A method for planting apples in saline-alkali land

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for planting apples in saline-alkali land, and belongs to the field of cultivation technology of fruit trees. The planting method comprises the following steps: surface salt scraping, lowering groundwater level, ridge repairing drainage ditch, flushing salt, soil improvement, digging and planting, laying fly ash organic fertilizer, fertilizer and water management, flower and fruit management, spraying anti-adversity preparation; the method for soil improvement is, when the soil is dried to a water content of 25-35%, composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tillage 20-30cm deep, and uniformly mixed with soil. The planting method can reduce the degree of soil salinization, improve the survival rate of apples in saline-alkali land, improve apple sugar content, and output is close to low salinity area; the survival rate of newly planted seedlings is 97.7-98.3%, and the fourth year after planting, the per mu yield of apples is 3400-3600 jin, and the apple sugar content is 14.8-15.5%.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for planting apples in saline-alkali land. Background Art

[0002] Saline-alkali land refers to land with a high soluble salt content and a high pH value, which hinders normal plant growth. Saline-alkali land has low organic matter content, low soil fertility, poor physical and chemical properties, a low cation exchange capacity, and a high concentration of anions and cations harmful to crops, making it difficult for crops to survive.

[0003] Apples are adaptable to a wide range of soils, and suitable soil types include loess, sandy loam, and loam with good permeability and strong water and fertilizer retention capabilities. The thickness of the soil layer suitable for economic apple cultivation should be no less than 60-80cm, preferably above 1m, and the groundwater level should be below 1m. Apples prefer fertile soil, and the organic matter content of high-quality apple orchard soil should be no less than 1%. Saline-alkali land, due to its high salt content, high pH value, low organic matter content, and easy compaction, makes it difficult for apple tree roots to absorb water and nutrients. At the same time, soil compaction will hinder root development, ultimately making it difficult for apple cultivation to grow normally.

[0004] CN114027078A discloses a method for planting arbors in coastal saline-alkali land, specifically comprising: (1) ridge cultivation, with ridge spacing of 4.0 m and 4.0 m-6.0 m, ridge height of 20-50 cm, and ridge width of 2.0 m; (2) setting drainage ditches, with main drainage ditches set on both sides of the orchard and secondary drainage ditches set in the middle of the fruit tree rows; (3) fruit tree planting, with fruit trees planted in the middle of the ridges; (4) orchard covering, with rice straw or wheat straw covering the ridges, and covering the rice straw or straw with horticultural ground cloth; (5) water and fertilizer management, with watering by micro-sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation; and fertilization before ridge formation and during the peak fruit-bearing period. By adopting this method, fruit trees such as apples, pears, cherries, peaches, etc. can grow normally without obvious salt damage. This method combines ridge cultivation and agricultural film covering. Although it can reduce salt and increase ground temperature, keep the water after watering from evaporating easily and improve the survival rate, it also has many disadvantages. The reason is that with the increase in ground temperature in summer, not only can the heat of the soil after covering with film not be dissipated, but the agricultural film enhances the absorption of heat, which can easily cause root burns and suffocation. In addition, when the water around the roots is exhausted, the agricultural film isolates the soil surface and cannot be exposed to rainwater supply, which also affects the development of the roots, affecting the survival rate of the seedlings and the later apple yield. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In response to the shortcomings of the existing technology, the present invention provides a method for growing apples in saline-alkali land, which can reduce the degree of soil salinization, improve the survival rate of apples in saline-alkali land, increase the sugar content of apples, and achieve a yield close to that of low-salinity areas.

[0006] To solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: a method for planting apples in saline-alkali land, comprising the following steps: scraping salt from the surface, lowering the groundwater level, ridge building and drainage ditch construction, flushing salt, improving the soil, digging pits for planting, laying fly ash-organic fertilizer, fertilizer and water management, flower and fruit management, and spraying stress resistance agents;

[0007] The surface salt scraping method is to use mechanical means to remove a 2-3 cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface of the saline-alkali land, which has accumulated a layer of salt crust due to evaporation.

[0008] The saline-alkali land has a salt content of 0.34-0.41% and a pH value of 7.8-8.0.

[0009] The method for lowering the groundwater level is to 2 Dig a drainage well 30-35m deep in the saline-alkali land and continuously pump water to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0010] The method of ridge-forming and drainage ditch-forming comprises: forming ridges on saline-alkali land, with a ridge width of 2-2.2m, a ridge height of 35-45cm, a ridge spacing of 3.5-4m, and a ridge length of 40-45m; digging drainage ditches at both ends of the ridges in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges, with a ditch depth of 1-1.2m and a width of 2-3m; and regularly clearing the gullies between the ridges and the drainage ditches to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching;

[0011] The gullies between ridges are connected to drainage ditches, and through irrigation or rainwater erosion, the surface salt is washed to the deep layer or discharged into the ditch, reducing the salt concentration in the planting layer.

