Veinless external mining with backfilling and stacking method

Abstract

This application provides a backfilling and stacking mining method without external vein preparation, belonging to the field of underground metal mining. In this method, a return airway and an intake airway are first excavated in the pillars at both ends of the mining panel. Then, an ore extraction haulage roadway is excavated at the bottom of the stope, penetrating the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block, and the trapezoidal final mining block, and connecting to the return airway and the intake airway, forming a ventilation system. Next, the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block, and the trapezoidal final mining block are mined sequentially, with each block being mined in layers from bottom to top. As mining progresses, dynamically changing ore passes, first false roadways, first vein inclined ramps, second false roadways, second vein inclined ramps, and third false roadways are formed within the ore body. This method eliminates the need for external vein preparation and cutting works, reducing mining costs; compared to the full-face method and room-and-pillar method, it provides better ventilation; and there is virtually no ore residue.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of underground metal mining technology, specifically to a backfilling and stacking mining method for veinless external mining. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, the mining of gently dipping ore bodies mainly adopts the full-scale method and the room-and-pillar method (subsequent backfilling). During the mining process, depending on the occurrence conditions such as the dip angle, thickness and dip direction of the ore body, the extra-vein mining method is generally selected. Extra-vein mining increases the amount of mining and cutting work. For thinner ore bodies, the use of extra-vein mining will result in a high per-thousand-ton cutting ratio, which reduces the overall efficiency of the ore.

[0003] In view of this, it is necessary to design a veinless off-site mining method to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the technical problems existing in the background art, this application provides a backfilling and stacking mining method without external vein preparation. The mining process does not require the arrangement of preparation and cutting works outside the vein, reducing unnecessary tunneling and cutting works and reducing mining costs. Compared with the full-area method, room and pillar method and other methods, the ventilation conditions are better.

[0005] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a method for filling and stacking mining without external vein access, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1. Divide the panel along the ore body strike and reserve pillars at both ends of the panel; divide the mining area perpendicular to the ore body strike within the panel, and divide each mining area into trapezoidal first mining block, parallelogram secondary mining block and trapezoidal final mining block along the ore body strike.

[0007] S2. At the bottom of the columns at both ends, a return air tunnel and an intake air transport tunnel are excavated respectively. The return air tunnel is connected to the main return air system of the ore body, and the intake air transport tunnel is connected to the main transport tunnel of the ore body.

[0008] S3. Excavate the ore-exit haulage roadway at the bottom of the mining area, which connects to the return airway and the intake airway; mine and backfill the trapezoidal first mining block layer by layer from bottom to top, and form ore passes and first vein inclined ramps at both ends of the trapezoidal first mining block along the ore body direction; when backfilling each layer, reserve 20%-30% of the layer height, and form the first false roadway in the uppermost layer, and the first layer to be filled in the remaining layers;

[0009] S4. Enter the bottom layer of the parallelogram secondary mining block along the first false tunnel and the first vein incline. Mining and filling the parallelogram secondary mining block layer by layer from bottom to top. A second vein incline is formed at one end of the parallelogram secondary mining block near the trapezoidal final mining block. When filling each layer, 20%-30% of the layer height is reserved. A second false tunnel is formed in the uppermost layer, and a second layer to be filled 29 is formed in the remaining layers. The first vein incline at the same height as the layer to be filled is filled.

[0010] S5. Enter the bottom layer of the trapezoidal final mining block along the first false tunnel, the second false tunnel, and the second vein inner inclined ramp. Mine and fill the trapezoidal final mining block layer by layer from bottom to top. Gradually form a manhole at the end of the trapezoidal final mining block away from the parallelogram secondary mining block. When filling each layer, reserve 20%-30% of the layer height, and form a third false tunnel in the uppermost layer. Form a third layer to be filled in the remaining layers, and fill part of the second vein inner inclined ramp at the same height as the layer to be filled.

[0011] S6. Repeat steps S3-S5 until all mining areas of the panel are mined; then mine the remaining panels until the entire ore body is mined.

[0012] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the mining process does not require preparatory cutting works outside the vein. As mining progresses, dynamically changing ore passes, a first filling layer (or a first false tunnel), a first vein ramp, a second filling layer (or a second false tunnel), a second vein ramp, and a third filling layer (or a third false tunnel) are formed within the ore body. These channels can serve as ventilation and transportation channels to ensure the smooth mining of the ore body. In the mining process of this application, the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram secondary mining block, and the trapezoidal final mining block in the stope are gradually mined. Compared with the full-scale method and the room-and-pillar method, the ventilation conditions are better, and there is basically no ore residue, resulting in a high ore recovery rate.

[0013] In some embodiments, before filling the top layer of the trapezoidal primary mining block and the parallelogram secondary mining block, artificial false tunnels are first erected on the bottom plate of the goaf as the first false tunnel and the second false tunnel, and then the filling is carried out to form a first artificial false roof and a second artificial false roof on the top of the first false tunnel and the second false tunnel, respectively.

[0014] In this embodiment, the construction of artificial tunnels not only enables the formation of pedestrian, ventilation, and transportation channels in the mining area during subsequent mining operations, but also enhances safety and facilitates safe operation.

[0015] In some embodiments, the artificial lane includes an inverted U-shaped I-beam, a steel mesh layer, and a first geotextile layer arranged sequentially from the inside out, with threaded steel bars below the inverted U-shaped I-beam; the steel mesh layer includes a vertically arranged first steel mesh sheet and a horizontally arranged steel plate; the width of the artificial lane is 1.0-1.5m wider than the maximum width of the transport equipment, and the height is 0.5-1.0m higher than the maximum height of the transport equipment.

