Lanzhou lily bulb tunnel type overwintering storage method

Abstract

The invention provides a tunnel type overwintering storage method for Lanzhou lily bulbs, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural technologies. The storage and overwintering mode for Lanzhou lily bulbs provided by the invention has the advantages of being suitable for large scale and low in cost; the seed bulbs stored by the method are small in weight and moisture attenuation amplitude, and the root systems are fresh and complete; the morbidity is low compared with low-temperature storage; rodent damage, bird damage and low-temperature damage in the field overwintering period can be effectively controlled; rural labor force can be effectively utilized, the pressure of digging and sowing labor force and time is relieved, and the method has excellent popularization prospects.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of agricultural technologies, and particularly to a method for storing Lanzhou lily bulbils in a tunnel for overwintering. Background Art

[0002] The overwintering storage of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var.unicolor) bulbils is a core link in large-scale production. Traditional storage methods mainly include three modes: cold storage, natural overwintering in the field, and cellar storage. However, all of them have significant limitations, which are specifically manifested as follows:

[0003] Although cold storage can inhibit diseases through low temperature (-4°C ± 0.5°C), it has multiple defects: high economic cost: the construction of a cold storage requires a one-time investment of 350,000 - 500,000 yuan (for a 50-ton capacity), with a construction cost of 0.7 - 1.0 million yuan per ton, and the electricity consumption during operation accounts for 23.8% of the total storage cost (12,000 yuan / 13,000 kg of bulbils); serious storage loss: after 6 months of storage, the fresh weight loss of the bulbils reaches 15% - 30%, the emergence rate of micro-bulbils drops from 100% to 91%, and a high-concentration CO 2 environment is prone to breeding Penicillium and Pythium, and the incidence of Penicillium disease is as high as 12.8%; low resource utilization rate: the cold storage can only operate for 6 months each year (from November to April of the following year), and is idle for the rest of the time, with a utilization rate of less than 50%.

[0004] For natural overwintering in the field, the bulbils are not dug in autumn and directly left in the field for overwintering. Although the root activity is relatively high (78.62 μg TTF / g·h), there are the following problems: extremely dependent on the environment; the fresh weight drops by more than 45% without digging and watering in winter, and the weight of the bulbils drops by 8.13% when watering in winter without digging, and the loss range is directly related to the soil type and climate fluctuations; serious biological stress: overwintering in the open field is vulnerable to rodent and bird damage, and the emergence rate is only 86%.

[0005] Traditional cellar storage uses a sealed cellar for storage. Although the cost is relatively low, the ventilation is poor and the humidity is high, which easily leads to an increase in ethylene concentration and the occurrence of diseases: the ethylene concentration released by the bulbs in the sealed environment gradually increases, which easily induces fungal and bacterial diseases and causes the bulbils to rot; the operation is uncontrollable: the temperature and humidity in the cellar are difficult to accurately control, and the storage effect is significantly affected by the region and operation experience.

[0006] In addition, the time conflict between the digging and sowing of Lilium davidii var. unicolor bulbs exacerbates the storage demand: the spring digging window period is short (2-3 weeks), the labor is highly concentrated, and the problem of sprouting before digging is likely to occur; although the autumn digging has sufficient time (October-November), autumn sowing has certain requirements for environmental conditions, and autumn sowing cannot be carried out in some high-altitude areas (above 2,400 meters). Moreover, strict prevention and control of winter rodent and bird damage are required after autumn sowing of Lilium davidii var. unicolor. Winter rodent and bird damage are also the main reasons for the reduction of the emergence rate in the following spring, further magnifying the deficiencies of the existing technologies.

[0007] In summary, it is difficult for the existing technologies to balance economy, storage effect and large-scale adaptability, resulting in the decline of bulb quality, frequent occurrence of diseases and the increase of production costs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a low-cost, highly controllable and large-scale-promotable storage method to solve the problems of quality attenuation, biological stress and labor bottleneck during the overwintering period of bulbs. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for overwintering storage of Lilium davidii var. unicolor bulbs in a tunnel, which has excellent effects.

