Low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device and method based on combined supply of heat and power

Abstract

The invention discloses a low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device and method based on cogeneration. The system comprises a low-reaction-activity fuel storage tank and a multi-stage regulation and control system, the low-reaction-activity fuel storage tank is sequentially connected with a fuel pump, a fuel flow control valve, an evaporator and the fuel input end of a heat exchanger, and the fuel output end of the heat exchanger is connected with the fuel input end of a multi-cavity flow divider valve and the fuel input end of a fuel reformer. The fuel output end of the fuel reformer is connected with the buffer tank and the heat energy power device, the exhaust output end of the fuel reformer is connected with the exhaust input end of the heat exchanger, and the exhaust output end of the heat exchanger is connected with the exhaust treatment device. Energy is provided for the fuel reformer in an electric heating and exhaust waste heat linkage mode, catalytic reforming is carried out on low-reaction-activity fuel under the control of a multi-stage regulation and control system, hydrogen-rich fuel with different flow rates and concentrations is obtained, and by controlling the hydrogen concentration, a heat energy power device achieves high-efficiency and low-emission operation under the full working condition.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of clean energy utilization, and particularly relates to a multi-stage reforming device and method for low-carbon or zero-carbon fuels based on combined heat and power supply. Background Art

[0002] Under the background of the country's goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the development of low-carbon, zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels has become an inevitable trend in the field of energy and power, including ammonia fuel, natural gas, methanol, hydrogen, etc. Among them, green ammonia and green methanol can use hydrogen produced by wind power, hydropower and solar power generation as fuel to make liquid fuel, solving the problems of difficult hydrogen storage and transportation and safety problems caused by flammability and explosiveness. However, both methanol and ammonia fuels are fuels with low reactivity, having characteristics such as high ignition temperature and slow combustion speed, which easily lead to problems such as reduced efficiency of thermal energy power devices and high unburned emissions. Currently, highly reactive fuels are widely used as combustion aids in clean energy research. If hydrocarbon fuels are used as combustion aids, it will inevitably increase carbon emissions and weaken the low-carbon and zero-carbon emission characteristics of low-reactivity fuels. Compared with hydrocarbons, the carbon-free characteristic of hydrogen shows its advantage as a combustion aid. Hydrogen has characteristics such as low ignition energy, wide flammable limit, high combustion temperature, and fast flame propagation, and has high combustion reactivity, which can make up for the deficiencies of low-reactivity fuels with low activity and slow combustion speed. Combining the catalytic reforming technology with thermal equipment and using low-reactivity fuels to reform and produce hydrogen-rich fuels can increase the combustion speed of low-reactivity fuels, further improve the overall energy efficiency of low-reactivity fuels, and achieve the goal of low-carbon and zero-carbon emissions.

[0003] The patent with the application number 202310357516.0 discloses a combustion engine system for reforming a novel liquid ammonia to produce hydrogen-rich gas, which is a novel engine that reforms conventional low-reactivity fuels into hydrogen-rich gas and burns the hydrogen-rich gas by utilizing the heat around the engine combustion chamber. The patent with the application number 202311498976.1 discloses a power system based on cracking hydrogen production and combined high and low pressure injection and its operation method, which uses plasma catalytic cracking to reform low-reactivity fuels and realizes zero-carbon combustion of low-reactivity fuels by adopting the combined injection method of in-cylinder high-pressure direct injection and low-pressure injection of the mixture. The above patents mainly relate to the fuel requirements of internal combustion engines, but do not consider the situation where different thermal energy power devices require different fuel hydrogen concentrations under different working conditions and loads. In this case, it is particularly important to reform hydrogen-rich low-reactivity fuels that meet the working requirements of different types of thermal energy power devices to achieve the efficient operation and low-carbon and zero-carbon emissions of thermal energy power devices. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The object of the present invention is to provide a multi-stage reforming device and method for low-carbon or zero-carbon fuels based on combined heat and power, to solve the above problems, and to use the waste heat of high-temperature exhaust gas and electric heating to provide energy to a highly active catalyst for catalytic reforming to produce hydrogen, so as to realize the thermal cycle of the thermal power device, and adjust the hydrogen concentration of the hydrogen-rich fuel to meet the requirements of full-condition, full-load, high-efficiency operation and zero carbon emissions of the thermal power device.

