Preparation method of multi-layer mushroom residue seedling culture substrate and application of multi-layer mushroom residue seedling culture substrate in seedling culture

Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling culture substrate and application of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling culture substrate in seedling culture. Mushroom residue compound matrixes with different mushroom residue leavening contents and different thicknesses are covered with turf mixed matrixes with different thicknesses for seedling raising, the mushroom residue leavening, wormcast and vermiculite are mixed according to the volume ratio of 6: 3: 1 and then put into a 5cm hole tray for 3cm, the turf mixed matrixes are put into 2cm multi-layer mushroom residue seedling raising matrixes, and the height, the leaf number and the crown diameter of the tomato seedlings, the pepper seedlings and the eggplant seedlings cultivated by the turf mixed matrixes are controlled to be the same as those of the tomato seedlings, the pepper seedlings and the eggplant seedlings. The overground fresh weight, the underground fresh weight, the overground dry weight and the overground dry weight increase range are maximum, the chlorophyll content and the nitrogen content of plants are highest, the seedling strengthening index is optimal, and the seedling raising effect is best.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of seedling raising, in particular to a preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling raising substrate and its application in seedling raising. Background Art

[0002] Vegetable seedling raising is one of the key technologies for efficient modern agriculture production. It can not only improve resource utilization rate and production efficiency, but also enhance the risk resistance ability of vegetables and adapt to changes in market demand. With the development of facility agriculture and intelligent technology, seedling raising technology will further promote the quality improvement and efficiency increase of the vegetable industry.

[0003] Vegetable seedling raising can increase yield and quality. Optimize the growth environment: Temperature, humidity, light, etc. can be finely regulated artificially to cultivate strong and uniform high-quality seedlings, laying a foundation for high yield in the field; Shorten the field growth period: Advance seedling raising extends the effective growth period, especially in low temperature or season alternation, avoiding adverse factors such as frost; Improve the transplanting survival rate: Seedling plants with strong stress resistance can quickly adapt to the field environment, reduce seedling gaps, and ensure the uniformity of field plants; Save seeds and reduce costs: Precise sowing: The germination rate of plug trays or nursery pots is high, and only 1-2 seeds are sown per hole, significantly reducing the waste of high-price hybrid seeds; Reduce seedling replenishment: Centralized seedling raising can first eliminate defective seedlings, avoiding the consumption of human and material resources caused by on-site replanting in the field; Adapt to climate and season limitations and extend the production period: In areas with short frost-free periods, "spring advance and autumn delay" can be achieved to seize the market opportunity; Avoid extreme weather: Facility seedling raising (greenhouse, greenhouse) effectively avoids adverse climates such as low temperature and heavy rain, ensuring the production plan. Centralized seedling raising is conducive to standardized operations such as fertilization and pest control, improving management efficiency; The seedling raising area occupies a small space and can be carried out simultaneously with field soil preparation, improving land utilization rate. Under controllable environment, the roots are developed and the stems are thick. After transplantation, the drought and disease resistance abilities are stronger; Select a disinfected seedling raising substrate to avoid the invasion of field pathogens to seedlings. Small-scale seedling raising can test multiple varieties at the same time and select the varieties that are most suitable for the local environment and have great market potential; Through the control of the seedling raising cycle time, multiple cropping operations or intercropping can be achieved. Based on the important functions and significant benefits of the above seedling raising technology, developing a preparation method of a seedling raising substrate with multi-layer mushroom residue as the main raw material, low cost and simple operation can not only lower the threshold of seedling raising, but also make full use of agricultural waste, cultivate stronger vegetable seedlings, and has important application value and popularization significance. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In order to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling raising substrate and its application in seedling raising.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problems is: A preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling raising substrate, and the raw material components are composed of materials with the following volume fraction contents: Mushroom residue substrate: including mushroom residue ferment, earthworm cast, vermiculite; Mushroom residue ferment: including Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue, cow dung; Peat mixed substrate: including peat, vermiculite, perlite; Calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus.

[0006] As a further improvement of the present invention: the mushroom residue substrate is a mixture of mushroom residue ferment, earthworm cast, and vermiculite in a ratio of 6:3:1.

[0007] As a further improvement of the present invention: the mushroom residue ferment is a mixture of Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue and cow dung fermented in a ratio of 3:2.

[0008] As a further improvement of the present invention: in the peat mixed substrate, peat, vermiculite, and perlite are mixed in a ratio of 3:1:1.

[0009] As a further improvement of the present invention: 3 cm of the mushroom residue substrate is placed at the lower part, and 2 cm of the peat mixed substrate is placed at the upper part.

[0010] It also includes the application of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling substrate prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method in seedling raising.

[0011] As a further improvement of the present invention: 3 cm of the mushroom residue substrate is placed at the lower part, and 2 cm of the peat mixed substrate is placed at the upper part; the mushroom residue ferment, earthworm cast, and vermiculite are mixed in a ratio of 6:3:1; the mushroom residue ferment is a mixture of Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue and cow dung fermented in a ratio of 3:2; the peat mixed substrate is a mixture of peat, vermiculite, and perlite in a ratio of 3:1:1; 2 kg of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus is added to 1 ton of the mushroom residue substrate; the mushroom residue ferment is mixed with earthworm cast and vermiculite and filled into the plug trays, and after filling, it is watered thoroughly and then sown.

