Small watershed forest landscape space construction method based on function improvement

Abstract

The invention discloses a small watershed forest landscape space construction method based on function improvement, and relates to the technical field of landscape construction methods. The method comprises the following steps: S1, small watershed basic data collection and analysis; s2, forest landscape space layout planning; s3, vegetation configuration and planting design; s4, calculating landscape influence factors; s5, vegetation configuration and planting design: calculating a landscape target by using a landscape target calculation model based on the obtained landscape influence factors of different plant types and forest landscape spatial layout planning information; and S6, dynamically adjusting the landscape target: dynamically adjusting the divided region information and the plant species according to the set landscape target, and calculating the adjusted ecological target value according to the adjusted region information and the plant species information until the landscape target value is a set value. According to the method, the ecological environment can be protected, the service function and landscape quality of the ecological system are improved, and the method has sustainability and stability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of landscape construction methods, and particularly relates to a method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement. Background Art

[0002] As an important part of the ecosystem, the reasonable construction of the forest landscape in a small watershed is of crucial significance for regional ecological balance, social development, and economic growth. However, there are many defects in the current methods for constructing small watershed forest landscapes. On the one hand, most traditional methods often only focus on a single function. For example, simply emphasizing the soil and water conservation function and planting a large number of protective forests with single tree species, while ignoring other functions such as biodiversity protection, leisure and recreation, and economic development, resulting in the failure to fully exert the comprehensive benefits of the small watershed ecosystem. On the other hand, there is a lack of scientific basis in spatial layout and vegetation configuration, and the natural conditions such as topography, soil, and hydrology of the small watershed and the local social and economic situation are not fully combined, making the actual effect of the forest landscape far from the expected function. In addition, the existing methods lack a dynamic adjustment mechanism and are difficult to adapt to changes in the natural environment and the changing functional requirements of the forest landscape for social and economic development. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement that can protect the ecological environment, improve the ecological system service function and landscape quality, and has sustainability and stability.

[0004] To solve the above technical problem, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: A method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement, comprising the following steps: S1, Collection and analysis of basic data of the small watershed: Collect topographic and geomorphic data within the small watershed, investigate soil types, fertility status and distribution, collect soil samples for laboratory analysis, count hydrological data, conduct biodiversity surveys and analyze social and economic data; S2, Planning of the spatial layout of the forest landscape: Divide the forest landscape area of the small watershed into an ecological conservation area, a soil and water conservation forest area, a water source conservation forest area, a leisure and recreation area, and an economic development forest area according to the set goals; S3, Vegetation configuration and planting design: Construct a plant species screening model based on the basic data of the small watershed and the spatial layout planning of the forest landscape, and screen out the plant species suitable for planting in the small watershed through the plant species screening model; S4, Calculation of landscape impact factors: Based on the screened plant species, use a landscape impact assessment model to conduct a landscape impact assessment on the screened plant species, and obtain the landscape impact factors of the screened plant species; S5, Vegetation Configuration and Planting Design: Based on the obtained landscape impact factors of different plant species and the forest landscape spatial layout planning information, use the landscape objective calculation model to calculate the landscape objectives; S6, Dynamically Adjust the Landscape Objectives: According to the set landscape objectives, dynamically adjust the divided area information and plant species, and calculate the adjusted ecological objective values based on the adjusted area information and plant species information until the landscape objective value reaches the set value. Finally, adjust the forest area of the small watershed based on the determined area information and plant species information.

[0005] The beneficial effects of adopting the above technical solutions are as follows: By comprehensively considering ecological, social, and economic functions, this method realizes the diversification and collaborative improvement of the forest landscape functions in the small watershed. It not only effectively protects the ecological environment, but also provides leisure and recreation spaces for society, while promoting economic development and driving the sustainable development of the small watershed. Based on the collection and analysis of basic data, a variety of models are used for scientific spatial layout planning, vegetation screening and configuration, making the construction of the forest landscape in the small watershed more in line with natural laws and social and economic needs, and improving the ecosystem service functions and landscape quality. Through the mechanism of dynamically adjusting the landscape objectives, it can timely respond to internal and external environmental changes, ensure that the forest landscape in the small watershed can meet the functional requirements at different stages, and enhance the sustainability and stability of the forest landscape. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0006] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments.

[0007] Figure 1 is the main flowchart of the method described in the embodiments of the present invention; Figure 2 is the specific flowchart of the collection and analysis of the basic data of the small watershed in the method described in the embodiments of the present invention; Figure 3 is the flowchart of constructing the plant species screening model in the method described in the embodiments of the present invention; Figure 4 is the flowchart of the calculation method of the landscape impact factors in the method described in the embodiments of the present invention; Figure 5 is the flowchart of the vegetation configuration and planting design method in the method described in the embodiments of the present invention. Detailed Description of the Embodiments