[0009] In order to achieve the above-mentioned invention purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0010] The present invention provides a method for overwintering storage of Lilium davidii var. unicolor bulbs in a tunnel, including storage tank construction, environmental control, bulb treatment, tank loading operation and storage management, specifically including the following steps:

[0011] a. Dig 2-6 east-west storage tanks with a width of 1-1.5 meters and a depth of 0.2-0.4 meters in a solar energy-saving greenhouse, and lay isolation cushions at the bottom and periphery of the tanks;

[0012] b. Use heat-insulating quilts to fully cover the greenhouse and cooperate with ventilation to regulate the environmental temperature;

[0013] c. Treat the bulbs with dry fungicide mixture;

[0014] d. Lay the bulbs with a thickness not exceeding 20 cm and set up a ventilation system;

[0015] e. Cover with an 8-12 cm dry soil layer and implement dynamic regulation in combination with temperature monitoring.

[0016] Preferably, the storage tank construction meets the following requirements: the distance between the tanks is kept at 0.4-0.6 m for aisles;

[0017] Reserve a protection area of 0.8-1.2 m from the rear wall and the front roof enclosure structure of the greenhouse;

[0018] Set a 40 cm × 40 cm water blocking ditch on the south side of the greenhouse.

[0019] Preferably, the environmental control includes maintaining the temperature in the range of -5°C to 5°C;

[0020] A rat-catching device is set every 3 to 4 m around the storage tank;

[0021] Rat-catching devices are arranged on the surface of the covering at intervals of 3 to 4 m.

[0022] Preferably, the isolation cushion layer includes a sunshade net and / or a dry crop straw cushion layer.

[0023] Preferably, the fungicide is selected from one or more of carbendazim, phorate-methyl or thiophanate-methyl wettable powder.

[0024] Preferably, the ventilation system includes straw bundles longitudinally arranged along the central axis of the tank.

[0025] Preferably, the temperature monitoring includes maintaining the range of 0 to -5°C during the freezing period.

[0026] Preferably, the dynamic regulation includes the following operations:

[0027] Open the upper and lower air vents until freezing at the initial stage of storage;

[0028] Add a wet heat preservation quilt on the storage tank near the thawing period;

[0029] Terminate the storage when the covering soil thaws and the central bud of the seed bulb becomes active.

[0030] Preferably, the total storage period of the overwintering storage method is controlled to be 150 to 180 days.

[0031] Preferably, before the seed bulb is treated by mixing with the fungicide dry powder, it includes spreading out and sorting. The beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0032] The overwintering storage method for the seed bulbs of Lilium davidii var. unicolor provided by the present invention is a new large-scale and low-cost storage method; the weight and moisture attenuation of the stored seed bulbs are small, the roots are fresh and intact; the incidence of diseases in the low-temperature storage is low; it can effectively control rodent damage, bird damage and low-temperature damage during the overwintering period in the field; it can effectively utilize rural labor force, reduce the labor and time pressure of digging and sowing, and has excellent promotion prospects. Description of the Drawings

[0033] Figure 1 It is the floor plan of the greenhouse adopted in the embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Embodiments

[0034] In different regions of Qinghai, the effective open-field growth period of lilies is generally from May to August. They emerge in May and the above-ground parts wither in the middle or late August. In some places, they can be dug in late August, and the growth period is generally 90 to 120 days. Large-scale and factory-scale bulb nursery (starting from scales) generally takes 2 years (direct sowing of scales in the open field takes 3 years), and it takes 3 years to plant in the field (2 years in Northeast China) to meet the digging requirements and become commercial bulbs. Miniature bulbs can be dug in autumn and spring. Generally, the quality of bulbs dug in spring is better, but the spring digging season is very short, only 2 to 3 weeks. In large-scale production, when both digging and sowing are required, the labor is very tense, and it is easy for bulbs to germinate and emerge in the nursery without being dug. Autumn digging has stronger flexibility. There is a relatively long digging time from October to November, and sowing can also be carried out in autumn. However, in some areas, such as high-altitude areas (most areas above 2,400 meters above sea level) and the northern mountainous area of Yuzhong in Gansu Province, the miniature bulbs dug in autumn are not suitable for autumn sowing. In these areas, autumn digging and spring sowing are often adopted. Therefore, the storage of miniature bulblets has become a technical problem for many enterprises or farmers. Poor storage will lead to a large number of bulblets rotting, no emergence or serious diseases after emergence. When some enterprises dig commercial bulbs in autumn, they often store non-commercial bulblets in the cold storage and sell them as seeds in the following spring. Due to the storage for a whole winter, a large amount of nutrients and moisture in the bulblets are lost, resulting in low emergence rate, serious diseases and poor growth potential after sowing. In order to make full use of the advantages of rich labor resources and long digging season in autumn and overcome the problem of quality decline of miniature bulbs caused by storage, in autumn 2019, the present invention provides an economical and effective in-situ storage method in a tunnel, and good results have been achieved. See the following embodiments for details.

