Quantum dot, and optical member, electronic device and electronic device including the same

Abstract

The invention provides a quantum dot, and an optical member, an electronic device and an electronic apparatus including the quantum dot. The quantum dot includes a core including cadmium (Cd), A1, and B1, and a first shell covering the core and including A1, B1, and B2, and the quantum dot is represented by Formula 1: CdxA11-xB1yB21-y wherein in Formula 1, A1 is a Group II element other than Cd, B1 and B2 are each independently a Group VI element, x is in a range of about 0.05 to about 0.3, and y is at least (e.g., greater than) 0.1 and at most (e.g., not greater than) 0.6.

Description

[0001] Cross - reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10 - 2023 - 0176770, filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office on December 7, 2023, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical field

[0003] One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to quantum dots and optical members, electronic devices, and electronic apparatuses including quantum dots. Background art

[0004] Quantum dots can be used as materials that perform one or more appropriate optical functions (e.g., light conversion function and / or light - emitting function, etc.) in optical members and one or more appropriate electronic devices. Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals having a quantum confinement effect. Quantum dots can have different band gaps by controlling the size and composition of the nanocrystals, and accordingly, quantum dots can emit light of one or more appropriate emission wavelengths.

[0005] An optical member including such quantum dots can be in the form of a thin film (e.g., a thin film patterned for each sub - pixel). Such an optical member can be used as a color conversion member of a device including one or more appropriate light sources.

[0006] Quantum dots can be used for various purposes in one or more appropriate electronic devices. For example, quantum dots can be used as emitters. For example, quantum dots can be included in the emission layer of a light - emitting device (including a pair of electrodes and an emission layer), and in this regard, quantum dots can be used as emitters.

[0007] Currently, in order to implement relatively high - quality optical members, electronic devices, and electronic apparatuses, it is required (or desired or needed) to develop quantum dots having excellent or appropriate photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and relatively long lifetimes. Summary of the invention

[0008] One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a novel quantum dot and optical members, electronic devices, and electronic apparatuses including the novel quantum dot.

[0009] Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments presented in the present disclosure.

[0010] According to one or more embodiments, the quantum dot includes

[0011] a core including cadmium (Cd), A 1 and B 1 , and

[0012] The first shell covers the core and includes A 1 、B 1 and B 2 ,

[0013] wherein the quantum dots are represented by Formula 1:

[0014] Formula 1

[0015] Cd x A 1 1-x B 1 y B 2 1-y .

[0016] Wherein, in Formula 1,

[0017] A 1 can be a Group II element other than Cd (e.g., excluding Cd),

[0018] B 1 and B 2 can each independently be a Group VI element,

[0019] x can be from about 0.05 to about 0.3, and

[0020] y can be at least (e.g., greater than) 0.1 and at most (e.g., but not greater than) 0.6.

[0021] According to one or more embodiments, the optical component includes quantum dots.

[0022] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic device includes quantum dots.

[0023] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic device includes quantum dots. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the foregoing and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the present disclosure, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate example embodiments and are to be Figure 1 read in conjunction with the following description. In the drawings:

[0025] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a quantum dot according to one or more embodiments;

[0026] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments;

[0027] Figure 3Schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments;

[0028] Figure 4 Schematic diagram of an electronic device including quantum dots according to one or more embodiments;

[0029] Figure 5 Schematic illustration of the exterior of a vehicle as an electronic device including quantum dots according to one or more embodiments; and

[0030] Figures 6A to 6C Each is a schematic illustration of the interior of a vehicle according to one or more embodiments. Detailed Description

[0031] Reference will now be made in more detail to one or more embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, where like reference numerals refer to like components throughout and their repeated description may not be provided. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as limited to the description set forth herein. Accordingly, one or more embodiments are described in more detail by reference to the drawings to explain aspects of the present specification. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. When before / after a list of components, expressions such as "at least one of", "one of", "selected from", and "selected from among" modify the entire list of components and not individual components of the list. For example, throughout the present disclosure, the expression "at least one of a, b, and c" indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b (e.g., simultaneously), both a and c (e.g., simultaneously), both b and c (e.g., simultaneously), all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

[0032] Since the present disclosure may have various modified embodiments, the embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in the detailed description. If (e.g., when) referring to one or more embodiments described with reference to the drawings, aspects and features of the present disclosure and methods of implementing these will be apparent. However, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to one or more embodiments set forth herein.

[0033] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same or corresponding components will be denoted by the same reference numerals and thus their redundant description will not be provided.

[0034] Unless otherwise defined, all chemical names, technical terms, and scientific and technical terms, as well as terms defined in common dictionaries, shall be construed to have a meaning consistent with the relevant technical background and shall not be construed in an ideal or overly formal sense. It will be understood that although terms such as "first" and / or "second" etc. may be used herein to describe one or more suitable components, these components shall not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one component from another. Thus, without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure, the first member may be referred to as the second member. Similarly, the second member may be referred to as the first member.

[0035] Expressions used in the singular form such as "a", "an", and "the" are also intended to encompass plural forms of the expressions, unless they have a clearly different meaning in the context.

[0036] It will be further understood that as used herein, the terms "include", "includes", "including", "has", "have", "having", "comprise", "comprises", and / or "comprising" indicate the presence of the recited features or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or components. For example, unless otherwise restricted, terms such as "including" or "having" may refer to consisting only of the features or components described in the specification, or further including other components.

[0037] As used herein, the terms "use", "using", and "used" may be considered to be synonymous with the terms "utilize", "utilizing", and "utilized", respectively.

[0038] The term "may" will be understood to refer to "one or more embodiments of the present disclosure", some of which include the described components, and some of which exclude components and / or include alternative components. Similarly, optional language such as "or" refers to "one or more embodiments of the present disclosure", each including the corresponding listed items.

[0039] In the following embodiments, if (e.g., when) one or more components (such as layers, films, regions, and / or plates, etc.) are referred to as "connected to" or "on" another component (such as layers, films, regions, and / or plates, etc.), this may include not only the case where the other component (such as layers, films, regions, and / or plates, etc.) is "directly on" the layer, film, region, and / or plate, etc., but also the case where the other component (such as layers, films, regions, and / or plates, etc.) can be placed between them. For the sake of convenience in explanation, the dimensions of the components in the drawings may be enlarged. In other words, since the dimensions and thicknesses of the components are arbitrarily illustrated in the drawings for the sake of convenience in explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0040] For ease of description, spatial relative terms such as "beneath", "below", "lower", "above", "upper", "bottom", and "top", etc. may be used herein to describe the relationship of one component or feature to another component or feature as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatial relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the device in the drawings is flipped, a component described as "beneath" or "below" another component or feature will be oriented "above" or "on top of" the other component or feature. Thus, the term "beneath" can encompass both orientations of above and below. The device may be oriented in other ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatial relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.

[0041] In this context, "consisting essentially of" indicates that any additional components will not materially affect the chemical, physical, optical, or electrical properties of the target part.

[0042] Further, in this specification, the phrase "in a plane" or "plan view" indicates observing the target part from the top, and the phrase "in a cross-section" indicates observing a cross-section formed by vertically cutting the target part from the side.

[0043] As used herein, the term "interlayer" refers to a single layer and / or multiple layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of a light-emitting device.

[0044] As used herein, the term "Group I" may include Group IA elements and Group IB elements on the IUPAC periodic table, and Group I elements may include, for example, silver (Ag) and / or copper (Cu), etc.

[0045] As used herein, the term "Group II" may include Group IIA elements and Group IIB elements on the IUPAC periodic table, and Group II elements include, for example, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and / or mercury (Hg), etc.

[0046] As used herein, the term "Group III" may include Group IIIA and Group IIIB elements on the IUPAC periodic table, and Group III elements may include, for example, aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and / or thallium (Tl), etc.

[0047] As used herein, the term "Group VI" may include Group VIA and Group VIB elements on the IUPAC periodic table, and Group VI elements may include, for example, oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and / or tellurium (Te), etc.

[0048] Hereinafter, reference will be made to Figure 1 a method for preparing the quantum dot 100 according to one or more embodiments.

[0049] Figure 1 the description of

[0050] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the quantum dot 100 according to one or more embodiments. The quantum dot 100 includes a core 10 and a first shell 20.

[0051] The quantum dot 100

[0052] Figure 1 of the quantum dot 100 includes: a core 10, including cadmium (Cd), A 1 and B 1 ; and

[0053] a first shell 20, covering the core 10 and including A 1 , B 1 and B 2 ,

[0054] wherein the quantum dot 100 is represented by Formula 1:

[0055] Formula 1

[0056] Cd x A 1 1-x B 1 y B 2 1-y .

[0057] Wherein, in Formula 1,

[0058] A 1 may be a Group II element other than Cd (e.g., excluding Cd),

[0059] B 1 and B 2 may each independently be a Group VI element,

[0060] x can range from about 0.05 to about 0.3, and

[0061] y can be at least (e.g., greater than) 0.1 and at most (e.g., but not greater than) 0.6.

[0062] In one or more embodiments, x in Formula 1 can be in the range of from about 0.05 to about 0.3, such as, from about 0.06 to about 0.3, from about 0.07 to about 0.3, from about 0.08 to about 0.3, from about 0.09 to about 0.3, from about 0.1 to about 0.3, from about 0.11 to about 0.3, from about 0.12 to about 0.3, from about 0.13 to about 0.3, from about 0.14 to about 0.3, from about 0.15 to about 0.3, from about 0.16 to about 0.3, from about 0.17 to about 0.3, from about 0.18 to about 0.3, from about 0.19 to about 0.3, from about 0.2 to about 0.3, from about 0.21 to about 0.3, from about 0.22 to about 0.3, from about 0.23 to about 0.3, from about 0.24 to about 0.3, from about 0.25 to about 0.3, from about 0.26 to about 0.3, from about 0.27 to about 0.3, from about 0.28 to about 0.3, from about 0.29 to about 0.3, from about 0.05 to about 0.25, from about 0.06 to about 0.25, from about 0.07 to about 0.25, from about 0.08 to about 0.25, from about 0.09 to about 0.25, from about 0.1 to about 0.25, from about 0.11 to about 0.25, from about 0.12 to about 0.25, from about 0.13 to about 0.25, from about 0.14 to about 0.25, from about 0.15 to about 0.25, from about 0.16 to about 0.25, from about 0.17 to about 0.25, from about 0.18 to about 0.25, from about 0.19 to about 0.25, from about 0.2 to about 0.25, from about 0.21 to about 0.25, from about 0.22 to about 0.25, from about 0.23 to about 0.25, from about 0.24 to about 0.25, from about 0.05 to about 0.2, from about 0.06 to about 0.2, from about 0.07 to about 0.2, from about 0.08 to about 0.2, from about 0.09 to about 0.2, from about 0.1 to about 0.2, from about 0.11 to about 0.2, from about 0.12 to about 0.2, from about 0.13 to about 0.2, from about 0.14 to about 0.2, from about 0.15 to about 0.2, from about 0.16 to about 0.2, from about 0.17 to about 0.2, from about 0.18 to about 0.2, from about 0.19 to about 0.2, from about 0.05 to about 0.15, from about 0.06 to about 0.15, from about 0.07 to about 0.15, from about 0.08 to about 0.15, from about 0.09 to about 0.15, from about 0.1 to about 0.15, from about 0.11 to about 0.15, from about 0.12 to about 0.15, from about 0.13 to about 0.15, from about 0.14 to about 0.15, from about 0.05 to about 0.12, from about 0.06 to about 0.12, from about 0.07 to about 0.12, from about 0.08 to about 0.12, from about 0.09 to about 0.12, from about 0.1 to about 0.12, from about 0.11 to about 0.12, from about 0.05 to about 0.1, from about 0.06 to about 0.1, from about 0.07 to about 0.1, from about 0.08 to about 0.1, from about 0.09 to about 0.1, from about 0.05 to about 0.08, from about 0.06 to about 0.08, or from about 0.07 to about 0.08.

[0063] In one or more embodiments, y in Formula 1 can be at least 0.1 but not greater than 0.6. For example, from about 0.11 to about 0.6, from about 0.15 to about 0.6, from about 0.2 to about 0.6, from about 0.25 to about 0.6, from about 0.3 to about 0.6, from about 0.35 to about 0.6, from about 0.4 to about 0.6, from about 0.45 to about 0.6, from about 0.5 to about 0.6, from about 0.55 to about 0.6, at least 0.1 but not greater than 0.55, from about 0.11 to about 0.55, from about 0.15 to about 0.55, from about 0.2 to about 0.55, from about 0.25 to about 0.55, from about 0.3 to about 0.55, from about 0.35 to about 0.55, from about 0.4 to about 0.55, from about 0.45 to about 0.55, from about 0.5 to about 0.55, at least 0.1 but not greater than 0.5, from about 0.11 to about 0.5, from about 0.15 to about 0.5, from about 0.2 to about 0.5, from about 0.25 to about 0.5, from about 0.3 to about 0.5, from about 0.35 to about 0.5, from about 0.4 to about 0.5, from about 0.45 to about 0.5, from about 0.11 to about 0.45, from about 0.15 to about 0.45, from about 0.2 to about 0.45, from about 0.25 to about 0.45, from about 0.3 to about 0.45, from about 0.35 to about 0.45, from about 0.4 to about 0.45, from about 0.11 to about 0.45, from about 0.15 to about 0.45, from about 0.2 to about 0.45, from about 0.25 to about 0.45, from about 0.3 to about 0.45, from about 0.35 to about 0.45, from about 0.4 to about 0.45, from about 0.11 to about 0.4, from about 0.15 to about 0.4, from about 0.2 to about 0.4, from about 0.25 to about 0.4, from about 0.3 to about 0.4, from about 0.35 to about 0.4, from about 0.11 to about 0.35, from about 0.15 to about 0.35, from about 0.2 to about 0.35, from about 0.25 to about 0.35, from about 0.3 to about 0.35, from about 0.11 to about 0.3, from about 0.15 to about 0.3, from about 0.2 to about 0.3, from about 0.25 to about 0.3, from about 0.11 to about 0.25, from about 0.15 to about 0.25, from about 0.2 to about 0.25, from about 0.11 to about 0.2, from about 0.15 to about 0.2, or from about 0.11 to about 0.15.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, A in Formula 1 1 can be Zn, Mg, Ca, Hg, or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0065] In one or more embodiments, B in Formula 1 1 and B 2 can each independently be O, S, Se, Te, or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0066] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, A 1 can be Zn or Mg, B 1 can be S or Se, and B 2 can be S or Se. In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, A 1 can be Zn, B 1 can be Se, and B 2 can be S.

[0067] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, A 1 can be Zn, B 1 can be Se, and B 2 can be S, and in this regard, Formula 1 can be represented by Cd x Zn 1-x Se y S 1-y represented.

[0068] In one or more embodiments, the core 10 and the first shell 20 may each include a Group II-VI semiconductor compound.

