Radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation method and system

Abstract

The invention discloses a radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation method and system, and the method comprises the steps: calculating the size of air bubbles at an exhaust port in a pool type bubbling process and the diameter change of the air bubbles before breaking through a hydraulic module, then calculating the parameters of an air bubble group formed after the air bubbles at the exhaust port are broken, and obtaining the total surface area of the air bubbles in a liquid phase; the concentration of the radioactive iodide in the liquid phase in each step length is calculated through an iodine chemical module, the concentration of the radioactive iodide in the liquid phase is substituted into a formula and then iterated and updated to obtain an iodine mass transfer coefficient when the liquid phase in a certain step length is balanced, and the coefficient can be used for calculating a removal factor of the step length or calculating the concentration of the radioactive iodide entering the liquid phase in the next step length; and on the basis of obtaining the iodine mass transfer coefficient, integrating the superficial areas of the exhaust port bubbles and the bubble group to obtain an exhaust port bubble removal factor and a bubble group removal factor, breaking the exhaust port bubbles to generate the bubble group, and taking the product of the exhaust port bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor as a total removal factor.

Description

Background Art

[0002] In the accident scenarios that occur in nuclear power plants, the migration of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide often occurs. When the temperature and pressure inside the containment exceed the normal levels after an accident, the gas inside the containment needs to be released to ensure the integrity of the containment. During this process, the radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the gas will also be released. The commonly used cost-effective method is to remove it by water washing. During the water washing process, a large amount of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide is retained in the liquid phase, but there is still a small part that needs to be removed by other methods with lower cost performance. Therefore, accurately predicting the removal of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide under pool boiling conditions is crucial for evaluating the radioactive consequences after an accident and reducing the operating costs of nuclear power plants.

[0003] Many experimental studies and computational analyses related to the removal behavior of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the containment of nuclear power plants have been carried out at home and abroad. In terms of computational analysis, the internationally widely used integrated severe accident analysis programs, such as MAAP (Modular Accident Analysis Program), MELCOR (Methods for Estimation of Leakages and Consequences Of Release), and ASTEC (Accident Source Term Evaluation Code), have various defects. For example, MAAP does not consider the dynamic influence of the concentration of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide entering the liquid phase at each moment on the mass transfer coefficient, resulting in a large error in the calculated removal factor. These defects make the simulation accuracy poor and the credibility low. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method and system for estimating the removal factor of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in view of the deficiencies in the above-mentioned prior art, so as to solve the technical problems of poor calculation accuracy, few considered factors, and low credibility of the existing models, and provide a reference for evaluating the removal of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide after a pressurized water reactor accident and accident source term analysis.

[0005] The present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] A method for estimating the removal factor of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide, comprising the following steps:

[0007] Determine the bubble diameter D of the exhaust port based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters g,o and the change in the bubble diameter before fragmentation, and then calculate the constant rate U of the bubble group formed after the initial bubble fragmentation r and the rising velocity V of the bubbles in the fragmentation zone r , to obtain the total surface area of the bubbles in the liquid phase and the mass transfer time;

[0008] Calculate the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step based on the initial iodide concentrations in the liquid phase, and determine the rate M at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase in the next step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient at liquid phase equilibrium within a certain step tr , determine the removal factor for this step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient, the concentrations of various iodides, and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step. Based on the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and the concentrations of other iodine species, iteratively determine the concentration [I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase in the next calculation;

[0009] Based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble swarm, obtain the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor. The initial bubbles break to generate a bubble swarm, and obtain the total removal factor based on the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor.

[0010] Preferably, the diameter D of the exhaust gas bubbles g,o is:

[0011]

[0012] where D o is the equivalent diameter of the exhaust port; σ is the surface tension of water; ρ l is the density of water; g is the acceleration due to gravity; v n is the coefficient related to the Weber number.

[0013] Preferably, the constant rate U of the bubble swarm r is:

[0014]

[0015]

[0016] where U r is the constant rate of the bubble swarm; d vm is the equivalent diameter of the bubble; ρ l is the density of water; μ l is the liquid phase viscosity; σ is the surface tension of water; M o is the Morton number.

[0017] Preferably, the rising velocity V of the bubbles in the breakup zone r is:

[0018]

[0019] where P steam is the inlet steam pressure; P sat (T l) is the saturation pressure corresponding to the liquid phase temperature.

[0020] Preferably, the rate M at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase tr is:

[0021] M tr = V D,j S surf (K j C j,g - C j,l )

[0022] where, V D,j is the mass transfer coefficient; S surf is the total bubble surface area; K j is the distribution coefficient of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide; C j,g is the concentration of gaseous radioactive iodine / methyl iodide; C j,l is the concentration of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase.

[0023] Preferably, the distribution coefficient of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide and are respectively:

[0024]

[0025] where, T l is the liquid phase temperature.