[0008] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0009] In the following description, many specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention may be practiced in other ways different from those described herein. Those skilled in the art can make similar generalizations without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0010] As Figure 1 shown, an embodiment of the present invention discloses a method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement, including the following steps: S1, Collection and analysis of basic data of the small watershed: Collect topographic and geomorphic data within the small watershed, investigate soil types, fertility status and distribution, collect soil samples for laboratory analysis, count hydrological data, conduct biodiversity surveys and analyze social and economic data; S2, Planning of the forest landscape space layout: Divide the small watershed forest landscape area into an ecological conservation area, a soil and water conservation forest area, a water source conservation forest area, a leisure and recreation area, and an economic development forest area according to the set goals; S3, Vegetation configuration and planting design: Construct a plant species screening model based on the basic data of the small watershed and the forest landscape space layout plan, and screen out plant species suitable for planting in the small watershed through the plant species screening model; S4, Calculation of landscape impact factors: Based on the selected plant species, use a landscape impact assessment model to evaluate the landscape impact of the selected plant species, and obtain the landscape impact factors of the selected plant species; S5, Vegetation configuration and planting design: Based on the obtained landscape impact factors of different plant species and the forest landscape space layout plan information, use a landscape target calculation model to calculate the landscape target; S6, Dynamically adjust the landscape target: According to the set landscape target, dynamically adjust the divided area information and plant species, and calculate the adjusted ecological target value according to the adjusted area information and plant species information until the landscape target value reaches the set value. Finally, adjust the small watershed forest area based on the determined area information and plant species information.

[0011] Further, as Figure 2 shown, the specific steps of S1 are as follows: S1-1, Collection of topographic and geomorphic data: Topographic survey: Professional surveying instruments such as global positioning system (GPS) receivers, level instruments, and total stations are used. In the small watershed area, measurement points are arranged according to the terrain complexity. The measurement points can comprehensively reflect the topographic features of the small watershed. For areas with large terrain undulations or complex changes, the density of measurement points is appropriately increased to obtain topographic data. The GPS receiver can be used to obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of the measurement points in real time, thereby obtaining altitude data. The level instrument is mainly used to accurately measure the height difference between two points. Through leveling measurement with known elevation points, the elevations of other measurement points are deduced to further accurately obtain altitude data. In addition to measuring angles and distances, the total station can also calculate information such as the elevation and slope of each point through the measured data. Through these measurements, the altitude at different positions in the small watershed is obtained, and then a contour topographic map is drawn to visually display the terrain undulation of the small watershed.

[0012] S1-2, Soil data investigation: According to different land use types (forest land, cultivated land, grassland, etc.), topographic positions (mountaintop, hillside, valley, etc.) and soil type distribution in the small watershed, soil sampling points are arranged by using the grid method, random method or stratified random method, and relevant soil data are obtained through laboratory analysis. The following methods are used to obtain relevant data in the laboratory: Physical property analysis: Determine the soil particle composition. The content of different particle sizes (sand particles, silt particles, clay particles) in the soil is determined by the sieving method or laser particle size analyzer to judge the soil texture type (sandy soil, loam, clay, etc.). At the same time, measure the soil bulk density. Undisturbed soil samples are collected by the core cutter method and weighed after drying to calculate. The soil bulk density reflects the compactness and pore condition of the soil.

[0013] Chemical property analysis: The potentiometric method is used to determine the soil acidity and alkalinity (pH value) to obtain the acid-base property of the soil. Chemical analysis methods are used to determine the soil nutrient content. For example, the total nitrogen content is determined by the Kjeldahl method, the available phosphorus content is determined by the sodium bicarbonate extraction - molybdenum antimony anti-colorimetric method, and the available potassium content is determined by the ammonium acetate extraction - flame photometry method. In addition, the soil organic matter content can also be analyzed, and the dichromate oxidation method is commonly used for determination.

[0014] S1-3, Hydrological data statistics: First, obtain the existing hydrological monitoring data in and around the small watershed from local hydrological departments, water conservancy institutions and relevant scientific research units. Secondly, select measurement sections in the small watershed and measure the river flow using the current meter method or the floating buoy method. Finally, set up groundwater monitoring wells at different positions in the small watershed and use automatic monitoring equipment to measure groundwater. River flow measurement: Select appropriate measurement sections within the small watershed and use current meters or float methods to measure river flow. The current meter method involves placing a current meter in the river to measure the water flow velocities at different depths and positions, and calculating the flow rate by combining with the area of the measurement section. The float method is to release floats in the river, measure the drifting time of the floats over a certain distance, and estimate the flow rate based on the float velocity and the cross-sectional area. Meanwhile, record relevant information such as water level and water temperature during the measurement.

[0015] Groundwater depth measurement: Set up groundwater monitoring wells at different locations within the small watershed. Manual measurement or automatic monitoring equipment can be used. During manual measurement, use a sounding rope or a water level gauge to measure the distance from the wellhead to the groundwater surface, which is the groundwater depth. Automatic monitoring equipment uses pressure sensors or ultrasonic sensors to monitor the changes in groundwater level in real-time and transmit the data to a data collector or a remote monitoring platform. Regularly record and organize the monitoring data to analyze the spatio-temporal variation patterns of groundwater depth.

[0016] S1-4, Biodiversity survey: Plant survey: Set up quadrats in areas with different vegetation types within the small watershed. The area of the quadrat depends on the vegetation type. For example, for forest vegetation, the quadrat area is generally 10m×10m or larger; for herbaceous vegetation, the quadrat area can be 1m×1m. In each quadrat, record information such as plant species, individual number, height, diameter at breast height (for trees), and coverage. For each plant species, identify it to the species level and record its life form (tree, shrub, herb, etc.). Through surveys of multiple quadrats, count the plant species richness and community structure characteristics (such as dominant species, associated species, etc.) within the small watershed; Wildlife survey: Install infrared cameras in areas where wild animals may appear, such as forest trails and near water sources. Infrared cameras can automatically sense the activities of animals and take photos or videos. By analyzing the captured content, determine information such as the species, individual number, and activity patterns of wild animals. This method can effectively monitor some nocturnal or difficult-to-directly-observe wild animals.

