Fattening method for improving beef quality of beef cattle

Abstract

The invention provides a fattening method for improving beef quality of beef cattle, and relates to the technical field of beef cattle feeding. The fattening method mainly comprises the steps that tomato materials and pine nut shell materials with different contents are added into feed for feeding in the bone growth period, the muscle growth period and the follow-up breeding stage of beef cattle breeding, and meanwhile artificial illumination with different intensities in all the breeding stages is controlled for supplementary lighting to assist breeding and fattening. According to the method, the defects in the prior art are overcome, the quality of the finally produced beef is improved by optimizing the feeding formula of the beef cattle at different stages and cooperatively adjusting the illumination intensity, and large-scale output of the high-end-quality beef is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of beef cattle breeding, and particularly relates to a fattening method for improving the beef quality of beef cattle. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, with the improvement of living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for the quality of beef. At present, the production of high-quality beef has become a new industry in China. High-grade beef is based on fine breed cattle, fattened and produced under specific feeding conditions, and selected according to the beef carcass quality grading standard after slaughter, acidification, and segmentation. It has extremely high acceptability in terms of color, tenderness, flavor, etc., and all meet the standards of high-quality products. High-grade meat mainly includes the top loin, ribeye, tenderloin, and sirloin, with a yield of only 5%-6% of the live weight of the cattle, and is much more expensive than ordinary beef. With the improvement of people's living standards, there have been obvious changes in people's dietary structure. The demand for beef has increased year by year and shifted from quantity-based to quality-based, especially the demand for high-grade beef is increasing day by day.

[0003] Marbling refers to the visible pattern formed by the distribution of intramuscular fat in beef tissue, named after its resemblance to the pattern of marble. Marbling is an important indicator for measuring the quality of beef, closely related to the tenderness and flavor of beef, and also affects the quality grade of beef and people's visual senses. It is the main basis for consumers to make purchase decisions. The content and distribution of intramuscular fat are the main factors determining the marbling of beef. When the intramuscular fat reaches a certain proportion and is relatively evenly distributed, the cross-section of the beef shows beautiful marbling. Such beef is tender, soft, and juicy, and is an ideal meat product.

[0004] The generation of marbling is closely related to the breed of beef cattle. Beef cattle breeds in China that can produce marbling include Qinchuan cattle, Luxi yellow cattle, Nanyang cattle, Yanbian cattle, Jinnan cattle, Yunling cattle, etc. In addition to the impact of beef cattle breeds on beef quality, the feeding methods during the fattening period of beef cattle will also cause significant differences in the final beef variety. Therefore, how to optimize the fattening feeding method of beef cattle, improve the productivity of high-quality cattle, and enhance the competitiveness of domestic beef in the high-end beef market is an important research direction in the current beef cattle breeding. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a fattening method for improving the beef quality of beef cattle. By optimizing the feeding formula of beef cattle at different stages and synergistically adjusting the light intensity, the quality of the finally produced beef is improved, and the large-scale output of high-end quality beef is realized.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the present invention is realized through the following technical solutions: A fattening method for improving the beef quality of beef cattle, the fattening method comprising the following steps: S1. Prepare tomato material and pinecone shell material: S1-1. Tomato material: After crushing tomatoes, ferment them with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Bacillus tequilensis, and then dry to obtain tomato material; S1-2. Pinecone shell material: Steam pinecone shells, then dry them by microwave and grind them into powder to obtain pinecone shell material; S2. Feed the cattle with the following proportioned feed during the bone growth period: General cattle feed + hay 2% - 4% + silage 8% - 10% + tomato material 1% - 1.4% + pinecone shell material 4% - 6% + fish meal 1% - 1.6%; S3. Feed the cattle with the following proportioned feed during the muscle growth period: General cattle feed + hay 3% - 5% + silage 4% - 6% + tomato material 8% - 12% + pinecone shell material 2% - 4%; S4. Feed the cattle with the following proportioned feed for subsequent feeding: General cattle feed + silage 4% - 6% + tomato material 8% - 12% + pinecone shell material 4% - 6%; S5. Provide artificial lighting for the cattle every day during the bone growth period as follows: Irradiate with light intensity of 280 - 350 lx for 8 hours + irradiate with light intensity of 150 - 200 lx for 8 hours + no light for 8 hours; Provide lighting for the cattle every day during the muscle growth period as follows: Irradiate with light intensity of 280 - 350 lx for 6 hours + irradiate with light intensity of 150 - 200 lx for 10 hours + no light for 8 hours; Provide lighting for the cattle every day in the subsequent stage as follows: Irradiate with light intensity of 280 - 350 lx for 2 hours + irradiate with light intensity of 150 - 200 lx for 16 hours + no light for 6 hours.