[0026] Preferably, the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase is specifically:

[0027] ∑[I 2(l) = 0.5[I - + 1.5[I3 - + [I 2(l) + 0.5[HIO] + 0.5[H2OI +

[0028] where, [I - p is the concentration of initial iodide ions in the liquid phase; [I 2(l) is the concentration of initial iodine in the liquid phase; [I3 - is the concentration of initial triiodide ions in the liquid phase; [HIO] is the concentration of initial hypoiodous acid in the liquid phase, [H2OI + is the concentration of initial iodate ions in the liquid phase.

[0029] Preferably, the removal factor DF inside each bubble BB,j is:

[0030]

[0031] where, Δt is the time step; v b is the bubble volume; A surf is the bubble surface area; V D,j is the mass transfer coefficient of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase.

[0032] Preferably, the total removal factor DF ov,j is:

[0033] DF ov,j = DF EC,j × DF SR,j

[0034] where, DF EC,j is the removal factor due to steam condensation at the outlet position of the exhaust port, and DF SR,j is the cumulative removal factor of the small bubbles formed when the bubbles in the outlet area break during rising.

[0035] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation system, including:

[0036] A parameter module that determines the bubble diameter D g,o of the exhaust port and the change in the bubble diameter before breaking based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters, and then calculates the constant rate U r of the bubble group formed after the initial bubble breaks and the rising speed V r of the bubbles in the breaking area, to obtain the total surface area and mass transfer time of the bubbles in the liquid phase;

[0037] A coefficient module that calculates the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase for each step based on the initial concentrations of various iodides in the liquid phase, determines the rate M tr at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase in the next step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient at liquid phase equilibrium obtained in a certain step, determines the removal factor for this step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient, the concentrations of various iodides, and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step, and iteratively determines the concentration [I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase in the next calculation based on the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and the concentrations of other iodine species;

[0038] An estimation module, based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, integrates the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble swarm to obtain the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor. The initial bubbles break to generate a bubble swarm, and the total removal factor is obtained based on the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor. Thirdly, a computer device includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor. When the processor executes the computer program, the steps of the above-mentioned radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation method are implemented.

[0039] Thirdly, an embodiment of the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium, including a computer program, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the above-mentioned radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation method are implemented.

[0040] Fourthly, a chip includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor. When the processor executes the computer program, the steps of the above-mentioned radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation method are implemented.

[0041] Fifthly, an embodiment of the present invention provides an electronic device, including a computer program, and when the computer program is executed by the electronic device, the steps of the above-mentioned radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation method are implemented.

[0042] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0043] A method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor determines the exhaust gas bubble diameter D based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters g,o and the change in the bubble diameter before breakage, and then calculates the constant rate U of the bubble swarm formed after the initial bubble breakage r and the bubble rising velocity V in the breakage zone r , to obtain the total surface area and mass transfer time of the bubbles in the liquid phase; based on the initial concentrations of various iodides in the liquid phase, calculate the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step length, obtain the iodine mass transfer coefficient at the liquid phase equilibrium in a certain step length, and then obtain the rate M of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide entering the liquid phase in the next step length tr , determine the removal factor and the concentrations of various iodides in this step length and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step length according to the iodine mass transfer coefficient. Based on the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and the concentrations of other iodine species, iteratively determine the concentration [I 2(l)Based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble swarm, the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor are obtained. The initial bubbles break to generate a bubble swarm, and the total removal factor is obtained based on the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor.

[0044] Further, based on the exhaust port diameter D o Calculate the bubble diameter D at the exhaust port g,o , and then calculate the change in the diameter of the bubbles at the exhaust port during the upward movement in the liquid phase, providing basic data for the calculation of the total bubble surface area.

[0045] Further, to determine the residence time of the bubbles in the liquid phase, providing basic data for the calculation of the mass transfer amount.

[0046] Further, based on the mass transfer coefficient and the total mass transfer surface area, etc., calculate the rate M at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase tr , and then calculate the mass transfer amount of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide per unit time, and add it to the mass of the remaining radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase in the previous step as the initial data for the new step.

[0047] Further, based on [I 2(l) Calculate the concentrations of various iodine species and radioactive iodine in the liquid phase ∑[I 2(l) Calculate the new [I 2(l) , compare it with the original [I 2(l) , and then iterate until the difference between the new and the old is small enough to stop the iteration, obtaining the concentrations of various iodine species.

[0048] It can be understood that the beneficial effects of the above second aspect to the sixth aspect can be referred to the relevant descriptions in the above first aspect, and will not be elaborated here.

[0049] In summary, the present invention can accurately analyze the removal process of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide under the conditions of pool bubbling after a PWR accident, and solve the problems of poor simulation accuracy and low credibility of the existing models.

[0050] The following will further describe the technical solutions of the present invention in detail through the drawings and embodiments. Description of the Drawings

[0051] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings required to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the following described drawings are only some embodiments of the present application, and those of ordinary skill in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0052] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of the present invention;

[0053] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of pool - type bubbling;

[0054] Figure 3 It is a comparison diagram of the calculation results of the present invention;

[0055] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of a computer device provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0056] Figure 5 It is a block diagram of an electronic device provided by the present invention according to an embodiment.

