Black soil erosion simulation system with rainfall runoff and snow melting confluence coupling effect

Abstract

The invention discloses a black soil erosion simulation system with rainfall runoff and snow melting confluence coupling effect. The system comprises a data acquisition system, a rainfall simulation system, a snow melting simulation system, a runoff collection and monitoring system, a black soil simulation area, a data processing and analysis system and a control system. The data acquisition module comprehensively collects various types of data of the black soil area; each simulation subsystem accurately simulates rainfall, snow melting and coupling processes; the runoff collecting and monitoring subsystem monitors runoff in real time; the black soil simulation area simulates the field condition; the data processing and analysis module deeply mines data, establishes a model and predicts a trend; and the control system realizes automatic accurate control. The whole system adopts a modular design and is convenient to maintain and upgrade. The operation, system flow, maintenance upgrading and application cases of each module are elaborated through a specific implementation mode, a powerful tool is provided for black soil erosion research, and a scientific basis is provided for making prevention and control measures.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of black soil erosion simulation related to the coupling of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, and specifically to a black soil erosion simulation system for the coupling of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence. Background Art

[0002] Soil erosion is a global ecological environment problem, seriously affecting the sustainable use of land resources and the balance of the ecosystem. As a fertile and precious soil resource, black soil plays an important role in agricultural production and the ecological environment. However, under the coupling action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, black soil faces a relatively serious erosion threat, which not only leads to a decline in soil fertility and land productivity, but also triggers a series of ecological environment problems, such as water pollution and river channel siltation.

[0003] At present, the research on black soil erosion mostly focuses on the influence of single factors, such as simply studying the effect of rainfall or snowmelt on black soil erosion, while the research on the process and mechanism of black soil erosion under the coupling action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence is relatively less. In addition, there are many deficiencies in the existing black soil erosion simulation systems. Some simulation systems have relatively single functions and cannot accurately simulate the rainfall and snowmelt processes and their coupling effects at the same time; some systems are not comprehensive and accurate enough in data collection and cannot comprehensively obtain data on meteorology, topography, soil properties, etc., resulting in a large deviation between the simulation results and the actual situation.

[0004] Moreover, the existing simulation systems lack the automation and precision control of the experimental process and are difficult to meet the diverse needs under different experimental conditions. Operators need to manually adjust the parameters of each device, which is not only cumbersome but also prone to errors. At the same time, in terms of data processing and analysis, traditional methods are difficult to deeply explore the complex influence mechanism of the coupling of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence on black soil erosion and cannot accurately predict the erosion trend of black soil under different environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to develop a system that can comprehensively and accurately simulate the process of black soil erosion under the coupling of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a black soil erosion simulation system for the coupling of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence to solve the problems raised in the above background art.

[0006] To achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A black soil erosion simulation system for the coupling of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, including: Data acquisition module: Configured to collect meteorological data, topographic and geomorphic data, soil physical and chemical property data, and historical data of previous black soil erosion in the black soil area; The meteorological data acquisition unit collects information on air temperature, precipitation intensity, wind direction and speed, and sunshine duration in real time through multiple meteorological monitoring stations distributed in the black soil area; The topographic and geomorphic data acquisition unit uses a combination of geographic information system technology and remote sensing technology to obtain data on altitude, slope, and aspect; The soil physical and chemical property data acquisition unit obtains data on soil texture, porosity, bulk density, pH value, and organic matter content by collecting soil samples at multiple points in the black soil area and analyzing them in the laboratory; The previous black soil erosion history data acquisition unit obtains relevant data through the collation and analysis of historical documents, monitoring data, and field research data; Rainfall simulation subsystem: It includes rainfall sprinklers, water supply pipelines, flow control devices, and sprinkler angle adjustment devices; Based on different simulation requirements, the rainfall sprinklers can generate rainfall with different rainfall intensities and raindrop size distributions; The water supply pipeline is connected to the water source to supply water stably to the rainfall sprinklers; The flow control device is used to precisely regulate the water flow rate in the water supply pipeline to achieve the simulation of different rainfall intensities; The sprinkler angle adjustment device can flexibly adjust the angle of the rainfall sprinklers according to the topography of the simulation area and experimental requirements to ensure uniform rainfall coverage of the simulation area; Snowmelt simulation subsystem: It consists of a heating device, a snow storage device, a snowmelt water collection device, and a snowmelt water flow rate control device; The heating device simulates the snowmelt process under different air temperature conditions by controlling the heating power and heating time to adjust the snowmelt speed; The snow storage device is used to store a certain amount of snow, providing a material basis for snowmelt simulation; The snowmelt water collection device is used to collect the melted snow water and guide it to the simulation area; The snowmelt water flow rate control device can accurately control the flow rate and volume of the snowmelt water entering the simulation area according to experimental requirements; Runoff collection and monitoring subsystem: It consists of a runoff collection tank, a flow sensor, water quality monitoring equipment, and a data transmission module; The runoff collection tank is set at the edge of the simulation area to collect the mixed water flow generated by rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence; The flow sensor is installed in the runoff collection tank to monitor the change of runoff flow rate in real time; The water quality monitoring equipment is used to analyze water quality indicators such as sediment content and nutrient content in the runoff; The data transmission module transmits the data obtained by the flow sensor and the water quality monitoring device to the data processing and analysis module in real time; Black soil simulation area: It is constructed with soil materials similar to the physical and chemical properties of actual black soil, simulating different topographical and geomorphological conditions, including slopes with different gradients and aspects, as well as gullies with different shapes and sizes; Multiple soil erosion monitoring points are set in the black soil simulation area, and soil erosion monitoring devices are installed to monitor the erosion process and erosion amount of black soil in real time; Data processing and analysis module: Using a high-performance computer and professional data analysis software, it receives data from the data acquisition module, the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem, and the soil erosion monitoring device; Preprocesses, stores, and analyzes the collected data, and establishes a black soil erosion model under the coupled action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence; By comparing and analyzing the data under different experimental conditions, reveals the influence mechanism of the coupled action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence on black soil erosion, and predicts the erosion trend of black soil under different environmental conditions; Control system: Used to uniformly manage and control the entire simulation system; Equipped with a man-machine interface, and operators can set experimental parameters such as rainfall intensity, snowmelt speed, and simulation time through this interface; The control system automatically adjusts the operating states of the rainfall simulation subsystem, the snowmelt simulation subsystem, the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem, and the devices in the black soil simulation area according to the set parameters, realizing the automation and precision control of the entire simulation process.

