Solar cell and preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, system and power utilization device

Abstract

The invention relates to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a system and an electric device. The preparation method of the solar cell comprises the following steps: forming a perovskite light absorption layer on a first electrode to obtain an intermediate product; the intermediate product is placed in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, the fumigation atmosphere comprises a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, the solvent can dissolve a surface material of the perovskite light absorption layer, the passivation material can be subjected to a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material, and the perovskite light absorption layer is obtained. A passivation layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite light absorption layer; and forming a second electrode on the surface, far away from the perovskite light absorption layer, of the passivation layer. According to the preparation method, a thin and uniform passivation layer can be quickly formed on the surface of the perovskite light absorption layer in a manner of fumigating the perovskite light absorption layer, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency and the stability of a solar cell device are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of new energy materials, and in particular to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a system and an electrical device. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite materials are organic and inorganic metal halides with an octahedral structure, abundant raw material reserves, simple preparation process, and low artificial synthesis cost. Perovskite materials have many advantages such as high photoelectric absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, and shallow defect energy level, which makes perovskite materials have small photoelectric losses. Solar cells with perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers have the advantages of cost reduction and efficiency improvement, high weak light effect, and wide application scenarios. They are an excellent choice for the new generation of mass-produced photovoltaic cells.

[0003] However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells still needs to be improved. Summary of the invention

[0004] Based on this, the present application aims to provide a solar cell and its preparation method, photovoltaic module, system and electrical device that can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0005] A first aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0006] forming a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode to obtain an intermediate product;

[0007] placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, wherein the fumigation atmosphere comprises a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, wherein the solvent can dissolve the surface material of the perovskite light absorbing layer, and the passivation material can undergo a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer; and

[0008] A second electrode is formed on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0009] Without wishing to be limited to any theory, the above-mentioned preparation method of the present application controls the composition of the fumigation atmosphere, and then when the perovskite absorption layer is placed in the fumigation atmosphere, the solvent in the fumigation atmosphere contacts the perovskite absorption layer and dissolves the surface material of the perovskite light absorption layer, wherein the passivation material reacts with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorption layer, thus optimizing the surface defects such as methylammonium or methylamine halide or lead halide on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer through the passivation effect, and improving the crystallization quality of the surface of the perovskite light absorption layer. The above-mentioned preparation method can quickly form a thin and uniform passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer by fumigating the perovskite light absorption layer, which does not affect the transmission of carriers, and can also passivate the surface defects of the perovskite absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0010] In any embodiment of the present application, in the fumigation atmosphere, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 , optional 20mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 By controlling the concentration in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further improved, and the surface defect passivation effect of the perovskite absorption layer can be enhanced, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cell devices.

[0011] In any embodiment of the present application, before placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, the following step of forming the fumigation atmosphere is also included:

[0012] A mixed solution for fumigation is dripped into a closed space, and the temperature is controlled to volatilize the mixed solution for fumigation to form the fumigation atmosphere, wherein the mixed solution for fumigation includes the passivation material and the solvent.

[0013] In any embodiment of the present application, in the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is (100-300):1, and can be optionally (150-200):1;

[0014] Optionally, the passivation material is in liquid state at normal temperature and pressure.

[0015] By controlling the volume ratio of the passivation material and the solvent in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further improved, and the surface defect passivation effect of the perovskite absorption layer can be enhanced, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0016] In any embodiment of the present application, the passivation material includes an organic amine;

[0017] Optionally, the organic amine includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline, substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine;

[0018] More optionally, the aniline comprises at least one of a halogen-substituted aniline and an unsubstituted aniline;

[0019] More optionally, the phenalkylamine comprises at least one of a halogen-substituted phenalkylamine and an unsubstituted phenalkylamine;

[0020] More optionally, the chain organic amine includes a chain organic amine having 3 to 20 carbon atoms;

[0021] More optionally, the organic amine includes at least one of aniline, fluoroaniline, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, benzylamine, fluorobenzylamine, bromobenzylamine, chlorobenzylamine, phenethylamine, fluorophenethylamine, chlorophenethylamine, butylamine, bromobutylamine, chlorobutylamine, octylamine, fluorooctylamine, chlorooctylamine and bromooctylamine.

[0022] In any embodiment of the present application, the preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0023] (1) The fumigation treatment time is 3s to 35s, and can be optionally 5s to 15s;

[0024] (2) The temperature of the fumigation treatment is 25°C to 50°C;

[0025] (3) The solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N,N-dimethylpropylene urea and isopropyl alcohol.

[0026] In any embodiment of the present application, the perovskite light absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX 3 or A 2 CDX 6 ; A ion is a monovalent cation, B ion is a divalent metal cation, C ion is a monovalent metal cation, D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and X ion is a monovalent anion;

[0027] Optionally, the A ions include at least one of organic cations and metal cations;

[0028] More optionally, the organic cation includes at least one of an organic amine ion, a carboxamidine group, and an imidazole group; More optionally, the metal cation includes Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + At least one of .