[0016] In this embodiment, an inverted U-shaped I-beam serves as the supporting framework for the artificial tunnel, with a steel mesh layer on its outer side and threaded steel bars at the bottom to enhance the strength of the artificial tunnel and ensure safe mining. The first geotextile layer prevents the filling slurry from seeping into the artificial tunnel during roof filling.

[0017] In some embodiments, when filling the trapezoidal primary mining block and the parallelogram secondary mining block in layers, each filling is 0.5-1.5m high, and as filling proceeds from bottom to top, the filling retaining wall is moved forward 3-4m towards the goaf each time. After each filling is completed, the filling retaining wall is removed, and road ballast or filling material is laid so that the slope of the first vein's inner ramp and the second vein's inner ramp is 15°-20°.

[0018] In this embodiment, each layer is filled multiple times in stages to facilitate roof connection. As filling progresses from bottom to top, the filling retaining wall is moved forward towards the goaf each time, thereby ensuring the smooth formation of the first and second vein's internal inclined ramps.

[0019] In some embodiments, the mining area includes a first-step mining area and a second-step mining area set at intervals, wherein the mining progress of the second-step mining area lags behind that of the first-step mining area by 1-2 steps.

[0020] In this embodiment, the mining area is divided into a first-step mining area and a second-step mining area. The second-step mining area can serve as a support for the first-step mining area to ensure safe mining. As long as the mining progress of the second-step mining area lags behind that of the first-step mining area by 1-2 steps, the first-step mining area and the second-step mining area can be mined simultaneously to improve mining efficiency.

[0021] In some embodiments, before filling, a ventilation shaft parallel to the chute is reserved. The diameter of the ventilation shaft is 1-2m. The ventilation shaft is made by rolling thick steel plates into a circular barrel and welding them together or by stacking concrete.

[0022] In some embodiments, the width of the intercolumn is 14-20m;

[0023] When the true thickness of the ore body is ≤6m, the length of the panel is ≤80m; when the true thickness of the ore body is >6m, the length of the panel increases by at least 30m for every 4m increase in the true thickness of the ore body.

[0024] The length of the mining area is 50-80m and the width is 10-16m; the distance between the ore pass and the ventilation shaft is 5-7m.

[0025] In some embodiments, the radius of the chute is 0.5-1.5m, and the chute is made by rolling thick steel plates into a circular barrel and welding them together or by stacking concrete.

[0026] In some embodiments, the filling retaining wall 19 includes a vertical unit and an inclined support unit; the vertical unit includes a second geotextile layer, a second steel mesh, a horizontal steel pipe layer and a vertical steel pipe layer arranged sequentially from the inside to the outside, and the inclined support unit includes an inclined steel pipe layer connected to the horizontal steel pipe layer.

[0027] In some embodiments, when filling the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram secondary mining block and the trapezoidal final mining block in layers, a 0.3-0.6m thick adhesive layer is provided on the upper part of each layer of filling body.

[0028] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of this application. In order to better understand the technical means of this application and to implement it in accordance with the contents of the specification, and to make the above and other objects, features and advantages of this application more obvious and understandable, the following are specific embodiments of this application. Attached Figure Description

[0029] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of this application, the accompanying drawings used in this application will be briefly described below. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without any creative effort.

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the ore transport tunnel after the excavation of the filling and stacking mining method without external vein mining in the embodiments of this application.

[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the trapezoidal first mining block in the filling and stacking mining method without vein external mining in the embodiments of this application;

[0032] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the trapezoidal first mining block after the completion of the backfilling and stacking mining method without vein external mining in the embodiments of this application;

[0033] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a parallelogram secondary mining block mined by the filling and stacking mining method without vein external mining in the embodiments of this application;

[0034] Figure 5This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a parallelogram secondary mining block after the recovery of the filling and stacking mining method without vein external mining in the embodiments of this application.

[0035] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the trapezoidal final ore block mined by the filling and stacking mining method without vein external mining in the embodiments of this application;

[0036] Figure 7 for Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the structure of plane II-II;

[0037] Figure 8 for Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the structure of plane III-III;

[0038] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the artificial false lane surface in the embodiments of this application;

[0039] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the infill retaining wall in the embodiments of this application;

[0040] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached diagram: 1-Return airway; 2-Intake airway; 3-Exit airway; 4-First vein inclined ramp; 5-First false tunnel; 6-Pass shaft; 7-Second vein inclined ramp; 8-Second false tunnel; 9-First artificial false roof; 10-Second artificial false roof; 11-Interstitial column; 12-Personnel shaft; 13-Third false tunnel; 14-U-shaped I-beam; 15-First geotextile layer; 16-First steel mesh; 17-Steel plate ; 18-Rebar; 19-Filling retaining wall; 20-Ventilation shaft; 21-Upper wall surrounding rock; 22-Lower wall surrounding rock; 23-Blast hole; 24-Ore body; 25-Filling body; 26-Gel surface layer; 27-Supporting beam; 28-First layer to be filled; 29-Second layer to be filled; 191-Second geotextile layer; 192-Second steel mesh; 193-Horizontal steel pipe layer; 194-Vertical steel pipe layer; 195-Inclined steel pipe layer. Detailed Implementation

[0041] The embodiments of the technical solution of this application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application and are therefore merely examples, and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0042] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the application; the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and foregoing description of the drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0043] In the description of the embodiments of this application, technical terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly defined.

[0044] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0045] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the technical terms "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the embodiments of this application.

[0046] Currently, for the mining of gently dipping ore bodies, the method of off-vein preparatory mining is generally adopted. Off-vein preparatory mining increases the amount of mining and cutting work, which reduces the overall efficiency of the ore.