[0007] Furthermore, the meteorological monitoring station in the data acquisition module uses high-precision sensors with an automatic calibration function, which can correct measurement errors in real time to ensure that the accuracy of the collected meteorological data reaches an air temperature error of ±0.1°C, a precipitation intensity error of ±1 mm / h, a wind speed error of ±0.5 m / s, and a wind direction error of ±1°; moreover, the meteorological monitoring station has a data backup function, stores meteorological data within a certain period locally, and at the same time transmits the data to the data processing and analysis module in real time through a wireless communication module to prevent data loss; the layout of the meteorological monitoring station is optimized according to the terrain and climate characteristics of the black soil area, adopting a combination of grid and key area encryption to improve the representativeness and accuracy of meteorological data.

[0008] Furthermore, the rainfall nozzles in the rainfall simulation subsystem are made of new materials, featuring high strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. They can adapt to water sources with different chemical properties and extend the service life of the nozzles. The internal structure of the nozzles is specially designed. By optimizing the flow channel shape and the distribution of water outlet holes inside the nozzles, precise control of different rainfall intensities and raindrop size distributions can be achieved. At the same time, the rainfall nozzles have an automatic cleaning function. By setting a micro cleaning device inside the nozzles, impurities and scale inside the nozzles can be removed regularly to ensure the normal spraying effect of the nozzles. The nozzle angle adjustment device adopts an electric drive system and is equipped with a high-precision angle sensor, which can achieve precise angle adjustment with an adjustment accuracy of up to ±0.5°.

[0009] Furthermore, the heating device in the snow melting simulation subsystem adopts intelligent temperature control technology, with a built-in temperature sensor and a microprocessor. It can monitor and feedback the temperature changes in the snow storage device in real time. According to the preset snow melting speed curve, the heating power is automatically adjusted to achieve precise control of the snow melting speed, and the temperature control accuracy can reach ±0.5°C. The snow storage device is made of special thermal insulation materials, with good heat insulation performance, which can effectively reduce heat dissipation and maintain the stability of the internal temperature of the snow storage device. The snow melting water collection device is internally provided with a spoiler and a filtering device. The spoiler can make the snow melting water form a turbulent flow in the collection device, improving the mixing uniformity of the snow melting water. The filtering device can remove impurities in the snow melting water to ensure the quality of the snow melting water entering the simulation area.

[0010] Furthermore, the runoff collection trough in the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem is made of anti-leakage materials, and its internal surface has been specially treated with a low friction coefficient, which can reduce the resistance of water flow in the collection trough and ensure smooth water flow. The flow sensor adopts the principle of electromagnetic induction, featuring high precision, high reliability, and a wide measurement range. It can accurately measure the runoff in different flow ranges, and the measurement error does not exceed ±1%. The water quality monitoring equipment adopts a multi-parameter integrated sensor, which can simultaneously measure multiple water quality indicators such as sediment content, pH value, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and the content of various nutrients in the runoff, and transmit the data to the data processing and analysis module in real time through a wireless communication module. The data transmission module adopts encrypted transmission technology to ensure the security and integrity of the data during transmission.

[0011] Furthermore, during the construction of the black soil simulation area, strict screening and proportioning are carried out on the selected soil materials with physical and chemical properties similar to those of actual black soil. By conducting a detailed analysis of soil samples from different locations in the black soil area, the ranges of various physical and chemical parameters of the soil materials are determined. Then, soil materials from different sources are mixed in a certain proportion to ensure that the key indicators such as texture, porosity, bulk density, and pH value of the soil in the simulation area are highly matched with those of actual black soil. At the same time, when simulating different topographies and landforms, advanced modeling techniques are adopted to accurately replicate according to the actual terrain data, ensuring that the slope gradient, slope aspect, and parameters of gully shape and size in the simulation are consistent with the actual situation, thereby improving the authenticity and reliability of the simulation.

[0012] Furthermore, the data processing and analysis module uses deep learning algorithms to analyze the collected data. First, feature extraction and data preprocessing are performed on historical data and real-time monitoring data to construct a training data set. Then, a deep learning model is used to learn from the training data set to establish a black soil erosion prediction model under the coupled action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence. This model can automatically mine complex relationships and rules in the data, improving the accuracy and reliability of prediction. The data processing and analysis module also has a data visualization function, which can display the analysis results in the form of intuitive charts and graphs, facilitating data analysis and decision-making by researchers.

[0013] Furthermore, the control system has a fault diagnosis and early warning function. During the operation of the system, the control system monitors the operation status of each subsystem and device in real time. By analyzing the sensor data and device operation parameters, it judges whether there is a fault in the system. Once a fault is detected, the control system can quickly locate the fault location and cause, and send an early warning to the operator through audible and visual alarms and text message notifications. At the same time, the control system will automatically record the time, type, and relevant parameters of the fault occurrence to form a fault report, facilitating fault troubleshooting and repair by maintenance personnel. The control system has a remote monitoring function, and the operator can remotely operate and monitor the simulation system through the Internet anywhere.

[0014] Furthermore, the system also includes an experimental assistance module. The experimental assistance module is mainly responsible for providing necessary assistance and support for the entire simulation experiment, including the preparation of experimental materials, the cleaning and maintenance of the experimental site. In terms of the preparation of experimental materials, the experimental assistance module can automatically configure chemical reagents with different concentrations according to experimental requirements to simulate rainfall or snowmelt water with different pollution levels. In terms of the cleaning and maintenance of the experimental site, the experimental assistance module is equipped with automatic cleaning equipment, which can automatically clean and disinfect the black soil simulation area and runoff collection tank after the experiment, reducing the impact of experimental residues on subsequent experiments and prolonging the service life of the equipment.