[0012] As a further improvement of the present invention: sow tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants, cover with vermiculite and sprinkle water after sowing, keep the plug trays moist every day before germination after sowing, and keep the substrate dry and wet after germination for normal management.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: (1) By adjusting the bentonite, water-retaining agent, water content, and molding pressure in the multi-layer mushroom residue substrate, the breakage rate of the molded cultivation pots is significantly reduced, while the bulk density and compression ratio continue to increase; among them, when the bentonite content increases, the water-retaining agent is about 5 kg / t, the water content ≈ 30%, and under a higher molding pressure, the breakage rate is the lowest, and the increase in bulk density and compression ratio tends to be stable, ensuring the stability and anti-breakage of the substrate structure; (2) Compared with the traditional peat mixed substrate, the germination rate of the multi-layer mushroom residue composite substrate is basically the same and is not affected by the content of the mushroom residue ferment or the covering thickness, indicating the universality and stability of the substrate for different vegetable seeds; (3)Adding calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus elements to the mushroom residue - earthworm cast - vermiculite (6:3:1) substrate can significantly increase the height, number of leaves, crown diameter, stem diameter, above - ground / under - ground fresh weight and dry weight, as well as chlorophyll and nitrogen content of seedlings such as tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants. Moreover, as the addition amount increases, the indicators gradually rise; (4)Spraying potassium fulvate at the one - heart - two - leaf stage and spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide at the one - heart - four - leaf stage in the multi - layer substrate can maximize the improvement of various morphological (plant height, number of leaves, crown diameter, etc.) and physiological indicators (chlorophyll, nitrogen content), effectively reduce the incidence of virus diseases and fruit deformity rate, and cultivate high - quality and healthy plants; (5)After the mushroom residue ferment and vermiculite are proportioned, the substrate has both good water - retention and air - permeability, and synergistically with earthworm cast, it can meet the root growth requirements of different vegetable seedlings at the seedling stage, further optimizing the root - shoot ratio and overall seedling growth potential; (6)The multi - layer mushroom residue seedling - raising substrate can provide the nutrients required for the entire seedling - raising cycle of tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants. After sowing, no additional nutrients are needed, playing the role of fertilizer saving, efficiency increasing, and reducing production links. Specific implementation manners

[0016] Vegetable seedling raising, through fine - tuning the environment and standardized management, can not only shorten the field growth period, improve the transplanting survival rate and quality, but also save seed and labor costs, flexibly respond to climate and seasonal changes, and promote large - scale production; Traditional seedling - raising substrates (such as peat, vermiculite, etc.) are expensive and non - renewable; Utilizing agricultural waste (such as mushroom residue) requires solving problems such as raw material pretreatment, disinfection, and harmlessness; The seedling - raising substrate must balance air - permeability, water - retention, and drainage; The particle structure and water - containing characteristics of different batches of mushroom residue vary greatly, making it difficult to ensure stable water and nutrient release; The organic matter content in mushroom residue is high, but the nutrient release rate is uneven. It is necessary to achieve synchronous supply of N - P - K and trace elements required during the seedling stage through multi - layer proportioning or modification means; Mushroom residue itself contains various microorganisms, and harmful bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms must be strictly controlled; At the same time, it is hoped to utilize the ability of probiotics to antagonize pathogenic bacteria to improve the disease resistance of seedlings; The preparation process of the mushroom residue substrate with a complex formula and multiple layers should be simple and easy to implement, suitable for large - batch production under different facility conditions; The control of humidity, temperature, and time in the production process directly affects the substrate quality and seedling - raising effect.

[0017] To solve the above problems, the present application provides a preparation method of a multi - layer mushroom residue seedling - raising substrate and its application in seedling raising; A preparation method of a multi - layer mushroom residue seedling - raising substrate, the raw material components are composed of materials with the following volume - fraction contents: Mushroom residue substrate: including mushroom residue ferment, earthworm cast, vermiculite; Mushroom residue ferment: including flammulina velutipes mushroom residue, cow dung; Peat mixed substrate: including peat, vermiculite, perlite; Calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus.

[0018] Among them, the mushroom residue substrate is prepared by mixing mushroom residue fermentate, earthworm castings, and vermiculite in a ratio of 6:3:1; the mushroom residue fermentate is obtained by mixing Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue and cow dung in a ratio of 3:2 for fermentation; the peat mixed substrate is prepared by mixing peat, vermiculite, and perlite in a ratio of 3:1:1; 2 kg of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus is added to 1 ton of the mushroom residue substrate.

[0019] The following tests were conducted on a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate of this application: I. Conduct tests on the breakage rate, bulk density, and compression ratio of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate.

[0020] The test equipment is as follows: Computer-controlled electro-hydraulic compressor: Its sensor has a maximum load value of 100 kN, a resolution of 0.1 N; the displacement measurement resolution is 0.02 mm; the compression speed is 0.1 - 100 mm / min; vernier caliper; electronic balance.

[0021] Test mold: A compression molding mold made of alloy material. The mold is a square columnar hollow body with a side length of 46 mm and a height of 50 mm, and is equipped with a positioning device.

