Storage battery pack structure

Abstract

The present invention relates to a battery pack structure which is provided with a rib material arranged between side walls in a battery case, so that the rigidity of the battery case itself can be improved compared with the case in which the rib material is not provided. Furthermore, when a side collision of the vehicle occurs, a side collision load input to the rocker is transmitted to the battery case side via the coupling part. The coupling portion is provided on an extension line of the rib in the vehicle width direction when the vehicle is viewed in plan, so that a side impact load transmitted to the battery case side via the coupling portion is transmitted from one side wall side to the rib, and is transmitted to the other side wall side.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a battery pack structure. Background Art

[0002] In the battery electric vehicle described in the following CN114940214, a battery storage space having a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape is formed by a space portion constituted by a pair of left and right sill beams, a front transverse member, a rear transverse member, and a cooling plate. Moreover, a plurality of batteries are stored in the battery storage space. The sill beam is sometimes also referred to as the lower side beam. That is, the plurality of batteries are surrounded by a so-called body frame (sometimes also referred to as a vehicle skeleton) constituted by the lower side beam, the front transverse member, and the rear transverse member. Summary of the Invention

[0003] However, in the above prior art, there are concerns about the transmission path of the side collision load input to the battery pack constituted by a plurality of batteries when a side collision of the vehicle occurs (hereinafter, referred to as "when the vehicle side-collides").

[0004] In view of the above facts, an object of the present invention is to obtain a battery pack structure that ensures the transmission path of the side collision load when a side collision of the vehicle occurs.

[0005] The battery pack structure according to an aspect of the present invention includes:

[0006] A battery pack main body that stores battery cells in a state of being extended along the vehicle width direction and arranged along the vehicle front-rear direction;

[0007] A first rib that is protrudingly provided on a bottom wall constituting a part of the battery pack main body along the vehicle width direction between the battery cells arranged along the vehicle front-rear direction, and is spanned between a pair of side walls that constitute another part of the battery pack main body and are extended along the vehicle front-rear direction at both ends in the vehicle width direction;

[0008] A joint portion that is provided outside the side wall of the battery pack main body, is disposed on an extension line in the vehicle width direction of the first rib when the vehicle is viewed from above, and is joined to a lower side beam that constitutes a part of the vehicle skeleton and is extended along the vehicle front-rear direction at both outer sides in the vehicle width direction.

[0009] In the battery pack structure related to the above-described manner, a battery pack main body, a first rib member, and a coupling portion are provided. In the battery pack main body, battery cells are housed in a state of being extended in the vehicle width direction and arranged in the vehicle longitudinal direction. The first rib member is protrudingly provided on the bottom wall that forms a part of the battery pack main body, between the battery cells arranged in the vehicle longitudinal direction, along the vehicle width direction. The first rib member is spanned between a pair of side walls that form another part of the battery pack main body and are extended in the vehicle longitudinal direction at both ends in the vehicle width direction.

[0010] Here, on the battery pack main body, a coupling portion is provided outside the side wall. The coupling portion is arranged on the extension line in the vehicle width direction of the first rib member when the vehicle is viewed from above, and is coupled to the lower side members that form a part of the vehicle frame and are extended in the vehicle longitudinal direction at both outer sides in the vehicle width direction.

[0011] In the present invention, by providing the first rib member between the pair of side walls in the battery pack main body, the rigidity of the battery pack main body itself can be improved as compared with the case where the first rib member is not provided. Thus, in the present invention, the flexural deformation of the battery pack main body can be suppressed.

[0012] In addition, in the present invention, when a side collision of the vehicle occurs, the side collision load input to the lower side member is transmitted to the battery pack main body side via the coupling portion. Since the coupling portion is provided on the extension line in the vehicle width direction of the first rib member when the vehicle is viewed from above, the side collision load transmitted to the battery pack main body side via the coupling portion is transmitted from one side wall side to the first rib member and then transmitted to the other side wall side. In this way, in the present invention, a transmission path from one lower side member side to the other lower side member side is ensured for the side collision load.

