High-efficiency composite biological filter bed adaptive filler waste gas treatment method

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the technical field of waste gas pollution control, and specifically discloses a method for treating waste gas using an adaptive filler of a high-efficiency composite biological filter bed, comprising: a closed-loop system formed by the coordinated operation of a four-fold mechanism of a buffering adsorption layer, a biodegradation layer, a humidity change signal adjustment layer, and pH balancing microspheres. The physical level buffers shock loads and maintains uniform airflow; the biological level regulates humidity and nutrients to ensure high activity of microorganisms; and the chemical level instantly neutralizes the pH value of by-products. The humidity sensing membrane deformation drives the valve disc to self-feedback and adjust the waste gas flow without power, and the nutrient release layer continuously nourishes the bacterial community, providing a stable ecological environment for microorganisms with multiple protections. The ability of the system to cope with complex working conditions is improved through physical pressure resistance, mechanical anti-blocking, and dynamic acid-base balance, which can ensure the efficient decomposition of pollutants and a degradation rate that continuously and stably exceeds the preset threshold, thereby helping to ensure the long-term operating performance and good structural integrity of the system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of waste gas pollution control and relates to a method for treating waste gas using an adaptable filler of a high-efficiency composite biological filter bed. Background Art

[0002] Industrial waste gas contains large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or pollutants, which seriously pollute the environment and pose health risks. While conventional biofilter technology can degrade some pollutants, it faces significant challenges in practical application. These include fluctuations in waste gas flow and pollutant concentrations, which can easily lead to packing blockage or biofilm inactivation due to insufficient humidity. Furthermore, the accumulation of acidic or alkaline byproducts produced during biodegradation can reduce microbial activity and degradation efficiency.

[0003] Existing solutions often utilize single-layer or simple multi-layer packing structures, supplemented by independent sensors and electronic control systems to monitor and adjust environmental parameters. For example, electronic humidity sensors detect changes in packing humidity. When the data exceeds the range, the controller activates humidification or ventilation equipment to adjust the humidity. Abnormal pH values ​​require manual addition of chemical neutralization agents or activation of additional acid-base treatment units. These methods attempt to maintain basic filter bed operating conditions through post-intervention.

[0004] However, these traditional treatment methods have inherent drawbacks: their sensing and execution units rely heavily on external power supplies and complex control procedures, increasing system failure rates and maintenance costs. The electronic system's response hysteresis and discrete control mode make it difficult to meet the real-time processing requirements of dynamically changing exhaust gas loads, often leading to fluctuations in treatment efficiency or even failure. In particular, the multiple subsystems often operate independently, lacking close coordination at different levels and unable to form an efficient and adaptive internal micro-ecological environment. This severely limits the overall purification efficiency and stability of exhaust gases containing complex components. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to overcome the above-mentioned defects of the prior art and achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention proposes the following technical solution: a high-efficiency composite biofilter bed adaptive filler waste gas treatment method, comprising the following contents: S1, obtaining the industrial waste gas flow and transporting it to the inlet end of the composite biofilter bed system, so that the industrial waste gas flow passes through the buffer adsorption layer, biodegradation layer and nutrient release layer of the composite biofilter bed system in sequence, generating a load buffering pollutant and microbial activity enhancement effect.

[0006] S2. A humidity sensing film is set on the surface of the biodegradable layer to obtain humidity state parameters, and the humidity state parameters are monitored in real time to generate a humidity change signal.

[0007] S3. Adjust the opening of the air inlet valve disc according to the humidity change signal to control the exhaust gas flow, and link the centrifugal fan to maintain a constant wind pressure to generate a stabilized exhaust gas load flow.

[0008] S4. During the process of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc, the permeate of the filter bed is discharged to a preset recovery container, and then the permeate composition is obtained and its abnormal pH state is detected. Dynamic neutralization reaction is carried out through the deployed pH balance microspheres to generate a micro-ecological environment optimization signal.

[0009] S5. Based on the microecological environment optimization signal, the pollutant degradation rate reaches the preset threshold through the synergistic buffering of the sudden load bearing capacity of the adsorption layer, the microbial activity maintenance capacity of the biodegradation layer, the physical feedback capacity of the valve disc adjusted by the humidity change signal, and the chemical compensation capacity of the pH balance microspheres.