[0022] Test method: Fill 3 mm of the mushroom residue substrate and 2 mm of the peat mixed substrate from the upper side of the opened mold respectively, and then extrude downward from the top plate with a side length of 48 mm to make a multi-layer mushroom residue substrate compression seedling-raising pot according to the limit and forming pressure.

[0023] The breakage rate test indicators are as follows: First, weigh the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising compression pot, and then freely drop the weighed multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot from a height of 50 cm onto the cement floor. Find the largest piece of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot after breaking and weigh it. The percentage of the weight of the original multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot minus the weight of the largest multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot after falling to the original weight of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot is the breakage rate of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot.

[0024] The bulk density test indicators are as follows: The bulk density of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot is the ratio of the dried mass to the volume.

[0025] The compression ratio indicators are as follows: The compression ratio of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate compression pot is the ratio of the volume of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate before compression to the volume after compression. Before compression, the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate and the compressed substrate are put into a plastic film and placed in a container filled with water, and the drained water is collected to calculate its volume.

[0026] Test results and analysis: The influence of the forming pressure on the compression of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate Table 1 shows the effects of different molding pressures on the compression molding of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate when 20 kg of bentonite, 5 kg of water-retaining agent are added to 1 ton of mushroom residue substrate and the water content is 25%. The test results show that: 1. As the molding pressure increases, the breakage rate of the compression pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate gradually decreases, and the decreasing amplitude gradually decreases. The molding pressure has an obvious effect on the breakage rate. 2. As the molding pressure increases, the bulk density and compression ratio of the compression pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate gradually increase, and the increasing amplitude becomes smaller and smaller.

[0027] Table 1 Effects of Different Molding Pressures on the Compression of Multi-layer Mushroom Residue Seedling-raising Substrate

[0028] Effects of Adding Bentonite on the Compression Molding of Multi-layer Mushroom Residue Seedling-raising: Table 2 shows the effects of adding different amounts of bentonite on the compression molding of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate when 5 kg of water-retaining agent are added to 1 ton of mushroom residue substrate, the water content is 25% and the molding pressure is 25 KN. The test results show that: 1. For the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, as the amount of added bentonite increases, the breakage rate and bulk density of the seedling-raising compression pots gradually become smaller, and the addition of bentonite has an obvious effect on the breakage rate of the seedling-raising compression pots. When 20 kg of bentonite is added to 1 ton of mushroom residue substrate, the breakage rate of the compression pot drops below 0.5%, and the decreasing amplitude also gradually becomes smaller; 2. As the amount of added bentonite increases, the compression ratio gradually increases. After the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate is compressed, bentonite has the function of hindering the elastic recovery and fixation of the mushroom residue compressed substrate cultivation pots, making the volume of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate gradually become smaller as the amount of added bentonite increases.

[0029] Table 2 Effects of Bentonite Addition Amount on the Compression Molding of Multi-layer Mushroom Residue Seedling-raising Substrate

[0030] Effects of Adding Water-retaining Agent on Compression Molding: Table 3 Effects of Water-retaining Agent on the Compression Molding of Multi-layer Mushroom Residue Seedling-raising Substrate

[0031] Table 3 shows the effects of adding water-retaining agent on the compression molding of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate when the water content is 25%, the molding pressure is 25 KN, and 20 kg of bentonite is added to 1 ton of mushroom residue substrate. The test results show that: 1. For the mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, as the amount of added water-retaining agent increases, the breakage rate of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising molded cultivation pots gradually becomes smaller, and the addition of water-retaining agent has an obvious effect on the breakage rate of the compression pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate. When 5 kg of water-retaining agent is added to 1 ton of mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the breakage rate of the compression pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate is the smallest; 2. With the increase in the addition amount of bentonite in the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the bulk density and compression ratio gradually increase. However, with the increase in the addition amount of water-retaining agent, the change range of the bulk density and compression ratio gradually decreases.

[0032] Effect of the water content of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on compression molding: Table 4 shows the effect of different water contents of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on compression molding when 5 kg of water-retaining agent, 20 kg of bentonite are added to 1 ton of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate and the molding pressure is 25 KN. The test results show that: 1. With the increase in the water content of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the breakage rate of the compressed pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate gradually decreases, indicating that water can increase the adhesion between the mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate and bentonite, thereby reducing the breakage rate. 2. When the water content of the mushroom residue substrate is lower than 30%, with the increase in the water content, the bulk density of the compressed molded substrate of the mushroom residue seedling-raising gradually increases. When it is higher than 30%, it gradually decreases. This may be because when the molding pressure is 20 KN, the water content greater than 30% in the mushroom residue substrate will cause water loss, resulting in a decrease in bulk density. 3. With the increase in the water content of the mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the compression ratio of the compressed substrate pots of the mushroom residue seedling-raising gradually increases, and the decreasing amplitude becomes smaller and smaller.

[0033] Table 4 Effect of the water content of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on compression molding

[0034] According to the above tests, with the increase in the addition amount of bentonite in the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the breakage rate of the molded cultivation pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue for seedling-raising gradually becomes smaller, and the bulk density and compression ratio gradually increase.