[0047] To address the technical challenges of excessive excavation work and reduced overall ore efficiency associated with external vein mining, this application provides a backfilling and stacking mining method without external vein preparation. This eliminates the need for external vein preparation and cutting work during the recovery process, reducing unnecessary excavation and cutting operations and lowering mining costs. As mining progresses, dynamically changing ore passes, first false roadways, first vein inclined ramps, second false roadways, second vein inclined ramps, and third false roadways are formed within the ore body. These passages serve as ventilation and transportation channels, ensuring smooth ore recovery. Compared to methods such as the full-face method and room-and-pillar method, ventilation conditions are better, and there is virtually no ore residue, thus improving the overall recovery rate and ore extraction efficiency of slightly dipping and gently dipping ore bodies. Furthermore, this mining method is applicable not only to panel mining but also to the recovery of pillar and strip-pillar mining within panels. Ventilation and pedestrian access are safe and reliable during the mining process, and the overall recovery rate of gently dipping ore bodies is high after mining is completed.

[0048] Please refer to Figures 1 to 8 The diagram below illustrates the structure of a non-pulse-based backfilling and stacking mining method provided in this application embodiment, which includes the following steps:

[0049] S1, Divide the mining area

[0050] Along the strike of the ore body ( Figure 1 Divide the panel area (in the direction of the middle arrow) and reserve pillars 11 at both ends of the panel area; divide the mining area perpendicular to the ore body strike within the panel area, and divide the ore body 24 in each mining area into trapezoidal first mining block, parallelogram secondary mining block and trapezoidal final mining block along the ore body strike (i.e., the length direction of the mining area).

[0051] Among them, the inter-pillar 11 is used to isolate adjacent panels. The height of the stope is the distance between the hanging wall 21 and the footwall 22.

[0052] If the ore body is thick, the block can be divided into different intermediate sections in a direction perpendicular to the strike of the ore body, and each intermediate section can be further divided into different sub-sections. The height of each sub-section is the stope height.

[0053] S2, Precision Cutting

[0054] At the bottom of the two columns 11 at both ends of the panel, the return air level 1 and the intake air transport roadway 2 are excavated respectively, and it is ensured that the return air level 1 is connected to the main return air system of the ore body (not shown in the figure), and the intake air transport roadway 2 is connected to the main transport roadway of the ore body (not shown in the figure).

[0055] The main return air system and main transport roadway of the ore body were excavated in advance and are not included in the scope of the mining preparation and cutting project in this application.

[0056] Both the return airway 1 and the intake airway 2 are arranged perpendicular to the strike of the ore body. Their width is 1-1.5m wider than the maximum width of the transport equipment, preferably 1.2m, and their height is 0.5-1.0m higher than the maximum height of the transport equipment, preferably 0.6m. This arrangement ensures that the dimensions of the return airway 1 and the intake airway 2 meet the safe passage distance for the transport equipment, facilitating ore extraction.

[0057] S3, Trapezoidal First Mining Block

[0058] like Figure 1 As shown, the ore extraction haulage roadway 3 (also known as the bottom-pull haulage roadway) is excavated along the length of the stope at the bottom layer (i.e., the first mining layer) and connects with the return airway 1 and the intake airway haulage roadway 2. That is, the ore extraction haulage roadway 3 runs through the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block, and the trapezoidal final mining block. For example... Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown, the trapezoidal first mining block is then mined and backfilled layer by layer from bottom to top using a small-layer stacking technique. At both ends of the trapezoidal first mining block along the ore body strike, chutes 6 and the first vein inclined ramp 4 are gradually formed. During the backfilling of each layer, 20%-30% of the layer's height is left unfilled. The first unfilled layer 28 is formed in all layers except the top layer, and the first false tunnel 5 is formed in the top layer. When the previous layer is mined and backfilled, the unfilled 20%-30% height of the next layer, i.e., the first unfilled layer 28, is then backfilled.

[0059] During the mining process, the main return air system, return air passage 1, ore pass 6, first backfill layer 28 (or first false passage 5), first vein inclined ramp 4, bottom ore extraction transport passage 3 of parallelogram secondary mining block and trapezoidal final mining block, intake transport passage 2, and main transport passage are sequentially connected to form a ventilation system. The first backfill layer 28 (or first false passage 5) and first vein inclined ramp 4 serve as transport channels, through which operators drive transport equipment to transport the ore mined from the trapezoidal first mining block to ore pass 6.

[0060] S4, Parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block

[0061] As shown in Figure 3, one enters the bottom layer of the parallelogram secondary mining block (i.e., the first mining layer) along the first false tunnel 5 and the inner slope 4. Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block is mined and backfilled layer by layer from bottom to top. A second vein inner slope 7 is gradually formed near the trapezoidal final mining block end of the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block. During the backfilling of each layer, 20%-30% of the layer height is left unfilled. A second layer 29 to be filled is formed in all layers except the top layer. A second false roadway 8 is formed in the top layer, and a portion of the first vein inner slope 4 at the same height as the layer to be filled is filled along with it. That is, as the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block is continuously mined, the length of the first vein inner slope 4 gradually decreases, while the length of the second vein inner slope 7 gradually increases. When the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block is completely mined, a complete second vein inner slope 7 is formed, at which point the first vein inner slope 4 is completely filled. When the previous layer is mined and backfilled, the remaining 20%-30% of the unfilled height of the next layer, i.e., the second layer 29 to be filled, is then filled.

[0062] During the mining process, the main return air system, return air level 1, ore pass 6, first false roadway 5, first vein internal inclined ramp 4, second unfilled layer 29 (or second false roadway 8), second vein internal inclined ramp 7, bottom ore extraction transport roadway 3 of the trapezoidal final mining block, intake transport roadway 2, and main transport roadway are sequentially connected to form a ventilation system. The first false roadway 5, first vein internal inclined ramp 4, second unfilled layer 29 (or second false roadway 8), and second vein internal inclined ramp 7 serve as transport channels. Operators drive transport equipment to transport the ore from the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block along these transport channels to ore pass 6.

