Low-GI coarse cereal bean meal replacement powder and application thereof

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of health food materials, and particularly relates to low-GI coarse cereal bean meal replacement powder and application thereof. The formula of the low-G I coarse cereal bean meal replacement powder comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 23.612 parts of pouch bean powder, 13.524 parts of red bean powder, 3.998 parts of Chinese wolfberry fruits, 15 parts of oat powder, 15 parts of coix seed powder, 15 parts of quinoa powder and 14 parts of flaxseed powder. The invention explores the influence of the low-G I coarse cereal bean meal replacement powder on glycolipid metabolism and inflammatory factors of rats suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. After the coarse cereal bean meal replacement powder is taken, the fasting blood glucose level of rats suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus is obviously reduced, the insulin level is obviously increased, the glucagon and glycosylated hemoglobin levels are obviously reduced, and the insulin resistance is obviously improved; the TC, TG and LDL-c levels of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus are obviously reduced, the HDL-c level is obviously increased, and the dyslipidemia is obviously improved; the inflammatory response and liver and kidney functions of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus are obviously improved. Therefore, the low-G I coarse cereal bean meal replacement powder has good effects of controlling blood sugar and blood fat.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of health food materials, and particularly relates to a low GI miscellaneous grain and bean meal replacement powder and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] With the improvement of health awareness and the accelerated pace of life, meal replacement products, especially low glycemic index (GI) meal replacement powders, have rapidly emerged in the market. The low glycemic index (GI) grain meal replacement powders currently on the market mainly use a variety of natural ingredients to ensure nutritional balance and functionality. The basis of these meal replacement powders usually includes whole grains and grains such as oats, quinoa, brown rice and buckwheat, which provide rich dietary fiber and complex carbohydrates, help slowly release energy and stabilize blood sugar levels. In addition, beans such as lentils, black beans and chickpeas are widely used because their high protein and high fiber content not only delays the absorption of carbohydrates, but also promotes intestinal health. Overall, low GI meal replacement powders, through the careful combination of a variety of natural ingredients, not only effectively control blood sugar levels, but also provide comprehensive nutritional support to meet the health needs and taste preferences of different groups of people. Although the low GI meal replacement powders on the market currently have a certain diversity in the selection of raw materials, mainly concentrated in grains and beans, such as oats, quinoa, lentils and black beans, the overall formula is still single, which limits the further improvement of its nutrition and functionality. In addition, this type of meal replacement powder is usually expensive, and the taste and flavor of some products are unsatisfactory, which affects consumers' long-term use experience. Long-term reliance on meal replacement powder may also lead to nutritional imbalance and intestinal health problems because it lacks certain micronutrients and diverse fibers in natural foods. In addition, some products contain artificial sweeteners and additives, which may have potential negative effects on health, and some consumers are at risk of allergies or intolerance to certain ingredients. In order to overcome these shortcomings, we urgently need to explore and introduce new raw materials. To this end, the present invention proposes a low-GI miscellaneous grain and bean meal replacement powder with the effect of controlling blood sugar and its application. Summary of the invention

[0003] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0004] A low GI miscellaneous grain and bean meal replacement powder, the formula of the low GI miscellaneous grain and bean meal replacement powder comprising, by mass, 23.612 parts of pear bean powder, 13.524 parts of red bean powder, 3.998 parts of wolfberry, 15 parts of oatmeal powder, 15 parts of coix seed powder, 15 parts of quinoa powder and 14 parts of flaxseed powder.

[0005] A method for exploring the effect of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder on a T2DM rat model, the method comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1. Male SPF SD rats were fed normally, then weighed and recorded. A group of rats fed with ordinary feed were selected as the normal control group. The remaining mice were modeled as type 2 diabetic rats. The type 2 diabetic rats were divided into model control group, positive control group, low-dose intervention group, medium-dose intervention group and high-dose intervention group.