[0007] Preferably, the fermentation method of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Bacillus tequilensis in step S1-1 is to first inoculate 0.2% - 0.4% of the total mass of tomatoes with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and ferment for 8 - 10 hours, then inoculate 0.1% - 0.3% of the total mass of tomatoes with Bacillus tequilensis and continue to ferment for 2 - 4 hours, and then dry at 40 - 60 °C until the water content ≤ 8%.

[0008] Preferably, the viable count of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Bacillus tequilensis is 10 8 -10 9 CFU / g.

[0009] Preferably, the steaming temperature of pinecone shells in step S1-2 is 102 - 120 °C, the steaming time is 20 - 30 minutes, and the water content of pinecone shells after microwave drying ≤ 8%.

[0010] Preferably, the particle size of the pinecone shell material in step S1-2 is 1 - 2 mm.

[0011] Preferably, the bone growth period is from 3 months to 6 months old, and the muscle growth period is from 7 months to 13 months old.

[0012] Preferably, the formula of the general cattle feed is as follows: corn 50%-65%, soybean meal 15%-32%, wheat bran 10%-15%, premix 4%-5%, sodium bicarbonate 0.5%-2%, salt 0.5%-1%; among which, the premix provides 3000 IU of vitamin A, 500 IU of vitamin D, 15 mg of copper, 50 mg of iron, 0.1 mg of cobalt, 0.5 mg of iodine, 20 mg of manganese, 30 mg of zinc, and 0.3 mg of selenium per kilogram of the general cattle feed.

[0013] Preferably, in step S4, the top of the lamp in the cattle shed is controlled at a height of 2-2.5 m from the ground, and the interval between each lamp is 5-8 m.

[0014] Preferably, during steps S2-S5, the temperature in the cattle shed is controlled at 10-25 °C, the day-night temperature difference ≤ 8 °C, and the humidity is controlled at 60%-75%, and the manure in the cattle shed is cleaned in time.

[0015] The present invention provides a fattening method for improving the beef quality of beef cattle. Compared with the prior art, the advantages are as follows: (1) By adding tomato feed and pinecone shell feed with different ratios as supplementary feed components during the bone growth period, muscle growth period and subsequent fattening growth stage of beef cattle, the present invention effectively improves the growth efficiency of beef cattle, and promotes the formation of rich marbling in beef cattle growth, further improving the tenderness of the final beef.

[0016] (2) During the fattening and breeding stage of beef cattle, the present invention uses two kinds of artificial lights, strong light (280-350 lx) and weak light (150-200 lx), for auxiliary breeding, which promotes the generation of marbling while ensuring the normal growth of beef cattle, and improves the quality of the final beef. Description of the Drawings

[0017] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the evaluation criteria for BMS ratings 1-12 in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the marbling formation of the sirloin beef in the control group in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the marbling formation of the sirloin beef in Example 1 in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the marbling formation of the sirloin beef in Example 2 in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the marbling formation of the sirloin beef in Example 3 in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the marbling formation of the sirloin beef in Example 4 in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7Schematic diagram of the marbling formation of sirloin beef in Example 5 of the embodiments of the present invention. Detailed implementation manners

[0018] To make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without making creative efforts belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] In the following examples, the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa used has a preservation number of CCTCC NO: M20241214; the Bacillus tequilensis has a preservation number of CGMCC No. 15973; the Saccharomyces boulardii is purchased from Xi'an Zebang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the viable counts of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Bacillus tequilensis, and Saccharomyces boulardii are 10 8 -10 9 CFU / g. Example 1:

[0020] Preparation of feed raw materials: 1. Preparation of general cattle feed: General cattle feed A (by weight): 50% corn, 32% soybean meal, 10% wheat bran, 5% premix, 2% sodium bicarbonate, 1% salt; General cattle feed B (by weight): 65% corn, 15% soybean meal, 15% wheat bran, 4% premix, 0.5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5% salt; General cattle feed C (by weight): 55% corn, 25% soybean meal, 13% wheat bran, 5% premix, 1% sodium bicarbonate, 1% salt.