[0057] Among them, 60. Computer device; 61. Processor; 62. Memory; 63. Computer program; 600. Electronic device; 610. Processing unit; 620. Storage unit; 6201. Random access storage unit; 6202. Cache storage unit; 6203. Read - only storage unit; 6204. Program / utilities; 6205. Program module; 630. Bus; 640. Display unit; 650. Input / output interface; 660. Network adapter; 700. External device. Specific embodiments

[0058] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0059] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "including" and "comprising" indicate the presence of the described features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or their combinations.

[0060] It should also be understood that the terms used in the specification of the present invention are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. As used in the specification of the present invention and the appended claims, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms.

[0061] It should be further understood that the term "and / or" used in the specification and appended claims of the present invention refers to any combination and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, and includes these combinations. For example, A and / or B can represent three cases: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. Additionally, in the present invention, the character " / " generally indicates an "or" relationship between the associated objects before and after.

[0062] It should be understood that although terms such as first, second, third, etc. may be used in the embodiments of the present invention to describe preset ranges and the like, these preset ranges should not be limited to these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish the preset ranges from each other. For example, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present invention, the first preset range may also be referred to as the second preset range, and similarly, the second preset range may also be referred to as the first preset range.

[0063] Depending on the context, the word "if" as used herein can be interpreted as "when" or "while" or "in response to determining" or "in response to detecting". Similarly, depending on the context, the phrase "if determined" or "if detecting (stated condition or event)" can be interpreted as "when determined" or "in response to determining" or "when detecting (stated condition or event)" or "in response to detecting (stated condition or event)".

[0064] Structural schematic diagrams according to the disclosed embodiments of the present invention are shown in the drawings. These figures are not drawn to scale, where for the purpose of clear expression, some details are enlarged and some details may be omitted. The shapes of various regions and layers shown in the figures, as well as their relative sizes and positional relationships, are only exemplary. In practice, there may be deviations due to manufacturing tolerances or technical limitations, and those skilled in the art can design regions / layers with different shapes, sizes, and relative positions according to actual needs.

[0065] The present invention provides a method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor. First, the size of the exhaust gas bubbles during the pool bubbling process and the change in the bubble diameter before fragmentation are calculated. Then, the parameters of the bubble group formed after the fragmentation of the exhaust gas bubbles are calculated to obtain the total surface area of the bubbles in the liquid phase. Next, the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step is calculated. Assuming the concentration of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and substituting it into the formula, iterative updates are continuously performed to obtain the iodine mass transfer coefficient at the liquid phase equilibrium for a certain step. This coefficient can be used to calculate the removal factor for this step and also the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step. Based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the surface areas of the exhaust gas bubbles and the bubble group, the exhaust gas bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor are obtained. Since the exhaust gas bubbles break to generate the bubble group, the product of the exhaust gas bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor is the total removal factor.

[0066] Example 1

[0067] Please refer to Figure 1 , a method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0068] S1. Calculate the diameter of the exhaust gas bubbles and their evolution law;

[0069] Please refer to Figure 2 , after the gas is ejected from the exhaust port, exhaust gas bubbles will be formed. These bubbles will rise in the liquid phase. The diameter of the exhaust gas bubbles is affected by factors such as the exhaust port diameter and the rising distance. It is necessary to determine its diameter and the diameter evolution law, and then determine parameters such as the velocity of the bubble group. Combining iodine chemistry calculations, the removal factor is finally obtained.

[0070] The calculation formula for the diameter of the exhaust gas bubbles is given by the following expression:

[0071]

[0072] Where:

[0073]

[0074] Among them, D g,o is the diameter of the exhaust gas bubbles, m; D o is the equivalent diameter of the exhaust port, m; σ is the surface tension of water, N / m; ρ l is the density of water, kg / m 3 ; We is the Weber number; a and b are empirical coefficients; V o is the gas velocity at the exhaust port, m / s.

[0075] After the bubbles leave the exhaust port, they will continuously break and merge. Generally, the main form is breaking. The present invention believes that when the height of the bubbles at the exhaust port from the exhaust port is 12 times the bubble diameter, the original bubbles disappear and are completely broken. The change in the bubble diameter during the rising process is as follows:

[0076]

[0077] Among them, D g is the bubble diameter at the exhaust port during the rising process, m; x is the distance of the bubble from the exhaust port, m.

[0078] S2. Calculate the rising speed of the bubble group;

[0079] The calculation formula for the rising speed of the bubble group is given by the following expression:

[0080]

[0081] Among them:

[0082]

[0083] Among them:

[0084]

[0085] Among them, U r is the constant rate of the bubble group, m / s; d vm is the equivalent diameter of the bubble, cm; ρ l is the density of water kg / m 3 ; μ l is the liquid-phase viscosity, Pa·s; σ is the surface tension of water, N / m; M o is the Morton number.