[0063] S5, Trapezoidal Final Mining Block

[0064] like Figure 5 As shown, the trapezoidal final mining block bottom layer (i.e., the first mining layer) is entered along the first false tunnel 5, the second false tunnel 8, and the second vein inner inclined ramp 7. The trapezoidal final mining block is mined and backfilled layer by layer from bottom to top. At the end of the trapezoidal final mining block away from the parallelogram secondary mining block, a manhole 12 is gradually formed. When backfilling each layer, 20%-30% of the height of the layer is left unfilled. The third layer to be filled is formed in the layers other than the top layer. The third false tunnel 13 is formed in the top layer. The part of the second vein inner inclined ramp 7 at the same height as the layer to be filled is filled. That is, as the trapezoidal final mining block is continuously mined, the length of the second vein inner inclined ramp 7 gradually decreases. When the trapezoidal final mining block is mined, the second vein inner inclined ramp 7 is completely filled.

[0065] During the mining process, the main return air system, return air level 1, ore pass 6, first false roadway 5, second false roadway 8, second vein internal inclined ramp 7, third unfilled layer (or third false roadway 13), personnel shaft 12, intake air transport roadway 2, and main transport roadway are sequentially connected to form a ventilation system. The first false roadway 5, second false roadway 8, second vein internal inclined ramp 7, and third unfilled layer (or third false roadway 13) serve as transport channels. Operators drive transport equipment to transport the ore from the trapezoidal final mining block to ore pass 6 along these transport channels.

[0066] After all the mining in the mining area is completed, the first false roadway 5, the second false roadway 8, the third false roadway 13, the chute 6, and the pedestrian shaft 12 will be filled. The return airway 1 and the intake airway 2 will not be filled. They will be used as the mining preparation and cutting project for adjacent panels for mining.

[0067] S6, Mining Body

[0068] Repeat steps S3-S5 until all mining areas in the panel are mined; then mine the remaining panels until the entire ore body is mined.

[0069] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, firstly, a return airway 1 and an intake airway 2 are excavated in the pillars 11 at both ends of the panel. Then, an ore extraction haulage roadway 3 is excavated in the bottom layer of the stope, penetrating the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram secondary mining block, and the trapezoidal final mining block, and connected to the return airway 1 and the intake airway 2 to form a ventilation system. Then, the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram secondary mining block, and the trapezoidal final mining block are mined in sequence. Each ore block is mined in a layered manner from bottom to top. As the mining continues, dynamically changing ore passes 6, the first layer to be filled 28 (the uppermost layer is called the first false roadway 5), the first vein inclined ramp 4, the second layer to be filled 29 (the uppermost layer is called the second false roadway 8), the second vein inclined ramp 7, and the second layer to be filled 29 (the uppermost layer is called the third false roadway 13) are formed in the ore body 24. These channels can serve as ventilation and transportation channels to ensure the smooth mining of the ore body 24. This application, while ensuring adequate ventilation and safe transportation, eliminates the need for pre-cutting and preparation work outside the vein during the mining process. This significantly reduces the amount of pre-cutting work, simplifies the stope layout, and streamlines underground production management, enabling rapid formation of panel or stope production capacity. Furthermore, no waste rock is generated during pre-cutting and mining, eliminating the need for ore and waste rock separation in production organization and management. Large-scale waste rock dumps and treatment are unnecessary on the surface. The large amount of ore generated during tunneling greatly reduces overall tunneling and production costs, resulting in significant economic benefits. During the mining process, this application progressively mines the trapezoidal initial mining block, parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block, and trapezoidal final mining block. Compared to the full-face method and room-and-pillar method, this approach provides better ventilation, virtually eliminates ore residue, and achieves a high ore recovery rate.

[0070] Furthermore, such as Figure 3 and Figure 5 As shown in the embodiment of this application, before filling the top layer of the trapezoidal primary mining block and the parallelogram secondary mining block, artificial false tunnels are first erected at the bottom of the goaf as the first false tunnel 5 and the second false tunnel 8. Then, the filling is carried out to the top, forming the first artificial false roof 9 and the second artificial false roof 10 on the top of the first false tunnel 5 and the second false tunnel 8, respectively. That is, the first false tunnel 5 and the second false tunnel 8 in the top layer of the trapezoidal primary mining block and the parallelogram secondary mining block are located on the bottom plate of the layer, while the first layer 28 and the second layer 29 to be filled in the remaining layers are located on the top plate of the layer.

[0071] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, before filling the top layer of the trapezoidal primary mining block and the parallelogram secondary mining block, artificial false tunnels are first erected and connected to the return airway 1 and ore pass 6 at the end of the stope. This allows for the formation of pedestrian, ventilation, and transportation channels in the stope during subsequent mining. After the top is filled, shoveling equipment or personnel can reach the other side of the panel through the passage formed by the roadbed, which solves problems related to ventilation, safety exits, and ore extraction routes in the subsequent stope. Furthermore, since the first and second false tunnels 5 and 8 of the top layer are needed for extended periods during subsequent mining, erecting artificial false tunnels as the first and second false tunnels 8 of the top layer provides higher safety and facilitates safer operation.