[0029] In any embodiment of the present application, the A ions include organic amine ions, and the passivation material includes organic amine;

[0030] Optionally, the organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine;

[0031] Optionally, the passivation material organic amine includes a chain organic amine, and the carbon chain length of the chain organic amine is greater than the carbon chain length of the organic amine ion in the A ion.

[0032] In any embodiment of the present application, the preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0033] (1) Before forming the perovskite light absorbing layer on the first electrode, the method further includes the following steps: forming an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer on the first electrode;

[0034] (2) Before forming the second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer, the method further includes the following steps: forming a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0035] A second aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, which is manufactured using the method for manufacturing a solar cell according to the first aspect of the present application.

[0036] The second aspect of the present application further provides a solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer and a second electrode which are stacked, wherein the RMS roughness of the passivation layer is 40 to 65 nm.

[0037] In any embodiment of the present application, the perovskite light absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX 3 or A 2 CDX 6 ; A ion is a monovalent cation, B ion is a divalent metal cation, C ion is a monovalent metal cation, D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and X ion is a monovalent anion;

[0038] Optionally, the passivation layer includes ZBX 3 or Z 2 CDX 6 , Z includes an organic amine ion.

[0039] In any embodiment of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.8 nm to 20 nm, and may be 1 nm to 5 nm;

[0040] Optionally, the A ion includes an organic amine ion, and Z includes at least one of a phenylalkylamine ion and a chain organic amine ion.

[0041] The third aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic assembly, comprising the solar cell provided in the second aspect of the present application.

[0042] A fourth aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the photovoltaic assembly provided by the third aspect of the present application.

[0043] The fifth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising at least one selected from the solar cell provided in the first aspect of the present application and the photovoltaic module provided in the third aspect of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0045] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0046] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device using a solar cell as a power source according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0047] Figure 4 is an atomic force microscope image (AFM) of the perovskite light absorbing layer obtained in step 3) of Example 1;

[0048] Figure 5 is an atomic force microscope image (AFM) of the passivation layer obtained in step 4) of Example 1;

[0049] Figure 6 is a scanning electron microscope image (SEM) of the perovskite light absorbing layer obtained in step 3) of Example 1;

[0050] Figure 7 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the passivation layer obtained in step 4) of Example 1.

[0051] Description of reference numerals:

[0052] 1. Solar cell; 11. Transparent electrode; 12. Electron transport layer; 13. Passivation layer; 14. Perovskite light absorption layer; 15. Hole transport layer; 16. Second electrode 16; 2. Electrical device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present application are specifically disclosed in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there may be cases where unnecessary detailed descriptions are omitted. For example, there may be cases where detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repeated descriptions of actually the same structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate the understanding of those skilled in the art. In addition, the drawings and the following description are provided for those skilled in the art to fully understand the present application and are not intended to limit the subject matter described in the claims.

[0054] "Scope" disclosed in the present application is limited in the form of lower limit and upper limit, and a given range is limited by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundary of a special range. The scope limited in this way can be including end values ​​or not including end values, and can be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a scope. For example, if the scope of 60-120 and 80-110 is listed for a specific parameter, it is understood that the scope of 60-110 and 80-120 is also expected. In addition, if the minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range values ​​3, 4 and 5 are listed, the following scope can be all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5. In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the numerical range "ab" represents the abbreviation of any real number combination between a and b, wherein a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" means that all real numbers between "0-5" are listed in this document, and "0-5" is just an abbreviation of these numerical combinations. In addition, when a parameter is expressed as an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0055] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0056] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0057] If there is no special explanation, all steps of the present application can be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), which means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the method may further include step (c), which means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c), or may include steps (a), (c) and (b), or may include steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0058] If there is no special explanation, the "include" and "comprising" mentioned in this application are open-ended. For example, the "include" and "comprising" may mean that other components not listed may also be included or included, or only the listed components may be included or included.

[0059] If not specifically stated, in this application, the term "or" is inclusive. For example, the phrase "A or B" means "A, B, or both A and B". More specifically, any of the following conditions satisfies the condition "A or B": A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).

[0060] Solar cells using perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers are also called perovskite solar cells. In the preparation process, a large number of surface defects are inevitably introduced into the perovskite absorption layer. For example, the perovskite absorption layer is MAPbX 3 The methylammonium or methylamine halide on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer will remain on the surface of the film, and the lead halide will easily precipitate on the grains and grain boundaries, causing charge recombination and ion migration at the interface between the perovskite absorption layer and other layers of the solar cell device, resulting in a significant decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0061] An embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same. The method for manufacturing the solar cell includes the following steps S10 to S30.

[0062] S10, forming a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode to obtain an intermediate product.