[0069] The Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0070] In one or more embodiments, the core 10 may include a first semiconductor compound represented by Formula 2:

[0071] Formula 2

[0072] Cd z A 1 1-z B 1 .

[0073] Wherein, in Formula 2,

[0074] A 1 can be a Group II element other than Cd (e.g., excluding Cd),

[0075] B 1 may be a Group VI element, and

[0076] z may be greater than 0 and at most (e.g., but not greater than) 0.2.

[0077] In one or more embodiments, z in Formula 2 can be greater than 0 but not greater than 0.2. For example, from about 0.01 to about 0.2, from about 0.02 to about 0.2, from about 0.03 to about 0.2, from about 0.04 to about 0.2, from about 0.05 to about 0.2, from about 0.06 to about 0.2, from about 0.07 to about 0.2, from about 0.08 to about 0.2, from about 0.09 to about 0.2, from about 0.1 to about 0.2, from about 0.11 to about 0.2, from about 0.12 to about 0.2, from about 0.13 to about 0.2, from about 0.14 to about 0.2, from about 0.15 to about 0.2, from about 0.16 to about 0.2, from about 0.17 to about 0.2, from about 0.18 to about 0.2, from about 0.19 to about 0.2, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.19, from about 0.01 to about 0.19, from about 0.02 to about 0.19, from about 0.03 to about 0.19, from about 0.04 to about 0.19, from about 0.05 to about 0.19, from about 0.06 to about 0.19, from about 0.07 to about 0.19, from about 0.08 to about 0.19, from about 0.09 to about 0.19, from about 0.1 to about 0.19, from about 0.11 to about 0.19, from about 0.12 to about 0.19, from about 0.13 to about 0.19, from about 0.14 to about 0.19, from about 0.15 to about 0.19, from about 0.16 to about 0.19, from about 0.17 to about 0.19, from about 0.18 to about 0.19, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.18, from about 0.01 to about 0.18, from about 0.02 to about 0.18, from about 0.03 to about 0.18, from about 0.04 to about 0.18, from about 0.05 to about 0.18, from about 0.06 to about 0.18, from about 0.07 to about 0.18, from about 0.08 to about 0.18, from about 0.09 to about 0.18, from about 0.1 to about 0.18, from about 0.11 to about 0.18, from about 0.12 to about 0.18, from about 0.13 to about 0.18, from about 0.14 to about 0.18, from about 0.15 to about 0.18, from about 0.16 to about 0.18, from about 0.17 to about 0.18, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.17, from about 0.01 to about 0.17, from about 0.02 to about 0.17, from about 0.03 to about 0.17, from about 0.04 to about 0.17, from about 0.05 to about 0.17, from about 0.06 to about 0.17, from about 0.07 to about 0.17, from about 0.08 to about 0.17, from about 0.09 to about 0.17, from about 0.1 to about 0.17, from about 0.11 to about 0.17, from about 0.12 to about 0.17, from about 0.13 to about 0.17, from about 0.14 to about 0.17, from about 0.15 to about 0.17, from about 0.16 to about 0.17, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.16, from about 0.01 to about 0.16, from about 0.02 to about 0.16, from about 0.03 to about 0.16, from about 0.04 to about 0.16, from about 0.05 to about 0.16, from about 0.06 to about 0.16, from about 0.07 to about 0.16, from about 0.08 to about 0.16, from about 0.09 to about 0.16, from about 0.1 to about 0.16, from about 0.11 to about 0.16, from about 0.12 to about 0.16, from about 0.13 to about 0.16, from about 0.14 to about 0.16, from about 0.15 to about 0.16, from about 0.16 to about 0.16, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.15, from about 0.01 to about 0.15, from about 0.02 to about 0.15, from about 0.03 to about 0.15, from about 0.04 to about 0.15, from about 0.05 to about 0.15, from about 0.06 to about 0.15, from about 0.07 to about 0.15, from about 0.08 to about 0.15, from about 0.09 to about 0.15, from about 0.1 to about 0.15, from about 0.11 to about 0.15, from about 0.12 to about 0.15, from about 0.13 to about 0.15, from about 0.14 to about 0.15, from about 0.15 to about 0.15, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.14, from about 0.01 to about 0.14, from about 0.02 to about 0.14, from about 0.03 to about 0.14, from about 0.04 to about 0.14, from about 0.05 to about 0.14, from about 0.06 to about 0.14, from about 0.07 to about 0.14, from about 0.08 to about 0.14, from about 0.09 to about 0.14, from about 0.1 to about 0.14, from about 0.11 to about 0.14, from about 0.12 to about 0.14, from about 0.13 to about 0.14, from about 0.14 to about 0.14, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.13, from about 0.01 to about 0.13, from about 0.02 to about 0.13, from about 0.03 to about 0.13, from about 0.04 to about 0.13, from about 0.05 to about 0.13, from about 0.06 to about 0.13, from about 0.07 to about 0.13, from about 0.08 to about 0.13, from about 0.09 to about 0.13, from about 0.1 to about 0.13, from about 0.11 to about 0.13, from about 0.12 to about 0.13, from about 0.13 to about 0.13, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.12, from about 0.01 to about 0.12, from about 0.02 to about 0.12, from about 0.03 to about 0.12, from about 0.04 to about 0.12, from about 0.05 to about 0.12, from about 0.06 to about 0.12, from about 0.07 to about 0.12, from about 0.08 to about 0.12, from about 0.09 to about 0.12, from about 0.1 to about 0.12, from about 0.11 to about 0.12, from about 0.12 to about 0.12, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.11, from about 0.01 to about 0.11, from about 0.02 to about 0.11, from about 0.03 to about 0.11, from about 0.04 to about 0.11, from about 0.05 to about 0.11, from about 0.06 to about 0.11, from about 0.07 to about 0.11, from about 0.08 to about 0.11, from about 0.09 to about 0.11, from about 0.1 to about 0.11, from about 0.11 to about 0.11, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.10, from about 0.01 to about 0.10, from about 0.02 to about 0.10, from about 0.03 to about 0.10, from about 0.04 to about 0.10, from about 0.05 to about 0.10, from about 0.06 to about 0.10, from about 0.07 to about 0.10, from about 0.08 to about 0.10, from about 0.09 to about 0.10, from about 0.1 to about 0.10, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.09, from about 0.01 to about 0.09, from about 0.02 to about 0.09, from about 0.03 to about 0.09, from about 0.04 to about 0.09, from about 0.05 to about 0.09, from about 0.06 to about 0.09, from about 0.07 to about 0.09, from about 0.08 to about 0.09, from about 0.09 to about 0.09, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.08, from about 0.01 to about 0.08, from about 0.02 to about 0.08, from about 0.03 to about 0.08, from about 0.04 to about 0.08, from about 0.05 to about 0.08, from about 0.06 to about 0.08, from about 0.07 to about 0.08, from about 0.08 to about 0.08, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.07, from about 0.01 to about 0.07, from about 0.02 to about 0.07, from about 0.03 to about 0.07, from about 0.04 to about 0.07, from about 0.05 to about 0.07, from about 0.06 to about 0.07, from about 0.07 to about 0.07, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.06, from about 0.01 to about 0.06, from about 0.02 to about 0.06, from about 0.03 to about 0.06, from about 0.04 to about 0.06, from about 0.05 to about 0.06, from about 0.06 to about 0.06, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.05, from about 0.01 to about 0.05, from about 0.02 to about 0.05, from about 0.03 to about 0.05, from about 0.04 to about 0.05, from about 0.05 to about 0.05, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.04, from about 0.01 to about 0.04, from about 0.02 to about 0.04, from about 0.03 to about 0.04, from about 0.04 to about 0.04, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.03, from about 0.01 to about 0.03, from about 0.02 to about 0.03, from about 0.03 to about 0.03, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.02, from about 0.01 to about 0.02, from about 0.02 to about 0.02, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.01.from about 0.09 to about 0.16, from about 0.1 to about 0.16, from about 0.11 to about 0.16, from about 0.12 to about 0.16, from about 0.13 to about 0.16, from about 0.14 to about 0.16, from about 0.15 to about 0.16, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.15, from about 0.01 to about 0.15, from about 0.02 to about 0.15, from about 0.03 to about 0.15, from about 0.04 to about 0.15, from about 0.05 to about 0.15, from about 0.06 to about 0.15, from about 0.07 to about 0.15, from about 0.08 to about 0.15, from about 0.09 to about 0.15, from about 0.1 to about 0.15, from about 0.11 to about 0.15, from about 0.12 to about 0.15, from about 0.13 to about 0.15, from about 0.14 to about 0.15, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.14, from about 0.01 to about 0.14, from about 0.02 to about 0.14, from about 0.03 to about 0.14, from about 0.04 to about 0.14, from about 0.05 to about 0.14, from about 0.06 to about 0.14, from about 0.07 to about 0.14, from about 0.08 to about 0.14, from about 0.09 to about 0.14, from about 0.1 to about 0.14, from about 0.11 to about 0.14, from about 0.12 to about 0.14, from about 0.13 to about 0.14, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.13, from about 0.01 to about 0.13, from about 0.02 to about 0.13, from about 0.03 to about 0.13, from about 0.04 to about 0.13, from about 0.05 to about 0.13, from about 0.06 to about 0.13, from about 0.07 to about 0.13, from about 0.08 to about 0.13, from about 0.09 to about 0.13, from about 0.1 to about 0.13, from about 0.11 to about 0.13, from about 0.12 to about 0.13, greater than 0 but not greater than 0.12, from about 0.01 to about 0.12, from about 0.02 to about 0.12, from about 0.03 to about 0.12, from about 0.04 to about 0.12, from about 0.05 to about 0.12, from about 0.06 to about 0.12, from about 0.07 to about 0.12, from about 0.08 to about 0.12, from about 0.09 to about 0.12, from about 0.1 to about 0.12, from about 0.11 to about 0.12, from about 0.01 to about 0.11, from about 0.02 to about 0.11, from about 0.03 to about 0.11, from about 0.04 to about 0.11, from about 0.05 to about 0.11, from about 0.06 to about 0.11, from about 0.07 to about 0.11, from about 0.08 to about 0.11, from about 0.09 to about 0.11, from about 0.1 to about 0.11, from about 0.01 to about 0.1, from about 0.02 to about 0.1, from about 0.03 to about 0.1, from about 0.04 to about 0.1, from about 0.05 to about 0.1, from about 0.06 to about 0.1, from about 0.07 to about 0.1, from about 0.08 to about 0.1, from about 0.09 to about 0.1, from about 0.01 to about 0.09, from about 0.02 to about 0.09, from about 0.03 to about 0.09, from about 0.04 to about 0.09, from about 0.in the range of from about 0.05 to about 0.09, from about 0.06 to about 0.09, from about 0.07 to about 0.09, from about 0.08 to about 0.09, from about 0.01 to about 0.08, from about 0.02 to about 0.08, from about 0.03 to about 0.08, from about 0.04 to about 0.08, from about 0.05 to about 0.08, from about 0.06 to about 0.08, from about 0.07 to about 0.08, from about 0.05 to about 0.07, from about 0.06 to about 0.07, or from about 0.05 to about 0.06.

[0078] In one or more embodiments, the core 10 may include a first semiconductor compound, and the first semiconductor compound may be a Group II-VI semiconductor compound. For example, the first semiconductor compound may include CdZnSe.

[0079] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, A 1 may be Zn, and B 1 may be Se, and in this regard, Formula 2 may be represented by Cd z Zn 1-z Se.

[0080] In one or more embodiments, the first shell 20 may include a second semiconductor compound represented by Formula 3:

[0081] Formula 3

[0082] A 1 B 1 w B 2 1-w .

[0083] Wherein, in Formula 3,

[0084] A 1 may be a Group II element other than Cd (e.g., excluding Cd),

[0085] B 1 and B 2 may each independently be a Group VI element, and

[0086] w may be in the range of from about 0.05 to about 0.5.

[0087] In one or more embodiments, w in Formula 3 can range from about 0.05 to about 0.5. For example, from about 0.06 to about 0.5, from about 0.07 to about 0.5, from about 0.08 to about 0.5, from about 0.09 to about 0.5, from about 0.1 to about 0.5, from about 0.15 to about 0.5, from about 0.2 to about 0.5, from about 0.25 to about 0.5, from about 0.3 to about 0.5, from about 0.35 to about 0.5, from about 0.4 to about 0.5, from about 0.45 to about 0.5, from about 0.05 to about 0.45, from about 0.06 to about 0.45, from about 0.07 to about 0.45, from about 0.08 to about 0.45, from about 0.09 to about 0.45, from about 0.1 to about 0.45, from about 0.15 to about 0.45, from about 0.2 to about 0.45, from about 0.25 to about 0.45, from about 0.3 to about 0.45, from about 0.35 to about 0.45, from about 0.4 to about 0.45, from about 0.05 to about 0.4, from about 0.06 to about 0.4, from about 0.07 to about 0.4, from about 0.08 to about 0.4, from about 0.09 to about 0.4, from about 0.1 to about 0.4, from about 0.15 to about 0.4, from about 0.2 to about 0.4, from about 0.25 to about 0.4, from about 0.3 to about 0.4, from about 0.35 to about 0.4, from about 0.05 to about 0.35, from about 0.06 to about 0.35, from about 0.07 to about 0.35, from about 0.08 to about 0.35, from about 0.09 to about 0.35, from about 0.1 to about 0.35, from about 0.15 to about 0.35, from about 0.2 to about 0.35, from about 0.25 to about 0.35, from about 0.3 to about 0.35, from about 0.05 to about 0.3, from about 0.06 to about 0.3, from about 0.07 to about 0.3, from about 0.08 to about 0.3, from about 0.09 to about 0.3, from about 0.1 to about 0.3, from about 0.15 to about 0.3, from about 0.2 to about 0.3, from about 0.25 to about 0.3, from about 0.05 to about 0.25, from about 0.06 to about 0.25, from about 0.07 to about 0.25, from about 0.08 to about 0.25, from about 0.09 to about 0.25, from about 0.1 to about 0.25, from about 0.15 to about 0.25, from about 0.2 to about 0.25, from about 0.05 to about 0.2, from about 0.06 to about 0.2, from about 0.07 to about 0.2, from about 0.08 to about 0.2, from about 0.09 to about 0.2, from about 0.1 to about 0.2, from about 0.15 to about 0.2, from about 0.05 to about 0.15, from about 0.06 to about 0.15, from about 0.07 to about 0.15, from about 0.08 to about 0.15, from about 0.09 to about 0.15, from about 0.1 to about 0.15, from about 0.05 to about 0.1, from about 0.06 to about 0.1, from about 0.07 to about 0.1, from about 0.08 to about 0.1, from about 0.09 to about 0.1, from about 0.05 to about 0.09, from about 0.06 to about 0.09, from about 0.07 to about 0.09, from about 0.08 to about 0.09, from about 0.05 to about 0.08, from about 0.in the range of from about 0.06 to about 0.08, from about 0.07 to about 0.08, from about 0.05 to about 0.07, from about 0.06 to about 0.07, or from about 0.05 to about 0.06.