[0007] S2. The model control group was fed a high-fat diet, the positive control group was fed a high-fat diet + 1% metformin hydrochloride, the low-dose intervention group was fed a high-fat diet + 20% low-GI grain and bean meal replacement powder; the medium-dose intervention group was fed a high-fat diet + 40% low-GI grain and bean meal replacement powder; the high-dose intervention group was fed a high-fat diet + 60% low-GI grain and bean meal replacement powder;

[0008] S3. After the six groups of rats were fed for 8 weeks, the rats in each group were fasted but not watered for 12 hours and then weighed; after the rats were anesthetized, blood was collected through the femoral artery, and the blood was allowed to stand at room temperature. The blood was centrifuged, and the clear serum on the upper layer was taken and stored in a refrigerator; the rats were killed by cervical dislocation after blood was collected through the femoral artery, and the liver, kidney and pancreas of the rats were immediately dissected; the same parts of the liver, kidney and pancreas of the rats in each group were taken and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for subsequent pathological detection, and the feces were taken and placed in cryopreservation tubes, which were frozen with liquid nitrogen and stored in a refrigerator;

[0009] S4. Measure the relevant indicators of rats, including: body weight changes, fasting blood glucose levels, serum component analysis, and pathological indicator detection of the liver, kidney, and pancreas.

[0010] Furthermore, the construction of the type 2 diabetes rat model is specifically as follows: 10 mg / mL streptozotocin aqueous solution is prepared with 0.1 mL of sodium citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5; after the rats have fasted for 12 hours, the streptozotocin aqueous solution is intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 35 mg / kg; the blood glucose of the rats is randomly measured at 3 days and 7 days after the intraperitoneal injection; rats with random blood glucose ≥16.7 mmol / L are determined to be type 2 diabetes rat models.

[0011] Furthermore, the serum components specifically include insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, free fatty acids, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea nitrogen, creatinine, tumor growth factor, transforming growth factor, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β in serum.

[0012] Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for reducing FBG level in patients with type 2 diabetes.

[0013] Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for improving insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.

[0014] Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for improving abnormal lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes.

[0015] Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for improving inflammatory response in patients with type 2 diabetes.

[0016] Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for alleviating liver damage in patients with type 2 diabetes.

[0017] Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for alleviating kidney damage in patients with type 2 diabetes.

[0018] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0019] 1. Existing low GI meal replacement powders are mainly concentrated in grains and beans, with relatively simple raw materials and limited nutritional content. This invention enriches the nutritional structure of meal replacement powders and enhances its functionality by introducing purse beans, a special raw material rich in high-quality protein, dietary fiber and a variety of minerals. In addition, the combination of a variety of grains and beans further improves the comprehensiveness of nutrition and meets the health needs of different consumers.

[0020] 2. Through animal experiments, we explored the effects of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder on glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory factors in T2DM rats. The study found that after consuming grain and bean meal replacement powder, the fasting blood glucose level of T2DM rats decreased significantly, the insulin level increased significantly, the glucagon and glycosylated hemoglobin levels decreased significantly, and the insulin resistance was significantly improved; the TC, TG and LDL-c levels of T2DM rats decreased significantly, the HDL-c level increased significantly, and the abnormal lipid metabolism was significantly improved; in addition, the inflammatory response and liver and kidney function of T2DM rats were significantly improved. This shows that low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder has a good effect on controlling blood sugar and blood lipids. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, for ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a flow chart of the animal experiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 The weight changes of rats in each group during the intervention period of the present invention; Note: (A) The weight-time change curve of rats in each group during the intervention period; (B) The weight gain of rats in each group; All data are in indicates, n = 9; different letters in the same series indicate statistically significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05);

[0024] Figure 3 This is the food intake-time change curve of each group of rats during the intervention period of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 4 This is the fasting blood glucose-time change curve of each group of rats during the intervention period of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 5 The OGTT test results of rats in each group of the present invention; Note: (A) OGTT blood glucose-time curve of rats in each group; (B) Area under the OGTT blood glucose curve of rats in each group; All data are expressed as indicates, n = 9; different letters in the same series indicate statistically significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05);

[0027] Figure 6 For the present invention Figure 3-6 Glucose metabolism indicators of rats in each group after the intervention; Note: (A) Serum INS of rats in each group; (B) Glucagon of rats in each group; (C) GLP-1 of rats in each group; (D) Hb1Ac of rats in each group; All data are expressed as indicates, n = 9; different letters in the same series indicate statistically significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05);