[0086] In the bubble rising and breaking zone, its rising speed is related to the environmental parameters and the equivalent diameter of the bubble. The rising speed V of the bubble in the breaking zone r Specifically:

[0087]

[0088] Among them:

[0089]

[0090] Among them, V r is the rising speed of the bubble, cm / s; σ is the surface tension of water, N / m; ρ l is the density of water kg / m 3 ; d vm is the equivalent diameter of the bubble, cm; P steam is the inlet steam pressure, MPa; P sat(T l ) is the saturation pressure corresponding to the liquid phase temperature, MPa.

[0091] The bubbles in the liquid phase are basically ellipsoidal, and their deformation ratio is related to the equivalent diameter of the bubbles. The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis a / b of the bubbles is specifically:

[0092]

[0093] Among them, Eo is the Eötvös number, which is the ratio of buoyancy to surface tension.

[0094] S3. Calculate the rate at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase;

[0095] The calculation formula for the rate at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase is given by the following expression:

[0096] M tr = V D,j S surf (K j C j,g - C j,l )

[0097] Among them, M tr is the rate at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase, mol / s; V D,j is the mass transfer coefficient, mol / (cm 2 ·s); S surf is the total surface area of the bubbles, cm 2 ; K j is the distribution coefficient of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide; C j,g is the concentration of gaseous radioactive iodine / methyl iodide, mol / L; C j,l is the concentration of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase, mol / L.

[0098] Among them:

[0099]

[0100] Among them, and are the distribution coefficients of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide respectively, and T l is the liquid phase temperature, °C.

[0101] S4. Calculate the concentration of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase;

[0102] The calculation formula for the concentration of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase is given by the following expression:

[0103] A series of processes of radioactive gaseous iodine in water are specifically:

[0104]

[0105] When equilibrium is reached in the liquid phase:

[0106] [I 2(l) eq = K1[I 2(g) eq

[0107]

[0108] [H + eq [I - eq [HIO] eq = K3[I 2(l) eq

[0109] [H2OI + eq [I - eq = K4[I 2(l) eq

[0110] [H + eq [OH - eq = K5

[0111] The concentration of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase ∑[I 2(l) is specifically:

[0112]

[0113] When equilibrium is reached in the liquid phase:

[0114]

[0115] Its electronic equilibrium is:

[0116]

[0117] Among them, [I - p is the initial concentration in the liquid phase, the same as the Cs + concentration, mol / L; [H + * is the hydrogen ion concentration generated by the reaction, mol / L.

[0118] Based on the above formula, it is obtained that:

[0119]

[0120] ​​​​​​​​​​​​Set an initial value of [I 2(l) , substitute the above three equations into the expression for the concentration of radioactive iodine ∑[I 2(l) in the liquid phase to calculate the latest [I 2(l) , compare it with the initial value, and continuously iterate to narrow the gap between each calculation and the previous step. When the accuracy is met, [I 2(l) is considered to be the value of [I 2(l) in the liquid phase at this moment. At this time, introduce a certain amount of [I 2(l) into the liquid phase through mass transfer update, and add it to [I 2(l) at the previous moment to participate in the operation until the concentration of [I 2(l) in the liquid phase reaches saturation and the calculation stops.

[0121] S5. Calculate the removal factor in the bubble;

[0122] The calculation formula for the removal factor in the bubble is given by the following expression:

[0123]

[0124] where DF BB,j is the removal factor inside each bubble; Δt is the time step, s; v b is the bubble volume, cm 3 ; A surf is the bubble surface area, cm 2 ; V D,j is the mass transfer coefficient of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase, mol / (cm 2 ·s).

[0125] where:

[0126]

[0127] where:

[0128]

[0129] where:

[0130]

[0131] where:

[0132]

[0133] where, V D ' ,j is the diffusion rate of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase without evaporation on the bubble surface, mol / (cm 2 ·s); V v is the diffusion rate of the vapor, mol / (cm2 · s); T is the liquid phase temperature, °C; P is the pressure, Pa; M is the molar mass, g / mol; σ is the characteristic length, m; Ω is the diffusion integral collision coefficient; k B is the Boltzmann constant, 1.380649×10 -23 J / K; ε is the Lennard-Jones energy, J.

[0134] S6. Calculate the total removal factor;

[0135] DF ov,j = DF EC,j × DF SR,j

[0136] Where:

[0137]

[0138] Where:

[0139]

[0140] Among them, DF ov,j is the total removal factor; j represents the scrubbed gas phase substance, here it is radioactive iodine or radioactive methyl iodide; DF EC,j is the removal factor due to steam condensation at the exhaust outlet position, which is proportional to the steam condensation amount, but the concentration of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase shall not exceed its equilibrium distribution coefficient. Therefore, when the removal amount of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase exceeds its corresponding equilibrium distribution coefficient, the above formula is used for calculation; DF SR,j is the cumulative removal factor of the small bubbles formed by the rupture of the bubbles in the rising process in the outlet area; DF EC represents the removal caused by the decrease in the gas volume fraction due to steam condensation; f g,j is the gas fraction still in the bubbles in the outlet area; DF BB,j is the removal factor inside each bubble; H vap is the enthalpy value of the steam, KJ / kg; X o and X i are the mole fractions of the non-condensable gas after equilibrium inside the outlet bubbles and the mole fraction of the non-condensable gas in the exhaust port respectively; ρ v and ρ l are the densities of water vapor and the liquid phase in the pool respectively, kg / m 3 ; T p is the pool temperature, °C; P sat and P surf are the saturation pressure and the pool surface pressure respectively, Pa; h p is the height of the exhaust outlet from the pool surface, m.