[0005] The object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:

[0006] A multi-stage reforming device for low-carbon or zero-carbon fuels based on combined heat and power, comprising: a low-reactivity fuel storage tank, a multi-stage regulation system, the low-reactivity fuel storage tank is sequentially connected to the fuel input ends of a fuel pump, a fuel flow control valve, an evaporator and a heat exchanger, the fuel output end of the heat exchanger is connected to a multi-chamber shunt valve and the fuel input end of a fuel reformer, the fuel output end of the fuel reformer is connected to a buffer tank and a thermal power device, the exhaust port of the thermal power device is sequentially connected to a flow meter, a flow control valve, the exhaust gas input end of the fuel reformer and an exhaust gas treatment device, the exhaust gas output end of the fuel reformer is connected to the exhaust gas input end of the heat exchanger, and the exhaust gas output end of the heat exchanger is connected to the exhaust gas treatment device.

[0007] Further, the buffer tank stores hydrogen-rich low-reactivity fuel to fully premix the fuel, the buffer tank is internally provided with a coolant, and a booster pump is installed outside the buffer tank, and the fuel pressure and temperature are controlled and adjusted by the central controller to meet the requirements of high-efficiency operation of the thermal power device.

[0008] Further, the fuel reformer includes an external heat insulation shell, the external heat insulation shell wraps three low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chambers and a high-temperature exhaust gas circulation area, the interior of the low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chamber is provided with an electric heater, a temperature sensor and a hydrogen concentration sensor, porous partitions are arranged at the air inlet and air outlet of each low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chamber, and catalysts with an alloy as a carrier are evenly placed circumferentially inside the low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chamber.

[0009] Further, the multi-stage regulation system includes a central controller, and the central controller collects the signals of the flow meter, the exhaust gas flow control valve, the fuel flow control valve, the multi-chamber shunt valve, the built-in controller of the thermal power device and the sensor.

[0010] Further, the multi-stage regulation system implements open-loop and closed-loop control strategies, divides the hydrogen concentration into low level, medium level and high level, and calculates the target fuel hydrogen concentration in real time according to the operating conditions and power of the energy power device.

[0011] Further, when the target hydrogen concentration is at the low level, the multi-thermal energy power device has a low demand for the fuel hydrogen concentration. The multi-chamber shunt valve only opens the passage of the first chamber of the fuel reformer. The temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow rate are at the low gear, the fuel flow rate is high, and the fuel quickly contacts a small amount of catalyst at a low reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing low-concentration hydrogen.

[0012] Further, when the target hydrogen concentration is at the medium level, the multi-thermal energy power device has a medium demand for the fuel hydrogen concentration. The multi-chamber shunt valve opens the passages of the first, second, and third chambers of the fuel reformer. The temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow rate are at the medium gear, the fuel flow rate is high, and the fuel quickly contacts a large amount of catalyst at a medium reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing medium-concentration hydrogen;

[0013] Further, when the target hydrogen concentration is at the high level, the multi-thermal energy power device has a high demand for the fuel hydrogen concentration. The multi-chamber shunt valve opens the passages of the first, second, and third chambers of the fuel reformer. The temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow rate are at the high gear, the fuel flow rate is slow, and the fuel contacts a large amount of catalyst for a long time at a high reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing high-concentration hydrogen.

[0014] Further, the closed-loop control is that the central controller receives the sensor signal in the buffer tank, identifies the actual hydrogen concentration in the buffer tank, calculates the difference between the actual hydrogen concentration and the target hydrogen concentration. The PID controller built in the central controller adjusts the temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow rate according to the difference, controls the hydrogen production efficiency of fuel catalytic cracking, so that the hydrogen concentration in the fuel reaches the target requirement, and realizes the efficient operation of the thermal energy power device under different working conditions and speeds.