[0017] S1-5, Climate data acquisition: Obtain existing climate monitoring data within the small watershed from the local meteorological department, and combine with the climate data collected on-site to obtain corresponding climate data using a climate data correction model; S1-6, Collection and analysis of socio-economic data Questionnaire survey: Design a questionnaire covering the local population size, industrial structure, residents' income sources, and their demand for forest landscapes; use stratified sampling or random sampling methods to ensure the representativeness of the samples; according to the population distribution in different villages and communities within the small watershed, draw a certain number of residents as survey subjects in proportion; at the same time, consider factors such as different age groups, genders, and occupations; conduct the questionnaire survey through on-site distribution of questionnaires and online surveys. After collecting the questionnaires, organize and screen the questionnaires to eliminate invalid questionnaires. Data analysis: 1) Population size analysis: Organize the questionnaire survey and government statistical data, and count information such as the permanent population size, age structure, and gender ratio within the small watershed. Analyze the changing trends of the population size and the impact of the population structure on the local social and economic development and the demand for forest landscapes.

[0018] 2) Industrial structure analysis: According to the questionnaire survey and interview results, analyze the local industrial structure, and determine the proportion and development status of each industry (such as agriculture, industry, service industry, etc.). Understand the degree of association between different industries and forest landscapes, such as the development of the forestry industry in agriculture and the dependence of the tourism industry on forest landscape resources.

[0019] 3) Income source analysis: Statistically analyze the main income sources of residents, such as agricultural planting income, wage income, forestry income, tourism operation income, etc., and analyze the proportion of each income source. By analyzing the income source structure, understand the relationship between the economic status of residents and forest landscapes, and provide a basis for the economic development of forest areas and industrial development.

[0020] 4) Forest landscape demand analysis: Summarize the questionnaire responses and interview content of residents regarding their demand for forest landscapes, and analyze the degree of demand and expectations of residents for different functions of forest landscapes (such as leisure and recreation, ecological protection, economic development, etc.). Understand the specific opinions and suggestions of residents on the construction of forest landscape facilities and the development of activities, and provide a reference for the functional positioning and planning of forest landscapes in the small watershed.

[0021] Furthermore, as Figure 3 shown, in step S3, the method for constructing a plant species screening model based on the basic data of the small watershed and the spatial layout plan of forest landscapes includes the following steps: S3-1, Determine the input data Topography and geomorphology: Include altitude, slope, aspect, etc. Different altitudes correspond to different climate conditions and vegetation types. Higher altitude areas have lower temperatures and are suitable for cold-tolerant plants to grow; the slope affects the stability of water and soil. Steep slopes require plants with well-developed roots and strong soil-fixing ability to prevent soil erosion; the aspect determines the distribution of light and heat. Sunny slopes have sufficient sunlight and are suitable for light-loving plants, while shady slopes are the opposite.

[0022] Soil data: soil type (sandy soil, loam, clay), fertility status (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, organic matter content, etc.), pH value. Different plants have specific requirements for soil conditions. For example, rhododendrons prefer acidic soil, while some salt-tolerant plants can grow well in specific soil types.

[0023] Hydrological data: river flow, water level changes, groundwater depth, etc. Areas close to water sources are suitable for water-tolerant plants, and the groundwater depth affects the root growth depth of plants. For example, in areas with shallow groundwater, shallow-rooted plants can be selected.

[0024] Climate data: annual average temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, frost-free period, etc. Climate conditions are the key factors determining whether plants can survive and grow. For example, tropical plants are generally not cold-tolerant and are not suitable for planting in cold regions.

[0025] Biodiversity data: Priority should be given to plants with good symbiosis with local species, and the introduction of alien species that may damage local biodiversity should be avoided.

[0026] S31-2, Forest landscape spatial layout planning data: Functional area division: Clearly define the locations and scopes of ecological conservation areas, soil and water conservation forest areas, water source conservation forest areas, leisure and recreation areas, and economic development forest areas. Different functional areas have different functional requirements for plants. Priority should be given to local native plants. The leisure and recreation area emphasizes the ornamental value and comfort of the landscape, and plants with high ornamental value need to be selected.

[0027] Special requirements for each functional area: The soil and water conservation forest area requires plants with well-developed roots and strong soil fixation ability; the water source conservation forest area needs plants with dense tree crowns and thick litter layers to increase vegetation coverage and soil infiltration ability; the economic development forest area should consider the economic value and market demand of plants; S3-3) Set screening rules Ecological adaptability rules: Temperature adaptability: Based on the annual average temperature and extreme temperature data of the small watershed, determine the temperature range that plants can tolerate. For example, for areas with an annual average temperature of 10-20 °C, select plants suitable for growing in this temperature range and set a temperature suitability function:

[0028] Where Represents the temperature suitability of the plant, 1 means suitable, 0 means not suitable, Is the temperature range suitable for plant growth, And Are the minimum and maximum temperatures of the small watershed respectively; Moisture adaptability: By combining precipitation, river flow, and groundwater depth data, evaluate the water requirements and tolerance of plants. Drought-tolerant plants are found in areas with less precipitation or greater groundwater depth, while water-tolerant plants are suitable for areas near water sources or prone to waterlogging. Soil adaptability: Based on soil type, fertility, and pH data, select plants suitable for the corresponding soil conditions. For example, for acidic soil (pH < 7), choose acid-loving plants, and the suitability of soil pH can be judged by a soil pH suitability function.