[0013] In the battery pack structure related to the above-described manner,

[0014] A second rib member is further provided, and the second rib member is provided on the bottom wall of the battery pack main body and transmits a load input in the vehicle width direction to the opposite side in the vehicle width direction along the vehicle width direction.

[0015] In the above-described battery pack structure, a second rib member is provided on the bottom wall of the battery pack main body, and the second rib member is configured to transmit a load (side collision load) input in the vehicle width direction to the opposite side in the vehicle width direction along the vehicle width direction.

[0016] Thus, by providing the second rib on the bottom wall of the battery pack main body, the rigidity of the battery pack main body itself can be improved compared to the case where the second rib is not provided. In addition, as the second rib provided on the bottom wall of the battery pack main body, there may be mentioned a case where the second rib protrudes upward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the upper side in the vehicle up-and-down direction, and a case where the second rib protrudes downward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the lower side in the vehicle up-and-down direction.

[0017] In the battery pack structure according to the above-described aspect,

[0018] The second rib protrudes downward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the lower side in the vehicle up-and-down direction, and is set to overlap with the lower side member when the vehicle is viewed from the side.

[0019] In the above battery pack structure, the second rib protrudes downward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body and is provided outside the battery pack main body. As a comparative example, in the case where the second rib protrudes upward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the upper side in the vehicle up-and-down direction, the second rib will be provided inside the storage portion of the battery pack main body. On the other hand, in the case where the second rib protrudes downward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the lower side in the vehicle up-and-down direction, the second rib will be provided outside the battery pack main body.

[0020] Therefore, in the present invention, by making the second rib protrude downward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the lower side in the vehicle up-and-down direction, the volume inside the storage portion can be increased compared to the case where the second rib is provided inside the storage portion of the battery pack main body.

[0021] In addition, in the case where the second rib protrudes downward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the lower side in the vehicle up-and-down direction, the second rib is set to overlap with the lower side member when the vehicle is viewed from the side. Thereby, the side collision load can be transmitted to the opposite side in the vehicle width direction via the second rib.

[0022] Therefore, in the present invention, the rigidity of the battery pack main body can be improved while ensuring the battery capacity.

[0023] In the battery pack structure according to the above-described aspect, the coupling portion is provided on the cover that closes the storage portion of the battery pack main body, and the floor is constituted by the cover, and the floor constitutes the floor portion inside the vehicle compartment.

[0024] In the above-described battery pack structure, a coupling portion is provided on a cover that closes the storage portion of the battery pack main body. Since the cover forms a floor and the floor forms a floor portion inside the vehicle compartment, there is no need to separately provide a floor panel, and thus the number of parts can be reduced.

[0025] As described above, in the battery pack structure according to the present invention, when a side collision of a vehicle occurs, a transmission path of a side collision load can be ensured. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Features, advantages, technical and industrial significance of representative embodiments of the present invention will be depicted in the following drawings for reference, in which the same reference numerals denote the same elements.

[0027] Figure 1 A perspective view observed from the upper left oblique side showing the structure of a vehicle to which the battery pack structure according to the present embodiment is applied.

[0028] Figure 2 A plan view showing a state in which a part is cut away, showing the structure of a vehicle to which the battery pack structure according to the present embodiment is applied.

[0029] Figure 3 A schematic cross-sectional view taken along line III-III of Figure 2 .

[0030] Figure 4 A schematic cross-sectional view taken along line IV-IV of Figure 2 .

[0031] Figure 5 A schematic cross-sectional view corresponding to Figure 3 , showing the structure of a modified example of a vehicle to which the battery pack structure according to the present embodiment is applied. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0032] The battery pack structure according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In addition, arrow marks FR, arrow mark UP, and arrow mark RH appropriately shown in each drawing respectively indicate the front direction (travel direction), the upper direction, and the right direction of a vehicle to which the battery pack structure according to the present embodiment is applied. Hereinafter, when only the front-back, left-right, and up-down directions are used for description, unless otherwise specifically stated in advance, it is assumed to represent the front-back in the vehicle front-back direction, the left-right in the vehicle left-right direction (vehicle width direction), and the up-down in the vehicle up-down direction. In addition, in each drawing, for the sake of easy observation of the drawing, the illustration of some components or some reference numerals may be omitted in some cases.