[0012] The salt flushing method is to use drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation to directly pour water on the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt, and pour sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing water out of the orchard; this process is repeated 2-3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer is reduced to below 0.25%.

[0013] The soil improvement method comprises the following steps: when the soil is dried to a moisture content of 25-35%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 20-30 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil;

[0014] Every 667m 2 The masses of the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on saline-alkali land are 150-180 kg, 15-20 kg, 50-80 kg, 200-300 kg, 5-8 kg, and 2-5 kg, respectively;

[0015] The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.6-0.8 and a degree of polymerization of 500-700;

[0016] The preparation method of the composite conditioner comprises the following steps: mixing sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste, and lignin sulfonate, filtering to obtain a filter residue, mixing the filter residue with humic acid, adjusting the water content to 50-60%, heating the mixture to 55-60° C., adding desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid, and hydrogen peroxide, stirring the mixture under heat preservation for 2-3 hours, and drying and granulating the mixture to obtain the composite conditioner;

[0017] The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and lignin sulfonate is 100:30-40:6-10;

[0018] The lignin sulfonate is sodium lignin sulfonate or calcium lignin sulfonate;

[0019] The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:3-5:5-7:8-10:1-2.

[0020] Sawdust waste absorbs sugars, organic acids and other substances in sugar-making wastewater. Sawdust fibers and wastewater sugars form porous filter residues during the filter pressing process, which increases the specific surface area and enhances the mass transfer efficiency of subsequent reactions. After mixing with humic acid and adding desulfurized gypsum, calcium ions combine with the sulfonic acid group of lignin sulfonate and the carboxyl or phenolic hydroxyl group of humic acid through coordination to form a ternary complex. Sawdust fibers form stable aggregates with humic acid and lignin sulfonate, which can increase soil porosity.

[0021] During the soil improvement process, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose is compounded with calcium phosphate and applied. Cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose can form a three-dimensional cross-linked structure with the calcium ions released by calcium phosphate, which can not only wrap salt ions, but also slow down the dissolution rate of calcium phosphate and prolong the sustained release time of calcium ions. The cross-linked product of cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose and calcium ions can evenly wrap the surface of soil particles, enhance the adhesion between fine soil particles, promote the formation of large aggregates in the soil (particle size > 0.5mm), and improve the air permeability and water retention of the soil.

[0022] Polyaspartic acid absorbs salt ions and forms a protective layer, reducing direct contact between salt and soil particles and inhibiting crystallization; polyacrylamide can adjust the soil pore structure, improve water permeability, and accelerate salt leaching; bentonite absorbs sodium ions through ion exchange and reduces soil salinity; composite conditioners, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide work together to improve the structure of saline-alkali soil through the linkage mechanism of organic and inorganic materials. The soil structure is loose and not compacted, and the capillary channels for the upwelling of high-salt groundwater can be cut off, achieving short-term and long-term salt inhibition and reducing soil salinity.

[0023] The pit planting method comprises digging a 60 cm × 60 cm, 70 cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2-2.5 m between plants, first laying 10-12 cm of straw in the pit, and laying 5-8 cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw, planting the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, filling the planting pit with topsoil, and watering it thoroughly.

[0024] In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:0.8-1.2;

[0025] The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus officinalis that has been domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is the Fuji variety.

[0026] The method for laying fly ash-organic fertilizer is as follows: when the topsoil of 0-10 cm on the ridge is dried to a moisture content of 25-30%, the topsoil is loosened, and then a 5-8 cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer is laid on the surface, and mixed with the topsoil of 2-3 cm;

[0027] The fly ash-organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.3-0.5;

[0028] The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 10-20 μm.

[0029] In fly ash-organic fertilizer, the surface charge of the magnetized fly ash is rearranged, enhancing its adsorption capacity with organic molecules, forming a core-shell structure to reduce compaction; organic fertilizer provides a natural binder, which cooperates with the aluminosilicate in the magnetized fly ash to form stable aggregates and increase porosity; fly ash-organic fertilizer is mixed with the topsoil to form a loose structure and a protective layer, which cuts off the connection with the soil below the protective layer, effectively reducing water evaporation and achieving water conservation and salt inhibition.