[0029] S3-4) Set function matching rules: Ecological conservation area: Prioritize native plants, which have better adaptability and symbiosis with the local ecosystem, and contribute to maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. A local plant database can be established and screened according to the origin information of plants. Soil and water conservation forest area: Select plants with well-developed roots and strong soil fixation ability. The soil fixation ability can be evaluated through plant root characteristic data (root depth, root density, etc.), and a soil fixation ability threshold is set. Only plants with a soil fixation ability exceeding this threshold are considered. For example, plants with a root depth greater than a certain value (1 meter) and a root density reaching a certain standard (root length exceeding 100 meters per cubic meter of soil) meet the requirements. Water conservation forest area: Select plants with dense crowns and thick litter layers to increase vegetation coverage and soil infiltration ability. The density of the crown is measured by the crown width and foliage density of the plant, and corresponding standards are set by measuring the litter accumulation of similar plants. Recreational area: Select plants with high ornamental value, including those with bright flower colors, long flowering periods, beautiful leaf shapes, and rich seasonal changes. Establish an ornamental value evaluation system, score separately from flower color, flowering period, leaf shape, and seasonal changes, and then comprehensively obtain the total ornamental value score. Set a minimum ornamental value score line and screen plants with a score higher than the minimum ornamental value score. Economic development forest area: Combine local climate, soil conditions, and market demand to select plants with economic value and good market prospects. For example, investigate the market demand and price trends of local specialty fruits, Chinese medicinal materials, etc., and select varieties suitable for local planting and with high economic benefits. Potential economic benefits can be calculated by referring to factors such as market price data, yield data, and planting costs, and plant species with higher economic benefits are selected. S3-5) Model construction and implementation: According to the input topographic and geomorphic data, soil data, hydrological data, climate data, and biodiversity data, as well as the set function matching rules, construct an environmental adaptability screening function, a water adaptability screening function, a soil adaptability screening function, an ecological conservation area screening function, a soil and water conservation forest area screening function, a water source conservation forest area screening function, a leisure and recreation area screening function, and an economic development forest area screening function respectively; according to the above constructed screening functions, create a screening main function to form a complete plant species screening model; continuously optimize the model according to the screening results and actual planting effects, adjust the weights and thresholds of the screening rules, and improve the accuracy and practicality of the model.

[0030] Further, as Figure 4 shown, the method for calculating the landscape impact factors in step S4 includes the following steps: S4-1, determine the dimensions of landscape impact assessment Tree form: Different tree forms have different impacts on the landscape. Tall and straight arbors (such as poplars) can form vertical landscape elements, giving people a feeling of grandeur and adding a sense of hierarchy to the landscape in space; while trees with round or spherical crowns (such as locust trees) can create a soft and rounded landscape effect. During assessment, they can be classified into different types according to the tree form, such as conical, cylindrical, umbrella-shaped, etc., and different scores can be assigned to each type. For example, a conical tree form can be assigned a higher score to reflect its unique landscape shaping ability.

[0031] Leaf shape and leaf color: The size, shape (such as needle-shaped, oval-shaped, heart-shaped, etc.) of the leaf shape and the leaf color (such as green, red, yellow, etc.) will affect the visual effect of the landscape. For example, broad-leaved trees have large and broad leaves, giving people a strong visual feeling, and colored-leaf plants (such as red maples) showing color changes in different seasons can add the beauty of seasonal changes to the landscape. For leaf shape and leaf color, they can be quantitatively evaluated according to their uniqueness and visual attractiveness, such as the diversity of leaf shape and the richness of leaf color, as well as their coordination with the surrounding environment.

[0032] Flower color and flowering period: Plants with bright flower colors and long flowering periods (such as cherry blossoms, crape myrtles, etc.) can significantly enhance the ornamental value of the landscape, especially attracting people's attention during the flowering period and adding vitality to the landscape. During assessment, quantitative scores can be given according to factors such as the brightness of the flower color, the length of the flowering period, and the frequency of flowering. For example, plants with a long-lasting flowering period can obtain higher scores, and plants with unique flower colors (such as relatively rare flower colors like blue and purple) can also get extra points.

[0033] Growth rate: Plants with a fast growth rate can form a landscape effect in a relatively short period of time, but may also require more frequent pruning and maintenance; plants with a slow growth rate may take a longer time to achieve the expected landscape effect, but have better stability. Plants can be classified into three categories: fast, medium, and slow growth according to their growth rate, and different scores can be assigned according to the time requirements of landscape construction. For areas that need to quickly form a landscape in the short term, fast-growing plants can obtain higher scores; for long-term stable landscape planning, slow-growing but long-lived plants may be more favored.

[0034] Lifecycle: Perennial plants and annual plants have different impacts on the long-term stability of the landscape. Perennial plants can provide a more lasting landscape effect, while annual plants can bring seasonal changes and richness. They can be evaluated according to the length of the plant's lifecycle. Perennial and evergreen plants can obtain higher stability scores, and annual plants can be evaluated according to their unique landscape contributions in different seasons.

[0035] Seasonal changes: Some plants show obvious morphological, leaf color, or other characteristic changes in different seasons, bringing rich seasonal changes to the landscape. During evaluation, scores can be given according to the degree of change and aesthetic feeling of the plant in different seasons. For example, the leaf color change of deciduous trees in autumn, the sprouting of new leaves in spring, and the branch morphology in winter can all be considered factors.