[0033] As Figure 1As shown, a vehicle (body) 12 to which the battery pack structure 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention is applied includes a pair of left and right lower side members 16 and 18, a front cross member 20, and a rear cross member 22. The pair of left and right lower side members 16 and 18 respectively form a vehicle frame and extend along the vehicle front-rear direction at the lower portions of both ends in the vehicle width direction of the passenger compartment 14 (refer to Figure 3 ). The front cross member 20 is provided along the vehicle width direction at the front ends of the lower side members 16 and 18. The rear cross member 22 is provided along the vehicle width direction at the rear ends of the left and right lower side members 16 and 18. In addition, at both ends in the vehicle width direction of the front cross member 20, front longitudinal beams 24 respectively extend along the vehicle front-rear direction. At both ends in the vehicle width direction of the rear cross member 22, rear longitudinal beams 26 respectively extend along the vehicle front-rear direction.

[0034] Moreover, the vehicle 12 according to the present embodiment is a battery electric vehicle that travels using the driving force of an electric motor (not shown). A battery pack (battery pack main body) 30 is provided at the lower portion of the vehicle 12, and the battery pack 30 houses a plurality of battery cells 28 that supply driving power to the above-mentioned electric motor.

[0035] Configuration of the battery pack structure

[0036] Here, the configuration of the battery pack structure according to the present embodiment will be described.

[0037] As Figure 1 shown, the battery pack structure 10 according to the present embodiment includes a battery pack 30. The battery pack 30 is configured to include a box-shaped battery housing (battery pack main body) 32, and the battery housing (battery pack main body) 32 is made of a light metal such as aluminum alloy, for example, and forms a rectangular shape with the vehicle front-rear direction as the length direction in a top view, and the upper side is open. In addition to metals, resin components such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) can also be used. The same setting applies to the cover 48 and the body under cover 60 described later.

[0038] The battery housing 32 is configured to include a bottom wall 34, a front wall 36, a rear wall 38, and a pair of side walls 40 and 42. The front wall 36 is erected from the front end in the vehicle front-rear direction of the bottom wall 34. The rear wall 38 is opposed to the front wall 36 and is erected from the rear end in the vehicle front-rear direction of the bottom wall 34. The pair of side walls 40 and 42 are erected from both ends in the vehicle width direction of the bottom wall 34 and are opposed to each other.

[0039] In the present embodiment, for example, the separation distance between the front wall 36 and the rear wall 38 of the battery case 32 is formed to be slightly narrower than the separation distance between the front transverse member 20 and the rear transverse member 22. In addition, the separation distance between the side walls 40 and 42 of the battery case 32 is formed to be slightly narrower than the separation distance between the lower side members 16 and 18. Thus, the battery case 32 in the present embodiment is configured to be able to be disposed within the space surrounded by the lower side members 16, 18, the front transverse member 20, and the rear transverse member 22 that constitute the vehicle frame.

[0040] In addition, within the storage portion 44 of the battery case 32 formed by the bottom wall 34, the front wall 36, the rear wall 38, and the side walls 40, 42, a plurality of sheet-like battery cells 28 formed in a substantially rectangular shape with the vehicle width direction as the length direction are stored. The battery cells 28 are arranged along the vehicle front-rear direction. Although the storage portion 44 is constituted by one space here, the storage portion 44 may be divided into a plurality of spaces.

[0041] On the other hand, at approximately the center in the vehicle front-rear direction of the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32, a rib (first rib) 46 is protruding along the vehicle width direction between the front and rear adjacent battery cells 28, and the rib 46 is spanned between the side walls 40 and 42. Here, the height of the rib 46 is set to be approximately half of the side wall 40, for example, and is set to have a larger dimension in the height direction compared to the dimension in the vehicle front-rear direction, but is not limited thereto (described later).