[0072] Furthermore, in the embodiments of this application, such as Figure 9 As shown, the artificial tunnel includes, from the inside out, an inverted U-shaped I-beam 14, a steel mesh layer, and a first geotextile layer 15. A threaded steel bar 18 is provided below the inverted U-shaped I-beam 14. The steel mesh layer includes a vertically arranged first steel mesh sheet 16 and a horizontally arranged steel plate 17. The width of the artificial tunnel is 1.0-1.5m wider than the maximum width of the transport equipment, preferably 1.2m, and the height is 0.5-1.0m higher than the maximum height of the transport equipment, preferably 0.6m. Specifically, the inverted U-shaped I-beam 14 is an 18# I-beam, the diameter of the steel bars used in the first steel mesh sheet 16 is 5-8mm, preferably 6mm, the thickness of the steel plate 17 is 3-5mm, preferably 4mm, and the diameter of the threaded steel bar 18 is 18-22mm, preferably 20mm.

[0073] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, an inverted U-shaped I-beam 14 is set as the supporting skeleton of the artificial tunnel, and a steel mesh layer is set on its outer side to improve the strength of the artificial tunnel. At the same time, a threaded steel bar 18 is set at the bottom of the inverted U-shaped I-beam 14 to prevent deformation, further improving the strength of the artificial tunnel and ensuring safe mining. The setting of the first geotextile layer 15 can prevent the filling slurry from seeping into the artificial tunnel during the filling and top connection. The artificial tunnel has a simple structure and can be quickly constructed.

[0074] Furthermore, in this embodiment, when filling the trapezoidal primary mining block and parallelogram secondary mining block in layers (except for the topmost layer), the filling is carried out gradually in multiple stages, with each filling depth being 0.5-1.5m. As filling progresses from bottom to top, the filling retaining wall 19 is moved forward 3-4m towards the goaf each time. After each filling is completed, the filling retaining wall 19 is removed, and road ballast or filling material is laid to ensure the slope of the first vein inner inclined ramp 4 and the second vein inner inclined ramp 7 is 15°-20°. Specifically, after each layer of mining and filling is completed, a loader is used to lay ballast or a rake filling body to create a road surface. The top and bottom of the already formed first vein inner inclined ramp 4 and second vein inner inclined ramp 7 are then lifted and pressed to reach the next layer, where mining begins. During the mining process, the lengths of the first vein inner inclined ramp 4 and the second vein inner inclined ramp 7 are gradually extended. During the excavation of the first vein's inclined ramp 4 and the second vein's inclined ramp 7, the roof must be supported to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment during the mining process and to meet the requirements for laying temporary pipelines during the filling process.

[0075] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, each layer is filled multiple times in stages, making it easier for the filling body 25 to be filled and connected to the roof. As filling progresses from bottom to top, the filling retaining wall 19 is moved forward 3-4 meters towards the goaf each time, ensuring the smooth formation of the first vein's internal inclined ramp 4 and the second vein's internal inclined ramp 7. Simultaneously, after removing the filling retaining wall 19, road ballast or filling material is laid to level the bottom of the first vein's internal inclined ramp 4 and the second vein's internal inclined ramp 7, allowing personnel and equipment to ascend to the filling body via the gradually formed first vein's internal inclined ramp 4 and the second vein's internal inclined ramp 7 to continue mining in the previous layer.

[0076] Furthermore, in the embodiments of this application, the mining area includes a first-step mining area and a second-step mining area set at intervals. The first-step mining area is mined first, and then the second-step mining area is mined in an intermittent mining manner. The mining progress of the second-step mining area lags behind that of the first-step mining area by 1-2 steps.

[0077] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the mining area is divided into a first-step mining area and a second-step mining area. The second-step mining area can serve as a support for the first-step mining area to ensure mining safety. Moreover, the mining progress of the second-step mining area lags behind that of the first-step mining area by 1-2 steps. That is, as long as the mining progress of the second-step mining area lags behind that of the first-step mining area by 1-2 steps, the first-step mining area and the second-step mining area can be mined simultaneously, thereby improving mining efficiency.

[0078] Furthermore, in the embodiments of this application, such as Figure 7As shown, before filling each layer, a ventilation shaft 20 is reserved parallel to the chute 6 and connected to the return airway 1 (at this time, the roadway is excavated in the inter-pillar 11 so that the ventilation shaft 20 is connected to the return airway 1). The ventilation shaft 20 is made by rolling thick steel plates into a circular barrel and welding them or by directly building it with concrete. The diameter of the ventilation shaft 20 is 1-2m, preferably 1.5m. When the ventilation shaft 20 is made by rolling thick steel plates into a circular barrel and welding them, it is also connected by welding at every 1.5-2.5m height. During the welding process, the weld is made tight to prevent the filling slurry from seeping in during the filling process.

[0079] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, by setting up ventilation shaft 20, the ventilation system is further improved, so that the ventilation effect during the mining process is better.

[0080] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the width of the inter-pillar 11 is 14-20m. The length of the panel is related to the true thickness of the ore body and the stability of the roof. The width of the panel is determined by the number of stopes and production capacity. Generally, when the true thickness of the ore body is ≤6m, the length of the panel is ≤80m; when the true thickness of the ore body is >6m, the length of the panel increases by at least 30m for every 4m increase in ore body thickness; when the roof stability is good, the length of the panel can be appropriately increased. The length of the stope is 50-80m, and the width is the maximum unsupported span of the roof, determined by engineering geological survey and calculation, generally 10-16m. The distance between the ore pass 6 and the ventilation shaft 20 is 5-7m.

[0081] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, by reasonably setting the dimensions of the inter-pillar 11 and the mining area, the mining process can be completed safely and smoothly.