[0015] Furthermore, the overall system adopts a modular design concept; there are clear interfaces and communication protocols between each subsystem and module, facilitating the installation, debugging, maintenance, and upgrade of the system; during the system installation process, users can flexibly combine each module according to actual needs and site conditions to quickly build a simulation system that meets the experimental requirements; in terms of system maintenance, the modular design makes fault troubleshooting and repair more convenient, and maintenance personnel can directly replace the faulty module, reducing system downtime.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: The data acquisition module of this system can comprehensively obtain meteorological data, topographic and geomorphic data, soil physical and chemical property data, and historical black soil erosion data in the black soil area. Through widely distributed meteorological monitoring stations, advanced GIS and RS technologies, multi-point soil sample analysis, and historical data collation, it ensures that the collected data is comprehensive and accurate. This provides a solid data foundation for subsequent simulations and analyses, making the simulation results closer to the actual situation and helping to deeply study various influencing factors of black soil erosion.

[0017] The rainfall simulation subsystem can generate rainfall with different rainfall intensities and raindrop size distributions, and can flexibly adjust the nozzle angle to make the rainfall evenly cover the simulation area; the snowmelt simulation subsystem can accurately simulate the snowmelt process under different temperature conditions and control the snowmelt speed and flow rate. The coordinated operation of the two subsystems can accurately simulate the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, providing a powerful means for studying the erosion process of black soil under such complex conditions.

[0018] The runoff collection and monitoring subsystem can real-time monitor the flow rate changes and water quality indicators of runoff and transmit the data to the data processing and analysis module in a timely manner. The data processing and analysis module uses a high-performance computer and professional data analysis software, combined with deep learning algorithms, which can not only efficiently process and store the data, but also establish an accurate black soil erosion model, reveal the erosion influence mechanism, and predict the erosion trend. This helps scientific research personnel deeply understand the internal laws of black soil erosion and provides a scientific basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures.

[0019] Through the human-machine interaction interface of the control system, operators can conveniently set various experimental parameters, and the system can automatically adjust the operating states of each subsystem and device according to these parameters, realizing the automation and precise control of the entire simulation process. This greatly improves the efficiency and accuracy of the experiment, reduces human operation errors, and at the same time facilitates the quick switching and adjustment under different experimental conditions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 It is a flowchart of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] Next, in combination with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0022] Please refer to Figure 1 , a specific implementation manner of a black soil erosion simulation system for the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence provided by the present invention. The simulation system aims to comprehensively and accurately simulate the erosion process of black soil under the combined action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, provide a powerful experimental tool for the research of black soil erosion, and provide a scientific basis for the formulation of relevant prevention and control measures.

[0023] Data acquisition module Meteorological data acquisition The meteorological monitoring station adopts high-precision sensor equipment. For example, a platinum resistance temperature sensor is used to measure the air temperature, and its measurement accuracy can reach ±0.1°C; a tipping bucket rain gauge is used to measure the precipitation intensity, and the measurement error is controlled within ±1 mm / h; a three-cup anemometer and a wind vane are used to measure the wind direction and wind speed, the wind speed measurement accuracy is ±0.5 m / s, and the wind direction measurement accuracy is ±1°; a photoelectric sunshine sensor is used to measure the sunshine duration, and the measurement error does not exceed ±0.1 hour.

[0024] The meteorological monitoring stations are distributed at representative positions within the black soil area and are reasonably arranged according to the topographic and geomorphic features and climate characteristics. Monitoring stations are set up in different topographic regions such as mountains, plains, and river valleys to form a grid monitoring network. At the same time, intensive arrangements are made in key research areas to ensure that the acquired data can accurately reflect the meteorological conditions of the entire black soil area.

[0025] The meteorological monitoring station has an automatic calibration function, and regularly self-calibrates the sensors to ensure the accuracy of the measurement data. At the same time, it is equipped with data backup storage equipment, locally stores at least one year of meteorological data, and transmits the data to the data processing and analysis module in real time through a GPRS or 4G / 5G wireless communication module.

[0026] Topographic and geomorphic data acquisition The geographic information system technology is used for the acquisition and processing of topographic data. High-resolution image data of the black soil area is obtained through means such as satellite remote sensing images and aerial photogrammetry, and a digital elevation model is generated using GIS software to obtain topographic information such as altitude, slope, and aspect.

[0027] Verify and correct the topographic data generated by GIS in combination with field measurement data. Use surveying equipment such as total stations and GPS to conduct field measurements on key topographic points, compare the measurement results with the GIS data, analyze and correct the areas with errors, and improve the accuracy of the topographic data.

[0028] Use remote sensing technology to obtain information such as landform types and land use types in the black soil area. Through the interpretation of remote sensing images in different bands, identify different land use types such as cultivated land, forest land, grassland, and water areas, as well as landform features such as gullies and hills, providing basic data for subsequent simulations.

[0029] Soil physical and chemical property data collection Collect soil samples at multiple points in the black soil area according to a certain grid spacing and different land use types. At each sampling point, collect surface soil samples with a depth of 0 - 20 cm and deep soil samples with a depth of 20 - 40 cm to comprehensively understand the physical and chemical properties of the black soil.

[0030] Bring the collected soil samples back to the laboratory for a series of physical and chemical property analyses. Use the sieving method to determine the soil texture and calculate the contents of sand, silt, and clay; use the core cutter method to determine the soil bulk density and porosity; use the potentiometric method to determine the soil pH; use the potassium dichromate oxidation method to determine the soil organic matter content; use chemical analysis methods to determine the nutrient contents such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil.