[0010] Compared with the existing technology, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) The present invention forms a closed-loop system through the coordinated operation of the buffer adsorption layer, the biodegradation layer, the humidity change signal regulation and the pH balance microspheres. The four mechanisms dynamically cooperate to form a closed-loop system. The physical level buffers the impact load and maintains uniform airflow. The biological level ensures the high activity of microorganisms in a constant temperature and humidity environment. The chemical level immediately neutralizes the abnormal pH of the reaction byproducts. This deep fusion of physics, biology and chemistry ensures that pollutants can be efficiently decomposed through multiple pathways, thereby driving the system's pollutant degradation rate to continuously and stably remain above the preset threshold.

[0011] (2) The present invention utilizes the physical deformation of the humidity-sensing membrane as the source of regulation. Its expansion or contraction directly drives the air inlet valve disc through a mechanical sensing rod, thereby regulating the exhaust gas flow in real time. This process does not require external power or complex electronic control systems. The synchronous gravity-guided permeate and microsphere-triggered pH compensation are also designed as self-responsive mechanisms. The overall system achieves unpowered self-feedback operation throughout the entire chain, from environmental sensing and flow control to byproduct management, significantly reducing energy consumption and failure risks, and is easy to maintain and highly reliable.

[0012] (3) The rapid response system formed by the humidity sensor and the linked valve in the present invention can accurately and dynamically adjust the exhaust gas flow and humidity flowing through the biodegradation layer to the optimal range for microorganisms. At the same time, the nutrient release layer continuously nourishes the probiotic community, and the pH-balancing microspheres quickly neutralize the abnormal acid-base byproducts that may inhibit bacterial activity. This precise control and immediate protection of humidity, nutrient supply, and chemical reaction environment provides a highly stable and excellent habitat for the microbial community responsible for the main degradation task, which is the fundamental guarantee for their long-term ultra-high decomposition activity and efficiency.

[0013] (4) The present invention uses a buffer adsorption layer composed of activated carbon and elastic porous materials to effectively absorb and carry sudden peak impacts of exhaust gas concentration and flow. When a load warning is triggered, the system can activate flow regulation through a collaborative mechanism to achieve a smooth transition, avoiding instantaneous overload damage to subsequent packing layers. The compressive properties of the physical structure, the prevention of blockage and deactivation by rapid mechanical feedback, and the protection of the packing layer by dynamic acid-base balance, together greatly enhance the system's ability to cope with complex working conditions and ensure that the equipment maintains good treatment efficiency and structural integrity during long-term continuous operation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for describing the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0015] Figure 1 The figure is a schematic flow chart of the steps for implementing the method of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0017] See also Figure 1 As shown, the high-efficiency composite biofilter bed adaptive filler waste gas treatment method proposed in the present invention includes the following contents: S1, obtaining the industrial waste gas flow and transporting it to the inlet end of the composite biofilter bed system, so that the industrial waste gas flow passes through the buffer adsorption layer, biodegradation layer and nutrient release layer of the composite biofilter bed system in sequence, generating load buffering pollutants and microbial activity enhancement effects.

[0018] In a preferred embodiment, the industrial waste gas flow is obtained and transported to the inlet end of the composite biological filter bed system, which includes: after the industrial waste gas is drawn out from the emission source of the production workshop through a sealed pipe, the centrifugal fan provides transportation power, and the waste gas flow is continuously transported at normal pressure along a ventilation duct with a preset slope. The ventilation duct is made of corrosion-resistant polyvinyl chloride material, its inner wall remains smooth and the inclination angle is not less than 3 degrees throughout the entire process, ensuring that liquid pollutants cannot be deposited and retained.

[0019] The end of the pipeline is sealed and connected to the circular inlet end of the composite biological filter bed system with a flange. The inlet end is embedded with a conical diversion guide plate, and a honeycomb through-hole array is provided on the surface of the guide plate to form a uniform and dispersed flow state when the exhaust gas enters.

[0020] Among them, industrial waste gas refers to polluted airflow containing volatile organic compounds or inorganic odorous gases, whose components come from chemical synthesis, spraying operations or biological fermentation processes; ventilation ducts refer to closed conveying structures with an inner diameter of 200mm to 500mm, and the slope design is dynamically adjusted according to the content of liquid components in the waste gas. If it is detected that the proportion of droplets exceeds 5%, the slope increases to 5 degrees; centrifugal fans use power devices with a wind pressure range of 500Pa to 1500Pa, and their speed maintains a positive correlation with the workshop waste gas production, that is, when the production increases, the fan speed increases proportionally; the composite biological filter bed system is a processing device that integrates an inlet-end conical diversion guide plate and a ventilation duct. The inlet end of the composite biological filter bed system refers to a stainless steel guide component with a cone apex angle of 60 degrees. The cone surface is evenly distributed with hexagonal through holes with an aperture of 10mm, and the total hole area accounts for more than 60% of the total cone area, physically forcing the airflow to diverge.