[0028] Figure 7 The lipid metabolism indexes of rats in each group after the intervention of the present invention; Note: (A) serum TC of rats in each group; (B) TG of rats in each group; (C) HDL-c of rats in each group; (D) LDL-c of rats in each group; (D) NEFA of rats in each group; All data are expressed as indicates, n = 9; different letters in the same series indicate statistically significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05);

[0029] Figure 8 Inflammatory factor indexes of rats in each group after the intervention of the present invention; Note: (A) Serum TNF-α of rats in each group; (B) TGF-β of rats in each group; (C) IL-6 of rats in each group; (D) IL-1β of rats in each group; All data are expressed as indicates, n = 9; different letters in the same series indicate statistically significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05);

[0030] Fig. 9 The liver index and serum liver function index of each group of rats after the intervention of the present invention; Note: (A) liver index of each group of rats; (B) ALT of each group of rats; (C) AST of each group of rats; All data are expressed as indicates, n = 9; different letters in the same series indicate statistically significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05);

[0031] Fig.10 HE staining of liver tissue of rats in each group of the present invention;

[0032] Fig.11 The renal index and serum renal function index of each group of rats after the intervention of the present invention; Note: (A) renal index of each group of rats; (B) BUN of each group of rats; (C) CRE of each group of rats; All data are expressed as indicates, n = 9; different letters in the same series indicate statistically significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05);

[0033] Fig.12 HE staining of kidney tissues of rats in each group of the present invention;

[0034] Fig.13 HE staining of pancreatic tissue of rats in each group of the present invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0036] 1.1 Test samples

[0037] A low GI miscellaneous grain and bean meal replacement powder, the formula of which comprises, by mass, 23.612 parts of puff bean powder, 13.524 parts of red bean powder, 3.998 parts of wolfberry, 15 parts of oatmeal powder, 15 parts of coix seed powder, 15 parts of quinoa powder and 14 parts of flaxseed powder.

[0038] 1.2 Reagents and consumables, see Table 1.

[0039] Table 1: Reagents and consumables required for the experiment

[0040]

[0041]

[0042] 1.3 Instruments and equipment, see Table 2.

[0043] Table 2: Instruments and equipment required for the experiment

[0044]

[0045] 1.4 Experimental animals

[0046] 60 male SPF-grade SD rats, weighing 100 g, were purchased from Sibeifu (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., production license number: SCXK (Su) 2022-0006, quality certificate number: A202405270482. Rats were raised in the Experimental Animal Center of Dingjiaqiao Campus of Southeast University, use license number: SYXK (Su) 2021-0022. Breeding temperature: 20℃~26℃, relative humidity: 40%~70%. 12-hour day and night cycle, cage feeding (4 / cage), all animals have free access to food and water. This experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Review Committee of Southeast University, approval number: 20240520002.

[0047] 1.5 Test methods

[0048] 1.5.1 Construction of T2DM rat model

[0049] After 7 days of adaptive feeding, 10 SD rats were randomly selected according to their body weight and enrolled in the normal control group (NC group) and fed with ordinary feed. The remaining rats were used as the modeling group and fed with a high-fat diet with a fat energy supply ratio of 45% for 4 weeks.

[0050] 1.5.1.1 Preliminary experiment

[0051] After 4 weeks of feeding, the rats were fasted for 12 hours, weighed, and fasting blood sugar was measured. Twelve rats were selected according to their body weight and divided into 3 groups, with 4 rats in each group, for a preliminary experiment. A 10 mg / mL streptozotocin (STZ) aqueous solution was prepared with 0.1 mL of sodium citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5. After the three groups of rats fasted for 12 hours, STZ aqueous solution was intraperitoneally injected at doses of 30 mg / kg, 35 mg / kg, and 40 mg / kg, respectively. Blood sugar of the rats was randomly measured 3 days and 7 days after intraperitoneal injection. Rats with random blood sugar ≥16.7 mmol / L were judged to have successfully established the model.

[0052] 1.5.1.2 Construction of T2DM rat model

[0053] According to the results of the preliminary experiment, the rats in the modeling group were fasted for 12 hours and then intraperitoneally injected with STZ aqueous solution at a dose of 35 mg / kg. Blood glucose of the rats was randomly measured on days 3 and 7 after intraperitoneal injection. Rats with random blood glucose ≥16.7 mmol / L twice were selected as animal models of type 2 diabetes.