[0088] In one or more embodiments, the first shell 20 may include a second semiconductor compound, and the second semiconductor compound may be a Group II-VI semiconductor compound. For example, the second semiconductor compound may include ZnSeS.

[0089] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 3, A 1 may be Zn, B 1 may be Se, and B 2 may be S, and in this regard, Formula 3 may be represented by ZnSe w S 1-w represent.

[0090] In one or more embodiments, A included in the core 10 1 and A included in the first shell 20 1 may be substantially the same as or different from each other.

[0091] In one or more embodiments, B 1 and B 2 may be substantially the same as or different from each other.

[0092] In one or more embodiments, Cd included in the core 10 may be present in a substantially uniform concentration or a non-substantially uniform concentration.

[0093] In one or more embodiments, A included in the core 10 1 may be present in a substantially uniform concentration or a non-substantially uniform concentration.

[0094] In one or more embodiments, B included in the core 10 1 may be present in a substantially uniform concentration or a non-substantially uniform concentration.

[0095] In one or more embodiments, A included in the first shell 20 1 may be present in a substantially uniform concentration or a non-substantially uniform concentration.

[0096] In one or more embodiments, B included in the first shell 20 1 may be present in a substantially uniform concentration or a non-substantially uniform concentration.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, B included in the first shell 20 2 may be present in a substantially uniform concentration or a non-substantially uniform concentration.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, the radius L1 of the core 10 in the quantum dot 100 may be 5 nanometers (nm) or greater. For example, the radius L1 of the core 10 may be in the range of about 5 nm to about 8 nm, about 5.5 nm to about 7.5 nm, about 6 nm to about 7 nm, or about 6.5 nm to about 7 nm.

[0099] In one or more embodiments, the thickness L2 of the first shell 20 in the quantum dot 100 may be in the range of about 2 nm to about 5 nm. For example, the thickness L2 of the first shell 20 may be in the range of about 2.5 nm to about 5 nm, about 3 nm to about 5 nm, about 3.5 nm to about 5 nm, about 4 nm to about 5 nm, about 4.5 nm to about 5 nm, about 2 nm to about 4.5 nm, about 2.5 nm to about 4.5 nm, about 3 nm to about 4.5 nm, about 3.5 nm to about 4.5 nm, about 4 nm to about 4.5 nm, about 2 nm to about 4 nm, about 2.5 nm to about 4 nm, about 3 nm to about 4 nm, about 3.5 nm to about 4 nm, about 2 nm to about 3.5 nm, about 2.5 nm to about 3.5 nm, about 3 nm to about 3.5 nm, about 2 nm to about 3 nm, about 2.5 nm to about 3 nm, or about 2 nm to about 2.5 nm.

[0100] In one or more embodiments, the ratio of the radius L1 of the core 10 to the thickness L2 of the first shell 20 may be in the range of about 1 to about 4.

[0101] For example, the ratio of the radius L1 of the core 10 to the thickness L2 of the first shell 20 may be in the range of about 1 to about 4, about 1.1 to about 3.9, about 1.2 to about 3.8, about 1.3 to about 3.7, about 1.4 to about 3.6, about 1.5 to about 3.5, about 1.6 to about 3.4, about 1.7 to about 3.3, about 1.8 to about 3.2, about 1.9 to about 3.1, about 2.0 to about 3.0, about 2.1 to about 2.9, about 2.2 to about 2.8, about 2.3 to about 2.7, or about 2.4 to about 2.6.

[0102] As used herein, the expression "radius L1 of the core 10" refers to the distance from the center of the quantum dot 100 to the interface between the core 10 and the first shell 20.

[0103] As used herein, the expression "thickness L2 of the first shell 20" refers to the distance from the interface between the core 10 and the first shell 20 to the surface of the first shell 20. For example, the thickness L2 of the first shell 20 corresponds to the value obtained by subtracting the radius L1 of the core 10 from the distance L3 from the center of the quantum dot 100 to the surface of the first shell 20.

[0104] When the ratio of the thickness L2 of the first shell 20 or the radius L1 of the core 10 to the thickness L2 of the first shell 20 is within the described range, the quantum dot 100 according to one or more embodiments can achieve excellent or appropriate luminous efficiency and long lifespan.

[0105] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot 100 may further include a second shell covering the first shell 20.

[0106] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot 100 may be a nanoparticle, nanotube, nanowire, nanofiber, and / or nanoplate, etc., for example, in the form of a spherical nanoparticle, conical nanoparticle, multi-arm nanoparticle, or cubic nanoparticle (or provide a spherical nanoparticle, conical nanoparticle, multi-arm nanoparticle, or cubic nanoparticle).

[0107] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot 100 may be spherical.

[0108] In one or more embodiments, the maximum emission wavelength of the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the quantum dot 100 may be in the range of about 410 nm to about 480 nm, about 420 nm to about 470 nm, about 430 nm to about 465 nm, or about 440 nm to about 460 nm.

[0109] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot 100 may emit blue light.

[0110] In one or more embodiments, the PL efficiency of the quantum dot 100 may be in the range of about 50% to about 98%, about 55% to about 97%, or about 60% to about 95%.

[0111] In one or more embodiments, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot 100 may be in the range of about 20 nm to about 35 nm. When the FWHM of the quantum dot 100 is within this range, color purity and / or color reproducibility can be improved. In one or more embodiments, since the light emitted by the quantum dot 100 is emitted in all directions, a wide viewing angle can be improved.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot 100 may be prepared by a method for preparing quantum dots described in more detail herein.

[0113] The quantum dot 100 can be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process, a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process, or any process similar thereto.

[0114] The wet chemical process is a method that includes mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and then growing quantum dot particle crystals. When the quantum dot particle crystals grow, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot particle crystals and controls the growth of the quantum dot particle crystals so that the growth of the quantum dot particle crystals can be selected by a process that is lower in cost and easier than vapor deposition methods (such as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition processes or molecular beam epitaxy processes).

[0115] In addition to the aforementioned Group II-VI semiconductor compounds, the quantum dots 100 may further include Group III-V semiconductor compounds, Group III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, Group IV elements or compounds, or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0116] Examples of Group II-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, and / or MgS, etc.; ternary compounds such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, and / or MgZnS, etc.; quaternary compounds such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, and / or HgZnSTe, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0117] Examples of group III-V semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, and / or InSb; ternary compounds such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, and / or InPSb; quaternary compounds such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, and / or InAlPSb; or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a group II element. Examples of group III-V semiconductor compounds further including a group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, and / or InAlZnP.

[0118] Examples of group III-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as GaS, GaSe, Ga 2 Se 3 、GaTe, InS, InSe, In 2 S 3 、In 2 Se 3 and / or InTe; ternary compounds such as InGaS 3 and / or InGaSe 3 ; or any combination thereof.

[0119] Examples of group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds may include: ternary compounds such as AgInS, AgInS 2 、AgInSe 2 、AgGaS, AgGaS 2 、AgGaSe 2 、CuInS, CuInS 2 、CuInSe 2 、CuGaS 2 、CuGaSe 2 、CuGaO 2 、AgGaO 2 and / or AgAlO 2 ; quaternary compounds such as AgInGaS 2 and / or AgInGaSe 2etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0120] Examples of Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; ternary compounds such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, and / or SnPbTe, etc.; quaternary compounds such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, and / or SnPbSTe, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0121] Group IV elements or compounds may include: single elements such as Si and / or Ge, etc.; binary compounds such as SiC and / or SiGe, etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0122] Each element included in a multi-element compound (such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, and a quaternary compound) may be present in the particles at a substantially uniform concentration or a substantially non-uniform concentration. For example, the foregoing formula refers to the type (species) of elements contained in the compound, and the element ratios in the compound may vary. For example, AgInGaS 2 refers to AgIn x Ga 1-x S 2 (where 0 < x < 1).

[0123] The shell of the quantum dot 100 (i.e., the first shell 20 and the second shell) may act as a protective layer to prevent chemical denaturation of the core 10 to maintain semiconductor properties, and / or act as a charging layer to impart electrophoretic properties to the quantum dot 100. The shell may be a single layer or multiple layers. The interface between the core 10 and the first shell 20 may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of the elements present in the first shell 20 decreases towards the center of the core 10.

[0124] The shell of the quantum dot 100 may further include: oxides of metals, metalloids, or non-metals; semiconductor compounds; or any combination thereof. Examples of oxides of metals, metalloids, or non-metals may include: binary compounds such as SiO 2 、Al 2 O 3 、TiO 2 、ZnO, MnO, Mn 2 O 3 、Mn 3 O 4 、CuO, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 、Fe 3 O 4 、CoO, Co 3 O 4 and / or NiO, etc.; ternary compounds such as MgAl2 O 4 、 CoFe 2 O 4 、 NiFe 2 O 4 and / or CoMn 2 O 4 etc.; or any combination thereof. Examples of semiconductor compounds may include: Group II-VI semiconductor compounds as described herein; Group III-V semiconductor compounds; Group III-VI semiconductor compounds; Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds; Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; or any combination thereof. For example, semiconductor compounds may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaS, GaSe, AgGaS, AgGaS 2 、 GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb or any combination thereof.

[0125] By controlling the size of the quantum dots 100, the bandgap can be adjusted so that light having one or more appropriate wavelength bands can be obtained from the emission layer including the quantum dots 100. Accordingly, by using quantum dots 100 of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light having one or more appropriate wavelength bands can be realized. In one or more embodiments, the size of the quantum dots 100 can be selected to emit red light, green light, and / or blue light. In one or more embodiments, the size of the quantum dots 100 can be configured to emit white light by combining light of one or more appropriate colors.

[0126] The quantum dots 100 according to one or more embodiments may be: quantum dots represented by Formula 1; quantum dots including a core 10; quantum dots including a first shell 20; or quantum dots represented by Formula 1 and including a core 10 and a first shell 20, thereby having excellent or appropriate light-emitting efficiency and long-life characteristics. Therefore, the use of the quantum dots 100 can provide high-quality optical components, electronic devices, and electronic apparatuses.

[0127] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) both the core 10 and the first shell 20 in the quantum dots 100 according to one or more embodiments include Group II-VI semiconductor compounds (e.g., simultaneously), then ionic bonding components can be included at a high concentration so that the bandgap characteristics can be improved, resulting in long-life characteristics. Therefore, the use of the quantum dots 100 can provide high-quality optical components, electronic devices, and electronic apparatuses.

[0128] Ink composition

[0129] Aspects of the present disclosure provide an ink composition comprising quantum dots and a solvent.

[0130] In one or more embodiments, based on 100 total weight parts of the ink composition, the amount of quantum dots can range from about 1.0 weight part to about 10 weight parts or from about 2 weight parts to about 5 weight parts.

[0131] In one or more embodiments, based on 100 total weight parts of the ink composition, the amount of quantum dots can range from about 80 weight parts to about 99.9 weight parts or from about 90 weight parts to about 99.8 weight parts.

[0132] In one or more embodiments, the viscosity of the ink composition can range from about 2 centipoise (cP) to about 10 cP.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, the surface tension of the ink composition can range from about 20 dynes per centimeter (dyn / cm) to about 40 dyn / cm.

[0134] In one or more embodiments, the vapor pressure of the ink composition can be 10 -2 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or lower.

[0135] When the viscosity, surface tension, and / or vapor pressure of the ink composition comprising quantum dots are within the described ranges, an inkjet process of jetting the ink composition can be easily performed.

[0136] In one or more embodiments, the solvent can be a hydrophilic solvent or a hydrophobic solvent.

[0137] In one or more embodiments, the hydrophobic solvent can include at least one of an aliphatic hydrocarbon-based and an aromatic hydrocarbon-based.

[0138] For example, the hydrophobic solvent can include at least one of the following: alkanes, including n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, dodecane, hexadecane, and / or octadecane, etc.; halogenated hydrocarbons, including dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and / or 1,1,2-trichloroethane, etc.; cycloalkanes, including cyclohexane and / or methylcyclohexane, etc.; aromatic hydrocarbons, including toluene, xylene, trimethylbenzene (e.g., mesitylene), ethylbenzene, n-hexylbenzene, octylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, and / or tetralin, etc.; and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, including chlorobenzene and / or o-dichlorobenzene, etc.

[0139] In one or more embodiments, the hydrophilic solvent can include at least one of an alcohol solvent, an ether solvent, a ketone solvent, an ester solvent, and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.

[0140] For example, the hydrophilic solvent may include at least one of the following: ethers such as alkylene glycol alkyl ethers (such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, and / or propylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, etc.), diethylene glycol dialkyl ethers (such as diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dipropyl ether, and / or diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, etc.), and / or anisole (methyl phenyl ether), etc.; esters such as ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, methyl 3-methoxypropionate, ethyl 3-phenyl-propionate, cyclic esters (such as γ-butyrolactone, etc.), methoxyethyl acetate, ethoxyethyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monopropyl ether acetate, and / or alkoxyacetic acid alkyl esters (such as butyl methoxyacetate and / or amyl methoxyacetate, etc.), etc.; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and / or mesitylene, etc.; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, methyl amyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and / or cyclohexanone, etc.; and alcohols such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, hexanol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, and / or glycerol, etc.

[0141] An ink composition including quantum dots and a solvent according to one or more embodiments has excellent or appropriate luminous efficiency and long-life characteristics, and thus using the ink composition in the formation of an ink can provide high-quality optical members, electronic devices, and electronic apparatuses.

[0142] Electronic device

[0143] Quantum dots can be used in one or more suitable electronic devices. Accordingly, another aspect of the present disclosure provides an electronic device including quantum dots.

[0144] In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may include: a light source; and a color conversion member disposed in a path of light emitted from the light source, wherein the color conversion member includes quantum dots.

[0145] Figure 2 Description of

[0146] Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of an electronic device 200A according to one or more embodiments. Figure 2 The electronic device 200A includes: a substrate 210; a light source 220 disposed on the substrate 210; and a color conversion member 230 disposed on the light source 220.

[0147] For example, the light source 220 may be a backlight unit (BLU) for a liquid crystal display (LCD), a fluorescent lamp, a light-emitting device (e.g., an organic light-emitting device or a quantum dot light-emitting device (QLED)), or any combination thereof. The color conversion member 230 may be disposed in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light source 220.

[0148] At least one region of the color conversion member 230 in the electronic device 200A may include quantum dots, and at least one region may absorb light emitted from the light source 220 to emit blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of about 410 nm to about 480 nm.

[0149] Here, the fact that the color conversion member 230 is arranged in at least one traveling direction of the light emitted from the light source 220 does not exclude the case where other members may be additionally included between the color conversion member 230 and the light source 220.

[0150] In one or more embodiments, a polarizing plate, a liquid crystal layer, a light guide plate, a diffusion plate, a prism sheet, a microlens sheet, a brightness enhancement sheet, a reflective film, a color filter, or any combination thereof may be additionally arranged between the light source 220 and the color conversion member 230.

