and the steel cable structure in the bridge car. For example, uneven distribution of wire rope tension (such as a single wire rope tension deviation of more than 5%) may cause local friction overheating or slippage, or the wire rope produces additional tensile load due to the inertia of the car, accelerating fatigue damage, and causing the tension imbalance to further expand, which is specifically manifested as accidents caused by the problem of wire rope tension imbalance. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a short-distance balanced braking structure for use in villa elevators. It is aimed at the elevator system in the villa. Because the braking distance of the overall bridge car is relatively short, the problem of excessive / low braking force may occur in the overall braking process, which is specifically reflected in the tension change in the steel wire structure in the traction system, especially in the tension imbalance at two positions of the steel wire rope, which may cause unexpected situations, such as accelerated steel wire rope fatigue damage, groove derailment and other problems.

[0005] The object of the present invention can be achieved by the following technical scheme: a short-distance balanced brake structure used in a villa elevator comprises a mounting frame, a transmission wheel, a traction wheel and a brake oil cylinder, a brake pad arc frame corresponding to the transmission wheel is mounted at the transmission end position of the brake oil cylinder, and an auxiliary hydraulic system is arranged at the position of the mounting frame corresponding to the lower side of the traction wheel; The auxiliary hydraulic system includes a first limiting wire wheel and a second limiting wire wheel arranged from top to bottom, and the first limiting wire wheel, the traction wheel and the second limiting wire wheel are provided with traction wire ropes, and the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel are symmetrically arranged along the length direction of the installation frame, and an arc-shaped main frame is arranged on one of the first limiting wire wheels, and the position on one side of the traction wire rope corresponding to the arc-shaped main frame is set as the load-bearing part, and the position on the other side is set as the counterweight part.

[0006] It is further configured as follows: the brake pad arc frame is arranged at a position corresponding to the outer wall position of the transmission wheel.

[0007] It is further configured as follows: another of the first limiting wire wheels and two second limiting wire wheels are slidably connected on the mounting frame along the length direction of the mounting frame, the cross-section of the arc-shaped main frame is an inverted herringbone shape, and the middle section of the arc-shaped main frame is rotatably connected to the mounting frame.

[0008] It is further configured as follows: a bidirectional oil cylinder corresponding to the second limiting wire wheel is installed on the mounting frame, and the traction wire rope is sequentially wound around the second limiting wire wheel close to the inner side of the bidirectional oil cylinder and the first limiting wire wheel away from the outer side of the arc-shaped main frame.

[0009] It is further set as follows: the distance along the horizontal direction between the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel corresponding to the position on one side of the mounting frame is set to A, and the distance along the horizontal direction between the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel corresponding to the position on the other side of the mounting frame is set to B.

[0010] It is further configured as follows: the arc-shaped main frame is composed of a force-bearing frame and a force-generating frame, a roller corresponding to a transmission wheel is rotatably installed at the end position of the force-generating frame, and the force-bearing frame and the force-generating frame are arranged along the direction from the counterweight part to the load-bearing part.

[0011] It is further configured as follows: the length along the horizontal direction between the center point of the first limiting wire wheel, the second limiting wire wheel and the center point of the traction wheel is greater than the radius of the traction wheel, and A is not equal to B.

[0012] It is further configured that: a straight-moving frame corresponding to the middle section of the arc-shaped main frame, an oil storage cylinder and a slide seat corresponding to another first limit wire wheel are arranged in the internal position of the installation frame, the slide seat and the straight-moving frame are slidably connected on the installation frame along the length direction of the installation frame, and the slide seat and another first limit wire wheel are rotatably connected; A driving gear is arranged inside the straight frame, the center point of the driving gear is fixedly connected to the middle section of the arc-shaped frame, and the driving gear is meshed with one side of the inner wall of the straight frame.

[0013] It is further configured as follows: an auxiliary oil cylinder corresponding to the straight frame is installed on the installation frame, and the auxiliary oil cylinder is communicated with the oil cavity inside the bidirectional oil cylinder.