[0031] Establish a soil physical and chemical property database, organize and store the analysis results of each sampling point, and associate them with geographical coordinate information so that corresponding soil property data can be obtained according to different geographical locations during the simulation process.

[0032] Collection of historical data on black soil erosion in the early stage Collect historical literature materials, including academic papers, research reports, government documents, etc., and extract the observed data, research results, and relevant records on black soil erosion from them.

[0033] Organize and analyze the historical monitoring data of long-term monitoring stations in the black soil area to obtain data such as annual soil erosion amounts and erosion moduli, and understand the temporal variation law of black soil erosion.

[0034] Conduct on-site investigations, interview local farmers, land management personnel, scientific research personnel, etc., to understand the actual situation and historical changes of black soil erosion, and collect some information that cannot be obtained from literature and monitoring data.

[0035] Rainfall simulation subsystem The rainfall sprinkler adopts a combined design of rotary and fixed types. The rotary sprinkler can generate a larger rainfall coverage area and is suitable for large-scale simulation areas; the fixed sprinkler can provide a more uniform rainfall distribution and is used for precise simulation of local areas.

[0036] The sprinkler material is selected as high-strength and wear-resistant engineering plastics, and additives for anti-ultraviolet and anti-chemical corrosion are added to extend the service life of the sprinkler. A special flow channel design is adopted inside the sprinkler, and by optimizing the shape and size of the water flow channel, the adjustment of different rainfall intensities and raindrop size distributions is achieved.

[0037] The rainfall intensity of the sprinkler can be continuously adjusted within the range of 0 - 100 mm / h, and the raindrop size distribution can simulate different states of natural rainfall, including light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain, etc. By replacing sprinkler nozzles of different specifications and adjusting the working pressure of the sprinkler, different combinations of rainfall intensity and raindrop size can be achieved.

[0038] The water supply pipeline adopts high-strength PVC or PE pipes, which have good corrosion resistance and pressure resistance. The diameter of the pipeline is selected according to the flow demand of the system to ensure stable water flow supply to the sprinkler at different rainfall intensities.

[0039] The water supply pipeline is provided with multiple branches and valves. By switching and adjusting the valves, the water supply situation of the sprinklers in different areas can be controlled, and flexible adjustment of the rainfall distribution in the simulation area can be achieved.

[0040] A filter is installed at the starting end of the water supply pipeline to filter the water source, remove impurities and particles in the water, prevent the sprinkler from being blocked, and ensure the normal operation of the sprinkler.

[0041] The flow control device adopts a combination of an electromagnetic flowmeter and an electric control valve. The electromagnetic flowmeter measures the water flow rate in the water supply pipeline in real time and feeds the flow signal back to the control system; the electric control valve automatically adjusts the opening of the valve according to the instructions of the control system, thereby precisely controlling the water flow rate and achieving the simulation of different rainfall intensities.

[0042] The flow adjustment range of the flow control device is 0 - 50 L / min, and the adjustment accuracy can reach ±0.1 L / min, which can meet the needs of different rainfall intensity simulations. At the same time, the flow control device has functions of automatic calibration and fault alarm to ensure the stable operation of the system.

[0043] The sprinkler angle adjustment device consists of an electric push rod and an angle sensor. The electric push rod is driven by a motor and can achieve angle adjustment of the sprinkler in the vertical and horizontal directions. The angle sensor monitors the angle change of the sprinkler in real time and feeds the angle signal back to the control system.

[0044] The adjustable range of the nozzle angle is 0 - 90° in the vertical direction and 0 - 360° in the horizontal direction, and the adjustment accuracy can reach ±0.5°. The operator can remotely control the nozzle angle through the control system according to the terrain of the simulation area and the experimental requirements, so that the rainfall evenly covers the simulation area.

[0045] Snowmelt simulation subsystem The heating device is composed of electric heating wires and a temperature control system. The electric heating wires are evenly distributed inside the snow storage device, and the heat generated by the heating wires is used to simulate the snowmelt process caused by the rising air temperature.

[0046] The temperature control system uses high-precision temperature sensors and intelligent temperature controllers, which can monitor the temperature changes inside the snow storage device in real time and automatically adjust the heating power according to the preset snowmelt speed curve. The temperature control accuracy can reach ±0.5°C, ensuring the precise control of the snowmelt speed.

[0047] The heating device has overheat protection and electric leakage protection functions. When the temperature exceeds the set safety threshold or there is an electric leakage situation, the power supply is automatically cut off to ensure the safe operation of the system.

[0048] The snow storage device is made of stainless steel and has good heat preservation and insulation performance inside. It is filled with heat preservation materials such as polyurethane foam to reduce heat loss.

[0049] The shape and size of the snow storage device are designed according to the experimental requirements, and it can store a certain amount of snow, providing a sufficient material basis for snowmelt simulation. A drain outlet is set at the bottom of the snow storage device to drain the melted snow water.

[0050] A stirring device is set inside the snow storage device. The stirring blades are driven by a motor to make the snow evenly heated during the melting process, avoiding local overheating or overcooling.

[0051] The snowmelt water collection device is located below the snow storage device and is designed in a funnel shape, which can effectively collect the melted snow water. A spoiler plate and a filtering device are set inside the collection device. The spoiler plate makes the snowmelt water form a turbulent flow, improving the mixing uniformity of the snowmelt water; the filtering device uses a filter screen and an activated carbon adsorption layer to remove impurities and odors in the snowmelt water.

[0052] The snowmelt water collection device is connected with a water outlet pipe, and a valve and a flow meter are installed on the water outlet pipe to control the discharge of the snowmelt water and measure the flow rate of the snowmelt water. The snowmelt water is transported to the simulation area through the water outlet pipe.

[0053] The snowmelt water flow rate control device is composed of an electric control valve and a pressure sensor. The electric control valve is installed on the snowmelt water outlet pipe to accurately control the flow rate and volume of the snowmelt water entering the simulation area according to the experimental requirements.