[0054] 1.5.2 Rats grouping and intervention methods

[0055] The successfully modeled T2DM rats were randomly divided into 5 groups according to FBG and body weight, namely, model control group (MC group), positive control group (PC group), low-dose intervention group (LD), medium-dose intervention group (MD) and high-dose intervention group (HD), with 10 rats in each group. The experimental period was 8 weeks, body weight was measured once a week, FBG was measured once every 2 weeks, bedding was changed once a day, and food intake and drinking water were changed 3 to 4 times a week. For specific experimental animal grouping and intervention conditions, see Figure 1 .

[0056] 1.5.3 Experimental animal feed configuration

[0057] All feed processing for this experiment was entrusted to Jiangsu Collaborative Pharmaceutical Bioengineering Co., Ltd. Rats in the NC group were fed with ordinary feed, rats in the MC group were fed with high-fat feed, and rats in the PC group were fed with high-fat feed supplemented with 1% metformin hydrochloride. The dosage of low-GI grain and bean meal replacement powder is determined according to the functional inspection and evaluation method of health food, and is determined according to 5 times, 10 times, and 15 times the dietary fiber intake (30g / d) recommended in the "2023 Edition of the Dietary Reference Intake of Chinese Residents". Taking 40% of the meal replacement powder to replace high-fat feed as an example, it is converted into the total amount of dietary fiber required for each rat per day at 10 times the recommended dose. By calculating the content of carbohydrates, fat, protein and energy in this part of the meal replacement powder, the corresponding nutrient proportion in the high-fat feed is replaced to ensure that the feeds of each group are balanced and comparable in terms of energy, macronutrients and functional ratios. See Table 3 for specific feed ratios.

[0058] Table 3 Experimental animal feed formula

[0059]

[0060] 1.5.4 Anatomical sampling

[0061] After 8 weeks of intervention, rats in each group were fasted for 12 hours but not water, and then weighed. After anesthesia, blood was collected from the femoral artery of the rats, and the blood was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. The blood was centrifuged (4°C, 3500r / min, 15min), and the upper clear serum was taken and stored in a -80°C refrigerator.

[0062] The rats were killed by cervical dislocation after blood was taken from the femoral artery, and the liver, kidney, pancreas, etc. were immediately dissected. The same parts of the liver, kidney, and pancreas of the rats in each group were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for subsequent pathological examination. 2 to 3 feces were placed in a cryopreservation tube, frozen with liquid nitrogen, and stored in a -80℃ refrigerator.

[0063] 1.5.5 Observation indicators and detection methods

[0064] 1.5.5.1 Basic physiological indicators

[0065] During the experiment, the rats' mental state, behavioral activities and coat color were observed every day for abnormalities; the rats' food intake was recorded every day; the rats were fasted for 12 hours but not water for 7 days and then weighed, and the changes in the rats' weight were recorded.

[0066] 1.5.5.2 Fasting blood glucose

[0067] During the experiment, the fasting blood glucose level of each group of rats was measured every 2 weeks. After fasting for 12 hours, the rats in each group were tail-clipped for blood sampling. The blood glucose level was tested using a Roche Excellence blood glucose meter and matching blood glucose test strips. After the blood sampling, cotton balls were used to stop bleeding and iodine was used to disinfect the rat tails.

[0068] 1.5.5.3 Oral glucose tolerance test

[0069] At the end of the experiment, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on rats. After fasting for 12 hours, rats in each group were gavaged with 2.5 g / kg of 50% glucose solution. Blood was collected from the tip of the tail at 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min after gavage, and the blood glucose level was measured using a blood glucose meter, and the area under the blood glucose curve (AUC) was calculated using the following formula:

[0070]

[0071] Where: C i and C i+1 is the blood glucose concentration at time i and time i+1; T i and T i+1 is the time between the i-th time point and the i+1-th time point; n is the total number of time points.

[0072] 1.5.5.4 Analysis of serum components

[0073] Serum levels of insulin (INS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucagon (Glucagon), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), free fatty acids (NEFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Scr), tumor growth factor (TNF-α), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected using ELISA kits or biochemical kits. All indicators were measured according to the instructions of the kits.