[0082] Further, in this embodiment, the radius of the chute 6 is 0.5-1.5m, preferably 1.0m. The chute 6 is formed by rolling thick steel plates into a circular barrel and welding them together, or by directly constructing it with concrete. When the ventilation shaft 20 is formed by rolling thick steel plates into a circular barrel and welding them together, it is connected by welding every 1.5-2.5m in height. During the welding process, the weld joints are ensured to be tight to prevent the seepage of filling slurry during the filling process. Specifically, when filling the trapezoidal first ore block in layers, a filling retaining wall 19 is set at one end near the inclined ramp 4 of the first vein, and a filling retaining wall is formed at the other end near the return airway 1 using the side walls of the chute 6, ventilation shaft 20, and pillar 11. When filling the trapezoidal final ore block in layers, a filling retaining wall is formed at the other end near the pillar 11 using the side walls of the walkway 12 and pillar 11. The ventilation shaft 20 is formed in the same way as the chute 6, and will not be described again here. The chute 6, ventilation shaft 20, and pedestrian shaft 12 have simple structures and can be quickly assembled.

[0083] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the ore pass 6 is formed by rolling thick steel plates into a circular barrel and welding them or by directly building it with concrete, thereby improving the stability of the ore pass 6 and preventing the ore from damaging the wall of the ore pass 6 when it falls.

[0084] Furthermore, in the embodiments of this application, such as Figure 10 As shown, the infill retaining wall 19 includes vertical units and inclined support units. The vertical units include, from the inside out, a second geotextile layer 191, a second steel mesh 192, a horizontal steel pipe layer 193, and a vertical steel pipe layer 194. The inclined support units include an inclined steel pipe layer 195 connected to the horizontal steel pipe layer 193. Specifically, the vertical steel pipe layer 194 includes two steel pipes at both ends, and the inclined steel pipe layer 195 includes two steel pipes at both ends. The diameter of the steel bars used in the second steel mesh 192 is 5-8 mm, preferably 6 mm, and the size of the second steel mesh 192 is (1.0-1.5) m × (1.5-2.5) m. The diameter of the steel pipes used in the horizontal steel pipe layer 193, the vertical steel pipe layer 194, and the inclined steel pipe layer 195 is 40-50 mm, preferably 42 mm.

[0085] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the filling retaining wall 19 not only meets the strength required for the filling process, but also has a simple structure, is easy to construct and dismantle, and can be reused in large quantities by recycling steel pipes and steel mesh later.

[0086] Furthermore, in the embodiments of this application, such as Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, when filling the trapezoidal first mining block, parallelogram secondary mining block, and trapezoidal final mining block in layers, a 0.3-0.6m thick adhesive layer 26 is set on the upper part of each layer of filling body 25. Therefore, when mining the parallelogram secondary mining block, the adhesive layer 26 at the bottom of the first false tunnel 5 and the first vein inclined ramp 4 are used to enter the bottom layer of the parallelogram secondary mining block for mining; when mining the trapezoidal final mining block, the adhesive layer 26 at the bottom of the first false tunnel 5, the adhesive layer 26 in the second false tunnel 8, and the second vein inclined ramp 7 are used to enter the bottom layer of the trapezoidal final mining block for mining.

[0087] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, by setting the adhesive layer 26, not only can the strength of the filling body 25 be improved, but the channel can also be made flatter, making it easier for transport equipment to enter.

[0088] Furthermore, in this embodiment of the application, in order to further improve the recovery rate, the intermediate pillars 11 are recovered using the approach method or the recovery method of the panel in this application, so as to recover as many intermediate pillars 11 as possible. Compared with the ore recovery of intermediate pillars 11 by blasting with cutting grooves and voids as free surfaces, the ore is extracted using a remote-controlled loader. In the approach method for recovering intermediate pillars 11, people can drive the loader into the stope during the ore recovery process, reducing ore loss.

[0089] The present application will be described in detail below through specific embodiments.

[0090] A method for backfilling and stacking mining without vein access includes the following steps:

[0091] S1, Divide the mining area

[0092] Divide the panel along the strike of the ore body and reserve pillars 11 at both ends of the panel; divide the mining area perpendicular to the strike of the ore body within the panel, and divide the ore body 24 in each mining area into trapezoidal first mining block, parallelogram secondary mining block and trapezoidal final mining block along the strike of the ore body.

[0093] The length of the panel area is 80-180m; the width of the pillar 11 is 14-20m; and the length of the stope is 50-80m and the width is 10-16m.

[0094] S2, Precision Cutting

[0095] At the bottom of the two columns 11 at both ends of the panel, the return air level 1 and the intake air transport roadway 2 are excavated respectively, and it is ensured that the return air level 1 is connected to the main return air system of the ore body, and the intake air transport roadway 2 is connected to the main transport roadway of the ore body.

[0096] Next, a layered backfilling technique was used to mine and backfill different ore blocks in the stope layer by layer from bottom to top, with a layer height of 6m. For example... Figure 7 As shown, the ore is caved using horizontal blast holes 23 during the mining process. The specific mining steps are as follows:

[0097] S3, Trapezoidal First Mining Block

[0098] like Figure 1As shown, the ore extraction haulage roadway 3, which connects to the return airway 1 and the intake haulage roadway 2, is excavated along the length of the stope at the bottom layer. After the bottom layer of the trapezoidal primary ore block is mined, multiple stages of backfilling are carried out. A backfilling retaining wall 19 is set up at one end near the parallelogram secondary ore block, and a chute 6 and a ventilation shaft 20 are constructed at the other end near the return airway 1. The backfilling retaining walls of the chute 6, ventilation shaft 20, and the side walls of the pillar 11 are used to connect the backfilling pipeline to the surface backfilling system. The backfilling pipeline enters the stope through the main return air system, return airway 1, and ventilation shaft 20 in sequence for backfilling. Each backfilling is 1.0m high, and the backfilling is carried out gradually from bottom to top. Each time, the position of the backfill retaining wall 19 is moved forward 3-4m into the goaf. After each backfilling is completed, the backfill retaining wall 19 is removed, and road ballast or backfill material is laid to gradually form the first vein inner inclined ramp 4 with a slope of 15° (the surface of the first vein inner inclined ramp 4 is made of C10 concrete with a thickness of 0.1m). The final backfilling height of each layer is 4m. At the same time, a 0.5m thick adhesive layer 26 is set on the top of each layer of backfill 25. The compressive strength of the adhesive layer 26 reaches 1MPa, that is, the total thickness is 4.5m. After each layer of mining and backfilling is completed, when the backfill 25 reaches the strength requirements for the operation of load-bearing equipment, a loader is used to lay ballast or a shovel is used to lay the backfill to form a transportation channel. The top and bottom of the first vein inner inclined ramp 4 are then lifted and pressed to reach the next layer, and the mining of the next layer is carried out.

[0099] Before filling the top layer of the trapezoidal first mining block, an artificial false tunnel is first erected at the bottom of the goaf as the first false tunnel 5, and then the roof is filled and connected, forming the first artificial false roof 9 at the top of the first false tunnel 5.

[0100] In this mining process, shallow-hole ore extraction is employed. The depth of borehole 23 is generally 2-4 meters, and the roof height is not high. Manual or equipment-based methods can be used to pry or support the roof, and then personnel can directly drive equipment into the roadway to recover the collapsed ore, resulting in a high recovery rate. In contrast, with traditional methods, the ore is scattered throughout the goaf after collapse, covering a large area. Using a line-of-sight remote-controlled loader, personnel cannot observe the scattered ore within the roadway, leading to low recovery efficiency. Even if a camera-equipped loader is used, it is affected by water mist and dust in the goaf, preventing it from reaching deep into the goaf to recover all the ore.

[0101] S4, Parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block

[0102] As shown in Figure 3, the bottom layer of the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block is entered through the first false tunnel 5 and the first vein internal inclined ramp 4. After the bottom layer of the parallelogram-shaped secondary mining block is mined, multiple stages of backfilling are carried out. A backfilling retaining wall 19 is constructed at one end near the trapezoidal final mining block, directly backfilling up to the first vein internal inclined ramp 4 and including a portion of the first vein internal inclined ramp 4 at the same height as the layer to be backfilled. The backfilling pipeline is connected to the surface backfilling system. The backfilling pipeline passes through the main return air system, return air level tunnel 1, ventilation shaft 20, and the first false tunnel 5 in sequence to enter the mining area for backfilling. Each backfilling is 1.0m high, and as backfilling proceeds from bottom to top, the position of the backfilling retaining wall 19 is moved forward 3-4m towards the goaf each time. After completion, the retaining wall 19 is removed, and road ballast or filling material is laid to gradually form the second vein inner slope 7 with a slope of 15° (the surface of the second vein inner slope 7 is made of C10 concrete with a depth of 0.1m). The final filling height of each layer is 4m. At the same time, a 0.5m rubber surface layer 26 is set on the top of each layer of filling body 25. The compressive strength of the rubber surface layer 26 reaches 1Mpa, that is, the total thickness is 4.5m. After each layer of mining and filling is completed, when the filling body 25 reaches the strength requirements for the operation of load-bearing equipment, the loader is used to lay the road with ballast or the filling body is laid with a shovel. The top and bottom of the formed second vein inner slope 7 are then lifted and pressed to reach the next layer, and the mining of the next layer is carried out.

[0103] Before filling the top layer of the trapezoidal first mining block, an artificial false tunnel is first erected at the bottom of the goaf as the second false tunnel 8, and then the roof is filled and connected, forming a second artificial false roof 10 at the top of the second false tunnel 8.

[0104] S5, Trapezoidal Final Mining Block

[0105] like Figure 5 As shown, the bottom layer of the trapezoidal final mining block is entered through the first false tunnel 5, the second false tunnel 8, and the second vein inner inclined ramp 7. After the bottom layer of the trapezoidal final mining block is mined, multiple stages of backfilling are carried out. A manhole 12 is constructed at one end near the pillar 11, and the side walls of the manhole 12 and the pillar 11 form a backfilling retaining wall. Backfilling is carried out directly to the second vein inner inclined ramp 7, and a portion of the second vein inner inclined ramp 7 at the same height as the layer to be backfilled is also backfilled. The backfilling pipeline is connected to the surface backfilling system. The backfilling pipeline passes through the main return air system, return air level tunnel 1, ventilation shaft 20, first false tunnel 5, and second false tunnel 8 in sequence to enter the mining area for backfilling. Each backfilling is 1.0m high, and the final backfilling height of each layer is 4m. At the same time, a 0.5m rubber surface layer 26 is set on the top of each backfilling body 25. The compressive strength of the rubber surface layer 26 reaches 1Mpa, that is, the total thickness is 4.5m.

[0106] S6, Mining Body

[0107] Repeat steps S3-S5 until all mining areas in the panel are mined. The mining progress of the second-step mining area lags behind the first-step mining area by 2. Then, mine the remaining panel until the entire ore body is mined.

[0108] In this embodiment, the 1,000-ton cutting ratio is 5.1 m / kt, the dilution rate is about 8%, and the loss rate is 8%. Compared with the traditional mechanized upward layered filling mining method, the 1,000-ton cutting ratio is reduced by about 10 percentage points.

[0109] Please refer to the following: Figures 1 to 10 According to one or more embodiments of this application, the mining process of this application does not require the arrangement of preparatory cutting works outside the vein, reducing unnecessary tunneling and cutting works and reducing mining costs; compared with the full-body method, room and pillar method and other methods, the ventilation conditions are better; and there is basically no ore residue, and the overall recovery rate and ore extraction efficiency of the ore body are high.