[0030] The method of fertilizer and water management is to fertilize the fruit trees by applying base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar spraying, etc. according to factors such as the fruit tree variety, tree age, and growth; and to use drip irrigation or shower irrigation to water the fruit trees to avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges.

[0031] Each time you water, you must water enough, do not water halfway, and do not water frequently;

[0032] Due to the drought and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period for salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once a year in early May. Drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation is used to directly irrigate the top of the ridges, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard; this process is repeated 2-3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0033] The flower and fruit management method is to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees through artificial pollination during the flowering period; adopt a one-time flower thinning and fruit setting method on the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, use medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches to bear fruit, and from the separation of buds to the flowering period, thin out the side flowers in the inflorescence and retain the central flowers; and bag the fruits in mid-June, that is, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, using lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags.

[0034] The method for spraying the stress-resistant preparation comprises adding hydroxylated fullerene and betaine to water, ultrasonically dispersing for 10-15 minutes, then adding alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA, and ultrasonically dispersing for another 10-15 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution is diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits.

[0035] The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:400-500:300-500:200-300:100-200:800-1000;

[0036] The dilution multiple is 1000-1500;

[0037] The spraying amount of the anti-adversity preparation is 100-150L / mu;

[0038] The number of hydroxyl groups of the hydroxylated fullerene is 24-28;

[0039] The stress-resistant preparation contains hydroxylated fullerene, which can capture active oxygen, reduce oxidative damage caused by salt-alkali stress, and protect cell membrane lipids and protein structures. Hydroxylated fullerene can also bind to the cell membrane, stabilize the phospholipid bilayer, and reduce salt ions (such as Na + 、Cl - ) damage to the membrane, maintaining ion selective permeability; as an osmotic substance, it accumulates in the cell vacuole, reduces the cell water potential, promotes water absorption, alleviates the osmotic imbalance under salt stress, and competitively inhibits Na + influx, reducing the accumulation of salt ions in the cell while maintaining K + / Na +ratio to ensure enzyme activity; betaine and hydroxylated fullerene work synergistically to form a dual barrier of osmotic homeostasis and oxidative protection.

[0040] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0041] The planting method of the present invention can reduce the degree of soil salinization, improve soil permeability, solve the problem of soil compaction, reduce the evaporation of high-salt groundwater on the surface, improve the survival rate of apples in saline-alkali land, and increase apple yield and sugar content; the survival rate of newly planted seedlings is 97.7-98.3%, and the apple yield per mu in the fourth year after planting is 3,400-3,600 kilograms, and the apple sugar content is 14.8-15.5%. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In order to have a clearer understanding of the technical features, purposes and effects of the present invention, the specific embodiments of the present invention are now described.

[0043] Example 1

[0044] Preparation of composite conditioner

[0045] Sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste, and sodium lignin sulfonate were mixed and filtered to obtain a filter residue, which was then mixed with humic acid, the water content of which was adjusted to 50%, the temperature was raised to 55°C, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid, and hydrogen peroxide were added, the mixture was stirred and reacted for 3 hours, and the mixture was dried and granulated to obtain a composite conditioner;

[0046] The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and sodium lignin sulfonate is 100:30:6;

[0047] The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:3:5:8:1.

[0048] Example 2

[0049] Preparation of compound conditioner 2

[0050] Sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste, and sodium lignin sulfonate were mixed and filtered to obtain a filter residue, which was then mixed with humic acid, the water content of which was adjusted to 55%, the temperature was raised to 58°C, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid, and hydrogen peroxide were added, the mixture was stirred and reacted for 2.5 hours, and the mixture was dried and granulated to obtain a composite conditioner.

[0051] The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and sodium lignin sulfonate is 100:35:8;

[0052] The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:4:6:9:1.5.

[0053] Example 3

[0054] Preparation of compound conditioner 3

[0055] Sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste, and calcium lignin sulfonate were mixed and filtered to obtain a filter residue, which was then mixed with humic acid, the water content of which was adjusted to 60%, the temperature was raised to 60°C, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid, and hydrogen peroxide were added, the mixture was stirred and reacted for 2 hours, and the mixture was dried and granulated to obtain a composite conditioner;

[0056] The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and calcium lignin sulfonate is 100:40:10;

[0057] The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:5:7:10:2.

[0058] Example 4

[0059] Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land

[0060] The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.35-0.40% and the pH is 7.8-7.9.