[0063] S20, placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, the fumigation atmosphere comprising a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, the solvent being able to dissolve the surface material of the perovskite light absorbing layer, and the passivation material being able to undergo a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0064] S30, forming a second electrode on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0065] Without wishing to be limited to any theory, the above-mentioned preparation method of the present application controls the composition of the fumigation atmosphere, and then when the perovskite absorption layer is placed in the fumigation atmosphere, the solvent in the fumigation atmosphere contacts the perovskite absorption layer and dissolves the surface material of the perovskite light absorption layer, wherein the passivation material reacts with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorption layer, thus optimizing the surface defects such as methylammonium or methylamine halide or lead halide on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer through the passivation effect, and improving the crystallization quality of the surface of the perovskite light absorption layer. The above-mentioned preparation method can quickly form a thin and uniform passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer by fumigating the perovskite light absorption layer, which does not affect the transmission of carriers, and can also passivate the surface defects of the perovskite absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device. The solar cell prepared by the above preparation method includes a stacked first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer and a second electrode. Due to the fumigation treatment, a passivation layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, so that the RMS roughness of the perovskite surface can be reduced from ~100nm to 40~65nm.

[0066] Here, RMS roughness refers to root mean square (RMS) roughness, which refers to the root mean square roughness, which can be tested by atomic force microscopy (AFM).

[0067] The perovskite light absorbing layer can be prepared by a common preparation method in the art, including but not limited to sol-gel method, coating, multi-source co-evaporation and other methods. It is understood that coating includes but is not limited to spin coating, slit coating, brush coating, rubbing coating, scraping coating, screen coating and spraying. Further, the perovskite light absorbing layer is a three-dimensional perovskite film.

[0068] In some embodiments, the perovskite light absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material. The general formula of the perovskite material is ABX 3 or A 2 CDX 6 ; A ion is a monovalent cation, B ion is a divalent metal cation, C ion is a monovalent metal cation, D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and X ion is a monovalent anion.

[0069] Optionally, the A ions include at least one of organic cations and metal cations.

[0070] More optionally, the organic cation in the A ion includes at least one of an organic amine ion, a formamidinium group (FA) and an imidazolyl group.

[0071] Further, the organic amine ions in the A ions include at least one of methylamine (MA), ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine and hexylamine.

[0072] More preferably, the metal cation in the A ion includes Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + At least one of .

[0073] Optionally, the B ions include Pb 2+ Sn 2+ 、Be 2+ Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ 、Zn 2+ ,Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ 、Co 2+ , Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ More preferably, the B ions include Pb 2+ and Sn 2+ One or both of the following.

[0074] Optionally, the C ions include Cs + 、Ag + , K + And Ru + At least one of .

[0075] Optionally, the D ions include Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ and Cu 3+ At least one of;

[0076] Optionally, the X ions include F - , Cl - Br - and I - At least one of; Optionally, the X ions include Cl - Br - and I - At least one of .

[0077] It is understood that the perovskite material in the above perovskite light absorbing layer can be selected from CsFAPbX 3 , CsMAPbX 3 、CsFAMAPbX 3 、CsPbX 3 ,MAPbX 3 , FAPbX 3 、CsFAPbSnX 3 、CsMAPbSnX 3 、CsFAMAPbSnX3 、CsPbSnX 3 MAPbSnX 3 and FAPbSnX 3 Further, as an example, the perovskite material in the perovskite light absorbing layer may be selected from CsFAPbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbI 3 At least one of .

[0078] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 200nm to 1000nm. As an example, the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1000nm; optionally, 400nm to 500nm.

[0079] In some embodiments, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent in the fumigation atmosphere is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 As an example, the total concentration may be 10 mg / m 3 , 15mg / m 3 , 20mg / m 3 , 30mg / m 3 , 40mg / m 3 , 50mg / m 3 , 60mg / m 3 , 70mg / m 3 , 80mg / m 3 , 90mg / m 3 , 100mg / m 3 , 110mg / m 3 , 120mg / m 3 , 130mg / m 3 , 140mg / m 3 , can be selected as the range of any two points above, for example 20mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 By controlling the concentration in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further improved, the surface defect passivation effect of the perovskite absorption layer can be improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device can be improved. The total concentration can be obtained by gas phase analysis of the atmosphere sampling.

[0080] In some of the embodiments, before placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, a step S40 of forming a fumigation atmosphere is further included.

[0081] S40, dripping a mixed solution for fumigation in a closed space, and controlling the temperature to volatilize the mixed solution for fumigation to form a fumigation atmosphere, wherein the mixed solution for fumigation includes a passivation material and a solvent.

[0082] It can be understood that the temperature controlled in S40 is sufficient to allow the mixed solution for fumigation to evaporate.

[0083] In some embodiments, in the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is (100-300):1, optionally (100-200):1 or (150-200):1. As an example, the volume ratio may be 100:1, 120:1, 150:1, 180:1, 200:1, 230:1, 250:1, 300:1. By controlling the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further improved, and the surface defect passivation effect of the perovskite absorption layer can be enhanced.