[0151] In one or more embodiments, a polarizing plate, a liquid crystal layer, a light guide plate, a diffusion plate, a prism sheet, a microlens sheet, a brightness enhancement sheet, a reflective film, a color filter, or any combination thereof may be additionally arranged on the color conversion member 230.

[0152] Figure 2 The electronic device 200A is an example of an electronic device according to one or more of the foregoing embodiments, and may have one or more suitable shapes in the art, and accordingly, may further include one or more suitable structures in the art.

[0153] In one or more embodiments, the electronic device 200A may have a structure in which a light source, a light guide plate, a color conversion member, a first polarizing plate, a liquid crystal layer, a color filter, and a second polarizing plate are sequentially arranged.

[0154] In one or more embodiments, the electronic device 200A may have a structure in which a light source, a light guide plate, a first polarizing plate, a liquid crystal layer, a second polarizing plate, and a color conversion member are sequentially arranged.

[0155] In one or more embodiments herein, the color filter may include pigments or dyes. In one or more embodiments herein, one of the first polarizing plate and the second polarizing plate may be a vertical polarizing plate, and the other may be a horizontal polarizing plate.

[0156] Light emitting device

[0157] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots described herein can be used as emitters. Accordingly, another aspect of the present disclosure provides an electronic device including a light-emitting device, the light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and a sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the light-emitting device (e.g., an emission layer included in the light-emitting device) includes quantum dots. The light-emitting device may further include: a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode; and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0158] Figure 3 description

[0159] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting device 1A according to one or more embodiments.

[0160] The light-emitting device 1A includes: a first electrode 110; a second electrode 150 facing the first electrode 110; and a sandwich layer 130 disposed between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150 and including quantum dots. Hereinafter, each layer of the light-emitting device 1A will be described.

[0161] At least one quantum dot can be used in a light-emitting device (e.g., an organic light-emitting device). In this regard, another aspect of the present disclosure provides a light-emitting device, the light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and a sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer; wherein the light-emitting device includes quantum dots.

[0162] In one or more embodiments,

[0163] the first electrode of the light-emitting device can be an anode,

[0164] the second electrode of the light-emitting device can be a cathode, and

[0165] the sandwich layer may further include: a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode,

[0166] wherein the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and

[0167] the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0168] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots may be included between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device. Thus, the quantum dots may be included in the sandwich layer (e.g., the emission layer of the light-emitting device) of the light-emitting device.

[0169] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer in the sandwich of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, and the dopant may include quantum dots. For example, the quantum dots may be used as the host. The emissive layer may emit red light, green light, blue light, and / or white light. For example, the emissive layer may emit blue light. The blue light may have, for example, a maximum emission wavelength in the range of about 400 nanometers (nm) to about 490 nm.

[0170] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer in the sandwich of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, the host may include quantum dots, and the dopant may emit blue light. For example, the dopant may include a transition metal and m ligands, and m may be an integer selected from 1 to 6. The m ligands may be substantially the same as or different from each other, at least one of the m ligands may be connected to the transition metal via a carbon-transition metal bond, and the carbon-transition metal bond may be a coordination bond. For example, at least one of the m ligands may be a carbene ligand (e.g., the carbene ligand included in Ir(pmp) 3 etc.). The transition metal may be, for example, iridium, platinum, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and / or gold, etc. More details regarding the emissive layer and the dopant may be the same as those described herein, respectively and independently.

[0171]

[0172] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a capping layer disposed outside the first electrode or outside the second electrode.

[0173] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer disposed outside the first electrode and a second capping layer disposed outside the second electrode (e.g., selected from at least one of the first capping layer disposed outside the first electrode and the second capping layer disposed outside the second electrode), and at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer (e.g., selected from the first capping layer and the second capping layer) may include quantum dots. More details regarding the first capping layer and / or the second capping layer may be the same as those described herein, respectively and independently.

[0174] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include:

[0175] A first capping layer disposed outside the first electrode and including quantum dots;

[0176] A second capping layer disposed outside the second electrode and including quantum dots; or

[0177] Both the first capping layer and the second capping layer (e.g., simultaneously).

[0178] As used herein, the expression “(the interlayer and / or the capping layer) includes quantum dots” can be interpreted as “(the interlayer and / or the capping layer) includes one type (species) of quantum dots disclosed herein or two or more different types (species) of quantum dots disclosed herein.”

[0179] As used herein, the term “interlayer” refers to each layer (e.g., any layer or all layers) of a single layer and / or multiple layers disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode of a light-emitting device.

[0180] Another aspect of the present disclosure provides an electronic device including quantum dots and / or a light-emitting device. The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein a first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touchscreen layer, a polarization layer, or any combination thereof. More details regarding the electronic device may be the same as those described herein, independently of each other.

[0181] Hereinafter, reference will be made to Figure 3 describe the structure of a light-emitting device 1A according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 1A.

[0182] Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 1A according to one or more embodiments. The light-emitting device 1A includes a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0183] The first electrode 110

[0184] In Figure 3 , a substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 110 or on the second electrode 150. In one or more embodiments, as the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate and may include a plastic having excellent or appropriate heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0185] The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming (or providing) the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming (or providing) the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material that facilitates hole injection.

[0186] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a transmissive-reflective electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material used to form (or provide) the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a transmissive-reflective electrode or a reflective electrode, the material used to form (or provide) the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or any combination thereof.

[0187] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO.

[0188] Interlayer 130

[0189] The interlayer 130 is disposed on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.

[0190] The interlayer 130 may further include: a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0191] In addition to one or more suitable organic materials, the interlayer 130 may further include metal-containing compounds (such as organometallic compounds) and / or inorganic materials (such as quantum dots), etc.

[0192] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include i) two or more emission units stacked in sequence between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer between adjacent two emission units. When the interlayer 130 includes two or more emission units and a charge generation layer, the light-emitting device 1A may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[0193] The hole transport region in the interlayer 130

[0194] The hole transport region may have i) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) that includes a single material (e.g., consisting of a single material), ii) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) that includes a plurality of different materials from each other (e.g., consisting of a plurality of different materials from each other), or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers that includes a plurality of different materials from each other.

[0195] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0196] For example, the hole transport region may have a multilayer structure including a hole injection layer / hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / emission assisting layer structure, a hole injection layer / emission assisting layer structure, a hole transport layer / emission assisting layer structure, or a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / electron blocking layer structure, where the layers of each structure are stacked in sequence from the first electrode 110.

[0197] The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0198] Formula 201

[0199]

[0200] Wherein, in Formula 201 and Formula 202,

[0201] L 201 to L 204 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 3 -C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 1 -C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0202] L 205 may be *-O-*', *-S-*', *-N(Q 201 )-*', an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 1 -C 20 alkylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 2 -C 20 alkenylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 3 -C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 1 -C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0203] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0204] xa5 may be an integer selected from 1 to 10,

[0205] R 201 to R 204 and Q 201 may each independently be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C 3 -C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C 1 -C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0206] R 201 and R 202 may optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or R-substituted C 10a substituted C 1 -C 5 alkylene group or unsubstituted or R-substituted C 10a substituted C 2 -C 5 alkenylene group to form (or provide) an unsubstituted or R-substituted C 10a substituted C 8 -C 60 polycyclic group (e.g., carbazolyl, etc.) (e.g., compound HT16, etc.),

[0207] R 203 and R 204 may optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or R-substituted C 10a substituted C 1 -C 5 alkylene group or unsubstituted or R-substituted C 10a substituted C 2 -C 5 alkenylene group to form (or provide) an unsubstituted or R-substituted C 10a substituted C 8 -C 60 polycyclic group, and

[0208] na1 may be an integer selected from 1 to 4.

[0209] For example, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may include at least one group represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 (e.g., at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217):

[0210]

[0211] wherein, in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217, R 10b and R 10c may each be combined with the binding R 10aSame as described, ring CY 201 to ring CY 204 may each independently be C 3 -C 20 carbocyclic group or C 1 -C 20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in formulas CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted by R 10a substituted.

[0212] In one or more embodiments, in formulas CY201 to CY217, ring CY 201 to ring CY 204 may each independently be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthryl.

[0213] In one or more embodiments, each of formulas 201 and 202 may include at least one of the groups represented by formulas CY201 to CY203.

[0214] In one or more embodiments, formula 201 may include at least one of the groups represented by formulas CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by formulas CY204 to CY217.

[0215] In one or more embodiments, in formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R 201 may be one of the groups represented by formulas CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R 202 may be one of the groups represented by one of formulas CY204 to CY207.

[0216] In one or more embodiments, each of formulas 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) the groups represented by formulas CY201 to CY203.

[0217] In one or more embodiments, each of formulas 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) the groups represented by formulas CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of the groups represented by formulas CY204 to CY217.

[0218] In one or more embodiments, each of formulas 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) the groups represented by formulas CY201 to CY217.

[0219] For example, the hole transport region may include at least one of Compounds HT1 to HT46 (e.g., at least one selected from Compounds HT1 to HT46); m-MTDATA; TDATA; 2-TNATA; NPB (NPD); β-NPB; TPD; Spiro-TPD; Spiro-NPB; methylated NPB; TAPC; HMTPD; 4,4',4”-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA); polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA); poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS); polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA); polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS); poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(4,4'-(N-(4-sec-butyl)phenyl)diphenylamine)] (TFB); and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0220]

[0221]

[0222]

[0223]

[0224]

[0225] The thickness of the hole transport region may be in the range of about to about For example, about to about . When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination), the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in the range of about to about For example, about to about . And the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in the range of about to about For example, about to about . When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0226] The emission assisting layer can increase the luminescence efficiency by compensating for the optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer can block or reduce the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that can be included in the hole transport region can be included in the emission assisting layer and the electron blocking layer.

[0227] p-dopant

[0228] In addition to the aforementioned materials, the hole transport region may further include a charge generation material for improving the conduction property. The charge generation material can be uniformly (substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (substantially non-uniformly) dispersed in the hole transport region (e.g., in the form of a single layer including the charge generation material (e.g., consisting of the charge generation material)).

[0229] The charge generation material can be, for example, a p-dopant.

[0230] For example, the p-dopant can have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of -3.5 electron volts (eV) or less.

[0231] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant can include a quinone derivative, a cyanide-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0232] Examples of the quinone derivative can include TCNQ and / or F4-TCNQ, etc.

[0233] Examples of the cyanide-containing compound can be or include HAT-CN and / or a compound represented by Formula 221, etc.:

[0234]

[0235] Formula 221

[0236]

[0237] Wherein, in Formula 221,

[0238] R 221 to R 223 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 3 -C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C 1 -C 60 heterocyclic group, and

[0239] R 221 to R223 At least one of them may each independently be a C substituted by the following respectively 3 -C 60 carbocyclic group or C 1 -C 60 heterocyclic group: cyano group; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; C substituted by cyano group, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I and / or their combination (for example, any suitable combination) 1 -C 20 alkyl group; and / or their combination (for example, any suitable combination).

[0240] In a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non - metal, a metalloid and / or any combination thereof (for example, any suitable combination).

[0241] Examples of metals may include: alkali metals (such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) and / or cesium (Cs), etc.); alkaline earth metals (such as beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and / or barium (Ba), etc.); transition metals (such as titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and / or gold (Au), etc.); post - transition metals (such as zinc (Zn), indium (In) and / or tin (Sn), etc.); and / or lanthanide metals (such as lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb) and / or lutetium (Lu), etc.), etc.

[0242] Examples of metalloids may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb) and / or tellurium (Te), etc.

[0243] Examples of non - metals may include oxygen (O) and / or halogens (such as F, Cl, Br and / or I, etc.), etc.

[0244] For example, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2 may include metal oxides, metal halides (such as metal fluorides, metal chlorides, metal bromides and / or metal iodides, etc.), metalloid halides (such as metalloid fluorides, metalloid chlorides, metalloid bromides and / or metalloid iodides, etc.), metal tellurides and / or any combination thereof (for example, any suitable combination).

[0245] Examples of metal oxides may include tungsten oxides (e.g., WO, W 2 O 3 、WO 2 、WO 3 and / or W 2 O 5 etc.), vanadium oxides (e.g., VO, V 2 O 3 、VO 2 and / or V 2 O 5 etc.), molybdenum oxides (e.g., MoO, Mo 2 O 3 、MoO 2 、MoO 3 and / or Mo 2 O 5 etc.) and / or rhenium oxides (e.g., ReO 3 etc.) etc.

[0246] Examples of metal halides may include alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, post-transition metal halides and / or lanthanide metal halides etc.

[0247] Examples of alkali metal halides may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI and / or CsI etc.

[0248] Examples of alkaline earth metal halides may include BeF 2 、MgF 2 、CaF 2 、SrF 2 、BaF 2 、BeCl 2 、MgCl 2 、CaCl 2 、SrCl 2 、BaCl 2 、BeBr 2 、MgBr 2 、CaBr 2 、SrBr 2 、BaBr 2 、BeI 2 、MgI 2 、CaI 2 、SrI 2 and / or BaI 2 etc.

[0249] Examples of transition metal halides may include titanium halides (e.g., TiF 4 , TiCl 4 , TiBr 4 and / or TiI 4 etc.), zirconium halides (e.g., ZrF 4 , ZrCl 4 , ZrBr 4 and / or ZrI 4 etc.), hafnium halides (e.g., HfF 4 , HfCl 4 , HfBr 4 and / or HfI 4 etc.), vanadium halides (e.g., VF 3 , VCl 3 , VBr 3 and / or VI 3 etc.), niobium halides (e.g., NbF 3 , NbCl 3 , NbBr 3 and / or NbI 3 etc.), tantalum halides (e.g., TaF 3 , TaCl 3 , TaBr 3 and / or TaI 3 etc.), chromium halides (e.g., CrF 3 , CrCl 3 , CrBr 3 and / or CrI 3 etc.), molybdenum halides (e.g., MoF 3 , MoCl 3 , MoBr 3 and / or MoI 3 etc.), tungsten halides (e.g., WF 3 , WCl 3 , WBr 3 and / or WI 3 etc.), manganese halides (e.g., MnF 2 , MnCl 2 , MnBr 2 and / or MnI 2 etc.), technetium halides (e.g., TcF 2 , TcCl 2 , TcBr 2 and / or TcI 2 etc.), rhenium halides (e.g., ReF 2 , ReCl 2 , ReBr 2 and / or ReI 2 etc.), ferrous halides (e.g., FeF2 , FeCl 2 , FeBr 2 and / or FeI 2 etc.), ruthenium halides (e.g., RuF 2 , RuCl 2 , RuBr 2 and / or RuI 2 etc.), osmium halides (e.g., OsF 2 , OsCl 2 , OsBr 2 and / or OsI 2 etc.), cobalt halides (e.g., CoF 2 , CoCl 2 , CoBr 2 and / or CoI 2 etc.), rhodium halides (e.g., RhF 2 , RhCl 2 , RhBr 2 and / or RhI 2 etc.), iridium halides (e.g., IrF 2 , IrCl 2 , IrBr 2 and / or IrI 2 etc.), nickel halides (e.g., NiF 2 , NiCl 2 , NiBr 2 and / or NiI 2 etc.), palladium halides (e.g., PdF 2 , PdCl 2 , PdBr 2 and / or PdI 2 etc.), platinum halides (e.g., PtF 2 , PtCl 2 , PtBr 2 and / or PtI 2 etc.), cuprous halides (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr and / or CuI etc.), silver halides (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr and / or AgI etc.) and / or gold halides (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr and / or AuI etc.) etc.