[0141] Those skilled in the art can understand that various aspects of the present invention can be implemented as a system, a method, or a program product. Therefore, various aspects of the present invention can be specifically implemented in the following forms, namely: a complete hardware implementation, a complete software implementation (including firmware, microcode, etc.), or an implementation combining hardware and software aspects, which can be collectively referred to as "circuit", "module", or "platform" here.

[0142] Example 2

[0143] The present invention provides a radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor estimation system, which can be used to implement the above-mentioned radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor estimation method. Specifically, the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor estimation system includes a parameter module, a coefficient module, and an estimation module.

[0144] Among them, the parameter module determines the bubble diameter D of the exhaust gas based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters g,o and the change in the bubble diameter before fragmentation, and then calculates the constant rate U of the bubble group formed after the initial bubble fragmentation r and the rising speed V of the bubbles in the fragmentation zone r , and obtains the total surface area and mass transfer time of the bubbles in the liquid phase;

[0145] The coefficient module calculates the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step based on the initial concentrations of various iodides in the liquid phase, and determines the rate M of radioactive iodine / methyl iodine entering the liquid phase at the next step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient at the liquid phase equilibrium at a certain step tr , determines the removal factor at this step according to the iodine mass transfer coefficient, the concentrations of various iodides, and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase at the next step, and based on the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and the concentrations of other iodine species, iteratively determines the concentration [I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase in the next calculation;

[0146] The estimation module, based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, integrates the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble group to obtain the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor. The initial bubbles break to generate a bubble group, and the total removal factor is obtained based on the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor.

[0147] Example 3

[0148] The present invention provides a terminal device, which includes a processor and a memory. The memory is used to store a computer program, and the computer program includes program instructions. The processor is used to execute the program instructions stored in the computer storage medium. The processor may be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), or may also be other general-purpose processors, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), Tensor Processing Unit (TPU), Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, etc. It is the computing core and control core of the terminal, and is suitable for implementing one or more instructions, specifically suitable for loading and executing one or more instructions to implement the corresponding method process or corresponding function; the processor described in the embodiments of the present invention can be used for the operation of the radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor estimation method, including:

[0149] Determine the exhaust gas bubble diameter D based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters g,o And the change in the bubble diameter before fragmentation, and then calculate the constant rate U of the bubble group formed after the initial bubble breaks r And the bubble rising velocity V in the fragmentation zone r , to obtain the total surface area of the bubbles in the liquid phase and the mass transfer time; calculate the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step based on the initial concentrations of various iodides in the liquid phase, and determine the rate M of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide entering the liquid phase in the next step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient at the liquid phase equilibrium in a certain step tr , determine the removal factor of this step according to the iodine mass transfer coefficient, the concentrations of various iodides, and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step. Based on the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and the concentrations of other iodine species, iteratively determine the concentration [I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase in the next calculation; based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble group, obtain the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor. The initial bubble breaks to generate a bubble group, and the total removal factor is obtained based on the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor.

[0150] Please refer to Figure 4, the terminal device is a computer device. The computer device 60 in this embodiment includes: a processor 61, a memory 62, and a computer program 63 stored in the memory 62 and executable on the processor 61. When the computer program 63 is executed by the processor 61, it implements the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor estimation method in the embodiment. To avoid repetition, it will not be elaborated here one by one. Alternatively, when the computer program 63 is executed by the processor 61, it implements the functions of each model / unit in the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor estimation system in the embodiment. To avoid repetition, it will not be elaborated here one by one.

[0151] The computer device 60 can be a computing device such as a desktop computer, a notebook, a palm computer, and a cloud server. The computer device 60 may include, but is not limited to, a processor 61 and a memory 62. Those skilled in the art can understand that Figure 4 These are merely examples of the computer device 60 and do not constitute a limitation on the computer device 60. It may include more or fewer components than shown in the figure, or combine certain components, or have different components. For example, the computer device may also include input / output devices, network access devices, a bus, etc.

[0152] The so-called processor 61 may be a central processing unit (CPU), or may also be other general-purpose processors, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a tensor processing unit (TPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, etc. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor or the processor may also be any conventional processor, etc.

[0153] The memory 62 may be an internal storage unit of the computer device 60, such as the hard disk or memory of the computer device 60. The memory 62 may also be an external storage device of the computer device 60, such as a plug-in hard disk equipped on the computer device 60, a smart media card (SMC), a secure digital (SD) card, a flash card, etc.