[0014] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: The present invention changes the direction of the traction wire rope on the basis of the braking system and the traction system in the elevator, specifically based on the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel, firstly limit the two to be set at the lower side position of the traction wheel, and change the horizontal spacing A and B between the two relative to the center of the traction wheel, thereby changing the routing angle of the traction wire rope relative to the traction wheel, but will not directly interfere with the normal transmission process in the traction system and the braking process of the braking system, the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel will change the routing angle due to the change of the tension of the traction wire rope, specifically, the arc-shaped frame corresponding to the first limiting wire wheel is the key part, wherein the second limiting wire wheel and one of the limiting wire wheels can only slide in the horizontal direction, and the arc-shaped frame is deflected by the change of the tension of the traction wire rope; Based on the above content, the arc-shaped main frame in the first limit wire wheel is further optimized to form a force-bearing frame and a force-generating frame. The force-generating frame directly bears the tension change of the traction wire rope at the corresponding load-bearing part and deflects at an angle, thereby driving the force-bearing frame to move to the other first limit wire wheel. However, the other first limit wire wheel will also generate a thrust in the opposite direction to the force-bearing frame when sliding horizontally, forming a state of relative balance. However, the key lies in: the oil pressure changes of the storage cylinder and the auxiliary cylinder are changed according to the sliding and deflection actions of the two first limit wire wheels, and the oil pressure changes are further transferred to the two-way cylinder. The key purpose is to actively bear and "transfer" the tension change of the traction wire rope in the form of hydraulic oil through the tension-hydraulic conversion process. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the short-distance balance brake structure applied to a villa elevator proposed by the present invention; Figure 2 The invention is applied to the short-distance balance brake structure of the villa elevator. Figure 1 A front view of Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the traction wheel in the short-distance balance brake structure of the villa elevator proposed by the present invention; Figure 4 This is a structural schematic diagram of the auxiliary hydraulic system proposed by the present invention and applied in the short-distance balanced braking structure of a villa elevator; Figure 5This is a schematic diagram of the guide of the short-distance balance brake structure applied to a villa elevator proposed by the present invention; Figure 6 It is a cross-sectional view of the straight-travel frame in the short-distance balanced braking structure of the villa elevator proposed by the present invention; Figure 7 This is a cross-sectional view of a bidirectional oil cylinder used in a short-distance balanced brake structure of a villa elevator proposed by the present invention.

[0017] In the figure: 1. mounting frame; 2. brake cylinder; 3. brake pad arc frame; 4. transmission wheel; 5. traction wheel; 501. counterweight part; 502. load-bearing part; 6. first limit wire wheel; 7. second limit wire wheel; 8. two-way cylinder; 9. arc frame; 901. force frame; 902. force frame; 10. auxiliary cylinder; 11. straight travel frame; 12. oil storage cylinder; 13. slide seat; 14. driving gear. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] Embodiment 1: For the elevator system in the villa, because the braking distance of the overall bridge car is relatively short, the problem of too high / too low braking force may occur during the overall braking process, which is specifically reflected in the tension change in the steel wire structure in the traction system, especially in the tension imbalance at two positions of the steel wire rope, which may cause unexpected situations, such as accelerated steel wire rope fatigue damage and de-slotting. The following technical solutions are proposed: Reference Figures 1 to 7 The short-distance balanced brake structure used in the villa elevator in this embodiment includes a mounting frame 1, a transmission wheel 4, a traction wheel 5 and a brake cylinder 2. A brake pad arc frame 3 corresponding to the transmission wheel 4 is installed at the transmission end position of the brake cylinder 2, and an auxiliary hydraulic system is provided at the position of the mounting frame 1 corresponding to the lower side of the traction wheel 5; The auxiliary hydraulic system includes a first limiting wire wheel 6 and a second limiting wire wheel 7 which are arranged from top to bottom. The first limiting wire wheel 6, the traction wheel 5 and the second limiting wire wheel 7 are provided with traction wire ropes. The first limiting wire wheel 6 and the second limiting wire wheel 7 are symmetrically arranged along the length direction of the mounting frame 1. An arc-shaped main frame 9 is arranged on one of the first limiting wire wheels 6. The position of the traction wire rope on one side of the arc-shaped main frame 9 corresponding to the arc-shaped main frame 9 is set as the load-bearing part 502, and the position on the other side is set as the counterweight part 501. The setting position of the brake pad arc frame 3 corresponds to the outer wall position of the transmission wheel 4.

[0020] Basic principle: For the elevators used in villas, the braking system and traction system are basically the same as those of conventional elevators. The only difference is that due to the limited height of the villa floors, the "available" braking distance is relatively short and there may be a problem of excessive / low braking force. In this regard, the braking system proposed in this invention is based on Figure 1 and Figure 3 For example, the traction wheel 5 and the transmission wheel 4 rotate in a directional manner under the action of the traction motor. When braking is required, the brake cylinder 2 is mainly used as the key power source. Its essence is to drive the brake pad arc frame 3 to fit tightly against the transmission wheel 4, and use friction to achieve the braking purpose. This part is not explained in the present invention.