[0054] The pressure sensor monitors the pressure changes in the snowmelt water pipeline in real time and feeds the pressure signal back to the control system. The control system automatically adjusts the opening of the electric control valve according to the pressure signal and the preset flow velocity and flow rate parameters to ensure that the snowmelt water enters the simulation area at a stable flow velocity and flow rate.

[0055] Runoff collection and monitoring subsystem The runoff collection tank is made of high-strength fiberglass material, with good corrosion resistance and impact resistance. The shape of the collection tank is rectangular, and the bottom has a certain slope to facilitate the collection and discharge of water flow.

[0056] The length and width of the runoff collection tank are designed according to the size of the simulation area and experimental requirements to ensure that all rainfall runoff and the mixed water flow generated by snowmelt confluence in the simulation area can be collected. An overflow port is set at the edge of the collection tank to prevent water from overflowing the collection tank.

[0057] The inner surface of the runoff collection tank is smoothed to reduce the friction of the water flow and ensure the smooth flow of the water. At the same time, a silt cleaning device is installed at the bottom of the collection tank to regularly clean the sediment and debris in the collection tank.

[0058] The flow sensor uses an electromagnetic induction flow sensor, which has the characteristics of high precision, high reliability, and wide measurement range. The sensor can measure the water flow in the runoff collection tank in real time, with a measurement range of 0 - 100 L / min and a measurement error of no more than ±1%.

[0059] The flow sensor is installed on the pipeline of the runoff collection tank through flange connection, communicates with the control system, and transmits the measured flow data to the data processing and analysis module in real time.

[0060] The water quality monitoring equipment uses a multi-parameter water quality analyzer, which can simultaneously measure multiple water quality indicators such as sediment content, pH value, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, etc. in the runoff.

[0061] The water quality monitoring equipment adopts an online monitoring method. The water quality parameters are converted into electrical signals through the sensor probe, and after signal amplification and processing, the data is transmitted to the data processing and analysis module. The water quality monitoring equipment has automatic calibration and cleaning functions, and regularly calibrates and cleans the sensors to ensure the accuracy of the measurement data.

[0062] The data transmission module uses wireless communication technologies such as GPRS, 4G / 5G, etc. to transmit the data obtained by the flow sensor and water quality monitoring equipment to the data processing and analysis module in real time. The data transmission module has data encryption and error correction functions to ensure the security and integrity of the data during transmission.

[0063] During the data transmission process, the data transmission module packs and compresses the collected data, reducing the amount of data transmitted and improving the transmission efficiency. At the same time, the data transmission module can automatically detect the network connection status. When a network failure occurs, it automatically reconnects to ensure the continuity of data transmission.

[0064] Black soil simulation area Soil materials similar to the physical and chemical properties of actual black soil are selected to construct the simulation area. By conducting a detailed analysis of soil samples at different locations within the black soil area, the ranges of various physical and chemical parameters of the soil materials are determined, including soil texture, porosity, bulk density, pH value, organic matter content, etc.

[0065] Soil materials from different sources, such as local black soil, improved soil, etc., are mixed in a certain proportion to ensure that the key indicators of the soil in the simulation area match those of the actual black soil highly. During the mixing process, appropriate amounts of fertilizers and water are added to adjust the fertility and humidity status of the soil to make it close to the black soil under natural conditions.

[0066] According to the topographic and geomorphic data of the actual black soil area, a combination of mold making and soil stacking is used to construct slopes with different gradients and aspects, as well as gullies with different shapes and sizes within the simulation area.

[0067] For the simulation of slopes, by adjusting the stacking height and angle of the soil, slopes with different gradients are formed, and the gradient range can be adjusted between 0 - 30°. For the simulation of aspects, it is set according to the actual terrain direction to ensure that the simulated aspect is consistent with the actual situation.

[0068] For the simulation of gullies, the shape of the gully is made with a mold, and then the mold is filled with soil to form gullies with different shapes and sizes. The depth and width of the gullies can be adjusted according to the experimental requirements to simulate different degrees of erosion conditions.

[0069] Multiple soil erosion monitoring points are set within the black soil simulation area, and the distribution of the monitoring points is reasonably arranged according to the topographic and geomorphic features and experimental requirements. Monitoring points are set at key positions such as different locations on the slope, the edges and bottoms of the gullies, etc. to comprehensively monitor the erosion process of the black soil.

[0070] Multiple types of soil erosion monitoring equipment are used, including erosion pins, runoff plots, sediment samplers, etc. Erosion pins are used to measure the erosion depth of the soil surface; runoff plots are used to collect and analyze the sediment content in the slope runoff; sediment samplers are used to collect sediment samples at different depths to analyze the particle composition and chemical properties of the sediment.

[0071] The soil erosion monitoring equipment transmits the monitoring data to the data processing and analysis module in real time through the data transmission module to timely understand the erosion situation of the black soil.

[0072] Data Processing and Analysis Module The data processing and analysis module first preprocesses the collected data. It performs quality control on meteorological data, eliminates outliers and incorrect data, and fills in missing data using interpolation methods. It conducts coordinate transformation and projection transformation on topographic and geomorphic data to make it consistent with the coordinate system of the geographic information system.

[0073] It organizes and standardizes the data on soil physical and chemical properties and historical black soil erosion data, unifying data in different formats and from different sources into a standard format for subsequent storage and analysis.

[0074] It uses a professional database management system, such as MySQL or Oracle, to store the preprocessed data. The database design includes multiple data tables, which store meteorological data, topographic and geomorphic data, soil physical and chemical property data, historical black soil erosion data, runoff monitoring data, and soil erosion monitoring data, etc.

[0075] The database creates indexes and views to improve data query and retrieval efficiency. At the same time, it regularly backs up and maintains the database to ensure data security and integrity.

[0076] It uses professional data analysis software, such as R or Python, combines deep learning algorithms and traditional statistical analysis methods to deeply analyze the stored data. Through feature extraction and data mining of historical data and real-time monitoring data, a black soil erosion model under the coupling action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence is established.