[0110] It should be noted that this application is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments with the same structure and effect as the technical concept within the scope of this application are included in the technical scope of this application. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, without departing from the spirit of this application, are also included in the scope of this application.

Claims

1. A non-pulsed, externally gated, backfilling, cut-and-fill mining method, characterized in that, The method comprises the following steps: S1, dividing a panel along the ore body strike and reserving interval pillars at both ends of the panel; dividing a stope vertically to the ore body strike in the panel, and dividing each stope into a trapezoidal first mining block, a parallelogram second mining block and a trapezoidal last mining block along the ore body strike; S2, excavating a return air roadway and an air intake and transportation roadway at the bottom of the interval pillars at both ends, respectively, wherein the return air roadway is connected with the main return air system of the ore body, and the air intake and transportation roadway is connected with the main transportation roadway of the ore body; S3, excavating a mine transportation roadway connected with the return air roadway and the air intake and transportation roadway at the bottom layer of the stope; backfilling and mining the trapezoidal first mining block layer by layer from bottom to top, forming a chute and a first in-ore slope at both ends of the trapezoidal first mining block along the ore body strike; reserving 20%-30% of the layer height when backfilling each layer, forming a first false roadway at the uppermost layer, and forming a first layer to be backfilled at the remaining layers; S4, entering the bottom layer of the parallelogram second mining block along the first false roadway and the first in-ore slope; backfilling and mining the parallelogram second mining block layer by layer from bottom to top, forming a second in-ore slope at one end of the parallelogram second mining block close to the trapezoidal last mining block; reserving 20%-30% of the layer height when backfilling each layer, forming a second false roadway at the uppermost layer, and forming a second layer to be backfilled at the remaining layers, and backfilling the part of the first in-ore slope at the same height as the layer to be backfilled; S5, entering the bottom layer of the trapezoidal last mining block along the first false roadway, the second false roadway and the second in-ore slope; backfilling and mining the trapezoidal last mining block layer by layer from bottom to top, and gradually forming a manway at one end of the trapezoidal last mining block away from the parallelogram second mining block; reserving 20%-30% of the layer height when backfilling each layer, forming a third false roadway at the uppermost layer, and forming a third layer to be backfilled at the remaining layers, and backfilling the part of the second in-ore slope at the same height as the layer to be backfilled; S6, repeating steps S3-S5 until all the stopes in the panel are mined out; then mining the remaining panel until the entire ore body is mined out.

2. The non-pulsed external bench cut and fill stacking mining method of claim 1, wherein, Before backfilling the top layer of the trapezoidal first mining block and the parallelogram second mining block, a false roadway is first erected on the goaf floor as the first false roadway and the second false roadway, and then the roof is backfilled, forming a first artificial false roof and a second artificial false roof at the top of the first false roadway and the second false roadway, respectively.

3. The non-pulsed, backfilled, cut-and-fill, open-stope mining method of claim 2, wherein, The false roadway comprises a inverted U-shaped I-beam, a steel mesh layer and a first geotextile layer arranged from inside to outside, and a threaded steel bar is arranged below the inverted U-shaped I-beam; the steel mesh layer comprises a first steel mesh arranged vertically and a steel plate arranged horizontally; the width of the false roadway is 1.0-1.5m wider than the maximum width of the transportation equipment, and the height of the false roadway is 0.5-1.0m higher than the maximum height of the transportation equipment.

4. The non-pulse backfilled cut-and-fill stope mining method of claim 1, wherein, Each time the filling height is 0.5-1.5m, and each time the filling dam is moved forward 3-4m to the goaf as filling from bottom to top, and after each time of filling, the filling dam is removed, and the road ballast or filling material is laid, so that the slope of the first and second intrapulse ramps is 15-20°.

5. The non-pulse backfilled cut-and-fill stope mining method of claim 1, wherein, The stope comprises a one-step stope and a two-step stope arranged in intervals, and the two-step stope lags behind the one-step stope by 1-2 steps.

6. The non-pulse external bench cut and fill stope mining method of claim 1, wherein, Before filling, a ventilation shaft parallel to the chute is reserved, the diameter of the ventilation shaft is 1-2m, and the ventilation shaft is welded from thick steel plates or piled from concrete.

7. The non-pulsed, backfilled, cut-and-fill, open-stope mining method of claim 6, wherein, The width of the interval column is 14-20m. When the true thickness of the ore body is ≤6m, the length of the panel is ≤80m; when the true thickness of the ore body is >6m, the length of the panel increases by at least 30m for each increase of 4m in the true thickness of the ore body. The length of the stope is 50-80m, and the width is 10-16m; the interval between the chute and the ventilation shaft is 5-7m.

8. The non-pulse external bench cut and fill stope mining method of claim 1, wherein, The radius of the chute is 0.5-1.5m, and the chute is welded from thick steel plates or piled from concrete.

9. The non-pulse backfilled cut-and-fill stope mining method of claim 4, wherein, The filling dam (19) comprises a vertical unit and an inclined support unit; the vertical unit comprises, from inside to outside, a second geotextile layer, a second steel mesh, a horizontal row of steel pipe layer, and a vertical row of steel pipe layer, and the inclined support unit comprises an inclined steel pipe layer connected with the horizontal row of steel pipe layer.

10. The non-pulse backfilled cut-and-fill stope mining method of claim 1, wherein, When filling the layers of the trapezoidal first mining block, the parallelogram second mining block, and the trapezoidal final mining block, a 0.3-0.6m rubber surface layer is arranged at the upper part of each layer.

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