[0021] For example, a chemical plant collects benzene-related waste gas through a gas collection hood and transports it through a ventilation duct with a length of 15 meters. The pipeline uses a polyvinyl chloride pipe with an inner diameter of 300mm. Because the waste gas contains 8% of condensed water mist, the installation slope is set to 5 degrees. The end of the pipeline is connected to the inlet of the filter bed through a flange. The operator starts the centrifugal fan and adjusts it to the 800Pa wind pressure gear. When the workshop production capacity increases by 30%, the fan speed is simultaneously increased by 30% to maintain airflow balance. After the exhaust gas hits the conical guide plate at the inlet end, it is dispersed into thin streams through 72 hexagonal through holes. The measured inlet section flow velocity difference is less than 10%, which meets the uniform distribution requirements of the subsequent packing layer.

[0022] In a further preferred embodiment, the industrial waste gas flow is sequentially passed through the buffer adsorption layer, biodegradation layer and nutrient release layer of the composite biological filter bed system to generate a load buffering pollutant and microbial activity enhancement effect, including: the industrial waste gas flow passes through the buffer adsorption layer to adsorb pollutants and absorb moisture to generate primary purified waste gas.

[0023] The primary purified waste gas is input into the biodegradation layer and biodegraded using an inert carrier with probiotics attached to the surface to generate secondary purified waste gas.

[0024] The secondary purified exhaust gas is input into the nutrient release layer, where nutrients are released through slow-release fertilizer particles to enhance microbial activity and generate output exhaust gas.

[0025] The load buffering pollutants are the result of the operation of the buffer adsorption layer, and the microbial activity enhancement effect is the result of the operation of the nutrient release layer.

[0026] Among them, the buffer adsorption layer refers to the filler area that occupies 30% of the total height of the filter bed. The activated carbon particles are set to coal-based carbon with a particle size of 3 mm to 5 mm. The basis is that the particle size needs to adapt to the exhaust gas flow to prevent clogging; the biodegradable layer occupies 40% of the total height of the filter bed, and the wood chips are processed into long pine wood chips with a size range of 5 cm long, 2 cm wide and 0.5 cm thick. The basis is that the shape maximizes the microbial attachment area; the inert carrier with probiotics attached to the surface refers to a polyethylene plastic ring with a diameter of 2 cm and a pre-coated probiotic agent on the surface. The basis is that the ring structure ensures airflow permeability and bacterial stability; the nutrient release layer occupies 30% of the total height of the filter bed. The slow-release fertilizer particles are selected from coated urea phosphate rock composite particles with a diameter of 4 mm to 6 mm. The basis is that they dissolve slowly to match the needs of microorganisms.

[0027] For example, the hydrogen sulfide waste gas from a rubber tire factory is diverted into the filter bed after being diverted through the inlet end. Workers fill the buffer adsorption layer with 4 mm particle size fruit shell activated carbon and 0.1 gram per cubic centimeter density polyurethane sponge. During operation, the sponge expands with the humidity of the waste gas and absorbs moisture; then the waste gas flows into the biodegradable layer, and workers lay sawdust and scatter desulfurization probiotic plastic rings; finally, the gas penetrates into the bottom layer of slow-release fertilizer particles; during maintenance, the system degradation rate is monitored, and after running for a week at an initial concentration of 200 ppm, it drops to below 50 ppm; testers can adjust the filler thickness ratio to adapt to different factory sizes when reproducing the process.

[0028] S2. A humidity sensing film is set on the surface of the biodegradable layer to obtain humidity state parameters, and the humidity state parameters are monitored in real time to generate a humidity change signal.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment, the real-time monitoring of humidity state parameters includes: the humidity sensing membrane is exposed to the air flow passing through the biodegradable layer, and if the water vapor content in the air flow environment increases, the membrane absorbs water and expands in volume, otherwise it dehydrates and shrinks.

[0030] A mechanical sensing rod vertically penetrates the center of the membrane, with its bottom end fixed to the bottom of the membrane and the top end connected to the scale identification plate. When the membrane expands, the sensing rod is pushed up to drive the identification plate up, and when the membrane contracts, the identification plate is pulled down.