[0061] Planting method:

[0062] (1) Surface salt scraping

[0063] Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0064] (2) Lowering the groundwater level

[0065] Every 1333m 2 A 30m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land, and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0066] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch construction

[0067] Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2m, a ridge height of 35cm, a ridge spacing of 3.5m, and a ridge length of 40m. Drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridges in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges, with a depth of 1m and a width of 2m. The ditches and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

[0068] (4) Salt flushing

[0069] Use drip irrigation to directly irrigate the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward, dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing water out of the orchard; this process is repeated twice to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0070] (5) Soil improvement

[0071] When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 25%, the compound conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 20 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil;

[0072] Every 667m 2 The masses of the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on the saline-alkali land were 150 kg, 15 kg, 50 kg, 200 kg, 5 kg, and 2 kg, respectively;

[0073] The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.6 and a degree of polymerization of 500;

[0074] The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 1.

[0075] (6) Digging holes for planting

[0076] Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2m between plants. First, lay 10cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 8cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and water it thoroughly.

[0077] In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:0.8;

[0078] The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus officinalis that has been domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is the Fuji variety.

[0079] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer

[0080] When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge is dry to 25% moisture content, loosen the topsoil and then lay a 5cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on it and mix it with the 2cm topsoil;

[0081] The fly ash-organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.3;

[0082] The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 10 μm.

[0083] (8) Fertilizer and water management

[0084] Fertilize fruit trees by applying base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying, depending on factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees. Use drip irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Ensure sufficient water is applied each time, and do not water halfway or frequently.

[0085] Due to the drought and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period for salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once a year in early May. Drip irrigation is used to directly irrigate the top of the ridges, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard; this process is repeated twice to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0086] (9) Flower and fruit management

[0087] During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit determination method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From the separation of buds to the flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0088] (10) Spraying anti-adversity agents

[0089] Hydroxylated fullerene and betaine were added to water, ultrasonically dispersed for 10 minutes, and then alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA were added, and ultrasonically dispersed for another 10 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution was diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits;

[0090] The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:400:300:200:100:800;

[0091] The dilution multiple is 1000;

[0092] The spraying amount of the anti-adversity preparation is 100L / mu;

[0093] The number of hydroxyl groups of the hydroxylated fullerene is 24.

[0094] The apples planted using the method of this embodiment had a survival rate of 98.3% for newly planted seedlings. The apple yield per mu in the third year after planting was 2,300 jin; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year was 3,400 jin, and the sugar content of the apples was 14.8%.

[0095] Example 5

[0096] Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land

[0097] The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.37-0.41%, and the pH is 7.8-8.0.

[0098] Planting method:

[0099] (1) Surface salt scraping

[0100] Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0101] (2) Lowering the groundwater level

[0102] Every 1333m 2 A 32m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0103] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch construction

[0104] Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2.1m, a ridge height of 40cm, a ridge spacing of 3.7m, and a ridge length of 42m. Drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridges in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges, with a depth of 1.1m and a width of 2.5m. The ditches and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

[0105] (4) Salt flushing

[0106] Use drip irrigation to directly irrigate the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward, dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing water out of the orchard; this process is repeated twice to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0107] (5) Soil improvement

[0108] When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 30%, the compound conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 25 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil;

[0109] Every 667m 2 The masses of composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on saline-alkali land were 160kg, 18kg, 60kg, 250kg, 7kg, and 4kg, respectively;

[0110] The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.7 and a degree of polymerization of 600;

[0111] The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 2.

[0112] (6) Digging holes for planting

[0113] Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2.2m between plants. First, lay 11cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 6cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and water it thoroughly.

[0114] In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:1;

[0115] The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus officinalis that has been domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is the Fuji variety.

[0116] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer

[0117] When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge has dried to a moisture content of 27%, loosen the topsoil and then lay a 6cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on it and mix it with the 2cm topsoil;

[0118] The fly ash-organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.4;

[0119] The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 15 μm.

[0120] (8) Fertilizer and water management

[0121] Fertilize fruit trees by applying base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying, depending on factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees. Use drip irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Ensure sufficient water is applied each time, and do not water halfway or frequently.

[0122] Due to the drought and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period for salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once a year in early May. Drip irrigation is used to directly irrigate the top of the ridges, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard; this process is repeated twice to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0123] (9) Flower and fruit management

[0124] During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit determination method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From the separation of buds to the flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0125] (10) Spraying anti-adversity agents

[0126] Hydroxylated fullerene and betaine were added to water, ultrasonically dispersed for 12 minutes, and then alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA were added, and ultrasonically dispersed for another 12 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution was diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits;

[0127] The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:450:400:250:150:900;

[0128] The dilution multiple is 1200;

[0129] The spraying amount of the anti-adversity preparation is 120L / mu;

[0130] The number of hydroxyl groups in the hydroxylated fullerene is 26.