[0021] The above premix provides 3000 IU of vitamin A, 500 IU of vitamin D, 15 mg of copper, 50 mg of iron, 0.1 mg of cobalt, 0.5 mg of iodine, 20 mg of manganese, 30 mg of zinc, and 0.3 mg of selenium per kilogram of general cattle feed.

[0022] 2. Preparation of tomato feed: Preparation of tomato feed A: After crushing fresh tomatoes, inoculate 0.3% of the total mass of the tomatoes with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and ferment for 10 h, then inoculate 0.2% of the total mass of the tomatoes with Bacillus tequilensis and continue to ferment for 4 h, and then dry at 50 °C until the water content ≤ 8%.

[0023] Preparation of tomato material B: After crushing fresh tomatoes, inoculate 0.3% of the total mass of the tomatoes with Saccharomyces boulardii and ferment for 10 h, then inoculate 0.2% of the total mass of the tomatoes with Bacillus tequilensis and continue to ferment for 4 h, and then dry at 50 °C until the water content ≤ 8%.

[0024] Preparation of tomato material C: After crushing fresh tomatoes, dry at 50 °C until the water content ≤ 8%.

[0025] 3. Preparation of pinecone shell material: Preparation of pinecone shell material A: Wash the pinecone shells, place them in a steamer and steam them under 119 °C hot steam for 25 min, then microwave dry until the water content ≤ 8%, and then grind and crush them to a particle size of 1 - 2 mm to obtain pinecone shell material A; Preparation of pinecone shell material B: Wash the pinecone shells, microwave dry until the water content ≤ 8%, and then grind and crush them to a particle size of 1 - 2 mm to obtain pinecone shell material B. Example 2:

[0026] Beef cattle feeding experiment: (The lamps in the cowshed are 2 - 2.5 m above the ground at the top, and the interval between each lamp is 5 - 8 m. Control the temperature in the cowshed at 10 - 25 °C, the day-night temperature difference ≤ 8 °C, and the humidity is controlled at 60% - 75%. Clean the manure in the cowshed in time. During the feeding process, castrate uniformly at 6 months old.) Select 60 three-month-old Yunling cattle with a weight difference of less than 10 kg, divide them into 6 groups evenly, with 10 cattle in each group. Feed them with different feeds (free access to food and water) during the bone growth period (3 - 6 months old), muscle growth period (7 - 13 months old), and subsequent feeding period (14 - 24 months old), and control different supplementary lighting conditions. The specific feed configurations and supplementary lighting conditions are as shown in Table 1 below: Table 1

[0027] After feeding until 24 months old, slaughter them uniformly. The specific slaughter performance is shown in Table 2 below (where the eye muscle area is the surface area of the longissimus dorsi muscle at the interface of the 12th to 13th ribs in the front part of the cattle, and the proportion of high-grade meat is the percentage of tenderloin, top loin, ribeye, and sirloin in the live weight): Table 2

[0028] As can be seen from the above tests, the Yunling cattle fed at 24 months old in Experimental Group 1 had the best slaughter performance. Generally, with the existing conventional breeding techniques (similar to the control group), the average weight of Yunling cattle at 24 months old was about 500 kg, and the proportion of high-grade meat cuts was about 6.5%. While the average weight of Yunling cattle could reach about 730 kg at 30 months old, and the proportion of high-grade meat cuts could reach about 7.4%. That is, by adopting the feeding method of the present application, the weight of Yunling cattle was greatly increased while effectively shortening the feeding time, the slaughter performance was improved, the proportion of high-quality beef was increased, and the economic benefits of breeding were comprehensively improved.

[0029] In addition, the longissimus dorsi (sirloin) from the 12th - 13th ribs to the sacrum was separated from the slaughtered beef above, and the cross-section was observed for marbling after cross-cutting (as Figure 2-7 ). It was rated with reference to Figure 1 the BMS rating standard (1 - 12 levels), and the shear force of the cut beef was detected. At the same time, the brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values of the meat samples during storage were measured using a Minolta·CR10Plus type meat color analyzer. The specific results are shown in Table 3 below: Table 3

[0030] Generally speaking, to obtain high-quality snowflake beef (marbling) from Yunling cattle, it needs to be fed until 30 months old. Especially in the last few months, it is an important period for fat deposition and marbling formation in Yunling cattle. The BMS of sirloin beef from conventional 30-month-old Yunling cattle in the market is at level 4 - 6, and the shear force is 2.8 - 3.3 kg. As can be seen from the above tests, the sirloin beef of 24-month-old Yunling cattle in Experimental Group 1 of the present application has a BMS grade as high as 9, and the overall shear force is lower, that is, the meat is more tender. While in the conventional feeding and breeding process of the control group, less marbling was formed in the beef of 24-month-old Yunling cattle, and the overall quality was lower.