[0021] Embodiment 2: Optimizing and improving the routing direction of the traction wire rope associated with the first limit wire wheel and the second limit wire wheel: Another first limiting wire wheel 6 and two second limiting wire wheels 6 are slidably connected on the mounting frame 1 along the length direction of the mounting frame 1, the cross section of the arc-shaped frame 9 is inverted herringbone shape, and the middle section of the arc-shaped frame 9 is rotatably connected to the mounting frame 1, and a bidirectional oil cylinder 8 corresponding to the second limiting wire wheels 6 is installed on the mounting frame 1; The traction wire rope is wound in sequence around the second limit wire wheel 7 close to the inner side of the two-way oil cylinder 8 and the first limit wire wheel 6 away from the outer side of the arc-shaped main frame 9. The horizontal distance between the first limit wire wheel 6 and the second limit wire wheel 7 corresponding to the position on one side of the mounting frame 1 is set to A, and the horizontal distance between the first limit wire wheel 6 and the second limit wire wheel 7 corresponding to the position on the other side of the mounting frame 1 is set to B. The arc-shaped main frame 9 is composed of a force-bearing frame 901 and a force-generating frame 902. The roller corresponding to the transmission wheel 4 is rotatably installed at the end position of the force-generating frame 902. The force-bearing frame 901 and the force-generating frame 902 are arranged in the direction from the counterweight part 501 to the load-bearing part 502. The length along the horizontal direction between the center point of the first limit wire wheel 6, the second limit wire wheel 7 and the center point of the traction wheel 5 is greater than the radius of the traction wheel 5, and A is not equal to B.

[0022] Solution Description: Combined Figure 2 To illustrate, under normal conditions, the traction wire rope that passes around the traction wheel is used to connect the bridge box at one end, which is set as the load-bearing part 502, and the other end connected to the counterweight block structure is set as the counterweight block 501. On the basis of maintaining traction stability, it is necessary to ensure that the wire rope corresponding to the load-bearing part 502 is vertically tangent to the outer edge of the traction wheel 5. This part corresponds to Figure 5 The purpose of the alignment line is to ensure that the outer edge of one of the limiting wire wheels 7 and the outer edge of the traction wheel are in the same tangent plane; However, further explanation is given with reference to the two groups of values ​​A and B: the two first limit wire wheels 6 generate an outward thrust on the traction wire rope, so that the traction wire rope between the traction wheel 5 and the first limit wire wheel 6 is not in a completely vertical state but presents an arc shape bent outward, on the contrary, the second limit wire wheel 7 generates an outward pressure on the traction steel rope, causing it to generate an arc shape bent inward, thereby changing the routing angle of the traction wire rope relative to the traction wheel 5. In this regard, during normal traction transmission and braking, the traction wire rope will also generate an inward horizontal pressure on the first limit wire wheel 6, and on the contrary, it will generate an outward horizontal thrust on the second limit wire wheel 7; by Figure 5 For example, the first limit wire wheel 6 and the two second limit wire wheels 7 at the left position all slide in the horizontal direction, but the first limit wire wheel 6 at the right position does not move horizontally but performs an angular deflection, and the explanation is given for the force-bearing frame 901 and the force-generating frame 902. When the arc-shaped main frame 9 is subjected to the tension of the traction wire rope, it will drive the arc-shaped main frame 9 to rotate counterclockwise, but the first limit wire wheel 6 at the left position will also be provided with a thrust rod for the force-bearing frame 901, and the thrust of the thrust rod against the force-bearing frame 901 will also drive the arc-shaped main frame 9 to rotate clockwise. In the normal traction transmission process, when the tension changes on the two first limit wire wheels 6 are relatively balanced, the arc-shaped main frame 9 maintains a relatively stable position; However, during the braking process, the tension generated by the traction wire rope corresponding to the load-bearing part 502 changes more greatly, thereby breaking the position stability of the arc-shaped main frame 9, and the second limiting wire wheel 7 belongs to the rear structure of the first limiting wire wheel 6, so the first limiting wire wheel 6 has priority over the second limiting wire wheel 7 in bearing the tension change, and is limited in the length direction of the force-bearing frame 901. After it rotates to a certain angle, it will contact the transmission wheel 4 through the roller thereon and interfere with the angular deflection process of the arc-shaped main frame 9. Its essence is to directly limit the maximum deflection angle of the arc-shaped main frame 9, so it can also be understood that: although the tension change is indirectly borne through the arc-shaped main frame 9, there is also a maximum bearing capacity, which is still based on the braking process of the transmission wheel 4.

