Superfine-grained PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) composite sheet as well as preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of diamond compacts, and particularly discloses an ultrafine-granularity PCD compact as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method of the ultrafine-granularity PCD composite sheet provided by the invention specifically comprises the following steps: preparing materials, mixing the materials, drying, performing vacuum reduction, packaging, and performing high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis. According to burdening, coarse diamond powder in the coarse powder layer is formed by mixing diamond powder of 8-12 microns, diamond powder of 4-6 microns and diamond powder of 1-3 microns; fine diamond powder in the fine powder layer is formed by mixing diamond powder of 0.6-1 mu m and diamond powder of 0-0.5 mu m; and carrying out high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis: placing the packaged blank sheet under the conditions of 5.0-5.5 Gpa and 1400-1600 DEG C, and carrying out heat preservation for 13-20 minutes. According to the technical scheme, under the condition that the synthesis pressure is reduced, the use frequency of the holding-up hammer is effectively increased, the production cost is reduced, and the composite sheet has good wear resistance and impact toughness.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of diamond composite sheets, and specifically relates to an ultra-fine grain PCD composite sheet, its preparation method and application. Background Art

[0002] At present, ultra-fine grain (1 micron and below) PCD composite sheets have been increasingly widely used in the market due to their ultra-fine grain size, high toughness, excellent electrical machining performance and fine surface machining quality. Their application in the 3C market in particular has promoted the rapid development of the electronics industry.

[0003] However, the synthesis of ultra-fine grain PCD composite sheets still faces many problems. For example, the specific surface area of ultra-fine grain diamond micropowder is relatively large, and the relative contact area between particles is also relatively large. The extrusion force between particles under high pressure is relatively small. Therefore, a higher synthesis pressure than that of coarse-grain PCD is required, which places high demands on the pressure transmission of the cavity. At the same time, there will also be relatively large anvil losses, which are unbearable for general enterprises. In addition, the mixing of fine-grain PCD composite sheets is also a major problem. In particular, the metal binder is prone to agglomeration, and abnormal growth of diamond grains is likely to occur at the metal agglomeration during high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis, which will seriously affect the stability of its performance. There is also a relatively large volume shrinkage of the ultra-fine grain diamond powder layer during high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis, which will ultimately also cause relatively large deformation of the entire composite sheet and easily generate huge internal stresses. The most difficult problem to solve for commercial large-size ultra-fine PCD composite sheets is still how to ensure the synthesis of products with stable performance under relatively low temperature and pressure conditions, thereby greatly reducing the anvil cost during the production process.

[0004] In summary, it is very crucial to solve the synthesis stability of ultra-fine PCD composite sheets, especially to reduce the influence of synthesis pressure on synthesis stability. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, this application provides an ultra-fine grain PCD composite sheet, its preparation method and application.

[0006] In the first aspect, this application provides a preparation method for an ultra-fine grain PCD composite sheet, which specifically includes the following steps carried out in sequence: batching, mixing, drying, vacuum reduction, encapsulation, and high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis; The batching step is specifically as follows: preparing coarse powder and fine powder respectively; Among them, the coarse powder material is composed of coarse diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 1-2um, and the weight ratio of the coarse diamond powder to the Co powder is 90-97:3-10; the coarse diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 8-12um, diamond powder with a particle size of 4-6um, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1-3um, and the weight ratio of them is 50-70:10-30:10-20; The fine powder material is composed of fine diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 150-250nm, and the weight ratio of the fine diamond powder to the Co powder is 90-97:3-10; the fine diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6-1um and diamond powder with a particle size of 0-0.5um, and the weight ratio of them is 70-90:10-30; The vacuum reduction step is as follows: placing the dried powder material under the conditions of vacuum and 450-550°C for 2.5-4h; The high temperature and high pressure synthesis step is as follows: placing the encapsulated blank sheet under the conditions of 5.0-5.5Gpa and 1400-1600°C for heat preservation for 10-20min.

[0007] The technical solution of this application aims to change the original single-layer assembly of ultrafine diamond powder into a layered assembly of coarse-grained diamond powder and ultrafine diamond powder. Since the contact between some ultrafine diamond powders becomes the contact between coarse-grained diamond powders, the sintering pressure of large-size ultrafine PCD composite sheets can be greatly reduced, providing a new solution for synthesizing ultrafine PCD with stable performance. In addition, the service life of the anvil can be greatly increased, and the production cost of the enterprise can be reduced.