[0077] The black soil erosion model considers the influence of multiple factors, including meteorological conditions, topographic and geomorphic features, soil properties, rainfall runoff, and snowmelt confluence, etc. The model is constructed and trained using algorithms such as multiple linear regression, neural networks, and support vector machines. Through cross-validation and model evaluation, the optimal model parameters and structure are selected to improve the prediction accuracy and reliability of the model.

[0078] The data processing and analysis module has a data visualization function, presenting the analysis results in intuitive charts, graphs, etc. For example, it plots the relationship curve between rainfall intensity and soil erosion amount, the relationship graph between snowmelt speed and runoff flow, etc., facilitating data analysis and decision-making for researchers.

[0079] Through the established black soil erosion model, it predicts the erosion trend of black soil under different environmental conditions. Researchers can input different meteorological, topographic, soil, etc. parameters to simulate the erosion situation of black soil in the future for a period of time, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of black soil erosion.

[0080] Control System The control system adopts a web-based human-machine interface, and operators can access the system through a browser on any device with a network connection. The human-machine interface is designed to be simple and intuitive, providing a good user experience.

[0081] The interface provides various operation buttons and parameter setting options. Operators can conveniently set experimental parameters such as rainfall intensity, snowmelt speed, simulation time, etc. At the same time, the interface displays the operating status of each subsystem and device of the system in real time, including parameters such as temperature, flow rate, and pressure.

[0082] After the operator sets the experimental parameters through the human-machine interface, the control system sends parameter instructions to each subsystem and device. The rainfall simulation subsystem adjusts the working state of the rainfall nozzles, the opening degree of the flow control device, and the angle of the nozzle angle adjustment device according to the instructions; the snowmelt simulation subsystem adjusts the heating power of the heating device and the opening degree of the snowmelt water flow rate control device according to the instructions.

[0083] The runoff collection and monitoring subsystem adjusts the measurement frequency and data transmission interval of the water quality monitoring equipment according to the instructions; the soil erosion monitoring equipment in the black soil simulation area collects and transmits data according to the instructions. The control system ensures that each subsystem and device work together according to the set parameters, realizing the automation and precise control of the entire simulation process.

[0084] The control system monitors the operating status of each subsystem and device in real time. By analyzing the sensor data and equipment operating parameters, it judges whether there are faults in the system. When a fault is detected, the control system can quickly locate the fault location and cause, and issue a warning to the operator through means such as audible and visual alarms and text message notifications.

[0085] The control system will also automatically record the time, type, and relevant parameters of the fault occurrence, forming a fault report, which is convenient for maintenance personnel to conduct fault troubleshooting and repair. At the same time, the control system has an automatic fault handling function. For some simple faults such as valve blockage and sensor failure, it can automatically take measures to handle them to ensure the stable operation of the system.

[0086] The control system has a remote monitoring function. Operators can remotely operate and monitor the simulation system from anywhere through the Internet. Through the human-machine interface, operators can view the operating status, experimental data, and equipment parameters of the system in real time, and remotely adjust the experimental parameters and control the operation of the equipment.

[0087] The remote monitoring function also supports multiple users to access simultaneously. Users with different permissions can perform corresponding operations according to their responsibilities. For example, researchers can view experimental data and analysis results, technicians can perform equipment maintenance and fault handling, and managers can manage and make decisions on the operation of the system.

[0088] Overall operation process of the system The operator sets the experimental parameters through the human - machine interface of the control system, including rainfall intensity, snow - melting speed, simulation time, topographic and geomorphic parameters of the black soil simulation area, etc.

[0089] According to the set topographic and geomorphic parameters of the black soil simulation area, prepare the corresponding soil materials, mix soils from different sources in a predetermined proportion to simulate the physical and chemical properties of actual black soil. At the same time, use molds and soil stacking to construct slopes with specific slopes and aspects, as well as gullies with different shapes and sizes. Reasonably arrange soil erosion monitoring points in the simulation area and install soil erosion monitoring equipment.

[0090] Check the equipment status of the rainfall simulation subsystem, snow - melting simulation subsystem, runoff collection and monitoring subsystem to ensure the normal operation of each device. Debug the rainfall nozzles, water supply pipelines, flow control devices, nozzle angle adjustment devices, etc. Check whether the heating devices, snow storage devices, snow - melting water collection devices, and snow - melting water flow rate control devices are functioning properly, as well as whether the runoff collection tank, flow sensors, water quality monitoring equipment, and data transmission module can work normally.

[0091] Before the experiment starts, the data acquisition module is started. The meteorological monitoring station real - time collects meteorological data such as air temperature, precipitation intensity, wind direction and speed, sunshine duration in the black soil area; obtains topographic and geomorphic data through GIS and RS technologies, and conducts on - site measurement verification and correction; collects soil samples at multiple points and analyzes and measures the physical and chemical property data of the soil in the laboratory; at the same time, sorts out and analyzes the historical data of previous black soil erosion. The collected data is transmitted to the data processing and analysis module for storage and pre - processing in real - time.

[0092] The rainfall simulation subsystem adjusts the water flow rate in the water supply pipeline through the flow control device according to the set rainfall intensity parameter. The rainfall nozzles generate rainfall with the corresponding rainfall intensity and raindrop size distribution according to the preset angle and working mode, evenly covering the black soil simulation area.

[0093] The snow - melting simulation subsystem is started. The heating device controls the heating power and time according to the set snow - melting speed parameter, so that the snow in the snow storage device melts at a predetermined speed. After the snow - melting water passes through the filtration and turbulence treatment of the collection device, it enters the black soil simulation area at a set flow rate and flow through the snow - melting water flow rate control device, forming a coupling effect with the rainfall runoff.

[0094] During the process of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem starts to work. The runoff collection tank collects the mixed water flow generated within the simulated area, the flow sensor monitors the flow rate change of the runoff in real time, and the water quality monitoring equipment analyzes water quality indicators such as sediment content and nutrient content in the runoff. These monitoring data are transmitted to the data processing and analysis module in real time through the data transmission module.