[0036] Air purification ability: Different plants have different abilities to absorb and purify air pollutants. For example, some plants with a large number of leaves have stronger air purification ability. They can be quantitatively evaluated according to the absorption and conversion abilities of plants to common air pollutants (such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.), and divided into three levels: high, medium, and low, and different scores are assigned accordingly.

[0037] Climate regulation ability: The transpiration and shading effects of plants can regulate the local climate. For example, trees with dense canopies can reduce the local temperature and increase humidity. Evaluate the climate regulation ability of plants according to the canopy size, leaf density, and transpiration intensity of the plants, and give higher scores to plants with significant climate regulation ability.

[0038] Biodiversity support ability: Plants that can provide food and habitats for organisms such as birds and insects can promote biodiversity and enhance the vitality of the ecosystem. For example, fruit-bearing plants can provide food for birds, and plants with special flower structures can attract insects for pollination. They can be evaluated according to the types and quantities of resources provided by plants for organisms. For example, plants that provide a variety of fruits or nectar sources score higher.

[0039] Visual aesthetic feeling: Consider the visual aesthetic feeling brought by plants, including the harmony of their overall appearance, the effect of color matching, and the integration with the surrounding environment. It can be evaluated from aspects such as the combination effect of plants, the harmony of color matching, and the coordination with other landscape elements such as buildings and water bodies. For example, when paired with a water body, the weeping willows by the water can create a beautiful landscape effect due to their drooping branches and soft leaf shapes, and can obtain a high score in terms of visual aesthetic feeling.

[0040] Psychological comfort: Some plants can bring pleasant, relaxing or peaceful psychological feelings to people. For example, the aroma and soft purple flowers of lavender may have a mood-soothing effect. The impact of different plants on human psychology can be judged through surveys or experience, and corresponding scores can be assigned. For example, plants with pleasant floral scents and soft shapes can obtain high scores in terms of psychological comfort.

[0041] S4-2, Establish a landscape impact assessment model According to different landscape goals and the functional orientation of the small watershed forest landscape, assign different weights to the above evaluation dimensions, formulate scoring criteria for specific indicators within each evaluation dimension, and establish a landscape impact assessment model according to the corresponding weights and scoring criteria; S4-3, Calculate the landscape impact factors For each selected plant, collect its relevant morphological characteristics, growth characteristics, ecological functions, and impacts on human perception; according to the formulated scoring criteria, score each indicator of each plant, and use the landscape impact assessment model to calculate the landscape impact factors of the above plants.

[0042] Furthermore, as Figure 5 shown, the method for vegetation configuration and planting design in S5 includes the following steps: S5-1, Determine the target indicators: Ecological function indicators: Include the reduction amount of soil erosion , the increase amount of biodiversity index , the increase amount of water conservation ; Social service indicators: Include tourist satisfaction and the annual number of tourists received ; Economic indicators: Include economic output value , income per unit area ; S5-2, Determine the weight distribution: According to the overall plan of the small watershed forest landscape, assign weights to different functional areas, and within each functional area, assign weights to different light impact factors; assume the weight of the ecological conservation area is 0.3, the weight of the soil and water conservation forest area is 0.25, the weight of the water conservation forest area is 0.2, the weight of the leisure and recreation area is 0.15, the weight of the economic development forest area is 0.1; these weights reflect the importance of different functional areas in the overall landscape planning.

[0043] S5-3, Establish the calculation of landscape goals: Calculation of the goal of reducing soil erosion: For the soil and water conservation forest area, considering the improvement of the soil erosion resistance ability after planting different plants, according to the influence of the root characteristics and coverage of the plants on soil erosion, the following formula is used for calculation:

[0044] Where: is the planting area of the th plant; is the coverage coefficient of the th plant (which can be calculated according to the growth characteristics and crown width of the plant); is the soil erodibility factor of the th plant (related to the root system and foliage characteristics of the plant); and are topographic factors (related to slope and slope length, which can be calculated through topographic data); is the soil and water conservation measure factor (determined according to whether engineering measures such as terraced fields and fish-scale pits are adopted); Calculation of the goal of improving the biodiversity index: For the ecological conservation area, considering the plant diversity and the support ability for wild animals, the Shannon - Wiener index formula is used:

[0045] Where: S is the number of species; is the relative abundance of the th plant, calculated according to the planting density and distribution of the plant; Calculation of tourist satisfaction: Considering the comprehensive influence of landscape impact factors on tourist satisfaction, the weighted average formula is used:

[0046] Where: , and are the landscape impact factors of the average visual aesthetic feeling, psychological comfort and seasonal landscape change of the plants in this area respectively; Calculation of economic output value: Calculate the economic output according to the yields and market prices of different cash crops:

[0047] Wherein: is the yield of the th cash crop; is the market price of the th cash crop; S5-4, calculate the landscape objective Ecological conservation area objective calculation: Calculate the soil erosion reduction objective and the biodiversity index improvement objective for this area; For soil erosion reduction, combine the landscape impact factors of plants and soil and water conservation engineering measures, and obtain the result through the soil erosion reduction objective calculation formula; For biodiversity index improvement, calculate the Shannon-Wiener index based on plant species and planting density; Soil and water conservation forest area objective calculation: Calculate the soil erosion reduction objective, adopt the soil erosion reduction objective calculation formula, and consider the coverage of different plants and soil erodibility; Water source conservation forest area objective calculation: Calculate the increase in water source conservation volume , and calculate according to the relationship established by empirical formulas or experimental data based on the canopy characteristics of plants, the characteristics of the litter layer, and the soil infiltration capacity:

[0048] Wherein: is the canopy coverage impact factor, related to the canopy characteristics and planting density of plants; is the litter layer impact factor, related to the litter volume and decomposition rate of plants; is the soil infiltration capacity impact factor, related to soil type and plant roots; Recreational and tourist area objective calculation: Calculate the tourist satisfaction and the annual number of tourists received; The tourist satisfaction is calculated through the weighted average formula of landscape impact factors; The annual number of tourists received can be determined according to the local tourism market trend and the facility carrying capacity; Economic development forest area objective calculation: Calculate the economic output value and the income per unit area ; The economic output value is calculated based on the yield and market price of cash crops; The income per unit area is obtained by dividing the economic output by the planting area; Overall landscape objective calculation: Comprehensively consider the objectives of different functional areas, and calculate the overall landscape objective according to the functional area weights:

[0049] Wherein: They are the comprehensive landscape target values of ecological conservation areas, soil and water conservation forest areas, water source conservation forest areas, recreational areas, and economic development forest areas respectively; S5-5, Model Verification and Optimization Conduct small-scale vegetation configuration and planting experiments in some areas, monitor the actual effects of various indicators, and according to the monitoring results, adjust the weight distribution, parameters in the calculation formula, or add new influencing factors to optimize the model.

[0050] The method described in this application can protect the ecological environment, improve the ecological system service function and landscape quality, and has sustainability and stability.

Claims

1. A method for constructing the spatial structure of small watershed forest landscapes based on functional improvement, characterized in that It includes the following steps: S1, Collection and analysis of basic data of small watershed: Collect topographic and geomorphic data within the small watershed, investigate soil types, fertility status and distribution, collect soil samples for laboratory analysis, count hydrological data, conduct biodiversity surveys and analyze socioeconomic data; S2, Forest landscape spatial layout planning: Divide the forest landscape area of the small watershed into ecological conservation areas, soil and water conservation forest areas, water source conservation forest areas, recreational areas and economic development forest areas according to the set goals; S3, Vegetation configuration and planting design: Construct a plant species screening model based on the basic data of the small watershed and the forest landscape spatial layout planning, and screen out the plant species suitable for planting in this small watershed through the plant species screening model; S4, Landscape impact factor calculation: Based on the selected plant species, use the landscape impact assessment model to conduct a landscape impact assessment on the selected plant species to obtain the landscape impact factors of the selected plant species; S5, Vegetation configuration and planting design: Based on the obtained landscape impact factors of different plant species and the forest landscape spatial layout planning information, use the landscape goal calculation model to calculate the landscape goal; S6, Dynamically adjust the landscape goal: According to the set landscape goal, dynamically adjust the divided area information and plant species, and calculate the adjusted ecological goal value according to the adjusted area information and plant species information until the landscape goal value reaches the set value. Finally, adjust the forest area of this small watershed based on the determined area information and plant species information.

2. The method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement according to claim 1, wherein The specific steps of S1 are as follows: S1-1, Collection of topographic and geomorphic data: Topographic survey: Within the small watershed area, set up measurement points according to the topographic complexity. The measurement points can comprehensively reflect the topographic characteristics of the small watershed. For areas with large topographic fluctuations or complex changes, appropriately increase the density of measurement points to obtain topographic data; S1-2, Soil data investigation: According to the distribution of different land use types, topographic positions and soil types within the small watershed, use the grid method, random method or stratified random method to set up soil sampling points and analyze them through the laboratory to obtain relevant soil data; S1-3, Hydrological data statistics: First, obtain the existing hydrological monitoring data within and around the small watershed from local hydrological departments, water conservancy institutions and relevant scientific research units; second, select measurement sections within the small watershed and measure the river flow using the current meter method or the floating buoy method; finally, set up groundwater monitoring wells at different positions within the small watershed and use automatic monitoring equipment to measure groundwater; S1-4, Biodiversity survey: Plant survey: Set up quadrats in different vegetation type areas within the small watershed. The area of the quadrat is determined according to the vegetation type. Within each quadrat, record the plant species, individual number, height, diameter at breast height and coverage. For each plant species, identify it to the species level and record its life form; Wildlife survey: Install infrared cameras in areas where wild animals may appear. The infrared cameras automatically sense the activities of animals and take photos or videos. Through the analysis of the captured content, determine the species, individual number and activity patterns of wild animals; S1-5, Climate data acquisition: Obtain the existing climate monitoring data within the small watershed from the local meteorological department, and combine it with the climate data collected on-site. Use the climate data correction model to obtain the corresponding climate data; S1-6, Collection and analysis of socioeconomic data Questionnaire survey: Design a questionnaire covering the local population quantity, industrial structure, residents' income sources, and the demand for forest landscapes; Adopt the stratified sampling or random sampling method to ensure the representativeness of the samples; According to the population distribution in different villages and communities within the small watershed, draw a certain number of residents as survey objects in proportion; At the same time, consider factors such as different age groups, genders, and occupations; Conduct the questionnaire survey through on-site distribution of questionnaires and online surveys. After collecting the questionnaires, sort and screen the questionnaires, and eliminate invalid questionnaires; Data analysis: Organize the questionnaire survey and government statistical data, count the permanent population quantity, age structure, and gender ratio within the small watershed, analyze the changing trend of the population quantity, and the impact of the population structure on the local socioeconomic development and the demand for forest landscapes; According to the questionnaire survey and interview results, analyze the local industrial structure, and determine the proportion and development status of agriculture, industry, and service industries; Count the main income sources of residents, and analyze the proportion of each income source. By analyzing the income source structure, obtain the relationship between the residents' economic status and forest landscapes.