[0084] In some embodiments, the solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylacetamide (DMA), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N,N-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA).

[0085] Optionally, the solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylacetamide (DMA), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N,N-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA).

[0086] Optionally, the passivation material is in liquid state at room temperature and pressure, so that it is easy to mix with the solvent. Room temperature and pressure refer to a standard atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa at a temperature of 20 to 30°C.

[0087] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes an organic amine. When the organic amine reacts with the defects on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, it can react as A ions with defects such as lead halide precipitated on the grains and grain boundaries to form a perovskite material. As a passivation layer, it does not affect the transmission of carriers, but is also beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell device, and also improves the stability of the solar cell device. For example, when the perovskite material is ABX 3 or A 2 CDX 6 , the passivation layer includes ZBX 3 or Z 2 CDX 6, Z includes ions formed by the above-mentioned organic amine in the passivating material.

[0088] Optionally, the organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline, substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine, wherein the chain organic amine does not contain a ring structure.

[0089] The organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline and substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine. Compared with chain organic amines, it has a better passivation effect and is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cell devices.

[0090] Optionally, the aniline comprises at least one of halogen-substituted aniline and unsubstituted aniline. Further, the halogen replaces the hydrogen atom on the benzene ring in the aniline.

[0091] Optionally, the phenylalkylamine includes at least one of a halogen-substituted phenylalkylamine and an unsubstituted phenylalkylamine. Further, the halogen replaces the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring in the phenylalkylamine. Further, the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain in the phenylalkylamine is 1 to 20, further 1 to 10, or 1 to 5.

[0092] Optionally, the chain organic amine includes a chain organic amine with a carbon number of 3 to 20. The chain organic amine includes but is not limited to a straight chain organic amine and a branched chain organic amine, and the carbon number of the chain organic amine may be 3 to 10, or 3 to 8.

[0093] More optionally, the organic amine includes at least one of aniline, fluoroaniline, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, benzylamine, fluorobenzylamine, bromobenzylamine, chlorobenzylamine, phenethylamine, fluorophenethylamine, chlorophenethylamine, butylamine, octylamine, bromobutylamine, chlorobutylamine, octylamine, fluorooctylamine, chlorooctylamine and bromooctylamine.

[0094] In some of the embodiments, the fumigation treatment time is 3s to 35s, and can be optionally 5s to 15s. As an example, it can be 3s, 5s, 10s, 15s, 20s, 25, 30s, or 35s.

[0095] In some embodiments, the temperature controlled in S40 is 25-50°C.

[0096] In some embodiments, the temperature of the fumigation treatment is 25-50° C. The fumigation treatment is performed at the temperature controlled in S40, which is beneficial to maintaining a good fumigation atmosphere, improving the fumigation effect, and optimizing the temperature control in S40.

[0097] In some embodiments, the A ions include organic amine ions, and the passivation material includes organic amines. Further, the organic amines in the passivation material include at least one of phenylalkylamines and chain organic amines.

[0098] When the A ions include organic amine ions, and the passivation material includes chain organic amine, further, at this time, the carbon chain length of the chain organic amine is greater than the carbon chain length of the organic amine ions in the A ions. In this way, the perovskite light absorption layer can be better passivated.

[0099] In some embodiments, before forming the perovskite light absorption layer on the first electrode, the following step is further included: forming an electron transport layer on the first electrode. And / or, before forming the second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorption layer, the following step is further included: forming a hole transport layer on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorption layer. That is, the passivation layer is formed between the perovskite light absorption layer and the hole transport layer.

[0100] In some other embodiments, before forming the perovskite light absorbing layer on the first electrode, the following step is further included: forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode. And / or, before forming the second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer, the following step is further included: forming an electron transport layer on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer. That is, the passivation layer is formed between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the electron transport layer.

[0101] In some embodiments, the material of the electron transport layer may be, but is not limited to, at least one of the following materials and their derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerene (C60) and its derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine (OMeTPA-FA), [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), triphenylamine with triptycene as the core (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA), N-(4-anilino)carbazole-spirobifluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxide (the metal element is selected from Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), SrTiO 3 ), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN).

[0102] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), polytriarylamine (PTAA), nickel oxide (NiOx), poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), WO 3 Materials such as these can transport holes and block electrons.

[0103] Optionally, the solar cell may further include a hole blocking layer between the electrode layer and the electron transport layer. The material of the hole blocking layer may include but is not limited to BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline). Optionally, the solar cell may further include an electron blocking layer between the electrode layer and the hole transport layer.

[0104] In a specific example, the electron transport layer adopts a C60 layer, and the hole blocking layer adopts a BCP layer. The BCP layer serves as a passivation layer of the electron transport layer. The BCP molecular structure contains N atoms with lone pairs of electrons, which can effectively passivate the surface defects of the C60 layer, promote the transfer and separation of charges at the interface, and help eliminate the current hysteresis of the battery device.