[0008] The technical solution of this application effectively increases the service life of the anvil while reducing the synthesis pressure, and the prepared ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet has good wear resistance and impact toughness.

[0009] Among them, the coarse-grained diamond powder in the coarse powder material is composed of three particle sizes, the coarse particle size is 8-12um, the medium particle size is 4-6um, and the fine particle size is 1-3um; the above particle sizes are in a ratio of 50-70:10-30:10-20; the fine-grained diamond powder in the fine powder material is composed of two particle sizes, the main particle size is 0.6-1um, and the secondary particle size is 0-0.5um, and the above particle sizes are in a ratio of 70-90:10-30; by adopting this technical solution, this application can further effectively improve the performance of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet.

[0010] Preferably, the coarse powder material is composed of coarse diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 1-2um, and the weight ratio of the coarse diamond powder to the Co powder is 93-97:3-7; the coarse diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 8-12um, diamond powder with a particle size of 4-6um, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1-3um, and the weight ratio of them is 55-65:15-25:12-18.

[0011] In a specific embodiment, the coarse powder material is composed of a mixture of coarse diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 1-2 um in a weight ratio of 95:5; the coarse diamond powder is composed of a mixture of diamond powder with a particle size of 8-12 um, diamond powder with a particle size of 4-6 um, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1-3 um in a weight ratio of 60:20:15.

[0012] Preferably, the fine powder material is composed of a mixture of fine diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 150-250 nm in a weight ratio of 93-97:3-7; the fine diamond powder is composed of a mixture of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6-1 um and diamond powder with a particle size of 0-0.5 um in a weight ratio of 75-85:15-25.

[0013] In a specific embodiment, the fine powder material is composed of a mixture of fine diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 150-250 nm in a weight ratio of 95:5; the fine diamond powder is composed of a mixture of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6-1 um and diamond powder with a particle size of 0-0.5 um in a weight ratio of 80:20.

[0014] Preferably, the steps of mixing the materials are as follows: place the prepared powder materials in a mixing barrel, add alcohol as the wet mixing medium to submerge the powders, and mix them in a three-dimensional mixer for 13-20 h.

[0015] In a specific embodiment, the mass ratio of the prepared powder materials and alcohol is 1:1.8-2.5.

[0016] Preferably, the vacuum reduction step is as follows: place the dried powder materials under vacuum conditions at 470-520 °C for 2.5-3.5 h.

[0017] In a specific embodiment, the vacuum reduction step is as follows: place the dried powder materials under vacuum conditions at 500 °C for 3 h.

[0018] Preferably, the encapsulation steps are as follows: (1) Weigh the vacuum-reduced fine powder materials and fill them into Metal Cup 1 with a thickness of 0.25-0.35 mm, and then press them into Metal Cup 2 with a matching size; (2) Level and compact the vacuum-reduced coarse powder materials with a thickness of 0.17-0.23 mm on Metal Cup 1; (3) Press the cemented carbide substrate with a thickness of 4.6-6.0 mm into Metal Cup 1 so that the cemented carbide substrate is in close contact with the coarse powder layer; (4) Cover Metal Cup 2 with Metal Cup 3 to cover the cemented carbide substrate, and assemble to obtain a blank sheet.

[0019] Preferably, the high temperature and high pressure synthesis step is as follows: the encapsulated blank is first placed under the conditions of 2.0 - 4.0 GPa and 200 - 300 °C for heat preservation for 3 - 5 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.3 - 5.5 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1400 - 1600 °C for heat preservation for 10 - 15 min.

[0020] Preferably, the high temperature and high pressure synthesis step is as follows: the encapsulated blank is first placed under the conditions of 2.5 - 3.5 GPa and 220 - 280 °C for heat preservation for 3 - 5 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.3 - 5.5 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1450 - 1550 °C for heat preservation for 10 - 15 min.

[0021] In a second aspect, the present application provides the above-mentioned ultra-fine grained PCD composite sheet, which is prepared by using the above-mentioned preparation method.

[0022] In a third aspect, the present application provides the application of the above-mentioned ultra-fine grained PCD composite sheet in the fields of petroleum, geology, machining, stone processing, and glass processing.