[0154] Further, the memory 62 may also include both the internal storage unit of the computer device 60 and an external storage device. The memory 62 is used to store computer programs and other programs and data required by the computer device. The memory 62 may also be used to temporarily store data that has been output or is to be output.

[0155] Please refer to Figure 5 , the terminal device is an electronic device 600, and the electronic device 600 is presented in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of the electronic device may include, but are not limited to: at least one processing unit 610, at least one storage unit 620, a bus 630 connecting different platform components (including the storage unit 620 and the processing unit 610), a display unit 640, etc.

[0156] Among them, the storage unit stores program codes, and the program codes can be executed by the processing unit 610, so that the processing unit 610 executes the steps according to various exemplary embodiments of the present invention described in the above method part of this specification. For example, the processing unit 610 may execute steps as shown in Figure 1 .

[0157] The storage unit 620 may include a readable medium in the form of a volatile storage unit, such as a random access storage unit (RAM) 6201 and / or a cache storage unit 6202, and may further include a read-only storage unit (ROM) 6203.

[0158] The storage unit 620 may also include a program / utilities 6204 having a set (at least one) of program modules 6205. Such program modules 6205 include, but are not limited to: an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each or some combination of these examples may include the implementation of a network environment.

[0159] The bus 630 may represent one or more of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or a memory controller, a peripheral bus, a graphics acceleration port, a processing unit, or a local bus using any of the multiple bus structures.

[0160] The electronic device 600 can also communicate with one or more external devices 700 (such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a Bluetooth device, etc.), and can also communicate with one or more devices that enable a user to interact with the electronic device 600, and / or communicate with any device (such as a router, a modem) that enables the electronic device 600 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can be carried out through the input / output interface 650. Moreover, the electronic device 600 can also communicate with one or more networks (such as a local area network, a wide area network, and / or a public network, such as the Internet) through the network adapter 660. The network adapter 660 can communicate with other modules of the electronic device 600 through the bus 630. It should be understood that, although not shown in the figure, other hardware and / or software modules can be used in combination with the electronic device 600, including but not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data backup storage platforms, etc.

[0161] Embodiment 4

[0162] The present invention also provides a storage medium, specifically a computer-readable storage medium, which is a memory device in a terminal device for storing programs and data. It can be understood that the computer-readable storage medium here can include both the built-in storage medium in the terminal device and, of course, the extended storage medium supported by the terminal device. It can be any tangible medium that contains or stores a program, and this program can be used by or in combination with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer-readable storage medium provides a storage space that stores the operating system of the terminal. And, in this storage space, one or more instructions suitable for being loaded and executed by a processor are also stored, and these instructions can be one or more computer programs (including program codes). It should be noted that more specific examples of the computer-readable storage medium here include: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable disk, a hard disk, a random access memory, a read-only memory, an erasable programmable read-only memory, an optical fiber, a portable compact disk read-only memory, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the above.

[0163] The computer-readable storage medium also includes a data signal propagated in a baseband or as part of a carrier wave, which carries the readable program code. Such a propagated data signal can take various forms, including but not limited to electromagnetic signals, optical signals, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The readable storage medium can also be any readable medium other than the readable storage medium, which can send, propagate, or transmit a program for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The program code contained on the readable storage medium can be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wired, optical fiber cable, radio frequency, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

[0164] The program code for performing the operations of the present invention can be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The programming languages include object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, etc., and also include conventional procedural programming languages such as the "C" language or similar programming languages. The program code can be executed entirely on the user's computing device, partially on the user's device, executed as a stand-alone software package, partially on the user's computing device and partially on a remote computing device, or entirely on a remote computing device or server. In the case of a remote computing device, the remote computing device can be connected to the user's computing device through any type of network, including a local area network or a wide area network, or can be connected to an external computing device (e.g., by connecting through the Internet using an Internet service provider).

[0165] One or more instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium can be loaded and executed by a processor to implement the corresponding steps of the method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodide removal factor in the above embodiments; one or more instructions in the computer-readable storage medium are loaded and executed by the processor in the following steps:

[0166] Determine the exhaust gas bubble diameter D based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters g,o and the change in the bubble diameter before breakup, and then calculate the constant rate U of the bubble group formed after the initial bubble breakup r and the bubble rising velocity V in the breakup zone r , to obtain the total surface area of the bubbles in the liquid phase and the mass transfer time; calculate the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step based on the initial concentrations of various iodides in the liquid phase, and determine the rate M at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase at the next step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient at liquid phase equilibrium obtained at a certain step tr , determine the removal factor at this step according to the iodine mass transfer coefficient, the concentrations of various iodides, and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase at the next step, based on the concentration ∑[I of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase 2(l)and the concentrations of other iodine species are iteratively cycled to determine the concentration of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase in the next calculation [I 2(l) ; Based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble swarm, the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor are obtained. The initial bubbles break to generate a bubble swarm, and the total removal factor is obtained according to the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor.