[0035] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the protection scope of the present invention.

[0036] Embodiment

[0037] 1) Design of in-situ storage of miniature bulbs in a tunnel

[0038] Using a solar energy-saving greenhouse, dig grooves in the east-west direction indoors, leaving 1.5 meters (from the rear wall) in the north and 1.5 meters (from the front roof enclosure structure) in the south as protection areas. For a solar energy-saving greenhouse generally 9.0 meters wide, evenly dig 3 grooves along the length of the greenhouse. The groove width is 1.2 meters and the depth is 0.3 meters, with a 0.5-meter aisle. The greenhouse floor plan adopted in the embodiment is shown in Figure 1。Lay a layer of sunshade net at the bottom and periphery of the trough to prevent the micro-bulbs from direct contact with the soil. Use imported peat or local peat (Zahua) as the substrate. Basic requirements: Before placing the micro-bulbs, fully dry the tunnel, ensure no water enters the tunnel, then lay the sunshade net, and spread 5.0 cm thick disinfected peat (50% carbendazim, 50% thiophanate-methyl or 75% thiophanate-methyl, 30 grams per cubic meter of peat, and the relative water content of peat is controlled at 40%-50%) on the sunshade net. Subsequently, place the disinfected micro-bulbs (directly mix with the medicine at a concentration similar to that of the peat) on the peat, with a thickness of about 20 cm. Then cover another 5.0 cm thick peat on the micro-bulbs, cover the sunshade net or straw curtain to avoid strong light irradiation. When the temperature is high, open the upper and lower air vents until it is completely frozen. In early spring, lay a thick layer of thermal insulation quilt on the trough surface, fully wet the thermal insulation quilt and keep it frozen day and night. The solar greenhouse is closed during the day and the upper and lower air vents are open at night. After entering spring, observe the temperature change and the germination status of the micro-bulbs at any time to ensure that the covering substrate is in a frozen state. When the covering substrate begins to thaw and the central bud of the micro-bulb begins to move, move it out of the tunnel as soon as possible and plant it.

[0039] 2) Comparison of overwintering effects of micro-bulbs dug in autumn and not dug

[0040] The water loss of the bulbs left in the bed without watering and not dug in winter is extremely large (in autumn 2018 and spring 2019), and the loss degree is closely related to the substrate type. Without watering in winter, the fresh weight of the micro-bulbs decreases significantly after overwintering, with the decrease range between 6.5% - 48.08%, and only the A4 substrate shows a slight increase. Natural soil has less impact on the weight of overwintering bulbs. Using sheep manure as the substrate, if no winter water is watered, the weight of the bulbs decreases greatly, with an average of over 45.0%, so sheep manure is not suitable as a storage or buried overwintering substrate. Although the environmental control in cold storage can be standardized, generally at -4.0°C ± 0.5°C, however, high CO 2 concentration is easily generated in the cold storage, resulting in the growth of pathogens such as Penicillium and Pythium, and the decay of the basal plate, roots and some external scales. In addition, cold storage is also likely to cause the micro-bulbs to lose water. If there is serious CO in the cold storage 2Poisoning and water loss often occur after sowing, and the central buds often rot, resulting in no emergence of seedlings. Therefore, it is very important to select a good storage method for storing mini-bulbs for Lilium davidii var. unicolor. In the autumn of 2019, the research group designed and adopted a tunnel-type in-situ storage method, with the incidence rate of Penicillium less than 5.0% (3.4%), and the emergence rate reached 100% after sowing in 2020. From the weight loss, it can be seen that without digging and overwintering naturally (watering in winter), the weight of the mini-bulbs decreased by 8.13%, while the weight of the mini-bulbs stored in the tunnel only decreased by 2.93%, and the overall quality was better than that of natural overwintering. The weight loss of the mini-bulbs stored in the tunnel was small, the incidence rate was low, and it could effectively control rodent and bird damage during overwintering, while reducing the pressure of digging labor and digging time. However, tunnel storage also has its weaknesses. One is that it has high requirements for tunnel design technology and bulb disinfection technology; the other is that it has strict requirements for storage environmental factors, such as the moisture content of the substrate and bulbs, and the temperature management technology in autumn and early spring. Otherwise, the losses caused will be inestimable.