[0031] The identification plate is engraved with green, yellow and red color bands, and the range from the yellow area to the green area in the middle of the scale frame of the identification plate is defined as the microbial activity threshold range.

[0032] By observing the displacement amplitude of the identification plate on the scale frame, it is directly judged whether the current system humidity is within the microbial activity threshold range.

[0033] Among them, the humidity sensing membrane refers to a gray-white translucent colloidal sheet with a thickness of 0.5 mm, the size of which is the same as the cross-sectional area of ​​the biodegradable layer. The basis is that it needs to completely cover the monitoring area and the degree of expansion is linearly related to the humidity. By monitoring the expansion or contraction of the membrane, the humidity state parameters of the surface of the biodegradable layer can be judged in real time. The humidity sensing membrane is made of polyacrylamide cross-linked polymer, and its lower edge is directly in contact with the surface of sawdust in the biodegradable layer; the mechanical sensing rod is set to a stainless steel rod with a diameter of 2 mm, and the top identification plate is engraved with green, yellow and red bands. The green band corresponds to the optimal humidity range for microorganisms. The basis is that the movement of the rod must accurately reflect the deformation of the membrane by more than 0.1 mm; the scale identification plate refers to the triangular metal pointer attached to the top of the sensing rod. The position of the scale frame pointed by the tip of the pointer represents the humidity level. The design is based on the visual distance that must meet manual observation at a distance of 5 meters.

[0034] For example, a paper mill's waste gas treatment system operates with a 1.2-meter x 0.8-meter humidity-sensing membrane installed above the biodegradable layer. As the exhaust gas humidity increases, the membrane absorbs moisture to a thickness of 2.1 mm, pushing the sensing rod upward 5 cm, causing the needle to enter the red zone of the scale. Maintenance personnel determine the humidity is too high based on this and adjust the air flow intensity accordingly. After three hours, the membrane shrinks back to 1.8 mm thick, and the needle returns to the midpoint of the green zone. To replicate this operation, engineers used a colloidal membrane made of the same material and installed it on a similar biofilter bed. By changing the needle's color range, they verified the humidity adaptability of different bacterial strains.

[0035] S3. Adjust the opening of the air inlet valve disc according to the humidity change signal to control the exhaust gas flow, and link the centrifugal fan to maintain a constant wind pressure to generate a stabilized exhaust gas load flow.

[0036] In a preferred embodiment, the opening of the air inlet valve disc is adjusted according to the humidity change signal to control the exhaust gas flow, and the centrifugal fan is linked to maintain a constant wind pressure to generate a stabilized exhaust gas load flow, which includes: using a mechanical sensing rod to detect the displacement caused by the humidity change signal, and converting the displacement linkage into an opening adjustment action of the air inlet valve disc.

[0037] When the humidity sensing membrane expands and pushes the mechanical sensing rod upward, the linkage device pulls the valve disc rotating shaft to partially close, reducing the air inlet opening to reduce the exhaust gas flow; when the humidity sensing membrane contracts and pulls the mechanical sensing rod downward, the linkage device drives the valve disc in reverse to open the air inlet and increase the exhaust gas flow.

[0038] At the same time, the speed of the centrifugal fan is adjusted to maintain a constant wind pressure to ensure that the exhaust gas continues to flow through the composite filler layer at a balanced rate, generating a stabilized exhaust gas load flow and avoiding the filler layer from being blocked due to excessive humidity or deactivated due to too low humidity.

[0039] The stabilized exhaust gas load flow is used to ensure that the humidity value of the biodegradation layer remains within a preset microbial activity threshold range.

[0040] Among them, the expansion degree of the humidity sensing membrane is positively correlated with the humidity; the air inlet valve disc refers to an adjustable blade assembly installed at the inlet end of the composite biological filter bed system or the end of the ventilation duct, the number of blades is set to 4 to 8, and the controllable opening range is set to 0 degrees to 90 degrees. The opening change is based on the linear response to the displacement of the sensing rod. For example, a 10 mm rise in the rod corresponds to a 15 degree closure. This design adapts to the fluctuating range of the exhaust gas flow to prevent the filler from overloading. The centrifugal fan is a power device with adjustable wind pressure. The speed matches the valve disc opening to maintain stable wind pressure. The stabilized exhaust gas load flow refers to the constant exhaust gas flow at the level of microbial activity after adjustment. The air flow within the suitable range is set at a flow rate between 0.5 meters per second and 1.5 meters per second. The basis is that the flow rate must ensure that the humidity value of the biodegradable layer is always within the threshold range of microbial activity. The flow rate range is directly derived from the laboratory filler permeability test data; the displacement of the mechanical sensing rod directly acts on the air inlet valve disc control mechanism, and the adjustment action of the air inlet valve disc opening is linked to the mechanical sensing rod to synchronize the working state of the centrifugal fan. The speed of the centrifugal fan automatically matches the change of the valve disc opening to maintain a constant wind pressure. The entire linkage process is based on real-time mechanical feedback of the physical deformation of the humidity sensing membrane.