[0035] With the increase in the addition amount of water-retaining agent in the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the breakage rate of the molded cultivation pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue for seedling-raising gradually becomes smaller, and the effect of adding the water-retaining agent on the breakage rate of the compressed substrate pots of the mushroom residue seedling-raising is obvious. When 5 kg of water-retaining agent is added to 1 ton of the mushroom residue substrate, the breakage rate of the compressed cultivation pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate is the smallest, and the decreasing amplitude also gradually becomes smaller; with the increase in the addition amount of water-retaining agent in the multi-layer mushroom residue substrate, the bulk density and compression ratio gradually increase. When the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate is compressed, the water-retaining agent has the function of hindering the elastic recovery and fixing of the compressed substrate pots of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising, making the volume of the mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate gradually become smaller with the increase in the addition amount of the water-retaining agent, thereby increasing the bulk density and compression ratio of the compressed seedling-raising pots. However, with the increase in the water-retaining agent, the change range of the bulk density and compression ratio is not obvious.

[0036] With the increase in the water content of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the breakage rate of the compressed substrate pots of the mushroom residue gradually decreases; when the water content of the mushroom residue substrate < 30%, with the increase in the water content, the bulk density of the compressed molded substrate of the mushroom residue seedling-raising gradually increases. When it > 30%, it gradually decreases; with the increase in the water content of the mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, the compression ratio of the compressed substrate pots of the mushroom residue seedling-raising gradually increases, and the decreasing amplitude becomes smaller and smaller.

[0037] With the increase of molding pressure, the breaking rate of the multi-layer mushroom residue compressed matrix cultivation pots for seedling cultivation gradually decreased, and the decline gradually decreased. The molding pressure had a significant effect on the breaking rate. With the increase of molding pressure, the bulk density and compression ratio of the mushroom residue compressed matrix cultivation pots for seedling cultivation gradually increased, and the increase became smaller and smaller.

[0038] 2. Experiment on the effect of adding nutrients to the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling medium on the growth and quality of vegetable seedlings: The organic fertilizer for the test was developed by the substrate and fertilizer project of Zhengzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute. It was fermented from the mixture of Flammulina velutipes and cow dung in a ratio of 3:2. The main nutrient content is shown in Table 1. The seeds of tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, etc. for the test were purchased from Zhengzhou Zhengyan Seedling Technology Co., Ltd.; calcium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphorus were purchased from Henan Luerkang Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. The main nutrient content of the fermented mushroom residue is as follows: Table 5 Main nutrient contents of fermented mushroom residue

[0039] The experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse of Zhengzhou Vegetable Research and Development Center in March 2024. The mushroom residue multilayer matrix was used as the seedling matrix, and three treatments were designed, namely: In treatment T1, 1 kg of calcium magnesium sulfate was added to the mixture of mushroom residue; in treatment T2, 1.5 kg of calcium magnesium sulfate was added to the mixture of mushroom residue; in treatment T3, 2 kg of calcium magnesium sulfate was added to the mixture of mushroom residue. The peat mixed matrix was used as the control.

[0040] The mixture of mushroom residue is: fermented mushroom residue: earthworm castings: vermiculite = 6:3:1, the bottom 3cm is the fermented mushroom residue mixture, the top 2cm is the peat mixed matrix, and the tomato, pepper, and eggplant cultivated with the peat mixed matrix with a volume ratio of 3:1:1 are used as the control. Each treatment is repeated 3 times. Each treatment has a hole tray, which is randomly arranged. The hole height is 50cm, the upper diameter is 46mm×46mm, the lower diameter is 30×30mm, the volume of each hole is 70cc, 50 holes, the specifications are: 540×280mm, and the material is PS.

[0041] On March 9, 2024, the fermented mushroom residue was mixed with earthworm castings and vermiculite and filled into the hole tray. After filling, water was irrigated thoroughly. On March 10, tomatoes, peppers and eggplants were sown. After sowing, vermiculite was covered and water was sprinkled. After sowing and before germination, the hole tray was kept moist every day. After germination, the substrate was kept dry and moist, and normal management was carried out.

[0042] Observation and calculation of germination rate: After the seeds germinate, observations and statistics are made, and the germination rate is calculated by dividing it by the number of holes in the plug tray.

[0043] Observation and determination of morphological indicators When the tomatoes were sown for 30 days and the peppers and eggplants were sown for 47 days, the seedling height, number of leaves, crown diameter and stem thickness were measured. The height and crown diameter were measured with a 5m long tape measure, and the stem thickness was measured with a vernier caliper to measure the diameter of the seedling root.

[0044] When the tomatoes were sown for 42 days and the peppers and eggplants were sown for 57 days, the fresh and dry weights of the above-ground and underground parts of the seedlings were measured. The dry and fresh weights were measured with an electronic balance.

[0045] Determination of physiological indicators: When the tomatoes were sown for 45 days and the peppers and eggplants were sown for 47 days, the chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, leaf surface humidity and leaf surface temperature of each treatment were measured with a plant nutrition (chlorophyll) meter (OK-Y10+), and the measurement was taken from the third functional leaf counted from the top of the plant.