[0167] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are some, but not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. Usually, the components described and shown in the accompanying drawings here can be arranged and designed in various different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely represents the selected embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0168] To verify the effectiveness of the method and system, an ACE pool scrubbing experimental device was used for modeling and comparison verification.

[0169] The parameters of the experimental device and the test conditions are shown in the following table.

[0170] Table 1 Parameters of the ACE experimental device

[0171]

[0172]

[0173] Table 2 Experimental test conditions

[0174]

[0175] The parameters such as the atmospheric temperature and pressure of the ACE experiment were used as boundaries and input into the model, and the calculation results were compared. The corresponding simulation results are as Figure 3 shown. From the comparison results, it can be seen that the method and system for estimating the removal factor of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide under the condition of pool bubbling in a pressurized water reactor developed by the present invention can effectively calculate the removal factor of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide.

[0176] In summary, for the method and system for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor of the present invention, the size of the initial bubbles during the pool bubbling process and the change in the bubble diameter before breaking are calculated through the hydraulics module, and then the parameters of the bubble group formed after the initial bubbles break are calculated to obtain the total surface area of the bubbles in the liquid phase. Then, through the iodine chemistry module, the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step is calculated. First, assume the concentration of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase, substitute it into the formula, and continuously iterate and update it to obtain the iodine mass transfer coefficient at the liquid phase equilibrium within a certain step. This coefficient can calculate the removal factor for this step and also calculate the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step. Based on obtaining the iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the surface areas of the initial bubbles and the bubble group, the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor are obtained. Since the initial bubbles break to generate the bubble group, the product of the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble group removal factor is the total removal factor.

[0177] Those skilled in the art can clearly understand that for the convenience and simplicity of description, only the above division of each functional unit and module is used as an example for illustration. In actual applications, the above functions can be allocated to different functional units and modules according to needs, that is, the internal structure of the device can be divided into different functional units or modules to complete all or part of the functions described above. Each functional unit and module in the embodiment can be integrated into a processing unit, or each unit can exist physically alone, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The above integrated unit can be implemented in the form of hardware or in the form of a software functional unit. In addition, the specific names of each functional unit and module are only for the convenience of mutual distinction and do not limit the protection scope of the present application. The specific working processes of the units and modules in the above system can refer to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments and will not be elaborated herein.

[0178] In the above embodiments, the descriptions of the various embodiments have their own emphases. For the parts not detailed or recorded in a certain embodiment, reference can be made to the relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

[0179] Those of ordinary skill in the art can realize that the units and algorithm steps of each example described in combination with the embodiments disclosed in the present invention can be implemented by electronic hardware, or by a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are executed in a hardware or software manner depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Skilled professionals can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered to exceed the scope of the present invention.

[0180] In the embodiments provided by the present invention, it should be understood that the disclosed device / terminal and method can be implemented in other ways. For example, the device / terminal embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For example, the division of the modules or units is only a logical function division. In actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed. Another point is that the displayed or discussed couplings or direct couplings or communication connections between each other can be through some interfaces. The indirect couplings or communication connections of the devices or units can be in electrical, mechanical or other forms.

[0181] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separated. The components displayed as units may or may not be physical units, that is, they can be located in one place or distributed to multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment.

[0182] In addition, each functional unit in the various embodiments of the present invention can be integrated in a processing unit, or each unit can exist physically alone, or two or more units can be integrated in one unit. The above integrated units can be implemented in the form of hardware or in the form of software functional units.

[0183] If the integrated module / unit is implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on such an understanding, to implement all or part of the processes in the above method embodiments of the present invention, it can also be completed by a computer program instructing relevant hardware. The computer program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. When the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the above method embodiments can be implemented. Among them, the computer program includes computer program code, and the computer program code can be in the form of source code, object code, executable file or some intermediate form, etc. The computer-readable medium can include: any entity or device that can carry the computer program code, recording medium, USB flash drive, mobile hard disk, magnetic disk, optical disk, computer memory, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), electrical carrier signal, telecommunication signal, and software distribution medium, etc. It should be noted that the content included in the computer-readable medium can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the requirements of legislation and patent practice in the jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions, according to legislation and patent practice, the computer-readable medium does not include electrical carrier signals and telecommunication signals.

[0184] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatuses, and computer program products according to embodiments of the present application. It should be understood that each flow and / or block in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams, and the combination of flows and / or blocks in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to the processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, an embedded processor, or other programmable data processing devices to generate a machine, such that the instructions executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing devices generate means for implementing the functions specified in one or more flows and / or blocks Figure 1 in one or more flows and / or blocks Figure 1 or means for implementing the functions specified in one or more blocks.

[0185] These computer program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate a manufactured article including instruction means that implement the functions specified in one or more flows and / or blocks Figure 1 in one or more flows and / or blocks Figure 1 or means for implementing the functions specified in one or more blocks.

[0186] These computer program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing device, such that a series of operation steps are executed on the computer or other programmable device to generate a computer-implemented process, so that the instructions executed on the computer or other programmable device provide steps for implementing the functions specified in one or more flows and / or blocks Figure 1 in one or more flows and / or blocks Figure 1 or means for implementing the functions specified in one or more blocks.