[0041] For example, in the waste gas treatment of a food processing plant, the humidity sensing membrane of the biodegradable layer swells to 1.9 mm thick due to the humidity increasing to 18%, pushing the mechanical sensing rod up 4 cm, and the linkage device drives the air inlet valve disc to close the two blades to an opening of 45 degrees. The speed of the centrifugal fan is reduced from 80 Hz to 60 Hz, reducing the waste gas flow by 20%; after the waste gas flows through, the membrane shrinks and the thickness is reduced to 1.5 mm, and the rod drops 3 cm to trigger the linkage mechanism to open a blade to an opening of 65 degrees, and the centrifugal fan reversal speed is adjusted to 70 Hz; after treatment, the humidity of the packing layer is stable in the green zone, and the equipment continues to operate without blockage; when the technicians reproduce this process, they use valve discs and linkage rods of the same material, and verify the valve disc response performance by simulating humidity changes.

[0042] S4. During the process of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc, the permeate of the filter bed is discharged to a preset recovery container, and then the permeate composition is obtained and its abnormal pH state is detected. Dynamic neutralization reaction is carried out through the deployed pH balance microspheres to generate a micro-ecological environment optimization signal.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, during the process of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc, the permeate of the filter bed is discharged to a preset recovery container, which includes: defining the action of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc as a valve position action.

[0044] The permeate generated at the junction of the buffer adsorption layer and the biodegradation layer as the humidity changes is obtained. The permeate accumulates excess water and dissolved pollutants due to the valve position action, and penetrates the nutrient release layer downward under the action of gravity and is deposited at the bottom of the filter bed.

[0045] Driven by gravity, the permeate flows through the drainage tube into the recovery container for automatic drainage. This drainage process responds synchronously with the valve position movement. When the valve opening increases, the amount of permeate decreases, and when the valve opening decreases, the amount of permeate increases. The system completes liquid removal without the need for additional power devices.

[0046] Specifically, the formula for obtaining the amount of permeate generated is set as: , where is the amount of permeate generated, measured through the drainage tube; The condensation coefficient is in the range of 0.15-0.25. It is a function related to the filler material and reflects the influence of the filler material on the condensation of water in the exhaust gas. Different filler materials will lead to Different values ​​will affect the amount of permeate generated; is the valve disc opening ratio in the range of 0-1; The exhaust gas flow rate is obtained by multiplying the centrifugal fan air volume by the cross-sectional area of ​​the internal space of the ventilation duct. It represents the exhaust gas volume passing through the system per unit time and is one of the key factors affecting the amount of permeate generated. It is the relative humidity of the exhaust gas, which is converted from the expansion degree of the humidity sensing membrane. It reflects the moisture content in the exhaust gas. The higher the relative humidity, the more moisture there is in the exhaust gas, and the easier it is to form permeate.

[0047] Among them, humidity changes follow the increase or decrease state of water vapor content indicated by the expansion or contraction of the humidity sensing membrane; the opening and closing amplitude of the valve position action directly responds to the displacement of the mechanical sensing rod; the permeate is generated at the junction of the buffer adsorption layer and the biodegradation layer as the humidity changes, and contains water and pollutant components dissolved in the wastewater; the bottom of the filter bed refers to the nutrient release layer area at the bottom of the composite biological filter bed system, which is provided with a drain outlet, based on the need to collect all gravity sedimentation liquids; one end of the drainage pipe is embedded in the drain outlet at the bottom of the filter bed, and the other end is connected to the recovery container. The drainage pipe is set to a polypropylene straight pipe with an inner diameter of 20 mm, and the length is adapted to the distance from the filter bed to the recovery container. The basis is that the pipe diameter needs to match the liquid flow rate to avoid blockage while ensuring the diversion efficiency. The size is directly derived from the calculation of the maximum liquid flow rate; the recovery container refers to a high-density polyethylene plastic tank with variable volume, which is placed under the filter bed. The basis is that the tank capacity needs to accommodate the total amount of permeate generated daily to prevent overflow.