[0074] 1.5.5.5 Organ Index

[0075] Rats were dissected and the liver, kidneys and pancreas were removed. They were washed with saline, dried with filter paper and weighed. The organ index was calculated as follows:

[0076]

[0077] 1.5.5.6 Pathological index detection

[0078] Rats were dissected, livers, kidneys, and pancreas were removed, and the specimens were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Paraffin-embedded specimens were prepared for routine pathological sections, and HE staining was performed to observe pathological histological changes under an optical microscope. S360 imaging system for filming.

[0079] 1.5.6 Statistical analysis

[0080] The data results are (Normal Distribution) or Median(P 25 , P 75 ) (non-normal distribution). One-way analysis of variance or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between the groups, and Duncan's method (equal variance) or Dunnett's T method (unequal variance) was used for post hoc multiple comparisons. The statistical analysis software was IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. P < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

[0081] 2. Results Analysis

[0082] 2.1 Results of basic physiological indicators of rats in each group

[0083] During the experiment, rats in the NC group showed normal physiological state, agile movements, quick reactions, good mental state, and normal food intake, water intake, urine output, and defecation output. Rats in the MC group gradually became depressed and unresponsive, accompanied by symptoms of polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss. In contrast, rats in the PC, LD, MD, and HD groups showed varying degrees of improvement in the above manifestations as the intervention progressed.

[0084] 2.1.1 Body weight changes of rats in each group

[0085] From Table 4 and Figure 2It can be seen that before rats were fed a high-fat diet to construct a T2DM model, there was no significant difference in the body weight of rats in each group (p>0.05). Before the intervention, the body weights of rats in the MC, PC, LD, MD and HD groups were at the same level (p>0.05), which were significantly lower than those in the NC group (p<0.05). During the intervention, the body weight of rats in the NC group increased steadily, while the body weights of rats in the other groups increased slowly and fluctuated, and there was no significant difference in the body weights of rats in the other groups except the NC group during the same period (p>0.05). After the intervention, the weight gain of rats in the MC group was the lowest, only 16.00±24.62g, which was significantly lower than that in the NC group (p<0.05). Compared with the MC group, the body weight and weight gain of rats in the three intervention groups, the LD group, the MD group and the HD group, were higher after the intervention, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

[0086] Table 4 Changes in body weight of rats in each group during the intervention period

[0087]

[0088] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0089] 2.1.2 Changes in food intake of rats in each group

[0090] Depend on Figure 3 It can be seen that during the intervention period, the overall trend of food intake of rats in each group was stable. In general, due to the side effect of metformin reducing appetite, the food intake of rats in the PC group was significantly lower than that of rats in other groups during the same period (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in food intake between rats in other groups during the same period (p > 0.05).

[0091] 2.2 Fasting blood glucose changes in rats in each group

[0092] From Table 5 and Figure 4It can be seen that before the intervention, there was no significant difference in FBG between the rats in the MC group, PC group, LD group, MD group and HD group (p>0.05), and all of them were significantly lower than that in the NC group (p<0.05). During the entire intervention period, the FBG of the rats in the MC group and the NC group remained stable, and the FBG of the rats in the MC group was significantly higher than that in the NC group (p<0.05), and the FBG of the rats in the other groups gradually decreased. Compared with the MC group, the FBG of the rats in the HD group was significantly reduced after 2 weeks of intervention (p<0.05); after 4 weeks of intervention, the FBG of the rats in the PC group, MD group and HD group was significantly reduced (p<0.05); after 8 weeks of intervention, the FBG of the rats in all intervention groups was significantly reduced (p<0.05). It shows that metformin and low GI grain bean meal replacement powder can reduce the FBG level of T2DM rats to a certain extent. At the same time, with the increase of intervention dose, after the intervention, the FBG of rats in the LD group, MD group and HD group became lower, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

[0093] Table 5 Changes of fasting blood glucose in rats in each group during the intervention period

[0094]

[0095] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0096] 2.3 OGTT test results of rats in each group

[0097] From Table 6 and Figure 5 It can be seen that in the OGTT test, the blood glucose level of rats in the NC group reached a peak at 30 minutes, and then gradually returned to normal values, and the overall blood glucose-time curve was relatively flat. Compared with the NC group, the blood glucose level of rats in the MC group reached a peak at 60 minutes, and then decreased, but the downward trend was slow, and there was still no obvious decline at 120 minutes, and the blood glucose level and AUC value at each time point were significantly increased (p < 0.05).