[0046] Table 6 Effects of mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrates on germination rate

[0047] It can be seen from Table 6 that the germination rates of peppers, eggplants and tomatoes cultivated with mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrates are basically the same as those of peat mixed substrates, and are not affected by the mushroom residue composite substrate. This shows that using mushroom residue substrates for stratified cultivation of seedlings can effectively improve the seed germination rate.

[0048] Table 7 Effects of adding different amounts of nutrients on the morphological growth of tomato seedlings

[0049] Table 8 Effects of adding different amounts of nutrients on the morphological growth of pepper seedlings

[0050] Table 9 Effects of adding different amounts of nutrients on the morphological growth of eggplant seedlings

[0051] It can be seen from Tables 7, 8 and 9 that as the addition amount of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphorus increases, the height, number of leaves, crown diameter and stem thickness of the cultivated tomato, pepper and eggplant seedlings gradually increase, and the above-ground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, above-ground dry weight and underground dry weight also gradually increase. This shows that calcium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphorus can effectively promote the growth of various seedlings, increase the dry matter of crops, and the seedlings cultivated with the addition of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphorus have better effects than the control.

[0052] Table 10 Effects of adding different amounts of nutrients on the physiological growth of tomato seedlings

[0053] Table 11 Effects of adding different amounts of nutrients on the physiological growth of pepper seedlings

[0054] Table 12 Effects of adding different amounts of nutrients on the physiological growth of eggplant seedlings

[0055] From Tables 10, 11 and 12, we can see that with the increase of calcium magnesium phosphate added, the chlorophyll and nitrogen content of the cultivated tomato, pepper and eggplant seedlings gradually increased, indicating that calcium magnesium phosphate can effectively promote the root system of the seedlings to absorb nutrients, increase the nutrients in the leaves of the plants, thereby enhancing the photosynthesis of the seedlings and improving the growth of the plants.

[0056] From the experiment on the effect of adding nutrients to the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling medium on the growth and quality of vegetable seedlings, it was known that different amounts of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphate were added to the mixture of mushroom residue fermentation, earthworm castings and vermiculite, and then 3 cm of the mushroom residue mixture was piled in a 50-hole plug tray, and 2 cm of peat mixed matrix was piled on the mixture to cultivate seedlings. The results showed that the germination rate was basically consistent with that of the peat mixed matrix; with the increase of the amount of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphate added to the mushroom residue mixture, the plant height, number of leaves, plant crown diameter, plant stem diameter, aboveground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, aboveground dry weight and aboveground dry weight of the cultivated seedlings also increased, and the chlorophyll and nitrogen content also gradually increased, and were greater than the control.

[0057] 3. Test the effect of plant fertilizers and growth regulators on the growth of seedlings in the double-layer mushroom residue seedling culture matrix: The fermented material of mushroom residue was developed by the subject of substrate and fertilizer of Zhengzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, and was fermented by mixing Flammulina velutipes residue and cow dung in a ratio of 3:2. The main nutrient content is shown in Table 1. The tomato, pepper and eggplant were purchased from Zhengzhou Zhengyan Seedling Technology Co., Ltd.; potassium humate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were produced by Shanxi Tongshunyuan Humic Acid Co., Ltd., Henan Luerkang Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., and Anyang Zhenhua Chemical Co., Ltd., respectively.

[0058] Table 13 Main nutrient contents of fermented mushroom residue

[0059] The experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse of Zhengzhou Vegetable Research and Development Center in March 2024. The mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrate was used as the seedling-raising substrate, and 3 treatments were designed. Respectively, for T1 treatment, potassium fulvate was sprayed once at the two-leaf one-heart and four-leaf one-heart stages of tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants; for T2 treatment, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed once at the two-leaf one-heart and four-leaf one-heart stages of tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants; for T3 treatment, potassium fulvate was sprayed once at the two-leaf one-heart stage of tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed once at the four-leaf one-heart stage. Tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants cultivated with peat mixed substrate were used as the control. Each treatment had 3 replicates. Each treatment had one seedling tray, which was randomly arranged. The hole of the seedling tray was 50 cm high, the upper diameter was 46 mm × 46 mm, the lower diameter was 30 × 30 mm, the volume of each hole was 70 cc, there were 50 holes, and the specification was: 540 × 280 mm, and the material was PS.

[0060] On March 9, 2024, the mushroom residue fermented product was mixed with earthworm manure and vermiculite and filled into the seedling tray. The ratio was mushroom residue fermented product: earthworm manure: vermiculite = 6:3:1, and the filling height of the seedling tray was 3 cm; then peat, vermiculite, and perlite were mixed and filled on the upper part of the mushroom residue fermented product in the seedling tray. The ratio was peat: vermiculite: perlite = 3:1:1, and the height of the peat mixed substrate was 2 cm. On March 10, 2024, tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants were sown. After sowing, vermiculite was covered and watered thoroughly. The seedling tray was kept moist every day until germination, and the substrate was kept dry and wet alternately for normal management. When the seedlings of various kinds reached the two-leaf one-heart and four-leaf one-heart stages, fertilizers and regulators were sprayed.

[0061] Observation and calculation of germination rate: After the seeds germinated, they were observed and counted, and then divided by the number of holes in the seedling tray to calculate the germination rate.