[0095] The soil erosion monitoring equipment within the black soil simulated area works synchronously, monitors the erosion process and erosion amount of the black soil in real time, and transmits the data to the data processing and analysis module.

[0096] The data processing and analysis module preprocesses the collected meteorological data, topographic and geomorphic data, soil physical and chemical property data, historical data of previous black soil erosion, and real-time data transmitted from the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem and the soil erosion monitoring equipment. Remove outliers, fill in missing data, and normalize the data.

[0097] Store the preprocessed data in a professional database for subsequent analysis. Use deep learning algorithms and traditional statistical analysis methods to deeply mine and analyze the stored data. Establish a black soil erosion model under the coupling action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, and reveal the influence mechanism of the coupling action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence on black soil erosion through comparative analysis of data under different experimental conditions.

[0098] According to the established model, predict the erosion trend of black soil under different environmental conditions. Display the analysis results in the form of intuitive charts, graphs, etc. on the human-computer interaction interface for researchers to view and analyze conveniently.

[0099] When the set simulation time is reached, the control system stops the operation of the rainfall simulation subsystem and the snowmelt simulation subsystem, and shuts down the relevant equipment.

[0100] Clean and maintain the equipment in the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem and the black soil simulated area. Clean the runoff collection tank, flow sensor, water quality monitoring equipment, etc., check and calibrate the soil erosion monitoring equipment, and make preparations for the next experiment.

[0101] Researchers summarize and discuss the results generated by the data processing and analysis module, write an experimental report, and put forward targeted suggestions and measures for preventing and controlling black soil erosion based on the experimental results.

Claims

1. A black soil erosion simulation system for the coupled action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence, characterized in that, Including: Data acquisition module: Configured to collect meteorological data, topographic and geomorphic data, soil physical and chemical property data, and historical data on black soil erosion in the past; The meteorological data acquisition unit collects information on air temperature, precipitation intensity, wind direction and speed, and sunshine duration in real time through multiple meteorological monitoring stations distributed in the black soil area; The topographic and geomorphic data acquisition unit uses a combination of geographic information system technology and remote sensing technology to obtain elevation, slope, and aspect data; The soil physical and chemical property data acquisition unit obtains data on soil texture, porosity, bulk density, pH value, and organic matter content by collecting soil samples at multiple points in the black soil area and analyzing them in the laboratory; The historical data acquisition unit on black soil erosion obtains relevant data through the collation and analysis of historical documents, monitoring data, and field research data; Rainfall simulation subsystem: Including rainfall nozzles, water supply pipelines, flow control devices, and nozzle angle adjustment devices; Based on different simulation requirements, the rainfall nozzles can generate rainfall with different rainfall intensities and raindrop size distributions; The water supply pipeline is connected to a water source to supply water stably to the rainfall nozzles; The flow control device is used to precisely regulate the water flow rate in the water supply pipeline to achieve the simulation of different rainfall intensities; The nozzle angle adjustment device can flexibly adjust the angle of the rainfall nozzles according to the topography of the simulation area and experimental requirements to ensure that the rainfall evenly covers the simulation area; Snowmelt simulation subsystem: Composed of a heating device, a snow storage device, a snowmelt water collection device, and a snowmelt water flow rate control device; The heating device simulates the snowmelt process under different air temperature conditions by controlling the heating power and heating time to adjust the snowmelt speed; The snow storage device is used to store a certain amount of snow, providing a material basis for snowmelt simulation; The snowmelt water collection device is used to collect the melted snow water and guide it to the simulation area; The snowmelt water flow rate control device can accurately control the flow rate and volume of the snowmelt water entering the simulation area according to experimental requirements; Runoff collection and monitoring subsystem: Composed of a runoff collection trough, a flow sensor, water quality monitoring equipment, and a data transmission module; The runoff collection trough is set at the edge of the simulation area to collect the mixed water flow generated by rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence; The flow sensor is installed in the runoff collection trough to monitor the change of runoff flow rate in real time; The water quality monitoring equipment is used to analyze water quality indicators such as sediment content and nutrient content in the runoff; The data transmission module transmits the data obtained by the flow sensor and water quality monitoring equipment to the data processing and analysis module in real time; Black soil simulation area: Constructed with soil materials similar to the physical and chemical properties of actual black soil, simulating different topographic and geomorphic conditions, including slopes with different gradients and aspects, as well as gullies with different shapes and sizes; Multiple soil erosion monitoring points are set in the black soil simulation area, and soil erosion monitoring equipment is installed to monitor the erosion process and erosion amount of black soil in real time; Data processing and analysis module: Using a high-performance computer and professional data analysis software, it receives data from the data acquisition module, the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem, and the soil erosion monitoring equipment; Preprocess, store and analyze the collected data, and establish a black soil erosion model under the coupled action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence; Through comparative analysis of data under different experimental conditions, reveal the influence mechanism of the coupled action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence on black soil erosion, and predict the erosion trend of black soil under different environmental conditions; Control system: Used to uniformly manage and control the entire simulation system; Equipped with a man-machine interaction interface, through which operators can set experimental parameters such as rainfall intensity, snowmelt speed, and simulation time; The control system automatically adjusts the operating states of the equipment in the rainfall simulation subsystem, snowmelt simulation subsystem, runoff collection and monitoring subsystem, and black soil simulation area according to the set parameters, realizing the automation and precise control of the entire simulation process.

2. The black soil erosion simulation system with the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that The meteorological monitoring station in the data acquisition module adopts high-precision sensors with an automatic calibration function, which can correct measurement errors in real time to ensure that the accuracy of the collected meteorological data reaches an air temperature error of ±0.1°C, a precipitation intensity error of ±1 mm / h, a wind speed error of ±0.5 m / s, and a wind direction error of ±1°. Moreover, the meteorological monitoring station has a data backup function, stores meteorological data within a certain period locally, and at the same time transmits the data to the data processing and analysis module in real time through a wireless communication module to prevent data loss. The layout of the meteorological monitoring station is optimized according to the terrain and climate characteristics of the black soil area, adopting a combination of grid and key area encryption to improve the representativeness and accuracy of meteorological data.