[0098] At 0min, the blood glucose levels of rats in the PC, LD, MD and HD groups were significantly lower than those in the MC group (p<0.05); within 15-60min, the blood glucose levels of rats in the four groups gradually increased, reaching a peak at 60min, and there was no significant difference between them and the MC group (p>0.05); then the blood glucose levels of rats in the four groups gradually decreased. At 120min, the blood glucose levels of rats in the PC group dropped significantly, while the blood glucose levels of rats in the LD, MD and HD groups were still not significantly different from those in the MC group (p>0.05). The AUC value of the PC group was significantly lower than that of the MC group (p<0.05), while the AUC values ​​of the LD, MD and HD groups were not significantly different from those in the MC group (p>0.05).

[0099] Table 6 Blood glucose values ​​and area under the blood glucose curve of rats at each time point

[0100]

[0101]

[0102] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0103] 2.4 Results of serum indexes of rats in each group

[0104] 2.4.1 Sugar metabolism index

[0105] Serum insulin (INS) is a protein hormone secreted by pancreatic β cells. It plays a key role in regulating blood sugar balance in the human body. Figure 6 It can be seen that compared with the NC group, the INS level of rats in the MC group was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), indicating that the pancreatic β cell function of T2DM rats gradually declined and the insulin secretion gradually decreased. Compared with the MC group, the INS level of rats in the PC group, MD group and HD group was significantly increased (p < 0.05), indicating that metformin intervention and low GI grain bean meal replacement powder intervention can improve the insulin resistance of T2DM rats.

[0106] Table 7: Glucose metabolism indexes of rats in each group after intervention

[0107]

[0108] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0109] 2.4.2 Lipid metabolism indicators

[0110] From Table 8 and Figure 7 It can be seen that compared with the NC group, the TC, TG, LDL-c, and NEFA levels of the rats in the MC group were significantly increased, and the HDL-c level was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), indicating that T2DM rats had abnormal lipid metabolism. Compared with the MC group, the TC, TG, LDL-c, and NEFA levels of the rats in the PC group were significantly decreased, and the HDL-c level was significantly increased (p < 0.05), indicating that metformin intervention can improve dyslipidemia in T2DM rats.

[0111] Compared with the MC group, the levels of various lipid metabolism indicators in the HD group were significantly different, the TG and LDL-c levels in the MD group were significantly reduced, and the HDL-c level was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the levels of various lipid metabolism indicators in the LD group. In general, the results show that 40% and 60% low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder can improve the abnormal lipid metabolism of T2DM rats to a certain extent.

[0112] Table 8: Lipid metabolism indexes of rats in each group after the intervention

[0113]

[0114] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0115] 2.4.3 Inflammatory indicators

[0116] From Table 9 and Figure 8 It can be seen that compared with the NC group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the MC group were significantly increased, and the level of TGF-β was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), indicating that T2DM rats had obvious inflammatory response. Compared with the MC group, the levels of various inflammatory factors in the PC and HD groups were significantly different. Except for the TNF-α level, there was no significant difference in the MD and LD groups. The other inflammatory indicators were different to varying degrees (p < 0.05), indicating that the intervention of low GI grain bean meal replacement powder can improve the inflammatory response of T2DM rats to a certain extent.

[0117] Table 9: Inflammatory factor indexes of rats in each group after intervention

[0118]

[0119] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0120] 2.5 Changes in liver function of rats in each group

[0121] 2.5.1 Liver Index

[0122] From Table 10 and Fig. 9 As shown in Figure A, compared with the NC group, the liver index of the rats in the MC group increased significantly (p < 0.05), indicating that T2DM rats had obvious liver swelling. Compared with the MC group, the liver index of the rats in the PC group, MD group and HD group decreased significantly (p < 0.05), indicating that feeding metformin and low GI grain bean meal replacement powder can alleviate the liver damage caused by diabetes to a certain extent.