[0023] In summary, the technical solution of the present application has the following effects: The technical solution of the present application uses the coarse powder composed of coarse diamond powder and the fine powder composed of ultra-fine diamond powder in layers for assembly, which can greatly reduce the sintering pressure of large-size ultra-fine PCD composite sheets, and thus can greatly increase the number of times of using the anvil and reduce the production cost of enterprises. At the same time, the ultra-fine grained PCD composite sheet prepared by using the technical solution of the present application has good wear resistance and impact toughness. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Figure 1 It is a design drawing of the encapsulation method when preparing the ultra-fine grained PCD composite sheet in the embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0025] The present application will be further described in detail below with reference to examples, comparative examples, and performance detection tests. These examples should not be construed as limiting the scope claimed by the present application. Examples

[0026] Examples 1 - 5 Examples 1 - 5 respectively provide an ultra-fine grained PCD composite sheet and a preparation method thereof.

[0027] The difference between the above-mentioned examples lies in: the composition of the coarse diamond powder in the coarse powder is different, as shown in Table 1 specifically.

[0028] The preparation method of the ultra-fine grained PCD composite sheet in the above-mentioned examples is as follows.

[0029] (1) Batching Preparation of coarse powder: As shown in Table 1, the coarse powder is composed of coarse diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 1 - 2 μm in a weight ratio of 95:5; the coarse diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 8 - 12 μm, diamond powder with a particle size of 4 - 6 μm, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1 - 3 μm. Preparation of fine powder: The fine powder is composed of fine diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 150 - 250 nm in a weight ratio of 95:5; the fine diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6 - 1 μm and diamond powder with a particle size of 0 - 0.5 μm in a weight ratio of 80:20.

[0030] (2) Mixing The steps of mixing are as follows: Place the prepared coarse powder and fine powder in a mixing barrel respectively, add alcohol as the wet mixing medium to submerge the powder, and mix in a three-dimensional mixer for 15 h to obtain a slurry.

[0031] (3) Drying Drying: Place the mixed slurry in a vacuum oven and dry it at 104 °C.

[0032] (4) Vacuum reduction Place the dried powder under vacuum at 500 °C for 3 h.

[0033] (5) Encapsulation As Figure 1 shown, it is the design drawing of the encapsulation method of the raw materials in this embodiment.

[0034] Weigh the vacuum-reduced fine powder and load it into metal cup 1; make the compacted fine powder just fill metal cup 1, with a thickness of 0.3 mm; Then press metal cup 1 into a metal cup 2 with a matching size; Level and compact a layer of vacuum-reduced coarse powder on metal cup 1, with a thickness of 0.2 mm; Press a cemented carbide substrate with a matching size (thickness of 5.0 mm) into metal cup 2 so that the cemented carbide substrate is in close contact with the coarse powder layer; Cover metal cup 3 on metal cup 2 to cover the cemented carbide substrate, and assemble to obtain a blank sheet.

[0035] (6) High-temperature and high-pressure synthesis Place the encapsulated blank sheet in a six-sided press for high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis. First, place it under the conditions of 3 GPa and 250 °C for heat preservation for 4 min; then increase the pressure to 5.5 GPa and increase the temperature to 1500 °C for heat preservation for 12 min.

[0036] Table 1 Composition of coarse diamond powder in the coarse powder in Examples 1 - 5 Examples 6 - 9 Examples 6 - 9 respectively provide an ultrafine - grained PCD composite sheet and a preparation method thereof.

[0037] The differences between the above - mentioned examples and Example 3 are as follows: the composition of the fine diamond powder in the fine powder is different, as shown in Table 2 below.

[0038] Table 2 Composition of the fine diamond powder in the fine powder of Examples 3, 6 - 9 Other process parameters in the above - mentioned examples are the same as those in Example 3.

[0039] Examples 10 - 15 Examples 10 - 15 respectively provide an ultrafine - grained PCD composite sheet and a preparation method thereof.

[0040] The differences between the above - mentioned examples and Example 3 are as follows: the parameters of high - temperature and high - pressure synthesis are different, as shown below.

[0041] In Example 10: The encapsulated blank sheet is kept at 5.5 GPa and 1500 °C for 12 min.

[0042] In Example 11: The encapsulated blank sheet is first kept at 2 GPa and 300 °C for 4 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.5 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1500 °C and kept for 12 min.

[0043] In Example 12: The encapsulated blank sheet is first kept at 5 GPa and 200 °C for 4 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.5 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1500 °C and kept for 12 min.

[0044] In Example 13: The encapsulated blank sheet is first kept at 3 GPa and 250 °C for 4 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.0 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1500 °C and kept for 12 min.

[0045] In Example 14: The encapsulated blank sheet is first kept at 3 GPa and 250 °C for 4 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.5 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1400 °C and kept for 12 min.

[0046] In Example 15: The encapsulated blank sheet is first kept at 3 GPa and 250 °C for 4 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.5 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1500 °C and kept for 12 min.