[0105] It can be understood that in order to enable light to be effectively transmitted to the perovskite light-absorbing layer, at least one electrode in the solar cell is set as a transparent electrode and the other is a counter electrode layer.

[0106] It can be understood that the solar cell includes a regular structure and a transverse structure in terms of structure. Optionally, one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode; and the other may be a counter electrode layer.

[0107] The transparent electrode may be a transparent conductive metal oxide electrode. As an example, the material of the transparent electrode may be, for example, transparent conductive glass such as FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO, and IZO. It is understandable that in addition to using glass as a substrate, the transparent electrode may also use a transparent flexible substrate. Specifically, the material of the transparent flexible substrate may be, for example, an organic polymer material, which may be mixed in different proportions by one or more of the following materials: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

[0108] The material of the counter electrode layer includes but is not limited to organic materials, or inorganic materials, or conductive materials mixed in different proportions of organic materials and inorganic materials. Further, the counter electrode layer is a metal electrode. The metal conductive material of the counter electrode layer includes but is not limited to gold Au, silver Ag, copper Cu, aluminum Al, nickel Ni, chromium Cr, bismuth Bi, platinum Pt, magnesium Mg or a mixture thereof.

[0109] For the formal structure, the solar cell includes a transparent electrode and an electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, a hole transport layer and a second electrode stacked on the transparent electrode in sequence. The above-mentioned passivation layer can be arranged between the perovskite light absorption layer and the electron transport layer, and / or, between the perovskite light absorption layer and the hole transport layer.

[0110] like Figure 1 As shown, in a specific example, the solar cell 1 includes a transparent electrode 11 and an electron transport layer 12, a passivation layer 13, a perovskite light absorption layer 14, a hole transport layer 15, and a second electrode 16 sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode 11. It can be understood that in another specific example, the solar cell includes a transparent electrode and an electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode.

[0111] For the inverted structure, the solar cell includes a transparent electrode and a hole transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, an electron transport layer and a second electrode stacked on the transparent electrode in sequence. The above-mentioned passivation layer of the solar cell of the present application can be arranged between the perovskite light absorption layer and the electron transport layer, and / or, between the perovskite light absorption layer and the hole transport layer.

[0112] like Figure 2 As shown, in a specific example, the solar cell 1 includes a transparent electrode 11 and a hole transport layer 15, a perovskite light absorption layer 14, an electron transport layer 12, a passivation layer 13 and a second electrode 16 sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode 11. It can be understood that in another specific example, the solar cell includes a transparent electrode and a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, a passivation layer and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode.

[0113] In some examples, the method for preparing the perovskite light absorbing layer comprises the following steps: 2 The perovskite precursor solution is mixed with a solvent to obtain a perovskite precursor solution; the perovskite precursor solution is then coated on a corresponding substrate and annealed to obtain a perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0114] The above-mentioned first electrode, hole transport layer, electron transport layer and second electrode can be prepared by the commonly used preparation methods in the art, including but not limited to solution method and solid deposition method. The solution method includes any one of spin coating, spray coating, scraper coating and slit coating, and the solid deposition method includes any one of vacuum evaporation, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition and ion deposition.

[0115] The solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method of the present application has a thin and uniform passivation layer formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer, which optimizes the defects on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer and improves the crystallization quality of the surface of the perovskite absorption layer. It does not affect the transmission of carriers and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0116] In some embodiments, the perovskite light absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX 3 or A 2 CDX 6 Furthermore, the A ions include organic amine ions.

[0117] Optionally, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.8 nm to 20 nm, optionally 0.8 nm to 10 nm, 0.8 nm to 8 nm, 1 nm to 8 nm or 1 nm to 5 nm. The thickness of the passivation layer can be detected by an ellipsometer.

[0118] An embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic module, which includes the above-mentioned solar cell.

[0119] The solar cell has high light conversion efficiency and good stability, and can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic modules.

[0120] The photovoltaic module includes one or more of the above-mentioned solar cells, which can be selected according to the specific application scenario; further, the photovoltaic module includes a plurality of the above-mentioned solar cells, and the plurality of the above-mentioned solar cells are connected in series or in parallel to form a battery cell. Further, the photovoltaic module may also include a laminated battery. Among them, the laminated battery includes but is not limited to crystalline silicon / perovskite laminated battery, full perovskite laminated battery, copper indium gallium selenide and other thin film batteries / perovskite laminated batteries.

[0121] In some of the embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes a photovoltaic glass layer, a bonding layer and a back sheet.

[0122] Adhesive layers are respectively arranged on the two surfaces of the solar cell, a back plate is arranged on the surface of one of the adhesive layers away from the solar cell, and a photovoltaic glass layer is arranged on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the solar cell.

[0123] The photovoltaic glass layer and the back panel are used to protect the solar cells, and they have the functions of sealing, insulation and waterproofing; the bonding layer plays the role of bonding the photovoltaic glass layer to the battery cell, and bonding the back panel to the battery cell.