[0062] Observation and determination of morphological indexes: When tomatoes were sown for 30 days and peppers and eggplants were sown for 47 days, the seedling height, number of leaves, crown diameter, and stem diameter were measured. The height and crown diameter were measured with a 5 m long tape measure, and the stem diameter was measured with a vernier caliper for the root diameter of the seedlings.

[0063] When tomatoes were sown for 42 days and peppers and eggplants were sown for 57 days, the above-ground and underground fresh weights and dry weights of the seedlings were measured. The dry and fresh weights were measured with an electronic balance.

[0064] Determination of physiological indexes: When tomatoes were sown for 45 days and peppers and eggplants were sown for 47 days, the chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, leaf surface humidity, and leaf surface temperature of each treatment were measured with a plant nutrition (chlorophyll) meter (OK-Y10+), and the measurement was taken from the third functional leaf counted from the top of the plant.

[0065] The results of the influence of the mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrate on the seed germination rate are as follows: Table 14 Effects of Mushroom Residue Multi - layer Seedling - raising Substrate on Germination Rate

[0066] As can be seen from Table 14, there is no difference in the germination rate between the mushroom residue multi - layer seedling - raising substrate and the control peat mixed substrate. Directly using the mushroom residue seedling - raising substrate for seedling raising will affect seed germination because the mushroom residue composite substrate is rich in various nutrients or is not thoroughly fermented. However, the germination rate of the layered mushroom residue seedling - raising substrate is not affected, indicating that the layered mushroom residue substrate can effectively improve the seed germination rate, and the effect is obvious.

[0067] The effects of plant fertilizers and growth regulators on the morphological growth of seedlings are as follows: Table 15 Effects of Plant Fertilizers and Growth Regulators on the Morphological Growth of Tomato Seedlings in Mushroom Residue Multi - layer Substrate

[0068] Table 16 Effects of Plant Fertilizers and Growth Regulators on the Morphological Growth of Pepper Seedlings in Mushroom Residue Multi - layer Substrate

[0069] Table 17 Effects of Plant Fertilizers and Growth Regulators on the Morphological Growth of Eggplant Seedlings in Mushroom Residue Multi - layer Substrate

[0070] As can be seen from Tables 15, 16, and 17, during the cultivation of tomato, pepper, and eggplant seedlings in the multi - layer mushroom residue seedling - raising substrate, potassium fulvate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and brassinolide were sprayed at the one - heart - two - leaf stage and the one - heart - four - leaf stage respectively. Compared with the control, the seedlings sprayed with potassium fulvate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and brassinolide had varying degrees of increase in indicators such as height, number of leaves, crown diameter, and stem diameter. Indicators such as above - ground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, above - ground dry weight, and underground dry weight also increased. Spraying potassium fulvate at the one - heart - two - leaf stage and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide at the one - heart - four - leaf stage achieved the maximum values in terms of height, number of leaves, crown diameter, stem diameter, above - ground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, above - ground dry weight, and underground dry weight, and the effect was the best.

[0071] The effects of plant fertilizers and growth regulators on the physiological index growth of seedlings are as follows: Table 18 Effects of Plant Fertilizers and Growth Regulators on the Physiological Growth of Tomato Seedlings in Mushroom Residue Multi - layer Seedling - raising Substrate

[0072] Table 19 Effects of Plant Fertilizers and Growth Regulators on the Physiological Growth of Pepper Seedlings in Mushroom Residue Multi - layer Seedling - raising Substrate

[0073] Table 20 Effects of Plant Fertilizers and Growth Regulators on the Physiological Growth of Eggplant Seedlings in the Multilayer Substrate of Mushroom Residue for Seedling Raising

[0074] As can be seen from Tables 18, 19, and 20: During the cultivation of tomato, pepper, and eggplant seedlings in the multilayer mushroom residue substrate for seedling raising, potassium fulvate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed at the one-heart-two-leaf stage and the one-heart-four-leaf stage respectively. Compared with the control, the chlorophyll and nitrogen contents of the sprayed seedlings increased to varying degrees. When potassium fulvate was sprayed at the one-heart-two-leaf stage and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed at the one-heart-four-leaf stage, the chlorophyll content and nitrogen content reached the maximum, indicating that spraying plant fertilizers and growth regulators during the seedling stage can effectively increase the nutrient content in the leaves, thereby promoting the growth of seedlings.

[0075] The effects of plant fertilizers and growth regulators on the occurrence of virus diseases are as follows: Table 21 Effects of Plant Fertilizers and Growth Regulators on the Occurrence of Plant Virus Diseases and Deformity Rates

[0076] As can be seen from Table 21: During the cultivation of tomato, pepper, and eggplant seedlings in the multilayer mushroom residue substrate for seedling raising, potassium fulvate was sprayed at the one-heart-two-leaf stage and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed at the one-heart-four-leaf stage respectively. Compared with the control, it can effectively reduce the incidence of virus diseases and the fruit deformity rate of tomato, pepper, and eggplant plants. Especially when potassium fulvate was sprayed at the one-heart-two-leaf stage, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed at the one-heart-four-leaf stage, the incidence of virus diseases and the fruit deformity rate were the lowest, indicating that it is very important to cultivate healthy and strong plant seedlings.