[0023] Embodiment 3: This embodiment is a supplementary explanation of Embodiment 2: A straight frame 11 corresponding to the middle section of the arc-shaped main frame 9, an oil storage cylinder 12 and a slide 13 corresponding to another first limit wire wheel 6 are arranged inside the installation frame 1. The slide 13 and the straight frame 11 are slidably connected on the installation frame 1 along the length direction of the installation frame 1, and the slide 13 is rotatably connected to another first limit wire wheel 6. A driving gear 14 is provided inside the straight frame 11, and the center point of the driving gear 14 is fixedly connected to the middle section of the arc-shaped main frame 9, and the driving gear 14 is in meshing relationship with one side of the inner wall of the straight frame 11. An auxiliary oil cylinder 10 corresponding to the straight frame 11 is installed on the mounting frame 1, and the auxiliary oil cylinder 10 is communicated with the oil chamber inside the two-way oil cylinder 8.

[0024] Solution Description: First, Figure 7 To explain, the two-way oil cylinder 8 is responsible for the horizontal sliding process of the two second limit wire wheels 7, for which two independent oil chambers are provided, and according to the interference process of the second limit wire wheel 7 on the traction wire rope, the oil chamber is only arranged at one side position close to the second limit wire wheel. If the traction wire rope generates an outward thrust on the second limit wire wheel 7, the volume of the oil chamber in the two-way oil cylinder 8 will be reduced, and they are respectively arranged as a left oil chamber and a right oil chamber according to their setting positions; And refer to Figure 6 To explain, when the arc-shaped frame 9 is deflected at an angle, the driving gear 14 is driven to deflect, and the straight frame 11 is driven to slide horizontally according to the meshing relationship. Taking the braking process as an example, the tension of the traction wire rope at the load-bearing part 502 is instantly increased, while the tension of the traction wire rope at the counterweight part 501 is reduced. Because the arc-shaped frame 9 rotates counterclockwise, the straight frame 11 is driven to move to the left. In this regard, the auxiliary oil cylinder 10 and the oil storage cylinder 12 are explained. Both of them are provided with oil chambers similar to the oil chambers inside the two-way oil cylinder 8. When the straight-line brake 11 moves to the left, the volume of the oil chamber inside the auxiliary oil cylinder 10 at the left position will be reduced, and vice versa, the volume of the oil chamber inside the auxiliary oil cylinder 10 at the right position will be increased, which further limits the communication process between the auxiliary oil cylinder 10, the oil storage cylinder 12 and the oil chamber in the two-way oil chamber 8. During the braking process, the auxiliary oil cylinder 10 at the left position will first replenish its internal hydraulic oil to the oil storage cylinder 12, which further interferes with the routing angle of the traction wire rope at the counterweight 501. If the left first limit wire wheel 501 slides the maximum distance, the "excess hydraulic oil" in the auxiliary oil cylinder 10 can be replenished into the oil chamber in the two-way oil cylinder 8 to further interfere with the routing angle of the traction wire rope at the corresponding second limit wire wheel 7. The key purpose of the overall solution is: the conversion process of the hydraulic oil in the oil chambers of the auxiliary oil cylinder 10, the oil storage cylinder 12 and the two-way oil chamber 8, so as to hydraulically withstand and "transfer" the tension change at the load-bearing part 502, so as to avoid the traction wire rope at the load-bearing part 502 from being damaged by large tension fluctuations; Finally, after restoring normal transmission, refer to Figure 5 , the traction wire rope generates outward pressure against the second limit wire wheel 7, causing the hydraulic oil inside the oil chamber in the two-way oil cylinder 8 to flow back to the auxiliary oil cylinder 10 and the oil storage cylinder 12.