[0123] 2.5.2 Serum liver function indexes

[0124] Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are important transaminases present in liver cells and can be used as the main sensitive indicators for evaluating the degree of liver cell damage. Fig. 9 It can be seen that compared with the NC group, the ALT and AST levels of rats in the MC group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). After the intervention, compared with the MC group, the ALT and AST levels of rats in the PC group and HD group decreased to a certain extent (p < 0.05), indicating that metformin and 60% low GI grain bean meal replacement powder intervention can improve T2DM-induced rat liver damage to a certain extent. The ALT and AST levels of 20% and 40% low GI grain bean meal replacement powder decreased to a certain extent compared with the MC group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

[0125] Table 10: Liver index and serum liver function index of rats in each group after intervention

[0126]

[0127] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0128] 2.5.3 Liver tissue pathological analysis

[0129] like Fig.10As shown in the figure, the hepatocytes of rats in the NC group had regular morphology, clear outlines, cell nuclei located in the center of the cells, and uniform chromatin. The hepatic sinusoids had normal structure, and no obvious inflammatory cell infiltration; compared with the NC group, some hepatocytes in the MC group were swollen, enlarged, and lightly stained with cytoplasm, and vacuoles of varying sizes appeared in some hepatocytes, and fat accumulation appeared. The hepatic sinusoids were dilated and increased in number, with a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration; compared with the MC group, no swelling and vacuoles were found in the hepatocytes of rats in the PC group, and the hepatic sinusoids returned to normal without inflammatory cell infiltration; compared with the MC group, the symptoms of rats in the intervention group fed with low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder were significantly improved, mainly manifested in a significant decrease in hepatocyte swelling and vacuoles, and a reduction in hepatic sinusoid dilation. Except for the LD group, which was accompanied by mild inflammatory cell infiltration, the inflammatory cell infiltration in the MD and HD groups was significantly improved. This shows that T2DM rats have mild liver damage, and intervention with low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder can significantly improve liver pathology.

[0130] 2.6 Changes in renal function of rats in each group

[0131] 2.6.1 Renal Index

[0132] From Table 11 and Fig.11 As shown in Figure A, compared with the NC group, the renal index of rats in the MC group increased significantly (p < 0.05), indicating that T2DM rats had obvious renal swelling. Compared with the MC group, the renal index of rats in the PC group decreased significantly (p < 0.05), indicating that metformin intervention can alleviate diabetes-induced renal damage to a certain extent. The liver index of rats in the LD, MD and HD groups decreased to a certain extent compared with the MC group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

[0133] 2.6.2 Serum renal function indexes

[0134] Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is the main end product of protein metabolism in the human body, and blood creatinine (CRE) is the product of muscle metabolism in the human body. Both are important indicators of renal function. Fig.11 It can be seen that compared with the NC group, the BUN and CRE levels of rats in the MC group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). After the intervention, compared with the MC group, the BUN and CRE levels of rats in the PC group decreased to a certain extent (p < 0.05), indicating that metformin intervention can improve the renal damage of rats caused by T2DM. Compared with the MC group, the BUN level of rats in the HD group was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and the CRE levels of rats in the MD and HD groups were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), indicating that 40% and 60% low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder intervention can improve the renal damage caused by T2DM rats to a certain extent.

[0135] Table 11: Renal index and serum renal function index of rats in each group after intervention

[0136]

[0137]

[0138] Note: All data are in Indicates, n=9; different letters in the same series represent statistically significant differences among different groups (p<0.05).

[0139] 2.6.3 Renal tissue pathology analysis

[0140] like Fig.12 As shown in the figure, the glomerular structure of rats in the NC group was intact, the basement membrane was uniform and consistent, without obvious thickening, and the mesangial cells and matrix were normal without hyperplasia. The tubular epithelial cells were regular in morphology and neatly arranged, and the tubular lumen was clear without obvious dilation or stenosis. Compared with the NC group, the glomeruli of rats in the MC group showed segmental mesangial hyperplasia, increased number of mesangial cells, and unclear capillary structure. The renal tubules were atrophied, reduced in size, narrowed or disappeared, and accompanied by obvious inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with the MC group, the symptoms of glomerular mesangial hyperplasia, tubular atrophy, tubular stenosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in rats in the PC, LD, MD, and HD groups were improved to varying degrees.