[0015] The present invention may further include:

[0016] An operation method of a multi-stage reforming device for low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel based on combined heat and power as described above, the method includes:

[0017] During the normal working stage of the thermal energy power device, the liquid fuel flows into the evaporator through the fuel pump for gasification. The gaseous fuel enters the heat exchanger through the fuel flow control valve to absorb the exhaust heat for preliminary heating, and then is sequentially input into the multi-chamber shunt valve and the fuel reformer;

[0018] In the fuel reformer, the low-reactivity fuel absorbs heat and cracks to produce hydrogen under the catalytic action of the catalyst. The electric heater and the high-temperature exhaust gas in the fuel reformer provide heat for the catalytic reforming of the low-reactivity fuel. The hydrogen-rich fuel generated by the fuel reformer enters the buffer tank for full premixing, and after adjusting the pressure and temperature, it enters the thermal energy power device to burn and do work. The high-temperature exhaust gas generated by the thermal energy power device enters the fuel reformer and the heat exchanger through the flow control valve;

[0019] When the thermal power device is about to start, the flow control valve controls the exhaust gas not to flow through the fuel reformer but directly to the exhaust gas treatment device. At this time, the fuel reformer uses pure electric heating to provide heat energy for the gas reformer; when the thermal power device is operating at high load, the fuel hydrogen concentration is reduced, and when knocking or overheating occurs in the thermal power device, the reforming hydrogen production will stop; when the thermal power device is operating at medium and low loads, the fuel hydrogen concentration is increased to improve combustion stability and combustion efficiency.

[0020] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0021] The present invention supplies a low-reactivity fuel rich in hydrogen to the thermal power device, giving play to the characteristics of high calorific value, high combustion temperature, and fast flame propagation of hydrogen fuel, thereby solving the problem of deteriorated combustion performance in the thermal power device caused by the slow flame propagation speed and narrow flammable limit of low-reactivity fuels. The catalytic reforming hydrogen production by using the exhaust heat and electric heating in a linked manner does not require adding a second set of high-pressure hydrogen supply systems, has a simple structure and low cost, realizes the utilization of exhaust heat, and improves the fuel utilization rate. By controlling the multi-stage regulation system, hydrogen-rich low-reactivity fuels with different hydrogen concentrations are provided to the thermal power device to meet the requirements of full-condition and full-load efficient operation and zero carbon emissions of the thermal power device.

[0022] The present invention uses high-temperature exhaust heat and electric heating to provide energy for the high-activity catalyst for catalytic reforming hydrogen production. Under the control of the multi-stage regulation system, by adjusting the electric heating power and exhaust gas flow rate, the temperature inside the fuel reformer is controlled to obtain hydrogen-rich low-reactivity fuels with different concentrations by controlling the catalytic reaction activity. The hydrogen-rich low-reactivity fuels are fully premixed in the buffer tank and then transported to the thermal power device. It solves the problem of deteriorated combustion performance in the thermal power device caused by the slow flame propagation speed and narrow flammable limit of low-reactivity fuels; realizes the thermal cycle of the thermal power device by using high-temperature exhaust heat; adjusting the hydrogen concentration of the hydrogen-rich fuel can meet the requirements of full-condition and full-load high-efficiency operation and zero carbon emissions of the thermal power device.

[0023] The closed-loop control of the present invention is that the central controller receives the sensor signals in the buffer tank, calculates the difference between the actual hydrogen concentration and the target hydrogen concentration in the buffer tank, and the PID controller adjusts the temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow rate according to the difference to control the hydrogen production efficiency of fuel catalytic cracking, so that the hydrogen concentration in the fuel reaches the target requirements, realizing the efficient operation of the thermal power device under different working conditions and rotational speeds. Description of the Drawings

[0024] Att Figure 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the present invention.

[0025] Att Figure 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the fuel reformer of the present invention.

[0026] Att Figure 3It is the control logic diagram of the multi-level regulation system of the present invention.

[0027] In the attached drawings: 1 - low-reactivity fuel storage tank, 2 - fuel pump, 3 - fuel flow control valve, 4 - evaporator, 5 - heat exchanger, 6 - multi-chamber diverter valve, 7 - fuel reformer, 8 - sensor, 9 - buffer tank, 10 - booster pump, 11 - thermal power device, 12 - flowmeter, 13 - flow control valve, 14 - exhaust treatment device, 15 - central controller, 16 - external heat insulation shell, 17 - electric heater, 18 - temperature sensor, 19 - perforated partition, 20 - high-temperature exhaust flow area, 21 - hydrogen concentration sensor, 22 - catalyst. Specific embodiments

[0028] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the attached drawings.