[0077] The multilayer substrate for seedling raising composed of the mushroom residue composite substrate and the peat moss substrate significantly increased the germination rate of seeds, and the germination of seeds was not affected by the nutrients and fermentation degree in the mushroom residue substrate; during the cultivation of seedlings in the multilayer mushroom residue substrate for seedling raising, when potassium fulvate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed, the morphological indexes such as plant height, number of leaves, crown diameter, stem diameter, aboveground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, aboveground dry weight, and underground dry weight, and the physiological indexes such as chlorophyll and nitrogen content were significantly increased compared with the control. Especially when potassium fulvate was sprayed at the one-heart-two-leaf stage and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed at the one-heart-four-leaf stage, the effect was the best; during the cultivation of seedlings in the multilayer mushroom residue substrate for seedling raising, when potassium fulvate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed, it could effectively reduce the incidence of virus diseases and the fruit deformity rate of plants. When potassium fulvate was sprayed at the one-heart-two-leaf stage and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and brassinolide were sprayed at the one-heart-four-leaf stage, the incidence of virus diseases and the fruit deformity rate were the lowest. Cultivating high-quality seedlings is an important link in the planting process.

[0078] IV. Conduct an experiment on the effects of the multilayer mushroom residue substrate for seedling raising on the growth and quality of vegetable seedlings: The fermented mushroom residue was developed by the Zhengzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute's substrate and fertilizer project. It was made by mixing and fermenting Flammulina velutipes residue and cow dung in a volume ratio of 3:2. The main nutrient content is shown in Table 1. The tested tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants were purchased from Zhengzhou Zhengyan Seedling Technology Co., Ltd.; the vermicompost was provided by Henan Jinhui Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.; and the vermiculite and perlite were purchased from Zhengzhou Shuangqiao Flower Market.

[0079] Table 22 Main nutrient content of fermented mushroom residue

[0080] The experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse of Zhengzhou Vegetable Research and Development Center in March 2024. The experiment used fermented mushroom residue, earthworm castings, peat, vermiculite and perlite as raw materials. The composite seedling matrix of mushroom residue with a volume ratio of 5:3:1:1 was called B, the composite seedling matrix of mushroom residue with a volume ratio of 6:3:1 was called C, and the composite seedling matrix of mushroom residue with a volume ratio of 5:4:1 was called D. The composite seedling matrix of peat: vermiculite: perlite with a volume ratio of 3:1:1 was used as the control and was called A. There were 7 treatments in the experiment. The thickness and mixing ratio of each treatment are shown in Table 23.

[0081] Table 23 Matrix components and thickness of each treatment

[0082] According to Table 22, plug trays were filled with mushroom residue multilayer seedling medium, and tomato, pepper, and eggplant seedlings were cultivated. One plug tray was cultivated for each treatment, and each treatment was repeated 3 times, with random arrangement. The hole height was 50 cm, the upper diameter was 46 mm × 46 mm, the lower diameter was 30 × 30 mm, the volume of each hole was 70 cc, 50 holes, the specifications were: 540 × 280 mm, and the material was PS.

[0083] On March 9, 2024, the fermented mushroom residue was mixed with earthworm castings, vermiculite, and perlite and filled into plug trays. The mushroom residue mixture and peat mixed substrate were filled according to the treatment design. On March 10, 2024, tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants were sown. After sowing, vermiculite was covered and watered. The plug trays were kept moist every day until germination, and then the substrate was kept dry and wet, and normal management was carried out.

[0084] Observation and calculation of germination rate: After the seeds germinate, observations and statistics are made, and the germination rate is calculated by dividing it by the number of holes in the plug tray.

[0085] Observation and determination of morphological indicators: The seedling height, number of leaves, crown diameter and stem diameter were measured 30 days after sowing tomatoes and 47 days after sowing peppers and eggplants. The height and crown diameter were measured with a 5 m long tape measure, and the stem diameter was measured with a vernier caliper at the root diameter of the seedlings.

[0086] The fresh and dry weights of the above-ground and underground parts of the seedlings were measured 42 days after sowing tomatoes and 57 days after sowing peppers and eggplants. The dry and fresh weights were measured with an electronic balance.

[0087] Determination of physiological indicators: The chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, leaf surface humidity and leaf surface temperature of each treatment were measured with a plant nutrient (chlorophyll) meter (OK-Y10+) 45 days after sowing tomatoes and 47 days after sowing peppers and eggplants. The measurement was taken from the third functional leaf counted from the top of the plant.

[0088] The results of the effects of the mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrate on the seed germination rate are as follows: Table 24 Effects of the mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrate on the germination rate

[0089] It can be seen from Table 24 that the germination rates of tomatoes, peppers and eggplants cultivated with the mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrate composed of peat mixed substrate in the upper layer and mushroom residue composite substrate in the lower layer are basically the same, and are also the same as those of the control peat mixed substrate; this shows that the germination rates of pepper, eggplant and tomato seeds are not affected by the 1 cm or 2 cm thickness of peat mixed substrate covering the mushroom residue composite substrate. Generally, seeds will be inhibited from germinating due to the high electrolytes and degree of decomposition of the mushroom residue ferment, and covering a small amount of peat mixed substrate on it can significantly improve the seed germination rate.