[0250] Examples of post-transition metal halides may include zinc halides (e.g., ZnF 2 , ZnCl 2 , ZnBr 2 and / or ZnI 2 etc.), indium halides (e.g., InI 3 etc.) and / or tin halides (e.g., SnI 2 etc.) etc.

[0251] Examples of lanthanide metal halides are YbF, YbF 2 、YbF 3 、SmF 3 、YbCl, YbCl 2 、YbCl 3 、SmCl 3 、YbBr, YbBr 2 、YbBr 3 、SmBr 3 、YbI, YbI 2 、YbI 3 and / or SmI 3 etc.

[0252] Examples of metalloid halides may include antimony halides (e.g., SbCl 5 etc.) etc.

[0253] Examples of metal tellurides may include alkali metal tellurides (e.g., Li 2 Te, Na 2 Te, K 2 Te, Rb 2 Te and / or Cs 2 Te etc.), alkaline earth metal tellurides (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe and / or BaTe etc.), transition metal tellurides (e.g., TiTe 2 、ZrTe 2 、HfTe 2 、V 2 Te 3 、Nb 2 Te 3 、Ta 2 Te 3 、Cr 2 Te 3 、Mo 2 Te 3 、W 2 Te 3 、MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu 2 Te, CuTe, Ag 2 Te, AgTe and / or Au 2 Te etc.), post-transition metal tellurides (e.g., ZnTe etc.) and / or lanthanide metal tellurides (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe and / or LuTe etc.) etc.

[0254] The emission layer in the interlayer 130

[0255] When the light-emitting device 1A is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and / or a blue emission layer according to sub-pixels. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more of the red emission layer, the green emission layer, and the blue emission layer, where two or more layers are in contact with each other or separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, where two or more of the materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

[0256] The emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0257] As used herein, the term "quantum dot" refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound and may include any material capable of emitting light of one or more appropriate emission wavelengths according to the size of the crystal. By adjusting the elemental ratio in the quantum dot compound, the quantum dot may emit light of one or more appropriate emission wavelengths.

[0258] The diameter of the quantum dot may be in the range of, for example, about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 10 nm.

[0259] The quantum dots may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any similar process.

[0260] The wet chemical process is a method that includes mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and then growing quantum dot particle crystals. When the quantum dot particle crystals grow, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot particle crystals and controls the growth of the quantum dot particle crystals so that the growth of the quantum dot particle crystals can be controlled or selected by a process that is less costly and easier than vapor deposition methods (such as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process).

[0261] The quantum dots may include: a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV element or compound; and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0262] Examples of II-VI group semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, and / or MgS, etc.; ternary compounds such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, and / or MgZnS, etc.; quaternary compounds such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, and / or HgZnSTe, etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0263] Examples of III-V group semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, and / or InSb, etc.; ternary compounds such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, and / or InPSb, etc.; quaternary compounds such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, and / or InAlPSb, etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, the III-V group semiconductor compounds may further include group II elements. Examples of III-V group semiconductor compounds further including group II elements may include InZnP, InGaZnP, and / or InAlZnP, etc.

[0264] Examples of III-VI group semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as GaS, GaSe, Ga 2 Se 3 、GaTe, InS, InSe, In 2 S 3 、In 2 Se 3 and / or InTe, etc.; ternary compounds such as InGaS 3and / or InGaSe 3 etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0265] Examples of Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds may include: ternary compounds such as AgInS, AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , AgGaS, AgGaS 2 , AgGaSe 2 , CuInS, CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , CuGaS 2 , CuGaSe 2 , CuGaO 2 , AgGaO 2 and / or AgAlO 2 etc.; quaternary compounds such as AgInGaS 2 and / or AgInGaSe 2 etc.; or any combination thereof.

[0266] Examples of Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe or PbTe; ternary compounds such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe and / or SnPbTe etc.; quaternary compounds such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe and / or SnPbSTe etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0267] Group IV elements or compounds may include: single elements such as Si and / or Ge etc.; binary compounds such as SiC and / or SiGe etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0268] Each element included in a multi-element compound (such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, and a quaternary compound) may be present in the particles at a substantially uniform concentration or a substantially non-uniform concentration. For example, the foregoing formula refers to the type (species) of elements contained in the compound, wherein the element ratios in the compound may vary. For example, AgInGaS 2 refers to AgIn x Ga 1-x S 2 (where 0 < x < 1).

[0269] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot may have a single structure (in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is substantially uniform) or a core-shell dual structure. For example, the material included in the core and the material included in the shell may be different from each other.

[0270] The shell of the quantum dot may act as a protective layer to prevent chemical denaturation of the core to maintain semiconductor properties and / or as a charging layer to impart electrophoretic properties to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or multiple layers. The interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the element concentration of the element present in the shell decreases toward the center of the core.

[0271] Examples of quantum dot shells may include: oxides of metals, metalloids, or nonmetals; semiconductor compounds; or any combination thereof. Examples of oxides of metals, metalloids, or nonmetals may include: binary compounds, such as SiO 2 、Al 2 O 3 、TiO 2 、ZnO、MnO、Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , CuO, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , CoO, Co 3 O 4 and / or NiO, etc.; ternary compounds, such as MgAl 2 O 4 、CoFe 2 O 4 、NiFe 2 O 4 and / or CoMn 2 O 4 etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). Examples of semiconductor compounds may include: as described herein, Group II-VI semiconductor compounds; Group III-V semiconductor compounds; Group III-VI semiconductor compounds; Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds; Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). Examples of semiconductor compounds may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0272] Each element included in the multi-element compound (such as binary compound and ternary compound) can be present in the particle with a concentration that can be substantially uniform or substantially non-uniform. For example, the aforementioned formula refers to the type (species) of elements contained in the compound, wherein the ratio of elements in the compound can vary.

[0273] The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dots may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, for example, about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, the color purity and / or color reproducibility of the quantum dots may be improved. In one or more embodiments, because the light emitted by the quantum dots is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle may be improved.

[0274] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots may be nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers and / or nanoplates, etc., for example, in the form of spherical nanoparticles, pyramidal nanoparticles, multi-armed nanoparticles or cubic nanoparticles (or provide spherical nanoparticles, pyramidal nanoparticles, multi-armed nanoparticles or cubic nanoparticles).

[0275] By controlling the size of the quantum dots, the energy band gap can be adjusted so that light having one or more appropriate wavelength bands can be obtained from the emission layer including the quantum dots. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light emitting device that emits light of one or more appropriate wavelength bands can be realized. For example, the size of the quantum dots or the ratio of elements in the quantum dot compound can be selected to emit red light, green light, and / or blue light. In one or more embodiments, the size of the quantum dots can be configured to emit white light through a combination of one or more appropriate colors of light.

[0276] The emission layer may be formed by applying an ink composition onto the hole transport region and evaporating at least a portion of a solvent included in the ink composition.

[0277] The ink composition can be applied by inkjet printing, spin coating, casting, microgravure coating, gravure coating, rod coating, roller coating, wire bar coating, dip coating, spray coating, screen printing, flexographic printing, and / or offset printing, among others.

[0278] In one or more embodiments, in addition to the quantum dots, the emission layer may further include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

[0279] The amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be in the range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host.

[0280] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescent material. The delayed fluorescent material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.

[0281] The thickness of the emission layer can be about to about For example, about to about When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent or appropriate light emitting characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0282] main body

[0283] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[0284] Formula 301

[0285] [Ar 301 ] xb11 -[(L 301 ) xb1 -R 301 ] xb21 .

[0286] Wherein, in Formula 301,

[0287] Ar 301 and L 301 may be each independently unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 3 -C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0288] xb11 can be 1, 2 or 3,

[0289] xb1 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0290] R 301 It may be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 2 -C 60 Alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 2 -C 60 Alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C3 -C 60 Carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 301 )(Q 302 )(Q 303 )、-N(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、-B(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、-C(=O)(Q 301 )、-S(=O) 2 (Q 301 ) or -P(=O)(Q 301 )(Q 302 ),

[0291] xb21 may be an integer selected from 1 to 5, and

[0292] Q 301 To Q 303 Can be combined with Q 1 Same as the description.

[0293] For example, if (eg, when) xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ar 301 Can be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0294] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, and / or a combination thereof (eg, any suitable combination):

[0295] Formula 301-1

[0296]

[0297] Formula 301-2

[0298]

[0299] Among them, in Formula 301-1 and Formula 301-2,

[0300] Ring A 301 To Ring A 304 may be each independently unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 3 -C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0301] X 301 Can be O, S, N[(L 304 ) xb4 -R 304 ]、C(R 304 )(R 305 ) or Si(R 304 )(R 305 ),

[0302] xb22 and xb23 can each independently be 0, 1 or 2,

[0303] L 301 , xb1 and R 301 may each be the same as described herein,

[0304] L 302 To L 304 Can be combined with L independently 301 Same description as

[0305] xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described in conjunction with xb1, and

[0306] R 302 To R 305 and R 311 To R 314 Each can be combined with R in this article 301 Same as the description.

[0307] In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a late transition metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, the host may each independently include a Be complex (e.g., compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0308] In one or more embodiments, the host may include: at least one of Compound H1 to Compound H128 (e.g., at least one selected from Compound H1 to Compound H128); 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN); 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalene-2-yl)anthracene (MADN); 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-2-tert-butyl-anthracene (TBADN); 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP); 1,3-di(9-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP); 1,3,5-tri(carbazolyl-9-yl)benzene (TCP); and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination):

[0309]

[0310]

[0311]

[0312]

[0313]

[0314]

[0315]

[0316] Phosphorescent dopants

[0317] The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.

[0318] The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, and / or combinations thereof (eg, any suitable combination).

[0319] The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

[0320] For example, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

[0321] Formula 401

[0322] M(L 401 ) xc1 (L 402 ) xc2

[0323] Formula 402

[0324]

[0325] Among them, in equation 401 and equation 402,

[0326] M may be a transition metal (e.g., Ir, Pt, Pd, Os, Ti, Au, Hf, Eu, Tb, Rh, Re, or Tm),

[0327] L 401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein if (for example, when) xc1 is 2 or greater, then two or more L 401 may be substantially the same as or different from each other,

[0328] L 402 may be an organic ligand; and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein, if (for example, when) xc2 is 2 or greater, then two or more L 402 may be substantially the same as or different from each other,

[0329] X 401 and X 402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

[0330] Ring A 401 and Ring A 402 Can be independently C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic or C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0331] T 401 It can be a single bond, *-O-*', *-S-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-N(Q 411 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 )(Q 412 )-*',

[0332] *-C(Q 411 )=C(Q 412 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 )=*'or*=C=*',

[0333] X 403 and X 404 can be independently a chemical bond (e.g., a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N (Q 413 )、B(Q 413 )、P(Q 413 )、C(Q 413 )(Q 414 ) or Si(Q 413 )(Q 414 ),

[0334] Q 411 To Q 414 Each and combined Q 1 Same description as

[0335] R 401 and R 402 can be independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 20 Alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 20 Alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 401 )(Q 402 )(Q 403 )、-N(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-B(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-C(=O)(Q 401 )、-S(=O) 2 (Q 401 ) or -P(=O)(Q 401 )(Q 402 ),

[0336] Q 401 To Q 403 Each and combined Q 1 Same description as

[0337] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 10, and

[0338] * and *' in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site with M in Formula 401.

[0339] For example, in equation 402, i)X 401 may be nitrogen and X 402 Can be carbon, or ii) X 401 and X 402 Each of may be nitrogen.

[0340] In one or more embodiments, if (eg, when) xc1 in equation 401 is 2 or greater, then two or more L 401 The two rings A 401 Optionally, T as a linking group 402 connected to each other, and two or more L 401 The two rings A 402 Optionally, T as a linking group 403 Connected to each other (see Compound PD1 to Compound PD4 and Compound PD7). 402 and T 403 Each and combined T 401 Same as described.

[0341] In formula 401, L 402 It can be an organic ligand. For example, L 402 It may include a halogen group, a diketone group (e.g., an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., a picolinate group), a -C(=O) group, an isonitrile group, a -CN group, a phosphorus-containing group (e.g., a phosphine group and / or a phosphite group, etc.) and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination).

[0342] The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, at least one of Compound PD1 to Compound PD39 (eg, at least one selected from Compound PD1 to Compound PD39) and / or a combination thereof (eg, any appropriate combination):

[0343]

[0344]

[0345]

[0346] Fluorescent dopants

[0347] The fluorescent dopant may include an amine-containing compound, a styrene-containing compound, and / or a combination thereof (eg, any appropriate combination).

[0348] For example, the fluorescent dopant may include at least one of the compounds represented by Formula 501:

[0349] Formula 501

[0350]

[0351] Wherein, in Formula 501,

[0352] Ar 501 , L 501 To L 503 , R 501 and R 502 may be each independently unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 3 -C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0353] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2 or 3, and

[0354] xd4 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0355] For example, Ar in Formula 501 501 It may be a condensed ring group in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together (for example, anthracenyl, 1,2-triphenylenyl and / or pyrene, etc.).

[0356] For example, xd4 in equation 501 may be 2.

[0357] In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include at least one of Compound FD1 to Compound FD37 (eg, at least one selected from Compound FD1 to Compound FD37); DPVBi; DPAVBi; and / or a combination thereof (eg, any appropriate combination):

[0358]

[0359]

[0360]

[0361] Delayed fluorescence materials

[0362] The emitting layer may include a delayed fluorescent material.

[0363] In the present specification, the delayed fluorescent material may be a compound capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism (for example, may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism).

[0364] The delayed fluorescent material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the types or kinds of other materials included in the emission layer.

[0365] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material may be in the range of about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material satisfies the described range, up-conversion of the delayed fluorescent material from the triplet state to the singlet state may effectively occur, and therefore, the light-emitting device 1A may have improved luminous efficiency.

[0366] For example, the delayed fluorescent material may include i) at least one electron donor (eg, a π-electron-rich C 3 -C 60 Cyclic groups and / or carbazole groups, etc.) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., sulfoxide groups, cyano groups and / or π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C 1 -C 60 cyclic groups, etc.), and ii) a C-type material in which two or more cyclic groups are fused while sharing a boron (B) atom. 8 -C 60 Polycyclic materials.