[0029] The present invention provides a multi-level reforming device for low-carbon or zero-carbon fuels based on combined heat and power, as shown in the attached Figure 1 drawings. Its composition includes: a low-reactivity fuel storage tank 1, a multi-level regulation system. The low-reactivity fuel storage tank 1 is sequentially connected to the fuel input ends of a fuel pump 2, a fuel flow control valve 3, an evaporator 4 and a heat exchanger 5. The fuel output end of the heat exchanger 5 is connected to the fuel input ends of a multi-chamber diverter valve 6 and a fuel reformer 7. The fuel output end of the fuel reformer 7 is connected to a buffer tank 9 and a thermal power device 11. The exhaust port of the thermal power device 11 is sequentially connected to a flowmeter 12, a flow control valve 13, the exhaust input end of the fuel reformer 7 and an exhaust treatment device 14. The exhaust output end of the fuel reformer 7 is connected to the exhaust input end of the heat exchanger 5. The exhaust output end of the heat exchanger 5 is connected to the exhaust treatment device 14.

[0030] The low-reactivity fuel storage tank 1 is connected to the fuel pump 2, the fuel pump 2 is connected to the fuel flow control valve 3, the fuel flow control valve 3 is connected to the evaporator 4, the evaporator 4 is connected to the fuel input end of the heat exchanger 5, the fuel output end of the heat exchanger 5 is connected to the multi-chamber diverter valve 6. The multi-chamber diverter valve 6 is respectively connected to three chambers of the fuel input end of the fuel reformer 7 to form three paths. The fuel output end of the fuel reformer 7 is connected to the buffer tank 9, and the buffer tank 9 is connected to the fuel input end of the thermal power device 11. The flow control valve 13 has two output ends, which are respectively connected to the exhaust input end of the fuel reformer 7 and the exhaust treatment device 14. The exhaust output end of the fuel reformer 7 is connected to the exhaust input end of the heat exchanger 5. The exhaust output end of the heat exchanger 5 is connected to the exhaust treatment device 15. The sensor 8 is connected to the external interface of the fuel reformer 7, and the booster pump 10 is connected to the external interface of the buffer tank 9.

[0031] The thermal power device 11 described in this embodiment includes a thermal power device such as an internal combustion engine, a gas turbine, a boiler, a generator set, etc. that uses low-reactivity fuel to provide energy.

[0032] The present invention utilizes the exhaust waste heat and the electric heater to release heat in conjunction, providing thermal energy for the fuel reformer to catalytically reform the low-reactivity fuel to obtain hydrogen-rich fuel, and controls the linkage effect of the exhaust waste heat and the electric heating through a multi-stage control system, controls the reforming temperature to obtain hydrogen-rich gas of different flow rates and concentrations, and meets the full-operating requirements of the thermal power device.

[0033] As attached Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment uses a fuel reformer 7 to catalytically reform low-reactivity fuel into hydrogen-rich fuel. The fuel reformer 7 includes an external heat-insulating shell 16, which encloses three fuel catalytic reforming chambers and a high-temperature exhaust gas circulation area. Three electric heaters 17 are respectively built into the fuel catalytic reforming chambers. A porous partition 19 is set at the air inlet and outlet of the three fuel catalytic reforming chambers, and a catalyst 22 with an alloy as a carrier is evenly placed in the internal circumference. The low-reactivity fuel is reformed into hydrogen under the catalysis of the catalyst in the fuel catalytic reforming chamber through electric heating and exhaust waste heat. The high-temperature exhaust gas circulation area 20 provides heat for the catalytic reaction in the reverse direction through the high-temperature exhaust gas. The temperature sensor 18 and the hydrogen concentration sensor 21 feedback the internal temperature and hydrogen concentration of the reformer to the central controller 15 through the sensor 8. The internal materials of the reformer are all made of heat-conductive and corrosion-resistant materials, and the external shell is made of insulating materials.