3. The black soil erosion simulation system with the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rainfall nozzles in the rainfall simulation subsystem are made of new materials, with the characteristics of high strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, and can adapt to water sources with different chemical properties, extending the service life of the nozzles; the internal structure of the nozzles is specially designed, and by optimizing the flow channel shape and water outlet hole distribution inside the nozzles, precise control of different rainfall intensities and raindrop size distributions can be achieved; at the same time, the rainfall nozzles have an automatic cleaning function. By setting a micro cleaning device inside the nozzles, impurities and scale inside the nozzles can be removed regularly to ensure the normal spraying effect of the nozzles; the nozzle angle adjustment device adopts an electric drive system equipped with a high-precision angle sensor, which can achieve precise angle adjustment with an adjustment accuracy of up to ±0.5°.

4. The black soil erosion simulation system with the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that The heating device of the snowmelt simulation subsystem adopts intelligent temperature control technology, with a built-in temperature sensor and a microprocessor, which can monitor and feedback the temperature change in the snow storage device in real time, and automatically adjust the heating power according to the preset snowmelt speed curve to achieve precise control of the snowmelt speed, with a temperature control accuracy of up to ±0.5°C; the snow storage device is made of special thermal insulation materials with good heat insulation performance, which can effectively reduce heat loss and maintain the stability of the temperature inside the snow storage device; the snowmelt water collection device is internally provided with a spoiler and a filtering device. The spoiler can make the snowmelt water form a turbulent flow in the collection device, improving the mixing uniformity of the snowmelt water, and the filtering device can remove impurities in the snowmelt water to ensure the quality of the snowmelt water entering the simulation area.

5. The black soil erosion simulation system for coupling rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that The runoff collection tank of the runoff collection and monitoring subsystem is made of anti-seepage materials, and its inner surface is specially treated with a low friction coefficient, which can reduce the resistance of water flow in the collection tank and ensure smooth water flow; the flow sensor adopts the principle of electromagnetic induction, with the characteristics of high precision, high reliability and wide range, and can accurately measure the runoff in different flow ranges, with a measurement error not exceeding ±1%; the water quality monitoring equipment adopts a multi-parameter integrated sensor, which can simultaneously measure multiple water quality indicators such as sediment content, acidity and alkalinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and the content of various nutrients in the runoff, and transmit the data to the data processing and analysis module in real time through a wireless communication module; the data transmission module adopts encryption transmission technology to ensure the security and integrity of data during transmission.

6. The black soil erosion simulation system with the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that During the construction of the black soil simulation area, strict screening and proportioning are carried out on the selected soil materials similar to the physical and chemical properties of actual black soil; by analyzing the soil samples at different locations in the black soil area in detail, the ranges of various physical and chemical parameters of the soil materials are determined, and then soil materials from different sources are mixed in a certain proportion to ensure that the key indicators of the texture, porosity, bulk density, acidity and alkalinity of the soil in the simulation area are highly matched with the actual black soil; at the same time, when simulating different topographies and landforms, advanced modeling techniques are adopted to accurately replicate according to the actual topographic data, ensuring that the slope gradient, slope aspect, and gully shape and size parameters of the simulation are consistent with the actual situation, and improving the authenticity and reliability of the simulation.

7. The black soil erosion simulation system for the coupled action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that The data processing and analysis module uses deep learning algorithms to analyze the collected data; first, feature extraction and data preprocessing are carried out on historical data and real-time monitoring data to construct a training data set; then, a deep learning model is used to learn the training data set to establish a black soil erosion prediction model under the coupling action of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence; this model can automatically mine the complex relationships and laws in the data and improve the accuracy and reliability of prediction; the data processing and analysis module also has a data visualization function, which can display the analysis results in the form of intuitive charts and graphs, facilitating researchers to carry out data analysis and decision-making.

8. The black soil erosion simulation system for coupling rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control system has functions of fault diagnosis and early warning; during the operation of the system, the control system monitors the operation status of each subsystem and equipment in real time, and judges whether there are faults in the system by analyzing the sensor data and equipment operation parameters; once a fault is detected, the control system can quickly locate the fault location and cause, and issue an early warning to the operator through audible and visual alarms and text message notifications; at the same time, the control system will automatically record the time, type and relevant parameters of the fault occurrence to form a fault report, facilitating maintenance personnel to conduct fault troubleshooting and repair; the control system has a remote monitoring function, and the operator can remotely operate and monitor the simulation system through the Internet anywhere.

9. The black soil erosion simulation system with the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system also includes an experimental assistance module; the experimental assistance module is mainly responsible for providing necessary auxiliary support for the entire simulation experiment, including the preparation of experimental materials, the cleaning and maintenance of the experimental site; in terms of the preparation of experimental materials, the experimental assistance module can automatically configure chemical reagents with different concentrations according to experimental requirements for simulating rainfall or snowmelt water with different pollution levels; in terms of the cleaning and maintenance of the experimental site, the experimental assistance module is equipped with automatic cleaning equipment, which can automatically clean and disinfect the black soil simulation area and the runoff collection tank after the experiment, reduce the impact of experimental residues on subsequent experiments, and at the same time extend the service life of the equipment.

10. The black soil erosion simulation system with the coupling effect of rainfall runoff and snowmelt confluence according to claim 1, characterized in that, The overall system adopts a modular design concept; there are clear interfaces and communication protocols between each subsystem and module, which is convenient for the installation, debugging, maintenance and upgrade of the system; During the system installation process, users can flexibly combine each module according to actual needs and site conditions to quickly build a simulation system that meets the experimental requirements; in terms of system maintenance, the modular design makes it more convenient to troubleshoot and repair faults. Maintenance personnel can directly replace the faulty module to reduce the system downtime.

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