[0042] In addition, in a state where a plurality of battery cells 28 are stored in the storage portion 44 of the battery case 32, it is closed by a cover 48 formed in a rectangular plate shape in a top view. The cover 48 is made of a light metal such as aluminum alloy, for example, and is formed in a plate shape with the vehicle up-down direction as the plate thickness direction, and is integrated with the battery case 32 by welding or the like.

[0043] Both end portions (parts) 48A, 48B in the vehicle width direction of the cover 48 protrude outward in the vehicle width direction from the side walls 40, 42 of the battery case 32. In addition, both end portions 48A, 48B of the cover 48 are configured to be able to be respectively coupled to the upper walls 16A, 18A of the lower side members 16, 18 via coupling portions 50, 52, 54 arranged along the vehicle front-rear direction, for example. In addition, as the coupling method of the coupling portions 50, 52, 54, in addition to bolt coupling, rivet fixing, spot welding, etc. can also be cited. And it is set to be able to be appropriately changed according to the materials to be coupled.

[0044] Here, in the present embodiment, the joint portion 52 is provided on the extension line in the vehicle width direction of the rib 46 when the vehicle is viewed from above. Although in the present embodiment, the joint portions 50, 52, 54 provided at both ends 48A, 48B in the vehicle width direction of the cover 48 are continuously formed along the vehicle front-rear direction, the joint portions 50, 52, 54 may also be intermittently formed.

[0045] On the other hand, ribs (second ribs) 56, 58 project from the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 along the vehicle width direction. A plurality of these ribs 56, 58 are arranged along the vehicle front-rear direction. In the present embodiment, when viewed from above, the rib 56 is provided on the front side of the rib 46, and the rib 58 is provided on the rear side of the rib 46.

[0046] Below these ribs 56, 58, a body under cover 60 is provided which is arranged substantially parallel to the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32. The body under cover 60 is made of a light metal such as aluminum alloy, for example, and is formed in a plate shape with the vehicle up-down direction as the plate thickness direction, and has a function of preventing interference with the road surface.

[0047] As Figure 3 shown, the front end portion 60A of the body under cover 60 is joined to the lower wall 20A of the front cross member 20 via a joint portion 61. The rear end portion 60B of the body under cover 60 is joined to the lower wall 22A of the rear cross member 22 via a joint portion 63. In addition, as the joining method of the joint portions 61, 63, similar to the joint portions 50, 52, 54, in addition to bolt joining, rivet fixing, spot welding, etc. can also be cited. Further, at the joint portions 61, 63, a spacer 65 is provided in order to maintain the gap between the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 and the body under cover 60.

[0048] In addition, as Figure 2 shown, both end portions 60C, 60D in the vehicle width direction of the body under cover 60 are joined to the lower wall 18B of the side sill 18 (refer to Figure 4 ), and the ribs 56, 58 are arranged between the side sill 16 and the side sill 18. In addition, the side sill 16 and the side sill 18 are provided with substantially the same structure. Therefore, in Figure 4 , only the side sill 18 side is shown representing both.

[0049] As Figure 4As shown, the height of the rib 46 is set to be slightly lower than that of the side wall 42. In this way, by increasing the height of the rib 46, for example, the inside of the rib 46 can be made hollow, and pipes for cooling the cooling medium that flows inside and is used to cool the battery cell 28 can be routed in the hollow part. In addition, in this case, in addition to the cooling pipes, wiring such as cables and wire harnesses can also be routed.

[0050] On the other hand, the lower side member 18 is provided with a closed cross-section structure having a closed cross-sectional portion 66 formed by an outer side portion 62 and an inner side portion 64. Inside the closed cross-sectional portion 66, a linearly formed EA portion (impact absorption portion) 68 and a ladder-shaped EA portion 70 that are spanned between the outer side portion 62 and the inner side portion 64 are provided. In this way, by providing the EA portions 68 and 70 inside the closed cross-sectional portion 66 of the lower side member 18, the side collision load input during a side collision of the vehicle can be absorbed by the plastic deformation of the EA portions 68 and 70. In addition, the EA portion 70 is set to overlap with the rib 46 when the vehicle is viewed from the side.