[0124] Optionally, the photovoltaic glass layer is made of tempered glass, the back panel is made of TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the adhesive layer is made of EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0125] Furthermore, the above photovoltaic assembly also includes a junction box and an outer frame.

[0126] The junction box is used to protect the power generation system of the entire photovoltaic module. It is equivalent to a current transfer station. When a battery cell short-circuits, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited battery string.

[0127] The outer frame can support and protect the entire photovoltaic module. The frame can be made of aluminum alloy, which has excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0128] Furthermore, the connection between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic module is bonded and sealed by silicone. The photovoltaic module can convert solar energy into electrical energy, or send it to a battery for storage, or drive a load to work.

[0129] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic component is a solar panel.

[0130] An embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the above-mentioned photovoltaic module.

[0131] The photovoltaic system utilizes the photovoltaic effect of the solar cells in the photovoltaic modules to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy with high efficiency; further, the photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic power generation system.

[0132] Photovoltaic modules are the core part of photovoltaic power generation systems. The above photovoltaic system includes one or more photovoltaic modules, which can be selected according to specific application scenarios; further, when the above photovoltaic system includes multiple photovoltaic modules, the multiple photovoltaic modules form a photovoltaic array.

[0133] The above photovoltaic system can be an independent photovoltaic power generation system or a grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system.

[0134] An independent photovoltaic power generation system includes a photovoltaic array, a battery pack, a charging controller, a power electronic converter (inverter), a load, etc. Its working principle is that the solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy through the photovoltaic array, and then converted by the power electronic converter to supply power to the load. At the same time, the excess electrical energy is stored in the energy storage device in the form of chemical energy after passing through the charging controller. In this way, when the sunshine is insufficient, the energy stored in the battery can be converted into AC 220V, 50Hz electrical energy after being stepped up by the power electronic inverter, filtering and power frequency transformer for use by the AC load.

[0135] The grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system includes a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter) and system monitoring. Its working principle is that the solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, and then converted into high-voltage DC power by high-frequency DC conversion, and then inverted by the power electronic inverter to output a sinusoidal AC current with the same frequency as the grid voltage to the grid.

[0136] The above two photovoltaic power generation systems have their own characteristics and can be selected according to specific application scenarios.

[0137] One embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device, including the above-mentioned solar cell or the above-mentioned photovoltaic module.

[0138] In some of the embodiments, the solar cell or photovoltaic module can be used as a power source for an electrical device, or can be used as an energy storage unit for an electrical device.

[0139] Furthermore, the above-mentioned electrical devices may include mobile devices, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, etc., electric vehicles, electric trains, ships and satellites, etc., but are not limited thereto.

[0140] Figure 3 The power consumption device 2 is used as an example. The power consumption device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

[0141] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by the present application clearer, the present application will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the embodiments and drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all of the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative and is by no means intended to limit the present application and its applications. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in the field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0142] If no specific techniques or conditions are specified in the examples, the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or the product instructions are used. If no manufacturer is specified for the reagents or instruments used, they are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0143] 1. Device Preparation

[0144] Example 1

[0145] A method for preparing a solar cell device with an inverted structure is as follows:

[0146] 1) Preparation of FTO conductive glass electrode: Specifications: 2.0×2.0 cm 2 The FTO conductive glass was prepared by laser etching to remove 0.35 cm of FTO at both ends to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropanol in turn, the solvent of the FTO conductive glass was blown dry with a compressed air gun, and the glass was placed in a UV ozone machine for further cleaning.

[0147] 2) Preparation of hole transport layer: After spin coating 2 mg / mL of PTAA organic hole transport layer at a rate of 5000 rpm / s on the FTO substrate treated with UV ozone, annealing was performed on a hot plate at 100°C for 10 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 20 nm.

[0148] 3) Preparation of perovskite light-absorbing layer: Spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution on the hole transport layer at 1000-5000 rpm / s, anneal at 100°C for 30 min, and obtain a perovskite light-absorbing layer with a thickness of 650 nm, wherein the active material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is FAPbI 3 , cool to room temperature.

[0149] 4) Preparation of passivation layer: In a closed oven, heat to 30°C, add 50 μL of a mixed solution of 2-fluorophenylethylamine and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with a volume ratio of 150:1 and fumigate for 2 minutes to form a fumigation atmosphere. The total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is shown in Table 1. The intermediate product coated with the perovskite light absorbing layer obtained in step 3) is transferred into this closed environment for 10 seconds of fumigation treatment (the temperature is still controlled at 30°C at this time), taken out, and a passivation layer with a thickness as shown in Table 1 is prepared.

[0150] 5) Preparation of electron transport layer: Place the intermediate product obtained in step 4) into the evaporation apparatus and wait until the evaporation vacuum reaches 5*10 - 4 Pa, a C60 layer with a thickness of 20 nm was evaporated at a rate of 0.1 A / s, and then a BCP layer with a thickness of 10 nm was evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s.