[0025] In summary: based on the traction system and braking system in the elevator, the direction of the traction wire rope is changed by adding an auxiliary hydraulic system. It will not interfere with the traction process of the bridge box and the counterweight in essence, but changes the routing angle of the traction wire rope relative to the traction wheel with the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel. When the traction wheel is braked by the brake pad arc frame, it will further affect the routing angle of the traction wire rope at the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel. With the load-bearing part as the key load-bearing position, when the routing angle changes, it will not directly affect the braking effect of the traction wheel, but will slightly change the traction distance of the traction wire rope, and bear and "transfer" the tension change of the traction wire rope according to the linear movement process and angle deflection process in the first limiting wire wheel and the second limiting wire wheel.

[0026] The above contents are merely examples and explanations of the structure of the present invention. The technicians in this technical field may make various modifications or additions to the specific embodiments described or replace them in a similar manner. As long as they do not deviate from the structure of the invention or exceed the scope defined by the claims, they should all fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator comprises a mounting frame (1), a transmission wheel (4), a traction wheel (5) and a brake cylinder (2), characterized in that: A brake pad bracket (3) corresponding to the transmission wheel (4) is installed at the transmission end of the brake oil cylinder (2), and an auxiliary hydraulic system is provided at a position on the lower side of the mounting frame (1) corresponding to the traction wheel (5); The auxiliary hydraulic system comprises a first limiting wire wheel (6) and a second limiting wire wheel (7) which are arranged from top to bottom, and the first limiting wire wheel (6), the traction wheel (5) and the second limiting wire wheel (7) are provided with traction wire ropes, and the first limiting wire wheel (6) and the second limiting wire wheel (7) are symmetrically arranged along the length direction of the installation frame (1), and an arc-shaped frame (9) is arranged on one of the first limiting wire wheels (6), and the position on one side of the traction wire rope corresponding to the arc-shaped frame (9) is set as a load-bearing part (502), and the position on the other side is set as a counterweight part (501).

2. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The brake pad arc frame (3) is arranged at a position corresponding to the outer wall position of the transmission wheel (4).

3. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Another of the first limiting wire wheels (6) and the two second limiting wire wheels (6) are slidably connected to the mounting frame (1) along the length direction of the mounting frame (1); the cross section of the arc-shaped main frame (9) is in an inverted herringbone shape, and the middle section of the arc-shaped main frame (9) is rotatably connected to the mounting frame (1).

4. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 3 is characterized in that: A bidirectional oil cylinder (8) corresponding to the second limiting wire wheel (6) is installed on the installation frame (1), and the traction wire rope is wound in sequence around the second limiting wire wheel (7) close to the inner side of the bidirectional oil cylinder (8) and the outer side of the first limiting wire wheel (6) away from the arc-shaped main frame (9).

5. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The distance between the first limiting wire wheel (6) and the second limiting wire wheel (7) corresponding to the position on one side of the installation frame (1) along the horizontal direction is set to A, and the distance between the first limiting wire wheel (6) and the second limiting wire wheel (7) corresponding to the position on the other side of the installation frame (1) along the horizontal direction is set to B.

6. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The arc-shaped main frame (9) is composed of a force-bearing frame (901) and a force-generating frame (902), and a roller corresponding to the transmission wheel (4) is rotatably mounted at the end of the force-generating frame (902). The force-bearing frame (901) and the force-generating frame (902) are arranged along the direction from the counterweight part (501) to the load-bearing part (502).

7. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The length along the horizontal direction between the center point of the first limiting wire wheel (6), the second limiting wire wheel (7) and the center point of the traction wheel (5) is greater than the radius of the traction wheel (5), and A is not equal to B.

8. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 7 is characterized in that: The installation frame (1) is provided with a straight-moving frame (11) corresponding to the middle section of the arc-shaped main frame (9), an oil storage cylinder (12) and a slide seat (13) corresponding to another first limit wire wheel (6) in an internal position thereof; the slide seat (13) and the straight-moving frame (11) are slidably connected on the installation frame (1) along the length direction of the installation frame (1), and the slide seat (13) and another first limit wire wheel (6) are rotatably connected; A driving gear (14) is arranged inside the straight frame (11), the center point of the driving gear (14) is fixedly connected to the middle section of the arc-shaped main frame (9), and the driving gear (14) is in meshing relationship with one side of the inner wall of the straight frame (11).

9. The short-distance balancing brake structure used in a villa elevator according to claim 8 is characterized in that: An auxiliary oil cylinder (10) corresponding to the straight-moving frame (11) is mounted on the mounting frame (1), and the auxiliary oil cylinder (10) is in communication with an oil chamber inside the bidirectional oil cylinder (8).

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