[0034] The high-efficiency catalyst described in this embodiment uses a high-activity metal catalyst with a nanostructure uniformly coated on an alloy carrier. The low-reactivity fuel undergoes an endothermic reaction under the catalysis of the catalyst to crack into hydrogen. The catalyst activity is linearly related to temperature. The purpose of controlling the amount of hydrogen generated can be achieved by adjusting the reaction temperature to control the catalyst activity.

[0035] The low-reactivity, low-carbon or zero-carbon fuels of this embodiment include low-carbon emission energy sources such as ammonia, methanol, natural gas, and hydrogen.

[0036] As attached Figure 3As shown in the figure, the multi-level control system described in this embodiment includes: a central controller 15, which collects signals from a sensor 8, a flowmeter 12, an exhaust gas flow control valve 13, a fuel flow control valve 3, a multi-chamber diverter valve 6, and a built-in controller of a thermal energy power device. The central controller is built with a PID controller, which can implement open-loop and closed-loop control strategies. The control system divides the hydrogen concentration into three levels: low, medium, and high according to the real-time working conditions and load of the thermal energy power device, and calculates the target hydrogen concentration of the fuel. Determine the target reaction temperature, the amount of catalyst, and the fuel flow rate in the fuel reformer 7. Detect the exhaust gas volume, exhaust gas temperature, and the internal working conditions of the thermal energy power device to determine the fuel output. When the exhaust gas temperature is lower than the reaction temperature, the exhaust gas flow control valve is closed, and the temperature in the fuel reformer is adjusted by means of pure electric heating.

[0037] When the target hydrogen concentration is at the low level, the multi-chamber diverter valve only opens the first chamber passage. The demand for the target hydrogen concentration is low, the temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow are at the low level, the fuel flow rate is high, and the fuel quickly contacts a small amount of catalyst at a low reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing low-concentration hydrogen.

[0038] When the target hydrogen concentration is at the medium level, the multi-chamber diverter valve opens the first, second, and third chamber passages. The demand for the target hydrogen concentration is moderate, the temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow are at the medium level, the fuel flow rate remains unchanged, and the fuel quickly contacts a large amount of catalyst at a medium reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing medium-concentration hydrogen.

[0039] When the target hydrogen concentration is at the high level, the multi-chamber diverter valve opens the first, second, and third chamber passages. The demand for the target hydrogen concentration is high, the temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust gas flow are at the high level, the fuel flow rate is slow, and the fuel contacts a large amount of catalyst for a long time at a high reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing high-concentration hydrogen.

[0040] After multi-level control, closed-loop control is adopted for the hydrogen concentration. The hydrogen concentration PID controller obtains the mixed gas hydrogen concentration signal transmitted by the sensor 8 in real time and calculates the difference between the real-time hydrogen concentration and the target hydrogen concentration. The difference is input into the PID controller, and the temperature of the electric heater 17 and the opening degree of the exhaust gas flow control valve 13 are adjusted through the PID controller to control the reaction temperature in the fuel reformer 7. By controlling the reaction temperature, the catalyst activity is controlled, and then the reaction process is controlled to achieve the purpose of controlling the fuel hydrogen concentration, so that the actual hydrogen concentration reaches the optimal value under different working conditions of the thermal energy power device, meeting the requirements of high-efficiency operation and low-carbon / zero-carbon emissions of the thermal energy power device under all working conditions.

[0041] This embodiment has two operating modes, which are as follows:

[0042] Normal operation stage of the thermal energy power device: The fuel pump 2 extracts fuel from the low-reactivity fuel storage tank 1, then flows into the evaporator 4 for gasification, and then enters the heat exchanger 5 through a pipeline to absorb the exhaust heat for preliminary heating, and is sequentially input into the multi-chamber diverter valve 6 and the fuel reformer 7 under the control of the multi-stage regulation system. In the fuel reformer 7, electric heating and the waste heat of high-temperature exhaust gas are used to provide heat for the fuel, and the fuel is reformed into hydrogen-rich fuel under the catalytic action of a high-efficiency catalyst. Hydrogen effectively increases the flame propagation speed by virtue of its fast flame propagation speed and strong diffusion ability. The high calorific value of hydrogen also helps to increase the combustion temperature and shorten the quenching distance, enabling more fuel to participate in combustion, improving the combustion efficiency while reducing fuel dispersion and nitrogen oxide emissions. The hydrogen-rich fuel produced by the fuel reformer 7 is input into the buffer tank 9 for full premixing and pressure and temperature adjustment, and then input into the thermal energy power device 11 for operation. The high-temperature exhaust gas generated by the thermal energy power device 11 is input into the fuel reformer 7 and the heat exchanger 5 through the flow control valve 13 to provide heat for the catalysis of low-reactivity fuel, and finally input into the exhaust gas treatment device 14 to achieve low-carbon / zero-carbon emissions. When the hydrogen concentration in the fuel decreases under the high-load operation of the thermal energy power device, the reforming hydrogen production will stop when the thermal energy power device shows phenomena such as knocking and overheating; when the thermal energy power device operates at medium and low loads, the fuel hydrogen concentration is increased to improve the combustion stability and combustion efficiency.

[0043] Start-up stage of the thermal energy power device: Under the control of the multi-stage regulation system, the flow control valve 13 is closed, and the exhaust gas of the thermal energy power device directly leads to the exhaust gas treatment device 14, and the fuel reformer 7 is converted to a pure electric heating mode. The hydrogen concentration of the fuel is controlled by regulating the power of the electric heater 17 in the fuel reformer 7. The application of a high amount of hydrogen can shorten the combustion duration and provide sufficient power for the start-up stage of the thermal energy power device.

[0044] In this embodiment, after determining the basic gear of the hydrogen concentration, the multi-stage regulation system controls the number of reaction chambers, and regulates the reaction temperature, the contact area and time between the fuel and the catalyst by controlling the heating power of the electric heater, the exhaust gas flow rate in the fuel reformer, and the fuel flow rate in the fuel reformer, so as to accurately regulate the fuel hydrogen concentration and achieve the efficient operation of the thermal energy power device 11 under different working conditions.

[0045] The present invention uses the method of linking electric heating and exhaust gas waste heat to provide energy for the fuel reformer, and catalytically reforms low-reactivity fuel under the control of the multi-stage regulation system to obtain hydrogen-rich fuels with different flow rates and concentrations, thereby solving problems such as the deterioration of combustion performance in the thermal energy power device caused by the high ignition temperature and slow flame propagation speed of low-reactivity fuel. By controlling the hydrogen concentration, the thermal energy power device can achieve high efficiency and low emissions under all working conditions.

[0046] The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power, characterized in that: include: A low-reactivity fuel storage tank (1) and a multi-stage control system, wherein the low-reactivity fuel storage tank (1) is connected in sequence to a fuel pump (2), a fuel flow control valve (3), an evaporator (4) and a fuel input end of a heat exchanger (5); the fuel output end of the heat exchanger (5) is connected to a multi-chamber diverter valve (6) and a fuel input end of a fuel reformer (7); the fuel output end of the fuel reformer (7) is connected to a buffer tank (9) and a thermal power device (11); the exhaust port of the thermal power device (11) is connected in sequence to a flow meter (12), a flow control valve (13), an exhaust input end of the fuel reformer (7) and an exhaust treatment device (14); the exhaust output end of the fuel reformer (7) is connected to the exhaust input end of the heat exchanger (5); and the exhaust output end of the heat exchanger (5) is connected to the exhaust treatment device (14).

2. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 1, characterized in that: The buffer tank (9) stores hydrogen-rich low-reactivity fuel so that the fuel is fully premixed. The buffer tank (9) has a built-in coolant. A booster pump (10) is installed outside the buffer tank (9). The fuel pressure and temperature are controlled and adjusted by the central controller (15) to meet the requirements for efficient operation of the thermal power device.

3. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The fuel reformer (7) comprises an external heat-insulating shell (16), wherein the external heat-insulating shell (16) encloses three low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chambers and a high-temperature exhaust gas circulation area (20), wherein the low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chambers are provided with an electric heater (17), a temperature sensor (18) and a hydrogen concentration sensor (21), and each of the low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chambers is provided with a porous partition (19) at the air inlet and the air outlet, and a catalyst with an alloy as a carrier is evenly placed in the circumferential direction inside the low-reactivity fuel catalytic reforming chamber.

4. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that: The multi-stage control system comprises a central controller (15), and the central controller (15) collects signals from the flow meter (12), the exhaust flow control valve (13), the fuel flow control valve (3), the multi-chamber diverter valve (6), the built-in controller of the thermal power device (11), and the sensor (8).

5. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 1, characterized in that: The multi-level control system implements open-loop and closed-loop control strategies, divides hydrogen concentration into low, medium and high levels, and calculates the target fuel hydrogen concentration in real time according to the operating conditions and power of the energy and power device.

6. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 5, characterized in that: When the target hydrogen concentration is at the low level, the multi-thermal power device (11) has a low requirement for the fuel hydrogen concentration, the multi-chamber diverter valve (6) only opens the first chamber passage of the fuel reformer, the temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust flow are at a low level, the fuel flow rate is high, and the fuel quickly contacts a small amount of catalyst at a low reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing low-concentration hydrogen.

7. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 5, characterized in that: When the target hydrogen concentration is at the medium level, the multi-thermal power device (11) has a medium demand for fuel hydrogen concentration, the multi-chamber diverter valve (6) opens the first, second and third chamber passages of the fuel reformer, the electric heater temperature and exhaust flow are at a medium position, the fuel flow rate is high, and the fuel quickly contacts a large amount of catalyst at a medium reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing medium-concentration hydrogen.

8. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 5, characterized in that: When the target hydrogen concentration is at the high level, the multi-thermal power device (11) has a high demand for fuel hydrogen concentration, the multi-chamber diverter valve (6) opens the first, second and third chamber passages of the fuel reformer, the electric heater temperature and the exhaust flow rate are at a high gear, the fuel flow rate is slow, and the fuel contacts a large amount of catalyst for a long time at a high reaction temperature to achieve the purpose of producing high-concentration hydrogen.

9. The low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to claim 5, characterized in that: The closed-loop control is that the central controller (15) receives the sensor signal in the buffer tank (9), identifies the actual hydrogen concentration in the buffer tank (9), calculates the difference between the actual hydrogen concentration and the target hydrogen concentration, and the built-in PID controller of the central controller (15) adjusts the temperature of the electric heater and the exhaust flow rate according to the difference, controls the efficiency of hydrogen production by catalytic cracking of the fuel, makes the hydrogen concentration in the fuel reach the target requirement, and realizes efficient operation of the thermal power device under different working conditions and rotation speeds.

10. An operating method of a low-carbon or zero-carbon fuel multi-stage reforming device based on combined heat and power according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The method includes: During the normal operation stage of the thermal power device (11), the liquid fuel flows into the evaporator (4) through the fuel pump (2) to be gasified, and the gaseous fuel enters the heat exchanger (5) through the fuel flow control valve (3) to absorb the exhaust heat for preliminary heating, and then is sequentially input into the multi-chamber diverter valve (6) and the fuel reformer (7); In the fuel reformer (7), the low-reactivity fuel is endothermally cracked under the catalytic action of the catalyst to produce hydrogen. The electric heater (17) and high-temperature exhaust gas in the fuel reformer (7) provide heat for the catalytic reforming of the low-reactivity fuel. The hydrogen-rich fuel generated by the fuel reformer (7) enters the buffer tank (9) for full premixing, and after adjusting the pressure and temperature, enters the thermal power device (11) for combustion and work. The high-temperature exhaust gas generated by the thermal power device (11) enters the fuel reformer (7) and the heat exchanger (5) through the flow control valve (3); When the thermal power device (11) is about to start, the flow control valve (3) controls the exhaust gas not to flow through the fuel reformer (7), but directly to the exhaust gas treatment device (14). At this time, the fuel reformer (7) uses pure electric heating to provide heat energy to the gas reformer (7); when the thermal power device (11) is running at high load, the fuel hydrogen concentration is reduced, and when the thermal power device (11) has detonation or overheating, the reforming and hydrogen production will be stopped; when the thermal power device (11) is running at medium and low loads, the fuel hydrogen concentration is increased to improve the combustion stability and combustion efficiency.

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