[0151] 6) Preparation of metal counter electrode: Place the film with electron transport layer prepared in step 5) into the evaporation apparatus and wait until the evaporation vacuum reaches 5*10 -4 Pa, a metal Cu back electrode with a thickness of 80nm was evaporated at a rate of 0.2A / s.

[0152] Example 2

[0153] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 1, except that the fumigation treatment time in step 4) is 15 s.

[0154] Example 3

[0155] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 1, except that the fumigation treatment time in step 4) is 30 s.

[0156] Example 4

[0157] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 1, except that the FTO conductive glass electrode in step 1) is prepared in a different specification, specifically a 20×20 cm 2 FTO glass. Among them, the one in Example 1 is of small size, and the one in Example 4 is of large size; the same below. The preparation of the corresponding perovskite light absorbing layer is slightly different, as follows:

[0158] 3) Preparation of perovskite light-absorbing layer: The perovskite precursor solution was scraped on the hole transport layer and annealed at 100°C for 30 minutes to obtain a perovskite light-absorbing layer of the same thickness, wherein the active material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is FAPbI 3 , cool to room temperature.

[0159] Example 5

[0160] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 2, except that the FTO conductive glass electrode in step 1) is prepared using a different specification, specifically a 20×20 cm 2 of FTO glass.

[0161] Example 6

[0162] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 3, except that the FTO conductive glass electrode in step 1) is prepared in a different specification, specifically a 20×20 cm 2 of FTO glass.

[0163] Embodiment 7-8

[0164] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 4, except that the time of the fumigation treatment in step 4) is different, as shown in Table 1.

[0165] Examples 9 to 11

[0166] The steps identical with Example 4 are substantially the same, except that the volume ratio of 2-fluorophenethylamine:DMF in the mixed solution of the fumigation treatment in step 4) is different, as specifically shown in Table 1.

[0167] Embodiments 12 to 14

[0168] The steps identical to those in Example 4 are substantially the same, except that 2-fluorophenethylamine in the mixed solution of the fumigation treatment in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of other types of organic amines, as specifically shown in Table 1.

[0169] Examples 15 to 20

[0170] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 4, except that the DMF in the mixed solution of the fumigation treatment in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of other types of solvents, as shown in Table 1.

[0171] Comparative Example 1

[0172] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that step 4) is omitted. After the perovskite light absorbing layer is prepared in step 3), step 5) is directly performed thereon to prepare the electron transport layer.

[0173] Comparative Example 2

[0174] It is basically the same as Example 4, except that step 4) is omitted. After the perovskite light absorbing layer is prepared in step 3), step 5) is directly performed thereon to prepare the electron transport layer.

[0175] Comparative Example 3

[0176] The method is substantially the same as Example 1, except that the mixed solution in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of pure fluorophenylethylamine.

[0177] Comparative Example 4

[0178] The method is substantially the same as Example 4, except that the mixed solution in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of pure fluorophenylethylamine.

[0179] 2. Performance Test

[0180] 1) The perovskite light absorbing layer obtained in step 3) of Example 1 and the passivation layer obtained in step 4) were subjected to atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy tests, and the results were respectively Figure 4-5 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of Figure 6-7 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of .

[0181] Combination Figure 4 and Figure 6 It can be seen that the particle size of the perovskite light absorbing layer obtained in step 3) of Example 1 is relatively large and the uniformity is poor; Figure 4 It can be seen that the RMS roughness of the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer obtained in step 3) is between 184.5 and 353.3 nm. Figure 5 and Figure 7 It can be seen that the particle size of the passivation layer obtained in step 4) of Example 1 is smaller and the uniformity is better; Figure 5 It can be seen that the RMS roughness of the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer prepared in step 3) is significantly reduced, specifically 43.8 to 63.2 nm. It can be seen that the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer forms a passivation layer after the fumigation treatment of the present application, which greatly reduces the RMS roughness of the surface.

[0182] 2) Photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells

[0183] The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cells obtained in each embodiment and comparative example was tested under the condition that the standard simulated sunlight emitted a standard sunlight (spectrum was AM 1.5G, irradiance was 100mW / cm2), and the calculation formula was as follows:

[0184] PCE = Voc × Jsc × FF / Pin;

[0185] Among them, PCE is the photoelectric conversion efficiency, Voc is the open circuit voltage, Jsc is the short circuit current density, FF is the fill factor, and Pin is the input power.

[0186] 3) Thermal stability of solar cells

[0187] Test conditions: The solar cell was heated to 65°C ± 5°C on a heating plate and treated for 1000 h under the environmental condition of 5±2%RH. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cells obtained in each embodiment and comparative example after 1000 h of treatment was tested.

[0188] By comparing the photoelectric conversion efficiency before treatment (initial PCE) and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after treatment (thermal stable 1000hPCE), its stability can be known.