[0047] Other process parameters in the above - mentioned examples are the same as those in Example 3.

[0048] Comparative Example Comparative Example 1 This comparative example provides an ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet and a preparation method thereof.

[0049] The method for preparing the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet in this comparative example is different from that in Example 3 in that the coarse powder material is not assembled. The specific steps are as follows.

[0050] (1) Ingredients Preparation of fine powder: The fine powder is composed of a mixture of fine diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 150-250nm in a weight ratio of 95:5; the fine diamond powder is composed of a mixture of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.5-1um and diamond powder with a particle size of 0-0.5um in a weight ratio of 80:20.

[0051] (2) Mixing The mixing steps are as follows: placing the prepared fine powder in a mixing barrel, adding alcohol as a wet mixing medium to submerge the powder, and mixing in a three-dimensional mixer for 15 hours to obtain a slurry.

[0052] (3) Drying Drying: Place the mixed slurry in a vacuum oven and dry it at 104°C.

[0053] (4) Vacuum reduction The dried powder was placed under vacuum and 500°C for 3 h.

[0054] (5) Packaging Weigh the vacuum-reduced fine powder and put it into the metal cup 1; make sure that the compacted fine powder just fills the metal cup 1, with a thickness of 0.3 mm; press a cemented carbide substrate (5.0 mm thick) of matching size into the metal cup 1, so that the cemented carbide substrate is in close contact with the fine powder layer, and assemble to obtain a blank sheet.

[0055] (6) High temperature and high pressure synthesis The packaged blanks were placed in a six-sided press for high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis, first at 3 Gpa and 250°C for 4 minutes; then the pressure was increased to 5.8 Gpa and the temperature was increased to 1500°C for 12 minutes.

[0056] Comparative Examples 2-5 Comparative Examples 2-5 respectively provide an ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet and a preparation method thereof.

[0057] The differences between the above comparative example and Example 3 are specifically as follows.

[0058] In Comparative Example 2: In the coarse powder, the coarse diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 8 - 12 μm, diamond powder with a particle size of 4 - 6 μm, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1 - 3 μm, with a weight ratio of 15:20:60.

[0059] In Comparative Example 3: In the fine powder, the fine diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6 - 1 μm and diamond powder with a particle size of 0 - 0.5 μm, with a weight ratio of 20:80.

[0060] In Comparative Example 4: In the high temperature and high pressure synthesis step: The encapsulated blank is placed under the conditions of 4.8 GPa and 1500 °C for heat preservation for 12 min.

[0061] In Comparative Example 5: In the high temperature and high pressure synthesis step: The encapsulated blank is first placed under the conditions of 3 GPa and 250 °C for heat preservation for 4 min; then the pressure is increased to 6.0 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1500 °C for heat preservation for 12 min.

[0062] In the above comparative examples, other process parameters are the same as those in Example 3.

[0063] Performance detection test (1) Number of times of using the anvil: Record the number of times the anvil participates in the synthesis through the equipment control system.

[0064] Compared with the simple high temperature and high pressure synthesis of ultra - fine grain PCD in Comparative Example 1, the synthesis pressure in Example 3 is reduced by 0.3 GPa. Under the condition of reducing the synthesis pressure, the number of times of using the anvil can be increased by about 1000 times on the original basis, greatly reducing the production cost of the enterprise.

[0065] (2) Abrasion ratio: Measured using an abrasion ratio tester; Detection result: As shown in Table 3.

[0066] (3) Impact toughness: Using a drop - hammer impact test; Detection result: As shown in Table 3.

[0067] Table 3 Performance detection results of ultra - fine grain PCD composite sheets in examples and comparative examples Combined with the detection results in the above table, it can be seen that the ultra - fine grain PCD composite sheet prepared by using the technical solution of the present application has good wear resistance and impact toughness.

[0068] In the preparation method of the ultra - fine grain PCD composite sheet in Comparative Example 1, the coarse powder is not assembled, and the wear resistance and impact toughness of the prepared ultra - fine grain PCD composite sheet are poor.

[0069] By comparing the test results of Examples 1-5 and Comparative Example 2, it can be seen that in the present application, diamond powder with a particle size of 8-12 μm, diamond powder with a particle size of 4-6 μm, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1-3 μm, which are mixed in a weight ratio of 50-70:10-30:10-20, are used to form the coarse diamond powder in the coarse powder material, and the prepared ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet has excellent wear resistance and impact toughness.