3. A method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement as claimed in claim 1, wherein, In the said step S3, the method for constructing a plant species screening model based on the basic data of the small watershed and the forest landscape spatial layout plan includes the following steps: S3-1, Determine the input data Topography and geomorphology: Include altitude, slope, and aspect. Different altitude levels correspond to different climate conditions and vegetation types; The slope affects the stability of water and soil. Steep slopes require plants with well-developed roots and strong soil fixation ability to prevent soil erosion; The aspect determines the distribution of light and heat. Sunny slopes have sufficient sunlight and are suitable for light-loving plants, while shady slopes are the opposite; Soil data: Include soil type, fertility status, and pH value; Different plants have specific requirements for soil conditions, and select suitable plants according to the specific soil conditions; Hydrological data: Include river flow, water level changes, and groundwater depth. Areas close to water sources are suitable for water-tolerant plants, and the groundwater depth affects the growth depth of plant roots; Climate data: Include annual average temperature, annual average humidity, precipitation, sunshine duration, and frost-free period; Biodiversity data: Include existing plant species, community structure, and distribution of rare species. Prioritize plants with good symbiosis with local species and avoid introducing alien species that may damage the local biodiversity; S3-2, Forest landscape spatial layout plan data: Functional area division: Clearly define the locations and scopes of the ecological conservation area, soil and water conservation forest area, water source conservation forest area, leisure and recreation area, and economic development forest area. Different functional areas have different functional requirements for plants. Prioritize local native plants; Special requirements for each functional area: The soil and water conservation forest area requires plants with well-developed roots and strong soil fixation ability; The water source conservation forest area needs plants with thick canopies and thick litter layers to increase the vegetation coverage and soil infiltration ability; The economic development forest area should consider the economic value and market demand of plants; S3-3. Set screening rules: Ecological adaptability rules: Temperature adaptability: Based on the annual average temperature and extreme temperature data of the small watershed, determine the temperature range that plants can tolerate, screen out the plants suitable for growing in this temperature range, and set a temperature suitability function: ； wherein represents the suitability of the plant to temperature, 1 represents suitable, and 0 represents unsuitable; is the temperature range suitable for the plant to grow; and are respectively the minimum and maximum temperatures of the small watershed; Water adaptability: Combine precipitation, river flow, and groundwater depth data to evaluate the water requirements and tolerance of plants. Drought-tolerant plants are in areas with less precipitation or greater groundwater depth, while water-tolerant plants are suitable for areas near water sources or prone to waterlogging; Soil adaptability: Based on soil type, fertility, and pH data, screen out plants suitable for the corresponding soil conditions; S3-4. Set function matching rules: Ecological conservation area: Prioritize the selection of native plants, establish a database of native plants, and screen according to the origin information of the plants; Soil and water conservation forest area: Select plants with well-developed roots and strong soil fixation ability, evaluate their soil fixation ability through plant root characteristic data, set a soil fixation ability threshold, and select plants with soil fixation ability exceeding this threshold; Water conservation forest area: Select plants with dense crowns and thick litter layers to increase vegetation coverage and soil infiltration ability; measure the density of the crown through the crown width and foliage density indicators of the plants, and set corresponding standards by measuring the litter accumulation of similar plants; Recreational area: Select plants with high ornamental value, including plants with bright flower colors, long flowering periods, beautiful leaf shapes, and rich seasonal changes. Establish an ornamental value evaluation system, score separately from flower color, flowering period, leaf shape, and seasonal changes, and then comprehensively obtain the total ornamental value score. Set a minimum ornamental value score line and screen plants with a score higher than the minimum ornamental value score; Economic development forest area: Combine local climate, soil conditions, and market demand to select plants with economic value and good market prospects; S3-5. Model construction and implementation: According to the input topographic and geomorphic data, soil data, hydrological data, climate data, and biodiversity data, as well as the set function matching rules, construct an environmental adaptability screening function, a water adaptability screening function, a soil adaptability screening function, an ecological conservation area screening function, a soil and water conservation forest area screening function, a water conservation forest area screening function, a recreational area screening function, and an economic development forest area screening function respectively; according to the above constructed screening functions, create a main screening function to form a complete plant species screening model; continuously optimize the model according to the screening results and actual planting effects, adjust the weights and thresholds of the screening rules, and improve the accuracy and practicability of the model.