[0051] In addition, at the upper wall 18A of the inner side portion 64 of the lower side member 18, the vehicle-width direction ends of the cover 48 are joined, and at the lower wall 18B of the inner side portion 64, the vehicle-width direction ends 60C and 60D of the vehicle underbody cover 60 are joined (refer to Figure 2 ). In addition, the structure and shape of the lower side member 18 are merely an example and are not limited to this structure and shape.

[0052] Functions and effects of the battery pack structure

[0053] Next, the functions and effects of the battery pack structure according to the present embodiment will be described.

[0054] As Figure 1 、 Figure 2 shown, in the present embodiment, the battery pack structure 10 includes a battery case 32, ribs 46, and a joint portion 52. In the battery case 32, the battery cells 28 are housed in a state of being extended along the vehicle width direction and arranged along the vehicle front-rear direction. The ribs 46 are protrudingly provided on the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 between the battery cells 28 arranged along the vehicle front-rear direction along the vehicle width direction, and are spanned between the side walls 40 and 42 of the battery case 32.

[0055] Thus, in the present embodiment, by providing a rib 46 that is erected between the side walls 40 and 42 within the battery case 32, the rigidity of the battery case 32 itself can be enhanced as compared to the case where the rib 46 is not provided. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the flexural deformation of the battery case 32 can be suppressed.

[0056] In addition, in the present embodiment, at a position on the vehicle width direction extension line of the rib 46 when the vehicle is viewed from above, a joint portion 52 of the cover 48 and the lower side members 16 and 18 is provided. Therefore, in the present embodiment, when a side collision of the vehicle 12 occurs, the side collision load input to the lower side member 18 is transmitted to the battery case 32 side via the joint portion 52. Since the joint portion 52 is provided on the vehicle width direction extension line of the rib 46 when the vehicle is viewed from above, the side collision load transmitted to the battery case 32 side via the joint portion 52 is transmitted from one side wall 42 side to the rib 46 and then transmitted to the other side wall 40 side.

[0057] Thus, in the present embodiment, a transmission path from one lower side member 18 side to the other lower side member 16 side is ensured for the side collision load. In addition, by providing the joint portion 52 of the cover 48 and the lower side members 16 and 18 on the vehicle width direction extension line of the rib 46 when the vehicle is viewed from above, an effect of positioning the joint portion 52 can also be obtained.

[0058] In addition, the rib 46 is set to overlap with the EA portion 70 within the closed cross-sectional portion 66 of the lower side member 18 shown when the vehicle is viewed in side view. Therefore, it is configured such that the side collision load input when a side collision of the vehicle occurs can be reliably transmitted to the rib 46 side via the EA portion 70. Figure 4

[0059] Figure 3 In addition, in the present embodiment, as shown, ribs 56 and 58 are provided on the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32, and the ribs 56 and 58 are set to transmit the side collision load along the vehicle width direction with respect to the opposite sides in the vehicle width direction. Thus, by providing the ribs 56 and 58 on the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32, the rigidity of the battery case 32 itself can be enhanced as compared to the case where the ribs 56 and 58 are not provided. In addition, in the present embodiment, by providing a plurality of ribs 56 and 58, the side collision load can be dispersed.

[0060] In addition, as the ribs 56 and 58 provided on the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32, there are cases where the ribs 56 and 58 protrude upward from the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 toward the vehicle, and cases where the ribs 56 and 58 protrude downward from the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 toward the vehicle.

[0061] For example, as a comparative example, in the case where the ribs 72 and 74 protrude upward from the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 as shown in Figure 5 , the ribs 72 and 74 will be provided inside the battery case 32. Therefore, the ribs 72 and 74 will be provided between a pair of side walls 40 and 42 in the battery case 32 together with the rib 46. Thereby, the rigidity of the battery case 32 itself can be further improved.

[0062] On the other hand, in the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 3 , the ribs 56 and 58 protrude downward from the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 toward the vehicle. In this case, the ribs 56 and 58 will be provided outside the battery case 32. In the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 4 , the ribs 56 and 58 are set to overlap with the lower side members 16 and 18 when the vehicle is viewed from the side. Thereby, the load input in the vehicle width direction can be transmitted in the vehicle width direction to the opposite side in the vehicle width direction by the ribs 56 and 58.