[0031] In the present application, the use of Tomato Feed A + Pinecone Shell Feed A for supplementary feeding and the adjustment of artificial light intensity can effectively achieve fat accumulation and form high-quality marbling within a relatively short fattening and feeding time, comprehensively improving the quality of beef while ensuring the tenderness of the beef.

[0032] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A fattening method for improving the beef quality of beef cattle, characterized in that, The fattening method includes the following steps: S1. Prepare tomato feed and pinecone shell feed: S1-1. Tomato feed: After crushing tomatoes, ferment them with Rhodotorula glutinis and Bacillus tequilensis, and then dry to obtain tomato feed; S1-2. Pinecone shell feed: Steam pinecone shells, then dry them by microwave and grind them into powder to obtain pinecone shell feed; S2. Feed the cattle with the following proportion of feed during the bone growth period: general cattle feed + 2%-4% hay + 8%-10% silage + 1%-1.4% tomato feed + 4%-6% pinecone shell feed + 1%-1.6% fish meal; S3. Feed the cattle with the following proportion of feed during the muscle growth period: general cattle feed + 3%-5% hay + 4%-6% silage + 8%-12% tomato feed + 2%-4% pinecone shell feed; S4. Feed the cattle with the following proportion of feed for subsequent feeding: general cattle feed + 4%-6% silage + 8%-12% tomato feed + 4%-6% pinecone shell feed; S5. During the bone growth period, the daily artificial lighting is: irradiate with a light intensity of 280-350 lx for 8 h + irradiate with a light intensity of 150-200 lx for 8 h + no light for 8 h; during the muscle growth period, the daily lighting is: irradiate with a light intensity of 280-350 lx for 6 h + irradiate with a light intensity of 150-200 lx for 10 h + no light for 8 h; during the subsequent stage, the daily lighting is: irradiate with a light intensity of 280-350 lx for 2 h + irradiate with a light intensity of 150-200 lx for 16 h + no light for 6 h.

2. The fattening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the fermentation method of Rhodotorula glutinis and Bacillus tequilensis in step S1-1, first inoculate 0.2%-0.4% of the total mass of tomatoes with Rhodotorula glutinis and ferment for 8-10 h, then inoculate 0.1%-0.3% of the total mass of tomatoes with Bacillus tequilensis and continue to ferment for 2-4 h, and then dry at 40-60 °C until the water content ≤ 8%.

3. The fattening method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The viable counts of the Rhodotorula glutinis and Bacillus tequilensis are 10 8 -10 9 CFU / g.

4. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: In step S1-2, the steaming temperature of pinecone shells is 102-120 °C, the steaming time is 20-30 min, and the water content of pinecone shells after microwave drying ≤ 8%.

5. The fattening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1-2, the particle size of the pinecone shell feed is 1-2 mm.

6. The fattening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bone growth period is from 3 months to 6 months old, and the muscle growth period is from 7 months to 13 months old.

7. The fattening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The formula of the general cattle feed is: 50%-65% corn, 15%-32% soybean meal, 10%-15% wheat bran, 4%-5% premix, 0.5%-2% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5%-1% salt; among them, the premix provides 3000 IU of vitamin A, 500 IU of vitamin D, 15 mg of copper, 50 mg of iron, 0.1 mg of cobalt, 0.5 mg of iodine, 20 mg of manganese, 30 mg of zinc, and 0.3 mg of selenium per kilogram of general cattle feed.

8. The fattening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, control the height of the lamps in the cattle shed at 2-2.5 m from the ground, and the interval between each lamp is 5-8 m.

9. The fattening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: During steps S2-S5, control the temperature in the cattle shed at 10-25 °C, the day-night temperature difference ≤ 8 °C, and the humidity is controlled at 60%-75%, and clean the manure in the cattle shed in time.

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