[0367] Examples of the delayed fluorescent material may include at least one of Compound DF1 to Compound DF14 (eg, at least one selected from Compound DF1 to Compound DF14):

[0368]

[0369]

[0370] Electron transport region in interlayer 130

[0371] The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of materials different from each other, or iii) a multilayer structure including a plurality of layers including a plurality of materials different from each other.

[0372] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and / or combinations thereof (eg, any suitable combination).

[0373] For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers in each structure are stacked sequentially from the emission layer.

[0374] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (e.g., a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C 1 -C 60 Cyclic group.

[0375] For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[0376] Formula 601

[0377] [Ar 601 ] xe11 -[(L 601 ) xe1 -R 601 ] xe21 .

[0378] Wherein, in Formula 601,

[0379] Ar 601 and L 601 may be each independently unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 3 -C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0380] xe11 can be 1, 2 or 3,

[0381] xe1 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,

[0382] R 601 may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 601 )(Q 602 )(Q 603 )、-C(=O)(Q 601 )、-S(=O) 2 (Q 601 ) or -P(=O)(Q 601 )(Q 602 ),

[0383] Q 601 To Q 603 Each and combined Q 1 Same description as

[0384] xe21 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

[0385] Ar 601 , L 601 and R 601 At least one of them may be independently unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C 1 -C 60 Cyclic group.

[0386] For example, if (eg, when) xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ar 601 Can be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0387] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 601 601 may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted anthracenyl.

[0388] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

[0389] Formula 601-1

[0390]

[0391] Among them, in formula 601-1,

[0392] X 614 Can be N or C(R 614 ), X 615 Can be N or C(R 615 ), and X 616 Can be N or C(R 616 ), where X 614 To X 616 At least one of may be N,

[0393] L 611 To L 613 Each combined with L 601 Same description as

[0394] xe611 to xe613 are each the same as described in conjunction with xe1.

[0395] R 611 To R 613 Each combined with R 601 The same description as

[0396] R 614 To R 616 can be independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 20 Alkyl, C 1 -C 20 Alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 3 -C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0397] For example, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formula 601 and Formula 601-1 can each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0398] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include: at least one of compounds ET1 to ET45 (eg, at least one selected from compounds ET1 to ET45); 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen); Alq 3 ; BAlq; TAZ; NTAZ; ZnMgO; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0399]

[0400]

[0401]

[0402] The thickness of the electron transport region can be about to about For example, about to about When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination), the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer or the electron control layer may be independently about to about For example, about to about and the thickness of the electron transport layer can be in the range of about to about For example, about to about When the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer and / or the electron transport region is within these ranges, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0403] In addition to the aforementioned materials, the electron transport region (eg, an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include a metal-containing material.

[0404] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination). The metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. The ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination).

[0405] For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, compound ET-D1 (Liq) or compound ET-D2:

[0406]

[0407] The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.

[0408] The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of materials different from each other, or iii) a multilayer structure including a plurality of layers including a plurality of materials different from each other.

[0409] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0410] Alkali metals may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). Alkaline earth metals may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). Rare earth metals may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0411] The alkali metal-containing compound, alkaline earth metal-containing compound and rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides or iodides) or tellurides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and rare earth metals, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination).

[0412] Alkali metal compounds may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li 2 O、Cs 2 O and / or K 2 O, etc.; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI and / or KI, etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination). The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include alkaline earth metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba x Sr 1-x O(where x satisfies 0 <x<1)和 / 或Ba x Ca 1-x O(where x satisfies 0 <x<1)等。含稀土金属化合物可包括YbF 3 ScF 3 Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 、Ce2 O 3 , GdF 3 , TbF 3 ,YbI 3 ScI 3 , TbI 3 and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of lanthanide metal tellurides may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, LaTe, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). 2 Te 3 、Ce 2 Te 3 , Pr 2 Te 3 、Nd 2 Te 3 、Pm 2 Te 3 、Sm 2 Te 3 、Eu 2 Te 3 , Gd 2 Te 3 , Tb 2 Te 3 、Dy 2 Te 3 、Ho 2 Te 3 , Er 2 Te 3 、Tm 2 Te 3 , Yb 2 Te 3 and / or Lu 2 Te 3 wait.

[0413] The alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex and rare earth metal complex may include i) at least one of ions of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and rare earth metals (e.g., at least one selected from ions of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and rare earth metals) and ii) as a ligand bonded to the metal ion, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination).

[0414] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination) as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 601).

[0415] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) i) an alkali metal compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposition layer, a RbI:Yb co-deposition layer and / or a LiF:Yb co-deposition layer, etc.

[0416] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal-containing compound, alkaline earth metal-containing compound, rare earth metal-containing compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, rare earth metal complex and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination) may be uniformly (substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (substantially non-uniformly) dispersed in the matrix including the organic material.

[0417] The thickness of the electron injection layer can be about to about For example, about to about When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within these ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0418] The second electrode 150

[0419] The second electrode 150 is disposed on the interlayer 130 having the aforementioned structure. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode as an electron injection electrode, and as a material for forming (or providing) the second electrode 150, metals, alloys, conductive compounds, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination) each having a low work function may be used.

[0420] The second electrode 150 may include Li, Ag, Mg, Al, Al-Li, Ca, Mg-In, Mg-Ag, Yb, Ag-Yb, ITO, IZO and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination). The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0421] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including a plurality of layers.

[0422] Capping layer

[0423] The first capping layer may be arranged on the outside of the first electrode 110, and / or the second capping layer may be arranged on the outside of the second electrode 150. For example, the light-emitting device 1A may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150 and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150 and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.

[0424] The light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 1A can be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110 which can be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode and the first capping layer. The light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 1A can be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150 which can be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode and the second capping layer.

[0425] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, light extraction efficiency of the light emitting device 1A may be increased, so that the light emitting efficiency of the light emitting device 1A may be improved.

[0426] Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or greater (at a wavelength of 589 nm).

[0427] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be a capping layer including quantum dots, an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0428] At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine-containing compound, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination). The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound and the amine-containing compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination). In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine-containing compound.

[0429] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, and / or a combination thereof (eg, any appropriate combination).

[0430] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include: at least one of compounds HT28 to HT33 (e.g., at least one selected from compounds HT28 to HT33); at least one of compounds CP1 to CP6 (e.g., at least one selected from compounds CP1 to CP6); β-NPB; and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any appropriate combination):

[0431]

[0432] membrane

[0433] Quantum dots may be included in one or more suitable films. Accordingly, another aspect of the present disclosure provides a film including quantum dots. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or light control component) (e.g., a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorption layer, a polarization layer and / or a quantum dot-containing layer, etc.), a light-blocking member (e.g., a light reflecting layer and / or a light absorbing layer, etc.), a protective member (e.g., an insulating layer and / or a dielectric layer, etc.).

[0434] Optical components

[0435] Quantum dots can be used in one or more suitable optical components. Accordingly, another aspect of the present disclosure provides an optical component including quantum dots.

[0436] In one or more embodiments, the optical member may be a light control component.

[0437] In one or more embodiments, the optical member may be a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancing layer, a selective light absorption layer, or a polarizing layer.

[0438] The optical component may be a color conversion component.

[0439] The color conversion member may include a substrate and a pattern layer formed on the substrate.

[0440] The substrate may be a substrate constituting a color conversion member, or may be a region of one or more suitable devices (e.g., a display device) where the color conversion member is located. The substrate may be glass, silicon (Si), silicon oxide (SiO x ) or a polymer substrate, and the polymer substrate may include polyethersulfone (PES) or polycarbonate (PC).

[0441] The pattern layer may include (or provide) quantum dots in the form of a thin film. For example, the pattern layer may include (or provide) quantum dots in the form of a thin film.

[0442] The color conversion member including the substrate and the pattern layers may further include a partition wall or a black matrix formed between the pattern layers. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion member may further include a color filter to further improve light conversion efficiency.

[0443] The color conversion member may include a red pattern layer capable of emitting red light, a green pattern layer capable of emitting green light, a blue pattern layer capable of emitting blue light, or any combination thereof. The red pattern layer, the green pattern layer, and / or the blue pattern layer may be realized by controlling the composition, composition, and / or structure of quantum dots.

[0444] Another aspect of the present disclosure provides an electronic device including quantum dots (or an optical member including quantum dots).

[0445] The electronic device may further include a light source, and the quantum dots (or an optical member including the quantum dots) may be arranged in a path of light emitted from the light source.

[0446] The light source may emit blue light, red light, green light, or white light. For example, the light source may emit blue light. In one or more embodiments, the light emitted from the light source may be absorbed by the quantum dots.

[0447] The light source may be an organic light emitting device (OLED) or a light emitting diode (LED).

[0448] Light emitted from a light source as described herein may be photoconverted by the quantum dots when passing through the quantum dots, such that light having a wavelength different from the wavelength of the light emitted from the light source may be emitted by the quantum dots.

[0449] For example, quantum dots may absorb and convert light emitted from a light source to emit a light source having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 400 nanometers (nm) to about 480 nm.

[0450] Electronic devices

[0451] Quantum dots and light-emitting devices including the same may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices. For example, the electronic device including quantum dots and light-emitting devices (including quantum dots) may be a light-emitting device and / or an authentication device, etc.

[0452] In addition to the light emitting device, the electronic device (e.g., light emitting device) may further include i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and / or the color conversion layer may be arranged in at least one direction in which the light emitted from the light emitting device travels. For example, the light emitted from the light emitting device may be blue light or white light. The details about the light emitting device may be independently the same as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dots may be, for example, the aforementioned quantum dots.

[0453] The electronic device may include a first substrate, the first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel regions, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0454] The pixel defining layer may be disposed between the plurality of sub-pixel regions to define each of the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0455] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter regions and a light shielding pattern between the plurality of color filter regions, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion regions and a light shielding pattern between the plurality of color conversion regions.

[0456] The plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include: a first region emitting a first color light; a second region emitting a second color light; and / or a third region emitting a third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and / or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include quantum dots. For example, the first region may include red quantum dots, the second region may include green quantum dots, and the third region may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. The details regarding the quantum dots may each independently be the same as described herein. Each of the first region, the second region, and the third region may further include a scatterer.

[0457] For example, in a light emitting device that emits a first light, a first region may absorb the first light to emit 1-1 color light, a second region may absorb the first light to emit 2-1 color light, and a third region may absorb the first light to emit 3-1 color light. Here, the 1-1 color light, the 2-1 color light, and the 3-1 color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. In particular, the first light may be blue light, the 1-1 color light may be red light, the 2-1 color light may be green light, and the 3-1 color light may be blue light.

[0458] In addition to the aforementioned light emitting device, the electronic device may further include a thin film transistor. The thin film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode and an active layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light emitting device.

[0459] The thin film transistor may further include a gate electrode and / or a gate insulating film, etc.

[0460] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, and / or an oxide semiconductor, etc.

[0461] The electronic device may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light emitting device. The sealing portion may be arranged between the color filter and / or the color conversion layer and the light emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and simultaneously (e.g., simultaneously) prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin film encapsulation layer including at least one of an organic layer and an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.

[0462] In addition to the color filter and / or the color conversion layer, various functional layers may be additionally arranged on the sealing portion according to the purpose of the electronic device. Examples of the functional layer may include a touch screen layer and / or a polarization layer, etc. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication device may be, for example, a biometric authentication device that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (e.g., a fingertip and / or a pupil, etc.).

[0463] In addition to the light emitting device as described herein, the authentication device may further include a biometric information collector.

[0464] The electronic device can be applied to one or more appropriate displays, light sources, lighting equipment, personal computers (e.g., mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic notebooks, electronic dictionaries, electronic game consoles, medical tools (e.g., electronic thermometers, blood pressure monitors, blood glucose meters, pulse measuring devices, pulse wave measuring devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasound diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, one or more appropriate measuring tools, instruments (e.g., instruments for vehicles, aircraft, and ships), and / or projectors, etc.

[0465] Electronic Devices

[0466] Quantum dots and light emitting devices including the same may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices.

[0467] For example, the electronic device including the light emitting device may be at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a retractable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable telephone, a tablet personal computer, a tablet mobile computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a 3D display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays stitched together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a sign.

[0468] The light emitting device may have excellent or appropriate light emitting efficiency and a long lifespan, and thus an electronic device including the light emitting device may have characteristics such as high brightness, high resolution, and low power consumption.

[0469] Figure 4 Description

[0470] Figure 4 Schematic perspective view of an electronic device 1 including quantum dots according to one or more embodiments. As a device for displaying moving images or still images, the electronic device 1 may be a portable electronic device (such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook computer, an e-book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation or ultra mobile personal computer (UMPC)), and one or more suitable products (such as a TV, a laptop computer, a monitor, a billboard or an Internet of Things (IOT) device). The electronic device 1 may be such a product described herein or a part thereof. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device 1 may be a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or type of display or a head-mounted display (HMD), or a part of such a wearable device. However, the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the electronic device 1 may include a dashboard of a vehicle, a center information display on a center console or dashboard of a vehicle, an indoor rear view display replacing a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display arranged for a rear seat of a vehicle or arranged on a backrest of a front seat, a head-up display (HUD) mounted in front of the vehicle or projected on a front windshield, or a computer generated holographic augmented reality head-up display (CGH AR HUD). For convenience of explanation, Figure 4 Explained is a case in which the electronic device 1 is a smart phone.

[0471] The electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The display device may realize an image through a plurality of pixel arrays two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

[0472] The non-display area NDA is an area where no image is displayed, and may completely surround (e.g., surround) the display area DA. In the non-display area NDA, a driver for providing an electrical signal or power to a display element arranged in the display area DA may be arranged. In the non-display area NDA, a pad that may be electrically connected to an electronic component or a printed circuit board may be arranged.

[0473] In the electronic device 1, the length in the x-axis direction and the length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. Figure 4 As shown in FIG. 1 , the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be longer than the length in the y-axis direction.

[0474] Figure 5 and Figures 6A to 6C Description

[0475] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the exterior of a vehicle 1000 as an electronic device including quantum dots according to one or more embodiments. Figures 6A to 6C Each is a schematic diagram of the interior of a vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments.

[0476] See also Figure 5 , Figure 6A , Figure 6B and Figure 6C The vehicle 1000 may refer to one or more suitable devices for moving an object to be transported (such as a person, object, or animal) from a departure point to a destination point. The vehicle 1000 may include a vehicle traveling on roads or tracks, a ship moving on the sea or river, and / or an airplane flying in the air using the action of air, etc.

[0477] The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a set or predetermined direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. For example, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, an engineering machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, and a train traveling on a track.

[0478] The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis in which mechanical equipment required for driving is installed as other parts outside the body. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a hood, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, and / or pillars provided at the boundaries between doors, etc. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generation device, a power transmission device, a drive device, a steering device, a brake device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, and / or front and rear left and right wheels, etc.