4. A method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The method for calculating the landscape impact factors in step S4 includes the following steps: S4-1. Determine the dimensions of landscape impact assessment: Tree form: Different tree forms have different impacts on the landscape. Classify them into different types according to the tree form and assign different scores to each type; Leaf shape and leaf color: The size, shape, and leaf color of the leaf shape affect the visual effect of the landscape. Classify them into different types according to the leaf shape and leaf color and assign different scores to each type; Flower color and flowering period: Plants with bright flower colors and long flowering periods can significantly enhance the ornamental value of the landscape. During evaluation, quantitative scores are given based on the brightness of the flower color, the length of the flowering period, and the flowering frequency. Growth rate: Plants are classified into three categories of fast, medium, and slow growth according to their growth rate, and different scores are assigned according to the time requirements of landscape construction. Lifecycle: Evaluation is carried out according to the length of the plant's lifecycle. Perennial and evergreen plants receive higher stability scores, and annual plants are evaluated according to their unique landscape contributions in different seasons. Seasonal changes: Scores are given according to the degree of change and aesthetic feeling of plants in different seasons. Air purification ability: Quantitative evaluation is carried out according to the absorption and conversion ability of plants to common air pollutants, and they are divided into three levels of high, medium, and low, with different scores assigned accordingly. Climate regulation ability: Evaluate the climate regulation ability of plants according to the size of the tree canopy, the density of leaves, and the intensity of transpiration. Plants with significant climate regulation ability are given higher scores. Biodiversity support ability: Evaluation is carried out according to the types and quantities of resources provided by plants for organisms. Plants that provide a variety of fruits or nectar sources score higher. Visual aesthetic feeling: Evaluation is carried out in terms of the combined effect of plants, the harmony of color matching, and the coordination with buildings and water bodies. Psychological comfort: Investigate or judge the impact of different plants on human psychology through experience and assign corresponding scores. S4-2, Establish a landscape impact assessment model: According to different landscape goals and the functional orientation of the small watershed forest landscape, different weights are assigned to the above evaluation dimensions, scoring criteria are formulated for specific indicators within each evaluation dimension, and a landscape impact assessment model is established according to the corresponding weights and scoring criteria. S4-3, Calculate the landscape impact factor: For each selected plant, collect its relevant morphological characteristics, growth characteristics, ecological functions, and impacts on human perception; according to the formulated scoring criteria, score each indicator of each plant, and use the landscape impact assessment model to calculate the landscape impact factor of the above plants.

5. A method for constructing a small watershed forest landscape space based on function improvement as described in claim 1, characterized in that The method for vegetation configuration and planting design in S5 includes the following steps: S5-1, Determine the target indicators: Ecological function indicators: including the reduction in soil erosion , the increase in biodiversity index , the increase in water conservation ; Social service indicators: including tourist satisfaction and the annual number of tourists received ; Economic indicators: including economic output value , income per unit area ; S5-2, Determine the weight distribution: According to the overall planning of the forest landscape in the small watershed, weights are assigned to different functional areas, and within each functional area, weights are assigned to different light influence factors; assume the weight of the ecological conservation area is 0.3, the weight of the soil and water conservation forest area is 0.25, the weight of the water source conservation forest area is 0.2, the weight of the leisure and recreation area is 0.15, the weight of the economic development forest area is 0.1; S5-3, Establish landscape goal calculation: Calculation of the soil erosion reduction target: For the soil and water conservation forest area, considering the improvement of the soil erosion resistance ability after planting different plants, and according to the influence of the root characteristics and coverage of plants on soil erosion, the following formula is used for calculation: ； Wherein: is the planting area of the th plant; is the coverage coefficient of the th plant; is the soil erodibility factor of the th plant; and are topographic factors; is the soil and water conservation measure factor; Calculation of the biodiversity index improvement target: For the ecological conservation area, considering the plant diversity and the support ability for wild animals, the Shannon - Wiener index formula is used: ； Where: S is the number of species; is the relative abundance of the th plant, calculated based on the planting density and distribution of the plants; Calculation of tourist satisfaction: Considering the comprehensive impact of the landscape impact factor on tourist satisfaction, the weighted average formula is used: ； Wherein: , and are respectively the landscape impact factors of the average visual aesthetic feeling, psychological comfort degree and seasonal landscape change of the plants in this area; Calculation of economic output value: Calculate the economic output according to the yields and market prices of different cash crops: ； Wherein: is the yield of the th economic crop; is the market price of the th economic crop; S5-4, Calculate the landscape goal: Ecological conservation area target calculation: Calculate the target for reducing soil erosion amount and the target for improving biodiversity index in this area; for reducing soil erosion amount, combine the landscape impact factors of plants and soil and water conservation engineering measures, and obtain the result through the soil erosion amount reduction target calculation formula; for improving biodiversity index, calculate the Shannon-Wiener index according to plant species and planting density; Soil and water conservation forest area target calculation: Calculate the target for reducing soil erosion amount, adopt the soil erosion amount reduction target calculation formula, and consider the coverage of different plants and soil erodibility; Water source conservation forest area target calculation: Calculate the increase in water conservation capacity , calculated according to the relationship established by empirical formulas or experimental data based on the canopy characteristics of plants, the characteristics of the litter layer, and the soil infiltration capacity: ； Wherein: is the canopy coverage influence factor, which is related to the canopy characteristics and planting density of plants; is the litter layer influence factor, which is related to the amount of litter and decomposition rate of plants; is the soil infiltration capacity influence factor, which is related to the soil type and plant roots; Recreational and tourist area target calculation: Calculate the tourist satisfaction and the annual number of tourists received; the tourist satisfaction is calculated through the weighted average formula of landscape impact factors; the annual number of tourists received can be determined according to the local tourism market trend and the facility carrying capacity; Economic development forest area target calculation: Calculate the economic output value and the income per unit area ; The economic output value is calculated based on the yield of cash crops and the market price; The income per unit area is obtained by dividing the economic output by the planting area; Overall landscape target calculation: Comprehensively consider the targets of different functional areas, and calculate the overall landscape target according to the functional area weights; ； Among them: They are respectively the comprehensive landscape target values of the ecological conservation area, the soil and water conservation forest area, the water source conservation forest area, the leisure and recreation area, and the economic development forest area; S5-5, Model verification and optimization: Conduct small-scale vegetation configuration and planting experiments in some areas, monitor the actual effects of various indicators, and according to the monitoring results, adjust the weight distribution, parameters in the calculation formula or add new impact factors to optimize the model.

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