[0131] The apples planted using the method of this embodiment had a survival rate of 98.1% for newly planted seedlings. The apple yield per mu in the third year after planting was 2,450 catties; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year was 3,500 catties, and the sugar content of the apples was 15.5%.

[0132] Example 6

[0133] Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land

[0134] The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.34-0.38%, and the pH is 7.7-7.8.

[0135] Planting method:

[0136] (1) Surface salt scraping

[0137] Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0138] (2) Lowering the groundwater level

[0139] Every 2000m 2 A 35m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0140] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch construction

[0141] Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2.2m, a ridge height of 45cm, a ridge spacing of 4m, and a ridge length of 45m. Drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridges in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges, with a depth of 1.2m and a width of 3m. The ditches and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

[0142] (4) Salt flushing

[0143] Use sprinkler irrigation to directly pour water on the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward, dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing water out of the orchard; this process is repeated 3 times to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0144] (5) Soil improvement

[0145] When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 35%, the compound conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 30 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil;

[0146] Every 667m 2 The masses of the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on the saline-alkali land were 180 kg, 20 kg, 80 kg, 300 kg, 8 kg, and 5 kg, respectively;

[0147] The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.8 and a degree of polymerization of 700;

[0148] The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 3.

[0149] (6) Digging holes for planting

[0150] Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2.5m between plants. First, lay 12cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 5cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and water it thoroughly.

[0151] In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:1.2;

[0152] The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus officinalis that has been domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is the Fuji variety.

[0153] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer

[0154] When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge has dried to 30% moisture content, loosen the topsoil and then lay an 8cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on it and mix it with the 3cm topsoil;

[0155] The fly ash-organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.5;

[0156] The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 20 μm.

[0157] (8) Fertilizer and water management

[0158] Fertilize fruit trees by applying base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying, depending on factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees. Use sprinkler irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Each time you water, you must water the trees fully, not halfway, and avoid frequent watering.

[0159] Due to the drought and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period for salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once a year in early May. Water is poured directly on the top of the ridge by sprinkling, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditch is connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard; this process is repeated 3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer is reduced to below 0.25%.

[0160] (9) Flower and fruit management

[0161] During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit determination method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From the separation of buds to the flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0162] (10) Spraying anti-adversity agents

[0163] Hydroxylated fullerene and betaine were added to water, ultrasonically dispersed for 15 minutes, and then alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA were added, and ultrasonically dispersed for another 15 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution was diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits;

[0164] The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:500:500:300:200:1000;

[0165] The dilution multiple is 1500;

[0166] The spraying amount of the anti-adversity preparation is 150L / mu;

[0167] The number of hydroxyl groups of the hydroxylated fullerene is 28.

[0168] The apples planted using the method of this embodiment had a survival rate of 97.7% for newly planted seedlings. The apple yield per mu in the third year after planting was 2,400 jin; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year was 3,600 jin, and the sugar content of the apples was 15.2%.

[0169] Example 7

[0170] Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land

[0171] The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.37-0.41%, and the pH is 7.8-8.0.

[0172] Planting method:

[0173] (1) Surface salt scraping

[0174] Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0175] (2) Lowering the groundwater level

[0176] Every 1333m 2 A 32m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0177] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch construction

[0178] Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2.1m, a ridge height of 40cm, a ridge spacing of 3.7m, and a ridge length of 42m. Drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridges in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges, with a depth of 1.1m and a width of 2.5m. The ditches and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

[0179] (4) Salt flushing

[0180] Use drip irrigation to directly irrigate the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward, dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing water out of the orchard; this process is repeated twice to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0181] (5) Soil improvement

[0182] When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 30%, the compound conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 25 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil;

[0183] Every 667m 2The masses of composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on saline-alkali land were 160kg, 18kg, 60kg, 250kg, 7kg, and 4kg, respectively;

[0184] The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.7 and a degree of polymerization of 600;

[0185] The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 2.

[0186] (6) Digging holes for planting

[0187] Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2.2m between plants. First, lay 11cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 6cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and water it thoroughly.

[0188] In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:1;

[0189] The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus officinalis that has been domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is the Fuji variety.