[0141] 2.7 Results of pancreatic tissue pathological analysis of rats in each group

[0142] like Fig.13 As shown in the figure, the pancreatic tissue structure of rats in the NC group was intact and clearly demarcated. The pancreatic islets were round or oval cell clusters with light staining, scattered between the acinus. The acinar cells were pyramidal and arranged tightly and neatly. Compared with the NC group, the pancreatic lesions of rats in the MC group were obvious, the islets were irregular in shape, atrophied, reduced in size or even disappeared, with blurred boundaries, and some islet cells were swollen and necrotic. The acinar cells were disorderly arranged and atrophied. Compared with the MC group, the pathology of rats in the LD group was not significantly improved, and the symptoms of atrophy, reduction in size and blurred boundaries of the islets, and atrophy of acinar cells in rats in the PC, MD and HD groups were improved to varying degrees.

[0143] In the description of this specification, the description with reference to the terms "one embodiment", "example", "specific example", etc. means that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic representation of the above terms does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described can be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner.

[0144] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the above embodiments and descriptions are only for explaining the principles of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention may have various changes and improvements, and these changes and improvements all fall within the scope of the present invention to be protected.

Claims

1. A low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder, characterized in that: The formula of the low GI whole grain and bean meal replacement powder comprises, by mass, 23.612 parts of pear bean powder, 13.524 parts of red bean powder, 3.998 parts of wolfberry, 15 parts of oatmeal powder, 15 parts of coix seed powder, 15 parts of quinoa powder and 14 parts of flaxseed powder.

2. A method for exploring the effect of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder on T2DM rat model, characterized in that: The method of action comprises the following steps: S1. Male SPF SD rats were fed normally, then weighed and recorded. A group of rats fed with ordinary feed were selected as the normal control group. The remaining rats were modeled as type 2 diabetic rats. The type 2 diabetic rats were divided into model control group, positive control group, low-dose intervention group, medium-dose intervention group and high-dose intervention group. S2. The model control group was fed a high-fat diet, the positive control group was fed a high-fat diet + 1% metformin hydrochloride, the low-dose intervention group was fed a high-fat diet + 20% low-GI grain and bean meal replacement powder; the medium-dose intervention group was fed a high-fat diet + 40% low-GI grain and bean meal replacement powder; the high-dose intervention group was fed a high-fat diet + 60% low-GI grain and bean meal replacement powder; S3. After the six groups of rats were fed for 8 weeks, the rats in each group were fasted but not watered for 12 hours and then weighed; after the rats were anesthetized, blood was collected through the femoral artery, and the blood was allowed to stand at room temperature. The blood was centrifuged, and the clear serum on the upper layer was taken and stored in a refrigerator; the rats were killed by cervical dislocation after blood was collected through the femoral artery, and the liver, kidney and pancreas of the rats were immediately dissected; the same parts of the liver, kidney and pancreas of the rats in each group were taken and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for subsequent pathological detection, and the feces were taken and placed in cryopreservation tubes, which were frozen with liquid nitrogen and stored in a refrigerator; S4. Measure the relevant indicators of rats, including: body weight changes, fasting blood glucose levels, serum component analysis, and pathological indicator detection of the liver, kidney, and pancreas.

3. A method for exploring the effect of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder on T2DM rat model according to claim 2, characterized in that: The construction of the type 2 diabetes rat model is as follows: 10 mg / mL streptozotocin aqueous solution is prepared with 0.1 mL of sodium citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5; after the rats have fasted for 12 hours, the streptozotocin aqueous solution is intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 35 mg / kg; the blood glucose of the rats is randomly measured at 3 days and 7 days after the intraperitoneal injection; rats with random blood glucose ≥16.7 mmol / L are determined to be type 2 diabetes rat models.

4. A method for exploring the effect of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder on T2DM rat model according to claim 2, characterized in that: Serum components specifically include serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, free fatty acids, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea nitrogen, creatinine, tumor growth factor, transforming growth factor, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β.

5. Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for reducing FBG levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

6. Application of low GI grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for improving insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.

7. Application of low GI mixed grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for improving abnormal lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes.

8. Application of low GI mixed grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for improving inflammatory response in patients with type 2 diabetes.

9. Application of low GI mixed grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for alleviating liver damage in patients with type 2 diabetes.

10. Application of low GI mixed grain and bean meal replacement powder in the preparation of health food for alleviating kidney damage in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Images