[0041] As can be seen from the above embodiments, the tunnel-type in-situ storage provided by the present invention is a new large-scale and low-cost storage method. The weight attenuation of the stored mini-bulbs is small, the incidence rate is low, it can effectively control rodent and bird damage during overwintering, and reduce the pressure of digging labor and digging time. From late October 2019 to mid-April 2020, the present invention completed the overwintering storage of more than 5,000 kg (about 1.12 million grains) of mini-bulbs in a 270㎡ solar energy-saving greenhouse, with the loss of storage moisture and dry matter less than 3.0% and the incidence rate less than 6.0%.

[0042] The present invention is a new large-scale and low-cost storage method, having the following excellent effects:

[0043] The storage scale can be adjusted flexibly: Solar energy-saving greenhouses are very abundant in the production area of Lilium davidii var. unicolor, and the vacancy rate currently reaches more than 40%, which belongs to surplus resources and is owned by farmers themselves. A standard solar greenhouse (50 meters long and 9 meters wide) can store 13,000 - 14,000 kg of bulblets, and the storage scale is equivalent to a cold storage of 20,000 kg. It is impossible for farmers to meet the requirements in terms of site, investment and utilization rate for building a cold storage.

[0044] Low construction cost: By using the idle solar energy-saving greenhouse, farmers do not need to increase the construction cost. The construction volume of a cold storage should be at least more than 50 tons, and the construction cost per ton is at least more than 0.7 - 1.0 ten thousand yuan. It is difficult for farmers to invest in a one-time construction fund of 35 - 50 ten thousand yuan.

[0045] According to the current national agricultural land management regulations, construction land cannot be satisfied.

[0046] Can improve the utilization rate of solar energy-saving greenhouses: Many simple solar greenhouses are idle because their heat preservation performance cannot meet the needs of vegetable production in winter and spring. The utilization rate for storing lily bulb scales has increased by 40 - 50%. Except for being used from November to April of the following year, the cold storage is idle for about 6 months, and its utilization rate is only 50%.

[0047] Low operating cost:

[0048] The cost of pit burial in the solar energy-saving greenhouse = labor + infrastructure + disinfection = 18,000 yuan + 3,000 yuan + 300 yuan = 21,300 yuan (calculated based on 13,000 kg of bulb scales)

[0049] The storage cost in the cold storage = labor + cold storage depreciation (calculated based on storing 13,000 kg of bulb scales) + disinfection + electricity = 18,000 yuan + depreciation of 20,000 yuan + 300 yuan + 12,000 yuan = 50,300 yuan (calculated based on 13,000 kg of bulb scales)

[0050] Calculated based on a 6 - month storage period, the storage cost per kilogram of bulb scales in the pit burial of the solar energy-saving greenhouse is 1.64 yuan, while that in the cold storage is 3.87 yuan. The cost of pit burial is only 42.3% of the storage cost in the cold storage, and it is 89.0% lower than the storage cost in the cold storage.

[0051] The storage effect is better than that of cold storage

[0052] The weight and moisture attenuation of the stored bulb scales are small, the roots are fresh and intact; the incidence rate in the lower-temperature cold storage is low.

[0053] Low weight and moisture loss

[0054] Bulb scale storage is an important key technology to ensure less consumption of substances and moisture in the bulb scales and to break dormancy. The bulb scales of Lanzhou lily can be stored over winter by digging and storing in autumn or by leaving them in the open field without digging in autumn. The effects of overwintering storage and overwintering in the open field are significantly different. The moisture loss of the bulb scales left in the field without digging and without watering in winter is extremely large, and the loss degree is closely related to the soil type. From the weight loss, it can be seen that for the bulb scales left in the open field without digging for natural overwintering (watering in winter, chernozem), the weight of the bulb scales decreases by 8.13%, while for the bulb scales stored in the pit, the weight only decreases by 2.93%. The weight decrease of the bulb scales stored in the pit is only 36.0% of the weight loss of not digging. After 6 months of storage in the cold storage, the weight loss is about more than 15%, and in some cases, it can reach more than 30%, which is 6 - 7 times the loss of pit storage.

[0055] The root activity is better than that of cold storage, second only to not digging.

[0056] When the storage in the cold storage, the buried in the tunnel and the non-excavation ended in early April, the root activity of the seed bulbs was measured at the same time. The root activity of the bulbs stored in the cold storage was 58.62 μg TTF / g·h, the root activity of the bulbs buried in the tunnel was 70.82 μg TTF / g·h, and the root activity of the non-excavated bulbs was 78.62 μg TTF / g·h. It can be seen from this that the root activity of the bulbs buried in the tunnel is higher than that of the bulbs stored in the cold storage, but lower than that of the non-excavated bulbs.