[0090] The results of the effects of the mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrate on the growth of seedling morphological indicators are as follows: Table 25 Effects of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on the morphological growth of tomato seedlings

[0091] Table 26 Effects of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on the morphological growth of pepper seedlings

[0092] Table 27 Effects of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on the morphological growth of eggplant seedlings

[0093] As can be seen from Tables 25, 26, and 27: For the morphological indexes such as the height, number of leaves, crown diameter, stem diameter, above-ground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, above-ground dry weight, and underground dry weight of 4 pairs of tomato, pepper, and eggplant seedlings, the treatment effect reached the best, and the root-shoot ratio was the best, followed by treatment 3; compared with the control, the mushroom residue composite substrate mixed with an appropriate amount of mushroom residue fermentate, vermicompost, and vermiculite provided a good environment for the crop roots, was able to control the roots and promote above-ground growth, and increase the plant weight, indicating that the mushroom residue fermentate and vermiculite were the best matching media. The mushroom residue had strong air permeability and poor moisture retention, while vermiculite had strong water retention and poor air permeability, and the two achieved a complementary effect in performance.

[0094] The effects of the mushroom residue multi-layer seedling-raising substrate on the physiological indexes of seedling raising are as follows: Table 28 Effects of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on the physiological growth of tomato seedlings

[0095] Table 29 Effects of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on the physiological growth of pepper seedlings

[0096] Table 30 Effects of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate on the physiological growth of eggplant seedlings

[0097] As can be seen from Tables 28, 29, and 30: The chlorophyll and nitrogen contents of tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants cultivated in treatment 4 were the highest, and the effect was the best, followed by treatment 3. Compared with the control, mixing an appropriate amount of mushroom residue fermentate with vermicompost and vermiculite could increase the nutrient content of pepper, eggplant, and tomato seedlings, thereby promoting the rapid growth of the seedlings, which was consistent with the results of the morphological indexes.

[0098] When raising seedlings in the mushroom residue composite substrate covered with different thicknesses of peat mixed substrate, the seed germination rate was not affected by the content and thickness of the mushroom residue fermentate, nor by the thickness of the peat mixed substrate; compared with the control, when the mushroom residue fermentate, vermicompost, and vermiculite were mixed in a volume ratio of 6:3:1 and placed 3 cm in a 5-cm-high plug tray, and the peat mixed substrate was placed 2 cm, the height, number of leaves, crown diameter, above-ground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, above-ground dry weight, and above-ground dry weight of tomato, pepper, and eggplant seedlings had the largest increase, the chlorophyll and nitrogen contents of the plants were the highest, the root-shoot ratio was the best, and the seedling-raising effect was the best; when the mushroom residue fermentate, vermicompost, and vermiculite were mixed in a volume ratio of 6:3:1 and placed 4 cm in a 5-cm-high plug tray, and the peat mixed substrate was placed 1 cm, the seedling-raising effect was the second best; adding a certain amount of vermicompost and vermiculite to the mushroom residue fermentate for cultivating seedlings was all good, indicating that the seedling-raising substrate composed of the combination of mushroom residue and vermiculite met the growth requirements of the seedlings, which might be related to the complementary water retention and air permeability of the mushroom residue fermentate and vermiculite.

[0099] In summary, after reading the present invention document, those of ordinary skill in the art can make various corresponding transformation schemes without creative mental labor according to the technical solution and technical concept of the present invention, and all of them fall within the scope protected by the present invention.

Claims

1. A preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate, characterized in that, The raw material components are composed of the following materials in parts by volume as follows: Mushroom residue substrate: including mushroom residue fermentate, earthworm cast, and vermiculite; Mushroom residue fermentate: including Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue and cow dung; Peat mixed substrate: including peat, vermiculite, and perlite; Calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus.

2. The preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate according to claim 1, wherein, In the mushroom residue substrate, the mushroom residue fermentate, earthworm cast, and vermiculite are mixed in a ratio of 6:3:

1.

3. The preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate according to claim 2, characterized in that, The mushroom residue fermentate is a mixture of Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue and cow dung fermented in a ratio of 3:

2.

4. The preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling substrate according to claim 3, characterized in that, In the peat mixed substrate, peat, vermiculite, and perlite are mixed in a ratio of 3:1:

1.

5. The preparation method of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling substrate according to claim 4, characterized in that, 3 cm of the mushroom residue substrate is placed at the bottom, and 2 cm of the peat mixed substrate is placed on the top.

6. Application of the multi-layer mushroom residue seedling-raising substrate prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1-5 in seedling raising.

7. Use of a multi-layer mushroom residue seedling substrate as shown in claim 6 in seedling raising, characterized in that, 3 cm of the mushroom residue substrate is placed at the bottom, and 2 cm of the peat mixed substrate is placed on the top; the mushroom residue fermentate, earthworm cast, and vermiculite are mixed in a ratio of 6:3:1; the mushroom residue fermentate is a mixture of Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue and cow dung fermented in a ratio of 3:2; the peat mixed substrate is composed of peat, vermiculite, and perlite mixed in a ratio of 3:1:1; 2 kg of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus is added to 1 ton of the mushroom residue substrate; the mushroom residue fermentate is mixed with earthworm cast and vermiculite and filled into the plug trays, and after filling, it is watered thoroughly and sown.

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