[0479] The vehicle 1000 may include side window glasses 1100 , a front window glass 1200 , side mirrors 1300 , an instrument panel 1400 , a center console 1500 , a passenger seat instrument panel 1600 , and a display device 2 .

[0480] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be divided by pillars disposed between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 .

[0481] The side window glass 1100 may be mounted on the side of the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be mounted on a door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the instrument panel 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0482] In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be spaced apart and / or spaced apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in the x-axis direction or in a direction opposite to the x-axis direction. For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart and / or spaced apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in the x-axis direction or in a direction opposite to the x-axis direction. For example, the imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glass 1100 may extend in the x-axis direction or in a direction opposite to the x-axis direction. For example, the imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x-axis direction or in a direction opposite to the x-axis direction.

[0483] The front window glass 1200 may be installed at the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be disposed between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.

[0484] The side view mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side view mirror 1300 may be mounted on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one of the plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. Another one of the plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0485] Instrument panel 1400 may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. Instrument panel 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant temperature gauge, a fuel gauge, a turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, a speedometer, an automatic shift selector indicator light, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and / or a low fuel warning light.

[0486] The center console 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a seat heater are arranged. The center console 1500 may be arranged at one side of the instrument panel 1400 .

[0487] The passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be separated and / or spaced apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from the instrument panel 1400, and the center console 1500 is disposed between the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 and the instrument panel 1400. In one or more embodiments, the instrument panel 1400 may be disposed corresponding to the driver's seat, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be disposed corresponding to the passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the instrument panel 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0488] In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged between side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged on at least one of the instrument panel 1400, the center console 1500, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0489] The display device 2 may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent display device, and / or a quantum dot display device, etc. Hereinafter, as a display device 2 according to one or more embodiments, an organic light-emitting display device including the aforementioned light-emitting device will be described as an example, but one or more appropriate types (kinds) of the aforementioned display devices may be used in the embodiments.

[0490] See also Figure 6A , the display device 2 may be arranged on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display audio, video, or information about vehicle settings.

[0491] See also Figure 6B , the display device 2 may be arranged on the instrument panel 1400. When the display device 2 is arranged on the instrument panel 1400, the instrument panel 1400 may display driving information and the like through the display device 2. For example, the instrument panel 1400 may be implemented digitally. The instrument panel 1400 may digitally display vehicle information and driving information as images. For example, the needle and instrument of the tachometer and one or more appropriate warning light icons may be displayed through digital signals.

[0492] See also Figure 6C, the display device 2 may be arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 or arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display images related to the information displayed on the instrument panel 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display information different from the information displayed on the instrument panel 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500.

[0493] Manufacturing method

[0494] The layer constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer and the layer constituting the electron transport region can be formed in a specific region by using one or more appropriate methods (such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, inkjet printing, laser printing and / or laser induced thermal imaging, etc.).

[0495] When the layer constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layer constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition temperature may be within a range of about 100° C. to about 500° C., about 10 -8 About 10 -3 Torr in the range of vacuum and about to about Deposition is carried out at a deposition rate within a range of .

[0496] Definition of term

[0497] As used herein, the term "C 3 -C 60 A "carbocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that includes only carbon atoms (e.g., consists of carbon atoms) as ring atoms and has 3 to 60 carbon atoms, for example, C 3 -C 50 Carbocyclic group, C 3 -C 40 Carbocyclic group, C 3 -C 30 Carbocyclic group, C 3 -C 20 Carbocyclic or C 3 -C 10 Carbocyclic groups, and as used herein, the term "C 1 -C 60 The "heterocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further having a hetero atom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, for example, C 1 -C 50 Heterocyclic group, C1 -C 40 Heterocyclic group, C 1 -C 30 Heterocyclic group, C 1 -C 20 Heterocyclic or C 1 -C 10 Heterocyclic group. 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic and C 1 -C 60 The heterocyclic group may each be: a monocyclic group including one ring (e.g., consisting of one ring); or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are fused to each other. 1 -C 60 The number of ring-forming atoms of the heterocyclic group may be 3 to 61.

[0498] As used herein, the term "cyclic group" may (for example, simultaneously) include C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic and C 1 -C 60 Both heterocyclic groups.

[0499] As used herein, the term "π-electron-rich C 3 -C 60 The term "cyclic group" refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and not including *-N=*' as a ring-forming part, and the term "π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C 1 -C 60 The "cyclic group" refers to a heterocyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including *-N=*' as a ring-forming part.

[0500] For example,

[0501] C 3 -C 60 The carbocyclic group may be i) a group T1 or ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylene group, a pyrenyl group, a 1,2-triphenylene group, a peryl group, a pentalenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a tetracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacene group, a rubinyl group, a coronet group, an ovalenyl group, an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spirobifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthryl group, or an indenoanthryl group),

[0502] C 1 -C 60The heterocyclic group may be i) a group T2, ii) a condensed ring group in which at least two groups T2 are condensed to each other, or iii) a condensed ring group in which at least one group T2 and at least one group T1 are condensed to each other (e.g., pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthoindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthoisoindolyl, benzothiorolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, carbazolyl, dibenzothiorolyl, dibenzothiophenyl, dibenzofuranyl, indenocarbazolyl, indolecarbazolyl, benzofuranocarbazolyl, benzothiophenylcarbazolyl, benzothiorolocarbazolyl, benzoindolcarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthothiorolyl, benzofuranodibenzofuran ... dibenzothiophene, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzo quinolyl, benzisoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazoline, benzoquinazoline, phenanthroline, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazine, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothioyl, azadibenzothiophenyl and / or azadibenzofuranyl, etc.),

[0503] Pi-electron-rich C 3 -C 60 The cyclic group may be i) a group T1, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other, iii) a group T3, iv) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused ring group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other (e.g., C 3 -C 60 carbocyclic group, 1H-pyrrolyl, thiolyl, borocyclopentyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthoindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthoisoindolyl, benzothiolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, carbazolyl, dibenzothiolyl, dibenzothiophenyl, dibenzofuranyl, indenocarbazolyl, indolecarbazolyl, benzofuranocarbazolyl, benzothiophenylcarbazolyl, benzothiophenylcarbazolyl, benzothiophenylcarbazolyl, benzothiophenylcarbazolyl, benzoindolcarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthothiolyl, benzofuranodibenzofuranyl, benzofuranodibenzothiophenyl and / or benzothiophenylodibenzothiophenyl, etc.),

[0504] π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C 1-C 60 The cyclic group may be i) a group T4, ii) a fused ring group in which at least two groups T4 are fused to each other, iii) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other, iv) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other (e.g., pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzoquinolyl, benzisoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothiazolyl, azadibenzothiophenyl and / or azadibenzofuranyl, etc.),

[0505] The radical T1 can be cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane), norbornyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane or phenyl,

[0506] The radical T2 can be furanyl, thienyl, 1H-pyrrolyl, thiolyl, borocyclopentyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, azathiolyl, azaborolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, tetraazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, dihydropyridinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazinyl, tetrahydropyridazinyl or dihydropyridazinyl,

[0507] The group T3 may be furyl, thienyl, 1H-pyrrolyl, thiolyl or borocyclopentadienyl, and

[0508] The group T4 may include 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, azathiazolyl, azaborolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl or tetrazinyl.

[0509] As used herein, the term "cyclic group, C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic group, C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic, π-electron-rich C 3 -C 60 Cyclic groups or nitrogen-containing C with π-electron deficiency 1 -C 60 "Cyclic group" refers to a monovalent group or a polyvalent group (e.g., a divalent group, a trivalent group and / or a tetravalent group, etc.) fused to a cyclic group (e.g., combined with the cyclic group) according to the structure of the formula using the corresponding term. For example, "phenyl" may be benzo, phenyl and / or phenylene, etc., and those of ordinary skill in the art can easily understand these groups based on the structure of the formula including "phenyl".

[0510] A divalent group may refer to or be a multivalent group (eg, trivalent, tetravalent, etc., not just divalent) depending on the context, for example, the structure of the formula associated with the term being used.

[0511] Unit Price C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic groups and monovalent C 1 -C 60 Examples of the heterocyclic group may include C 3 -C 10 Cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 10 Heterocycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 Cycloalkenyl, C 1 -C 10 Heterocycloalkenyl, C 6 -C 60 Aryl, C 1 -C 60 heteroaryl, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, and a divalent C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic groups and divalent C 1 -C 60 Examples of the heterocyclic group may include C 3 -C 10 Cycloalkylene, C 1 -C 10 Heterocycloalkylene, C 3 -C 10 Cycloalkenylene, C 1 -C 10 Heterocycloalkenylene, C 6 -C 60 Arylene, C 1 -C 60a heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0512] As used herein, the term "C 1 -C 60 "Alkyl" refers to a straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, for example, 1 -C 50 Alkyl, C 1 -C 30 Alkyl, C 1 -C 20 Alkyl or C 1 -C 10 The term "alkyl" as used herein may include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, tert-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, sec-heptyl, tert-heptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, sec-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, isononyl, sec-nonyl, tert-nonyl, n-decyl, isodecyl, sec-decyl, and tert-decyl. As used herein, the term "alkyl" may include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, tert-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, sec-heptyl, tert-heptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, sec-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, isononyl, sec-nonyl, tert-nonyl, n-decyl, isodecyl, sec-decyl, and tert-decyl. 1 -C 60 "Alkylene" refers to C 1 -C 60 The alkyl group has substantially the same structure as a divalent group.

[0513] As used herein, the term "C 2 -C 60 "Alkenyl" refers to 2 -C 60 A monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the end of the alkyl group, for example, 2 -C 30 Alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 Alkenyl or C 2 -C 10 The term "C-alkylene" as used herein may include vinyl, propenyl and / or butenyl, etc. 2 -C 60 "Alkenylene" refers to C 2 -C 60 The alkenyl group has a divalent group having substantially the same structure.

[0514] As used herein, the term "C 2 -C 60 "Alkynyl" refers to a C 2 -C 60 The alkyl group has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the end, for example, 2 -C 30 Alkynyl, C2 -C 20 Alkynyl or C 2 -C 10 Alkynyl, and examples thereof may include ethynyl and / or propynyl, etc. As used herein, the term “C 2 -C 60 "Alkynylidene" refers to C 2 -C 60 Alkynyl groups have substantially the same structure as a divalent group.

[0515] As used herein, the term "C 1 -C 60 "Alkoxy" refers to -OA 101 (A 101 C 1 -C 60 Alkyl) represented by a monovalent group, for example, C 1 -C 30 Alkoxy, C 1 -C 20 Alkoxy or C 1 -C 10 Alkoxy group, and examples thereof may include methoxy group, ethoxy group and / or isopropoxy group, and the like.

[0516] As used herein, the term "C 3 -C 10 The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon ring group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl and / or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, and the like. As used herein, the term "Cycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon ring group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl and / or bi 3 -C 10 "Cycloalkylene" refers to 3 -C 10 The cycloalkyl group has a divalent group having substantially the same structure.

[0517] As used herein, the term "C 1 -C 10 "Heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof may include 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl and / or tetrahydrothienyl, etc. As used herein, the term "C 1 -C 10 "Heterocycloalkylene" refers to a C 1 -C 10 The heterocycloalkyl group has substantially the same structure as a divalent group.

[0518] As used herein, the term "C 3 -C 10 The term "cycloalkenyl" as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring, and having no aromaticity, and specific examples thereof may include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and / or cycloheptenyl, etc. 3 -C 10 "Cycloalkenylene" refers to 3 -C 10 The cycloalkenyl group has a divalent group having substantially the same structure.

[0519] As used herein, the term "C 1 -C 10 The term "heterocycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms which further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms and has at least one double bond in its ring structure. 1 -C 10 Examples of heterocycloalkenyl groups may include 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl and / or 2,3-dihydrothienyl, etc. As used herein, the term “C 1 -C 10 "Heterocycloalkylene" refers to a C 1 -C 10 The heterocycloalkyl group has substantially the same structure as a divalent group.

[0520] As used herein, the term "C 6 -C 60 "Aryl" refers to a monovalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, for example, 6 -C 50 Aryl, C 6 -C 40 Aryl, C 6 -C 30 Aryl, C 6 -C 20 Aryl or C 6 -C 15 Aryl, and as used herein the term "C 6 -C 60 "Arylene" refers to a divalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. 6 -C 60 Examples of aryl groups may include phenyl, pentalenyl, naphthyl, azulenyl, indacenyl, acenaphthenyl, phenanthrenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylene, pyrenyl, 1,2-triphenylenyl, peryl, pentaphenanthrenyl, heptalenyl, tetracenyl, pyrenyl, hexenyl, pentenyl, rubenyl, coronenyl and / or ovalenyl, etc. When C 6 -C60 Aryl and C 6 -C 60 When the arylene groups each include two or more rings, these rings may be fused to each other.

[0521] As used herein, the term "C 1 -C 60 The term "heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms which further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, for example, 1 -C 50 Heteroaryl, C 1 -C 40 Heteroaryl, C 1 -C 30 Heteroaryl, C 1 -C 20 Heteroaryl or C 1 -C 10 As used herein, the term "C 1 -C 60 The term "heteroarylene" refers to a divalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms which further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms. 1 -C 60 Examples of heteroaryl groups may include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolyl, benzoquinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzoisoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phthalazinyl and / or naphthyridinyl, etc. 1 -C 60 Heteroaryl and C 1 -C 60 When the heteroarylene groups each include two or more rings, these rings may be fused to each other.

[0522] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings fused to each other, only carbon atoms as ring atoms, and no aromaticity in the entire molecular structure, for example, C 8 -C 60 Monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C 8 -C 50 Monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C 8 -C 40 Monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C 8 -C 30 A monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or C 8 -C 20Monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group may include indenyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indenophenanthryl and / or indenoanthryl, etc. The term "divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group described herein.

[0523] The term "monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings fused to each other, further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-constituting atom in addition to carbon atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure, for example, C 1 -C 60 Monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C 1 -C 50 Monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C 1 -C 40 Monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C 1 -C 30 A monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group or C 1 -C 20 Monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include pyrrolyl, thienyl, furanyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthoindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthoisoindolyl, benzothioyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, carbazolyl, dibenzothioyl, dibenzothiophenyl, dibenzofuranyl, azacarbazolyl, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothioyl, azadibenzothiophenyl, azadibenzofuranyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl The term "divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0524] As used herein, the term "C 6 -C 60 Aryloxy" indicates -OA 102 (A 102 C6 -C 60 Aryl), for example, C 6 -C 50 Aryloxy, C 6 -C 40 Aryloxy, C 6 -C 30 Aryloxy, C 6 -C 20 Aryloxy or C 6 -C 15 Aryloxy, and as used herein the term "C 6 -C 60 Arylthio" indicates -SA 103 (A 103 C 6 -C 60 Aryl), for example, C 6 -C 50 Arylthio, C 6 -C 40 Arylthio, C 6 -C 30 Arylthio, C 6 -C 20 Arylthio or C 6 -C 15 Arylthio.