[0189] Table 1

[0190]

[0191]

[0192]

[0193] As can be seen from Table 1, compared with the cells without passivation layer in Comparative Examples 1-2 and the cells without solvent added in the fumigation atmosphere in Comparative Examples 3-4, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell devices with passivation layers in each embodiment are significantly improved.

[0194] By comparing Examples 1 to 3 with Examples 4 to 6, it can be seen that the preparation method of the present application is not only applicable to smaller-sized batteries but also to larger-sized batteries, and has good performance stability.

[0195] It can be seen from Examples 4 to 8 that the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of Examples 4 to 5 are better than those of Examples 6 to 8; therefore, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 20mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 , which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cell devices.

[0196] It can be seen from Examples 4 and 9 to 11 that the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of Examples 4 and 9 to 10 are better than those of Example 11; therefore, in the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is within (100 to 300):1, and can be selected as (100 to 200):1, which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0197] It can be seen from Examples 4 and 12 to 14 that the solar cell devices manufactured by using these types of passivation materials have good photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0198] It can be seen from Examples 4 and 15 to 20 that the solar cell devices prepared by using these types of solvents have good photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0199] It should be noted that the present application is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. The above-mentioned embodiments are only examples, and the embodiments having the same structure as the technical idea and exerting the same effect within the scope of the technical solution of the present application are all included in the technical scope of the present application. In addition, without departing from the scope of the main purpose of the present application, various modifications that can be thought of by those skilled in the art to the embodiments and other methods of combining some of the constituent elements in the embodiments are also included in the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a solar cell, characterized in that: The steps include: forming a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode to obtain an intermediate product; Placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, wherein the fumigation atmosphere includes a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, wherein the solvent can dissolve the surface material of the perovskite light absorbing layer, and the passivation material can undergo a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer; and A second electrode is formed on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

2. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the fumigation atmosphere, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 , optional 20mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 .

3. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Before placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, the fumigation atmosphere is formed as follows: A mixed solution for fumigation is dripped into a closed space, and the temperature is controlled to volatilize the mixed solution for fumigation to form the fumigation atmosphere, wherein the mixed solution for fumigation includes the passivation material and the solvent.

4. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that: In the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is (100-300):1, and can be optionally (150-200):1; Optionally, the passivation material is in liquid state at normal temperature and pressure.

5. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The passivation material includes an organic amine; Optionally, the organic amine includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline, substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine; More optionally, the aniline comprises at least one of a halogen-substituted aniline and an unsubstituted aniline; More optionally, the phenalkylamine comprises at least one of a halogen-substituted phenalkylamine and an unsubstituted phenalkylamine; More optionally, the chain organic amine includes a chain organic amine having 3 to 20 carbon atoms; More optionally, the organic amine includes at least one of aniline, fluoroaniline, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, benzylamine, fluorobenzylamine, bromobenzylamine, chlorobenzylamine, phenethylamine, fluorophenethylamine, chlorophenethylamine, butylamine, bromobutylamine, chlorobutylamine, octylamine, fluorooctylamine, chlorooctylamine and bromooctylamine.

6. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) The fumigation treatment time is 3s to 35s, and can be optionally 5s to 15s; (2) The temperature of the fumigation treatment is 25°C to 50°C; (3) The solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N,N-dimethylpropylene urea and isopropyl alcohol.

7. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The perovskite light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6; the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion; Optionally, the A ions include at least one of organic cations and metal cations; More preferably, the organic cation includes at least one of an organic amine ion, a carboxamidine group, and an imidazole group; more preferably, the metal cation includes Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + At least one of .

8. The preparation method according to claim 7, characterized in that: The A ions include organic amine ions, and the passivation material includes organic amine; Optionally, the organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine; Optionally, the passivation material organic amine includes a chain organic amine, and the carbon chain length of the chain organic amine is greater than the carbon chain length of the organic amine ion in the A ion.

9. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 and 8, characterized in that: The preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) Before forming the perovskite light absorbing layer on the first electrode, the method further includes the following steps: forming an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer on the first electrode; (2) Before forming the second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer, the method further includes the following steps: forming a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

10. A solar cell, characterized in that: The method is prepared according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. A solar cell, characterized in that: The invention comprises a first electrode, a perovskite light absorption layer, a passivation layer and a second electrode which are stacked, and the RMS roughness of the passivation layer is 40-65nm.

12. The solar cell according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that: The perovskite light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6; the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion; Optionally, the passivation layer comprises ZBX3 or Z2CDX6, and Z comprises organic amine ions.

13. The solar cell according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that: The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.8nm to 20nm, and can be optionally 1nm to 5nm; Optionally, the A ion includes an organic amine ion, and Z includes at least one of a phenylalkylamine ion and a chain organic amine ion.

14. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that: The invention comprises the solar cell according to any one of claims 10 to 13.

15. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that: Comprising the photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 14.

16. An electrical device, characterized in that: The method comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of the solar cell according to any one of claims 10 to 13 and the photovoltaic module according to claim 14.

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