[0057] The incidence rate is lower than that of cold storage

[0058] During the traditional cellar storage, the cellar was covered and sealed, the humidity in the cellar was high, the air circulation was poor, and the ethylene concentration released by the bulbs gradually increased, which easily caused diseases such as bulb rot. When using cold storage to store bulbs, although the environmental control can be standardized (generally -4.0°C ± 0.5°C), high CO2 concentration is likely to occur in the cold storage, resulting in the growth of pathogens such as Penicillium and Pythium, and the decay of the basal plate, roots and some external scales. In addition, cold storage is also likely to cause the loss of moisture in the micro-bulbs. If serious CO2 poisoning and water loss occur in the cold storage, the central bud often rots after sowing, resulting in no emergence. Therefore, it is very important to select a good storage method to store micro-bulbs for Lilium davidii var. unicolor in Lanzhou. In the autumn of 2019, the research group designed and adopted a tunnel in-situ storage method. The incidence rate of Penicillium was lower than 5.0% (the lowest was 3.4%), which was about 8.0% lower than the incidence rate (12.8%) of the cold storage in the same period, and slightly higher than the incidence rate of the non-excavated overwintering bulbs. The emergence rate reached 100% after sowing in 2020.

[0059] The growth potential of the bulbs is better than that of cold storage

[0060] In 2019, in Yangqitai Village, Putai Township, Ledu District, Haidong City, Qinghai Province, the field growth potential of the non-excavated, tunnel-stored and cold-stored seed bulbs was measured. It was found that the average plant height during the flowering period of the tunnel-stored bulbs was 38 cm, which was 1.2 cm lower than the average plant height of the non-excavated bulbs (39.2 cm), but 0.6 cm higher than the average plant height of the cold-stored bulbs (37.4 cm). The emergence rate of the non-excavated seed bulbs was only 86%, while the emergence rate of the tunnel-buried seed bulbs reached 100.0%, and the emergence rate of the cold-stored seed bulbs was 91.0%. This shows that the quality of the tunnel-buried seed bulbs is good and the growth potential is better than other storage methods. This is consistent with the previous result that the growth of bulbs stored in cellars and cold storages in the second year is worse than that of overwintering in the open field, but the tunnel storage effect is better than that of cellar storage.

[0061] The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, several improvements and retouches can be made, and these improvements and retouches should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A tunnel-type overwintering storage method for bulbs of Lilium lanzhouense, characterized in that: It includes storage tank construction, environmental control, seed bulb processing, tank loading operation and storage management, which specifically includes the following steps: a. Dig 2 to 6 east-west storage tanks with a width of 1 to 1.5 meters and a depth of 0.2 to 0.4 meters in the solar energy-saving greenhouse, and lay an isolation cushion layer at the bottom and periphery of the tank; b. Use thermal insulation blankets to cover the greenhouse all the time and coordinate ventilation to control the ambient temperature; c. The seed bulbs are treated with fungicide dry powder; d. Lay the seed bulbs at a thickness of no more than 20 cm and set up a ventilation system; e. Cover with 8 to 12 cm dry soil layer and implement dynamic control in conjunction with temperature monitoring.

2. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The storage tank construction meets the following requirements: the tank spacing is maintained at 0.4-0.6m walkway; A protection zone of 0.8 to 1.2 m is reserved from the rear wall and front roof enclosure of the greenhouse; A 40cm×40cm water-blocking ditch is set up on the south side of the greenhouse.

3. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The environmental control includes maintaining the temperature in the range of -5°C to 5°C; Mouse traps are installed every 3 to 4 meters around the storage tank; Mouse traps are arranged at intervals of 3 to 4 meters on the surface of the covering.

4. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The isolation cushion layer comprises a sunshade net and / or a dry crop straw cushion layer.

5. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bactericide is selected from one or more of carbendazim, methyl isothioate or methyl thiophanate wettable powder.

6. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ventilation system includes straw bundles arranged longitudinally on the central axis of the trough.

7. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The temperature monitoring includes maintaining the temperature in the range of 0 to -5°C during the freezing period.

8. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dynamic control includes the following operations: Open the upper and lower vents at the beginning of storage until it freezes; Add moist insulation blankets to the storage tanks near the thawing period; Storage should be terminated when the covering soil thaws and the central buds of the seed bulbs become active.

9. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The total storage period of the winter storage method is controlled to be 150 to 180 days.

10. The winter storage method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Before the seed bulbs are treated with dry fungicide powder, they are spread out for drying and sorting.

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