[0070] By comparing the test results of Example 3 and Examples 6-9 and Comparative Example 3, it can be seen that in the present application, diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6-1 μm and diamond powder with a particle size of 0-0.5 μm, which are mixed in a weight ratio of 70-90:10-30, are used to form the fine diamond powder in the fine powder material, and the prepared ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet has excellent wear resistance and impact toughness.

[0071] By comparing the test results of Example 3 and Examples 10-15 and Comparative Examples 4-5, it can be seen that in the present application, by precisely matching the process parameters of high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis, the wear resistance and impact toughness of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet are further improved.

[0072] Although the present invention has been described in detail above with general descriptions and specific embodiments, on the basis of the present invention, some modifications or improvements can be made, which are obvious to those skilled in the art. Therefore, these modifications or improvements made without departing from the spirit of the present invention all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A preparation method of an ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet, characterized in that, Specifically, it includes the following steps carried out in sequence: batching, mixing, drying, vacuum reduction, encapsulation, and high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis; The batching step specifically is: preparing coarse powder and fine powder separately; Among them, the coarse powder is composed of coarse diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 1 - 2 μm in a weight ratio of 90 - 97:3 - 10; the coarse diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 8 - 12 μm, diamond powder with a particle size of 4 - 6 μm, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1 - 3 μm in a weight ratio of 50 - 70:10 - 30:10 - 20; The fine powder is composed of fine diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 150 - 250 nm in a weight ratio of 90 - 97:3 - 10; the fine diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6 - 1 μm and diamond powder with a particle size of 0 - 0.5 μm in a weight ratio of 70 - 90:10 - 30; The vacuum reduction step is: placing the dried powder under vacuum and at 450 - 550 °C for 2.5 - 4 h; The high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis step is: placing the encapsulated blank under 5.0 - 5.5 GPa and at 1400 - 1600 °C for 10 - 20 min.

2. The preparation method of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The coarse powder is composed of coarse diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 1 - 2 μm in a weight ratio of 93 - 97:3 - 7; the coarse diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 8 - 12 μm, diamond powder with a particle size of 4 - 6 μm, and diamond powder with a particle size of 1 - 3 μm in a weight ratio of 55 - 65:15 - 25:12 - 18; 3. The preparation method of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet according to claim 1, wherein, The fine powder is composed of fine diamond powder and Co powder with a particle size of 150 - 250 nm in a weight ratio of 93 - 97:3 - 7; the fine diamond powder is composed of diamond powder with a particle size of 0.6 - 1 μm and diamond powder with a particle size of 0 - 0.5 μm in a weight ratio of 75 - 85:15 - 25; 4. The preparation method of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mixing step is: placing the prepared powder in a mixing barrel, adding alcohol as the wet mixing medium to submerge the powder, and mixing in a three-dimensional mixer for 13 - 20 h.

5. The preparation method of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The vacuum reduction step is: placing the dried powder under vacuum and at 470 - 520 °C for 2.5 - 3.5 h.

6. The preparation method of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The encapsulation step is: (1) Weigh the vacuum-reduced fine powder to fill the metal cup 1 with a thickness of 0.25 - 0.35 mm, and then press it into the metal cup 2 with a matching size; (2) Level and compact the vacuum-reduced coarse powder with a thickness of 0.17 - 0.23 mm on the metal cup 1; (3) Press the cemented carbide substrate with a thickness of 4.6 - 6.0 mm into the metal cup 2 so that the cemented carbide substrate is in close contact with the coarse powder layer; (4) Cover the metal cup 3 on the metal cup 2 to cover the cemented carbide substrate, and assemble to obtain the blank.

7. The preparation method of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite piece according to claim 1, characterized in that, The high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis step is: placing the encapsulated blank first under 2.0 - 4.0 GPa and at 200 - 300 °C for 3 - 5 min; then increasing the pressure to 5.3 - 5.5 GPa and raising the temperature to 1400 - 1600 °C for 10 - 15 min.

8. The preparation method of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis step is as follows: The encapsulated blank piece is first placed under the conditions of 2.5 - 3.5 GPa and 220 - 280 °C for heat preservation for 3 - 5 min; then the pressure is increased to 5.3 - 5.5 GPa and the temperature is increased to 1450 - 1550 °C for heat preservation for 10 - 15 min.

9. An ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet, characterized in that, Prepared by using the preparation method according to any one of claims 1 - 8.

10. Application of the ultrafine-grained PCD composite sheet as claimed in claim 9 in the fields of petroleum, geology, machining, stone processing, and glass processing.

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