[0063] Here, in the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 3 , the ribs 56 and 58 protrude downward from the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32 toward the vehicle. Therefore, compared with the case where the ribs 72 and 74 are provided in the storage portion 44 of the battery case 32 (refer to Figure 5 ), the volume of the storage portion 44 can be increased.

[0064] Therefore, in the present embodiment, the rigidity of the battery case 32 can be improved while ensuring the battery capacity. However, in the present invention, as shown in Figure 5 , there is also a structure in which the ribs 72 and 74 protrude upward from the bottom wall 34 of the battery case 32.

[0065] In addition, in the present embodiment, a coupling portion 52 is provided on the cover 48 that closes the storage portion 44 of the battery case 32. The floor is constituted by the cover 48. Thus, in the present embodiment, for example, although not shown as a comparative example, compared with the case where a floor panel is additionally provided above the cover 48, the number of parts can be reduced, and thus the working hours can also be reduced.

[0066] Supplementary Note

[0067] In addition, the following structures can be appropriately combined to form the battery pack structure according to the present invention.

[0068] Structure 1

[0069] In the battery pack structure, there are provided: a battery pack main body that houses battery cells in a state of being extended along the vehicle width direction and arranged along the vehicle longitudinal direction; a first rib member that is protrudingly provided along the vehicle width direction between the battery cells arranged along the vehicle longitudinal direction on the bottom wall forming a part of the battery pack main body and is spanned between a pair of side walls forming another part of the battery pack main body and extending along the vehicle longitudinal direction at both ends in the vehicle width direction; a coupling portion that is provided outside the side wall of the battery pack main body, is arranged on the extension line of the first rib member in the vehicle width direction when observing the vehicle from above, and is coupled to a lower side beam that forms a part of the vehicle frame and extends along the vehicle longitudinal direction at both outer sides in the vehicle width direction.

[0070] Structure 2

[0071] There is also provided a second rib member that is provided on the bottom wall of the battery pack main body and transmits a load input along the vehicle width direction to the opposite side in the vehicle width direction along the vehicle width direction.

[0072] Structure 3

[0073] The second rib member protrudes downward from the bottom wall of the battery pack main body toward the lower side in the vehicle vertical direction and is set to overlap with the lower side beam when observing the vehicle from the side.

[0074] Structure 4

[0075] The coupling portion is provided on a cover that closes the storage portion of the battery pack main body, and a floor is formed by the cover, and the floor forms a floor portion inside the vehicle compartment.

[0076] In addition, the present invention can be implemented with various modifications without departing from its gist. In addition, of course, the scope of rights of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments.

Claims

1. A battery pack structure, comprising: A battery pack main body that accommodates the battery cells in a state where the battery cells are extended in the vehicle width direction and arranged in the vehicle front-rear direction; a first rib that is provided on a bottom wall constituting a part of the battery pack body and is projected in the vehicle width direction between the battery cells arranged in the vehicle front-rear direction, and is bridged between a pair of side walls constituting another part of the battery pack body and extending in the vehicle front-rear direction at both ends in the vehicle width direction; A connecting portion is provided on the outer side of the side wall of the battery pack body and is arranged on the extension line of the first rib in the vehicle width direction when the vehicle is viewed from above, and is connected to a lower side beam that constitutes a part of the vehicle frame and extends along the vehicle front-rear direction at both outer sides in the vehicle width direction.

2. The battery pack structure according to claim 1, wherein: A second rib is further provided on the bottom wall of the battery pack body and transmits a load input in the vehicle width direction to the opposite side in the vehicle width direction in the vehicle width direction.

3. The battery pack structure according to claim 2, wherein: The second rib protrudes downward in the vehicle vertical direction from the bottom wall of the battery pack body and is provided so as to overlap with the rocker when the vehicle is viewed from the side.

4. The battery pack structure according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: The joint portion is provided on a cover that closes a storage portion of the battery pack body, and a floor is formed by the cover, and the floor forms a floor portion in a vehicle cabin.

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