[0190] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer

[0191] When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge has dried to a moisture content of 27%, loosen the topsoil and then lay a 6cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on it and mix it with the 2cm topsoil;

[0192] The fly ash-organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.4;

[0193] The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 15 μm.

[0194] (8) Fertilizer and water management

[0195] Fertilize fruit trees by applying base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying, depending on factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees. Use drip irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Ensure sufficient water is applied each time, and do not water halfway or frequently.

[0196] Due to the drought and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period for salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once a year in early May. Drip irrigation is used to directly irrigate the top of the ridges, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard; this process is repeated twice to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0197] (9) Flower and fruit management

[0198] During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit determination method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From the separation of buds to the flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0199] The apples planted using the method of this embodiment had a survival rate of 96.2% for newly planted seedlings. The apple yield per mu in the third year after planting was 2,300 jin; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year was 3,200 jin, and the sugar content of the apples was 14.6%.

[0200] In Examples 4-7, water and fertilizer of the same quality were applied in the same manner, amount, and time.

[0201] In the fourth year, the per-acre yield and sugar content of apples were similar to those of apples of the same variety and age planted in low-salinity and alkalinity areas at the same latitude, 15-20 km away from the saline-alkali land planting base, and the per-acre yield was higher. The per-acre yield of Fuji apples in the low-salinity and alkalinity areas in the inland area was 3,900 kilograms, and the sugar content was 13.5%.

[0202] Finally, it should be noted that the above descriptions are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art will be able to modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments or substitute equivalents for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention shall be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for growing apples in saline-alkali land, characterized in that: The planting method comprises the following steps: scraping salt from the surface, lowering the groundwater level, building ridges and repairing drainage ditches, flushing salt, improving the soil, digging pits for planting, laying fly ash-organic fertilizer, managing fertilizer and water, managing flowers and fruits, and spraying stress resistance agents; The soil improvement method comprises the following steps: when the soil is dried to a moisture content of 25-35%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 20-30 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil; The composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, polyacrylamide, each 667m 2 The masses applied on saline-alkali land are 150-180kg, 15-20kg, 50-80kg, 200-300kg, 5-8kg, and 2-5kg respectively; The preparation method of the composite conditioner comprises the following steps: mixing sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste, and lignin sulfonate, filtering to obtain a filter residue, mixing the filter residue with humic acid, adjusting the water content to 50-60%, heating the mixture to 55-60° C., adding desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid, and hydrogen peroxide, stirring the mixture under heat preservation for 2-3 hours, and drying and granulating the mixture to obtain the composite conditioner; The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and lignin sulfonate is 100:30-40:6-10; The lignin sulfonate is sodium lignin sulfonate or calcium lignin sulfonate; The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid, and hydrogen peroxide is 20:3-5:5-7:8-10:1-2; The method for spraying the stress-resistant preparation comprises adding hydroxylated fullerene and betaine to water, ultrasonically dispersing for 10-15 minutes, then adding alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA, and ultrasonically dispersing for another 10-15 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution is diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits. The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:400-500:300-500:200-300:100-200:800-1000; The dilution multiple is 1000-1500.

2. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for laying fly ash-organic fertilizer is as follows: when the topsoil of 0-10 cm on the ridge is dried to a moisture content of 25-30%, the topsoil is loosened, and then a 5-8 cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer is laid on the surface, and mixed with the topsoil of 2-3 cm; The fly ash-organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.3-0.5; The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 10-20 μm.

3. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, wherein: The salt flushing method is to use drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation to directly pour water on the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt, and pour sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing water out of the orchard; this process is repeated 2-3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer is reduced to below 0.25%.

4. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, wherein: The method for lowering the groundwater level is to 2 Dig a drainage well 30-35m deep in the saline-alkali land and continuously pump water to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

5. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, wherein: The method of ridge-making and drainage ditch-making is as follows: ridge-making on saline-alkali land, with a ridge width of 2-2.2m, a ridge height of 35-45cm, a ridge spacing of 3.5-4m, and a ridge length of 40-45m; drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridge in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridge, with a ditch depth of 1-1.2m and a width of 2-3m; and the gullies between the ridges and the drainage ditches are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

6. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pit planting method comprises digging a 60 cm × 60 cm, 70 cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2-2.5 m between plants, first laying 10-12 cm of straw in the pit, and laying 5-8 cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw, planting the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, filling the planting pit with topsoil, and watering it thoroughly. The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, and the rootstock is Malus multiflora that has been acclimated in saline-alkali land.