[0525] As used herein, the term "C 7 -C 60 "Aralkyl" refers to -A 104 A 105 (A 104 C 1 -C 54 Alkylene, and A 105 C 6 -C 59 Aryl), for example, C 7 -C 50 Aralkyl, C 7 -C 40 Aralkyl, C 7 -C 30 Aralkyl, C 7 -C 20 Arylalkyl or C 7 -C 15 Aralkyl, and as used herein the term "C 2 -C 60 "Heteroaralkyl" refers to -A 106 A 107 (A 106 C 1 -C 59 Alkylene, and A 107 C1 -C 59 Heteroaryl), for example, C 2 -C 50 Heteroarylalkyl, C 2 -C 40 Heteroarylalkyl, C 2 -C 30 Heteroarylalkyl, C 2 -C 20 Heteroaralkyl or C 2 -C 15 Heteroaralkyl.

[0526] As used herein, the term " 10a " can be:

[0527] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro;

[0528] Each unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 60 Alkyl, C 2 -C 60 Alkenyl, C 2 -C 60 Alkynyl or C 1 -C 60 Alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic group, C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group, C 6 -C 60 Aryloxy, C 6 -C 60 Arylthio, C 7 -C 60 Aralkyl, C 2 -C 60 Heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O) 2 (Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof;

[0529] Each unsubstituted or substituted C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group, C 6 -C 60 Aryloxy, C 6 -C 60 Arylthio, C 7 -C 60 Arylalkyl or C 2 -C 60 Heteroaralkyl: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 60 Alkyl, C 2 -C 60 Alkenyl, C 2 -C 60 Alkynyl, C 1 -C 60 Alkoxy, C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic group, C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group, C 6 -C 60 Aryloxy, C 6 -C 60 Arylthio, C 7 -C 60 Aralkyl, C 2 -C 60 Heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O) 2 (Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0530] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O) 2 (Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ).

[0531] In the manual, Q 1 , Q 11 To Q 13 , Q 21 To Q 23 and Q 31 To Q 33 can be independently: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxyl; cyano; nitro; C 1 -C 60 Alkyl; C 2 -C 60 Alkenyl; C 2 -C 60 Alkynyl; C 1 -C 60 alkoxy; each unsubstituted or deuterated, -F, cyano, C 1 -C 60 Alkyl, C 1 -C 60 Alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl or any combination thereof substituted C 3 -C 60 Carbocyclic or C 1 -C 60 Heterocyclic group; C 7 -C 60 Aralkyl; or C 2 -C 60 Heteroaralkyl.

[0532] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Examples of heteroatoms may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combination thereof.

[0533] The term "transition metal" as used herein includes Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and / or Au, among others.

[0534] In the specification, "Ph" means phenyl, "Me" means methyl, "Et" means ethyl, and "tert-Bu" or "Bu t ” refers to tert-butyl, and “OMe” refers to methoxy.

[0535] As used herein, the term "biphenyl" refers to a "phenyl group substituted by a phenyl group". For example, a "biphenyl group" may be a group having C 6 -C 60 A phenyl group substituted with an aryl group as a substituent.

[0536] As used herein, the term "terphenyl" refers to a "phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group". For example, a "terphenyl group" may be a phenyl group substituted with a C 6 -C 60 Aryl substituted C 6-C 60 A phenyl group substituted with an aryl group as a substituent.

[0537] Unless otherwise defined, * and *' as used herein each refer to a binding site to an adjacent atom in the corresponding formula or moiety.

[0538] In the specification, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to the three axes in the orthogonal coordinate system, and can be broadly interpreted as including these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis can refer to those axes that are orthogonal to each other, or can refer to those axes in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.

[0539] Terms such as "substantially," "about," and "approximately" are used as relative terms rather than terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values ​​that one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize. They may include the stated value and a range of acceptable deviation determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, taking into account the limitations and errors associated with the measurement of that quantity. For example, "about" may refer to one or more standard deviations, or ±30%, ±20%, ±10%, or ±5% of the stated value.

[0540] The numerical ranges disclosed herein include and are intended to disclose all subranges encompassed by the same numerical precision. For example, a range of "1.0 to 10.0" includes all subranges having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Therefore, the applicant reserves the right to amend this specification (including the claims) to explicitly recite any subranges encompassed by the ranges explicitly recited herein.

[0541] The light-emitting device, electronic device, electronic device and / or any other related device or component according to the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented using any appropriate hardware, firmware (e.g., a dedicated integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware and hardware. For example, the various components of the light-emitting device and / or electronic device may be formed on an integrated circuit (IC) chip or formed on a separate IC chip. Further, the various components of the light-emitting device and / or electronic device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP) or a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on a substrate. Further, the various components of the device and / or device may be processes or threads running on one or more processors in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components to perform the various functions described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory, which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transient computer-readable media, such as, for example, a CD ROM or a flash drive, etc. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a dedicated computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0542] Hereinafter, compounds according to one or more embodiments and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following synthesis examples and examples. The phrase "using B instead of A" used in describing the synthesis examples means using B instead of A in substantially the same molar equivalent.

[0543] Example

[0544] Synthesis example

[0545] Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Quantum Dot 1

[0546] Nuclear synthesis

[0547] A mixture of cadmium oxide (0.1 mmol) and zinc acetate (4.0 mmol) was mixed with oleic acid in a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene solvent to obtain a mixed solution, which was then heated in vacuum at 120° C. for 1 hour. After the mixed solution was heated to 280° C., trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe, 0.2 mmol) was quickly added thereto, and the temperature was lowered to room temperature.

[0548] Synthesis of the first shell

[0549] Zinc acetate (1 mmol) and oleic acid were mixed with the core in a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene to obtain a mixed solution, and the mixed solution was heated to 200° C. Then, a mixed solution containing TOPSe (0.1 mmol) and trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOPS, 2 mmol) was slowly added thereto, heated to 280° C., and allowed to react for 30 minutes to finally form quantum dots 1.

[0550] Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Quantum Dot 2

[0551] Quantum dots were synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that the concentrations of reactants for forming (or providing) the first shell were changed to 0.15 mmol of TOPSe and 1.8 mmol of TOPS.

[0552] Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Quantum Dot 3

[0553] Quantum dots were synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that the concentrations of reactants for forming (or providing) the first shell were changed to 0.2 mmol of TOPSe and 1.6 mmol of TOPS.

[0554] Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Quantum Dot 4

[0555] Quantum dots were synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that the concentrations of reactants for forming (or providing) cores were changed to 0.2 mmol of cadmium oxide and 4.0 mmol of zinc acetate.

[0556] Synthesis Example 5: Synthesis of Quantum Dot 5

[0557] Quantum dots were synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 2, except that the concentrations of reactants for forming (or providing) cores were changed to 0.2 mmol of cadmium oxide and 4.0 mmol of zinc acetate.

[0558] Synthesis Example 6: Synthesis of Quantum Dot 6

[0559] Quantum dots were synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 3, except that the concentration of the reactants used to form (or provide) the core was changed to 0.2 mmol of cadmium oxide and 4.0 mmol of zinc acetate.

[0560] Synthesis Comparative Example 1: Synthesis of Comparative Quantum Dot 1

[0561] Nuclear synthesis

[0562] In substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, a core was synthesized.

[0563] Synthesis of the first shell

[0564] A mixture of cadmium oxide (0.1 mmol) and zinc acetate (1 mmol) was mixed with oleic acid at a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene together with the core to obtain a mixed solution, and the mixed solution was heated to 200° C. Then, a mixed solution containing TOPSe (0.1 mmol) and trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOPS, 2 mmol) was slowly added thereto, heated to 280° C., and allowed to react for 30 minutes.

[0565] Synthesis Comparative Example 2

[0566] Nuclear synthesis

[0567] In substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, a core was synthesized.

[0568] Synthesis of the first shell

[0569] Zinc acetate (2 mmol) and oleic acid were mixed together with the core in a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene to obtain a mixed solution, and the mixed solution was heated to 200° C. Then, trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOPS, 2 mmol) was slowly added thereto, heated to 280° C., and allowed to react for 30 minutes.

[0570] Synthesis Comparative Example 3

[0571] Nuclear synthesis

[0572] A mixture of cadmium oxide (0.1 mmol) and zinc acetate (4.0 mmol) was mixed with oleic acid in a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene solvent to obtain a mixed solution, which was then heated at 120° C. in vacuum for 1 hour. After the mixed solution was heated to 280° C., a mixed solution containing trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe, 0.2 mmol) and trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOPS, 4.0 mmol) was quickly added thereto, and the temperature was lowered to room temperature.

[0573] Synthesis of the first shell

[0574] Zinc acetate (2 mmol) and oleic acid were mixed together with the core in a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene to obtain a mixed solution, and the mixed solution was heated to 200° C. Then, trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOPS, 8 mmol) was slowly added thereto, heated to 280° C., and allowed to react for 30 minutes.

[0575] Comparative Synthesis Example 4

[0576] Nuclear synthesis

[0577] Cadmium oxide (0.1 mmol) and oleic acid were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene solvent to obtain a mixed solution, which was then heated in vacuum at 120° C. for 1 hour. After the mixed solution was heated to 320° C., trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe, 0.2 mmol) was quickly added thereto, and the temperature was lowered to room temperature.

[0578] Synthesis of the first shell

[0579] Zinc acetate (1 mmol) and oleic acid were mixed with the core in a molar ratio of 1:2 in 10 mL of 1-octadecene to obtain a mixed solution, and the mixed solution was heated to 200° C. Then, a mixed solution containing TOPSe (0.2 mmol) and trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOPS, 4 mmol) was slowly added thereto, heated to 280° C., and allowed to react for 30 minutes.

[0580] Embodiments of the light emitting device

[0581] Example 1

[0582] As an anode, an ITO substrate was cut into a size of 50 millimeters (mm)×50 mm×0.5 mm, each ultrasonicated with acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and pure water for 15 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO substrate was provided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0583] Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS) is deposited / applied (by spin coating) onto an ITO substrate to form (or provide) a 600 angstrom thick film. A hole injection layer having a thickness of , and poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(4,4'-(N-(4-sec-butyl)phenyl)diphenylamine)] (TFB) is vacuum deposited / applied (by spin coating) onto the hole injection layer to form (or provide) a The hole transport layer has a thickness of .

[0584] The quantum dots 1 of Synthesis Example 1 are applied (by spin coating) to the hole transport layer to form (or provide) a thin film, and the thin film is subjected to sequential steps of -3 The emitting layer is formed (or provided) by a vapor compression distillation (VCD) process under a support and a baking process at 100° C. for 10 minutes. Then, the emitting layer is spin-coated with ZnMgO to form (or provide) a Al is deposited on the electron transport layer to form (or provide) a A cathode with a thickness of is formed, thereby completing the manufacture of the light-emitting device.

[0585] Examples 2 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4

[0586] Each light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the quantum dots listed in Table 1 were used instead of Quantum Dot 1.

[0587] Table 1

[0588]

[0589] Evaluation Example 1

[0590] For each of the light emitting devices of Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), external quantum efficiency (EQE), and lifetime depending on brightness were measured by using a measuring instrument such as Otsuka QE-2100, Keithley SMU 236, and luminance meter PR650, and the results are shown in Table 2. The lifetime depending on brightness was measured as T 90 , where T 90 Indicates the desired or required time for the brightness to reach 90% of the initial brightness.

[0591] Table 2

[0592]

[0593] Referring to Table 2, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 6 each had excellent or appropriate PLQY, EQE, and lifetime compared to the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 4.

[0594] According to one or more embodiments, the quantum dots of the present disclosure have excellent or appropriate luminous efficiency and relatively long life characteristics, and thus the use of such quantum dots can provide high-quality optical members, electronic devices, and electronic apparatuses.

[0595] It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for limiting purposes. The description of the features or aspects in each embodiment should generally be considered to be applicable to other similar features or aspects in one or more embodiments. Although one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that one or more appropriate changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope defined by the attached claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A quantum dot, comprising: Nuclear, including Cd, A 1 and B 1 ; as well as A first shell, covering the core and comprising A 1 , B 1 and B 2 , The quantum dot is represented by Formula 1: Formula 1 Cd x AM 1 1-x B 1 y B 2 1-y In formula 1, A 1 are Group II elements except Cd, B 1 and B 2 are each independently a Group VI element, x is 0.05 to 0.3, and y is at least 0.1 and at most 0.

6.

2. The quantum dot according to claim 1, wherein x is 0.05 to 0.2, and y is 0.4 to 0.

6. 3 . The quantum dot of claim 1 , wherein the core and the first shell each comprise a Group II-VI semiconductor compound.

4. The quantum dots of claim 3, wherein the Group II-VI semiconductor compounds comprise CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, or any combination thereof.

5. The quantum dot according to claim 1, wherein The core includes a first semiconductor compound represented by Formula 2: Formula 2 Cd z AM 1 1-z B 1 In formula 2, A 1 are Group II elements except Cd, B 1 is a Group VI element, and z is greater than 0 and at most 0.

2. The quantum dot according to claim 5 , wherein z is from 0.5 to 0.

2.

7. The quantum dot according to claim 1, wherein The first shell includes a second semiconductor compound represented by Formula 3: Formula 3 A 1 B 1 w B 2 1-w In formula 3, A 1 are Group II elements except Cd, B 1 and B 2 are each independently a Group VI element, and w is 0.05 to 0.

5. The quantum dot according to claim 7 , wherein w is from 0.2 to 0.

4.

9. The quantum dot according to claim 1, wherein A 1 It is Zn, Mg, Ca, Hg or any combination thereof.

10. The quantum dot according to claim 1, wherein B 1 and B 2 Each is independently O, S, Se, Te or any combination thereof.

11. The quantum dot according to claim 1, wherein B 1 and B 2 Different from each other.

12. The quantum dot of claim 1, wherein the radius of the core is 5 nm or greater.

13. The quantum dot of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first shell is 2 nm to 5 nm. The quantum dot according to claim 1 , wherein the maximum emission wavelength of the quantum dot is 430 nm to 480 nm.

15. An optical member comprising the quantum dots according to any one of claims 1 to 14.

16. An electronic device comprising the quantum dots according to any one of claims 1 to 14.

17. The electronic device according to claim 16, further comprising: light source; as well as a color conversion member, in a path of light emitted from said light source, The color conversion member includes the quantum dots.

18. The electronic device according to claim 16, further comprising A light-emitting device, comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; as well as an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, The light emitting device includes the quantum dots.

19. An electronic device comprising the quantum dots according to any one of claims 1 to 14.

20. The electronic device of claim 19, wherein the electronic device is at least one selected from a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a retractable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable telephone, a tablet personal computer, a tablet mobile computer, a personal digital assistant, a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays stitched together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a sign.

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