[0187] The above content is only for explaining the technical idea of the present invention and cannot be used to limit the protection scope of the present invention. Any modification made on the basis of the technical solution according to the technical idea proposed by the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor, characterized in that Including the following steps: Determine the exhaust gas bubble diameter D based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters g,o and the change in the bubble diameter before breakup, and then calculate the constant rate U of the bubble group formed after the initial bubble breakup r and the bubble rising velocity V in the breakup zone r , and obtain the total surface area of the bubbles in the liquid phase and the mass transfer time; Calculate the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step based on the initial concentrations of various iodides in the liquid phase, and determine the rate M at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase in the next step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient at liquid phase equilibrium within a certain step tr , determine the removal factor for this step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient, the concentrations of various iodides, and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step. Based on the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and the concentrations of other iodine species, iteratively determine the concentration [I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase in the next calculation; Based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble swarm, the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor are obtained. The initial bubbles break to generate a bubble swarm, and the total removal factor is obtained according to the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor.

2. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 1, wherein The bubble diameter D of the exhaust gas outlet g,o is as follows: Among them, D o is the equivalent diameter of the exhaust port; σ is the surface tension of water; ρ l is the density of water; g is the acceleration due to gravity; v n is the coefficient related to the Weber number.

3. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 1, characterized in that Constant rate U of the bubble swarm r is: Among them, U r is the constant rate of the bubble swarm; d vm is the equivalent diameter of the bubbles; ρ l is the density of water; μ l is the liquid-phase viscosity; σ is the surface tension of water; M o is the Morton number.

4. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 3, characterized in that, The rising velocity V of bubbles in the crushing zone r is as follows: Among them, P steam is the inlet steam pressure; P sat (T l ) is the saturation pressure corresponding to the liquid phase temperature.

5. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 1, wherein The rate M at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase tr is as follows: M tr = V D,j S surf (K j C j,g - C j,l ) Among them, V D,j is the mass transfer coefficient; S surf is the total surface area of the bubbles; K j is the distribution coefficient of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide; C j,g is the concentration of gaseous radioactive iodine / methyl iodide; C j,l is the concentration of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase.

6. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 5, wherein Partition coefficient K of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide I2 and K CH3I are respectively as follows: Among them, T l is the liquid-phase temperature.

7. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The concentration of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase ∑[I 2(l) is specifically as follows: ∑[I 2(l) = 0.5[I - + 1.5[I3 - + [I 2(l) + 0.5[HIO] + 0.5[H2OI + ​ Among them, [I - p is the initial concentration of iodide ions in the liquid phase; [I 2(l) is the initial concentration of iodine in the liquid phase; [I3 - is the initial concentration of triiodide ions in the liquid phase; [HIO] is the initial concentration of hypoiodous acid in the liquid phase, and [H2OI + is the initial concentration of iodate ions in the liquid phase.​ 8. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The removal factor DF inside each bubble BB,j is as follows: where, Δt is the time step; v b is the bubble volume; A surf is the bubble surface area; V D,j is the mass transfer coefficient of radioactive iodine / methyl iodide in the liquid phase.

9. The method for estimating the radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor according to claim 1, characterized in that, Total removal factor DF ov,j is as follows: DF ov,j = DF EC,j × DF SR,j Among them, DF EC,j is the removal factor due to steam condensation at the exhaust port exit position, DF SR,j is the cumulative removal factor of the small bubbles formed when the bubbles in the exit area burst during rising.

10. A radioactive iodine / methyl iodine removal factor estimation system, characterized in that, Including: Parameter module, which determines the bubble diameter D at the exhaust port based on the exhaust port diameter and relevant environmental parameters g,o and the change in bubble diameter before fragmentation, and then calculates the constant rate U of the bubble swarm formed after the initial bubble fragmentation r and the bubble rising velocity V in the fragmentation zone r , to obtain the total surface area of bubbles in the liquid phase and the mass transfer time; Coefficient module, calculating the concentration of radioactive iodide in the liquid phase at each step based on the initial concentrations of various iodides in the liquid phase, and determining the rate M at which radioactive iodine / methyl iodide enters the liquid phase in the next step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient at liquid phase equilibrium within a certain step tr , determining the removal factor for this step based on the iodine mass transfer coefficient, the concentrations of various iodides, and the concentration of radioactive iodine entering the liquid phase in the next step, and iteratively determining the concentration of radioactive iodine [I 2(l) in the liquid phase in the next calculation based on the concentration ∑[I 2(l) of radioactive iodine in the liquid phase and the concentrations of other iodine species An estimation module, which, based on the obtained iodine mass transfer coefficient, by integrating the total surface area of the initial bubbles and the bubble swarm, obtains the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor. The initial bubbles break to generate a bubble swarm, and the total removal factor is obtained according to the initial bubble removal factor and the bubble swarm removal factor.

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