[0048] For example, during the operation of the waste gas treatment equipment of a certain electroplating plant, the operator observed the expansion of the humidity sensing membrane in the biodegradable layer, indicating a high humidity state. Subsequently, the valve position was actuated to close the air inlet valve disc to 40 degrees to reduce the waste gas flow; this operation prompted the buffer adsorption layer to absorb more water vapor, and the permeate generated between the buffer adsorption layer and the biodegradable layer increased, and was discharged to the recovery container through the drainage pipe; during maintenance, the technician recorded the amount of liquid discharged within 24 hours reaching 5 cubic decimeters and then replaced the recovery container; after replacement, the valve was opened to 70 degrees to reduce liquid generation; when the engineer reproduced the process, he chose the same drainage pipe material and arranged it at the bottom of the filter bed, and verified the continuity of the permeate discharge by simulating the change of the valve disc angle.

[0049] In a further preferred embodiment, the method of obtaining the permeate components and detecting the abnormal pH state thereof, performing a dynamic neutralization reaction through the deployed pH balancing microspheres, and generating a microecological environment optimization signal comprises: after the industrial waste gas flows through the biodegradation layer of the composite biofilter bed system, it carries the permeate components into the terminal area of ​​the waste gas flow path, and the pH balancing microspheres are evenly deployed in the path.

[0050] Definition of recycling container measured The acidic state is an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions; definition The alkaline state is characterized by an increase in the hydroxide concentration, and the corresponding thresholds for the acidic and alkaline pH states are derived from the experimental data on the maintenance of probiotic activity.

[0051] When the hydrogen ion concentration in the permeate discharged from the recovery container increases and becomes strongly acidic, the acidic liquid contacts the pH-balanced microspheres, triggering the dissolution of the outer layer material, and the solid calcium carbonate particles sealed inside contact the infiltrated liquid to undergo a neutralization reaction.

[0052] If the hydroxide concentration of the permeate increases, the alkaline environment stimulates the pH-balanced microspheres to release sodium dihydrogen phosphate particles to achieve neutralization, and the reaction products are adsorbed on the internal pores of the microsphere surface.

[0053] When the pH value returns to the preset range, the pH-balancing microspheres stop releasing substances, and the treatment process automatically outputs a microecological environment optimization signal to the system monitoring terminal. The entire process continuously maintains the neutral chemical environment required for microbial metabolism.

[0054] Among them, the end area of ​​the exhaust gas flow path is set as the buffer section from the outlet of the biodegradable layer to the system exhaust pipe, and its length accounts for one-fifth of the total length of the system. The basis is that microsphere reaction space needs to be reserved and pressure drop needs to be reduced; pH-balanced microspheres refer to sodium alginate cross-linked calcium ion gel spheres with a diameter of 5 mm, and the inner core is loaded with calcium carbonate or sodium dihydrogen phosphate solid particles. The number density is set to 5,000 spheres per cubic meter of path. The basis is that the probability of microspheres contacting the liquid phase per unit time under typical gas flow rates must exceed 98%; solid calcium carbonate particles are 200 mesh industrial-grade powder with a single ball loading of 60 mg, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate particles are 100 mesh crystals with a single ball loading of 55 mg. The basis is that the peak acid and alkali amount that may occur after complete neutralization does not exceed the single ball reserve; the microecological environment optimization signal is defined as a current signal triggered when the pH value is maintained in the range of 6 to 8, and is output by the electrode probe embedded in the pH-balanced microsphere layer to detect the normal value of conductivity. The basis is that the current pulse frequency is linearly related to the pH value.

[0055] For example, during the operation of a waste gas purification device in a pharmaceutical factory, the pH value of the permeate detected in the recovery container dropped to 4.3 due to the presence of organic acid; the permeate flowed through the terminal area and contacted the pH balancing microspheres. After 45 seconds, the pH balancing microspheres were monitored to release white suspended matter calcium carbonate, which increased the pH value of the liquid to 6.8 within 10 minutes and maintained stable, and simultaneously triggered the microecological environment optimization signal; during the shutdown and maintenance, the technicians observed that the volume of the pH balancing microspheres was reduced by about one-third, and dark flocculent precipitates were adsorbed on the surface; the pH balancing microspheres of the same specifications were replaced to reproduce the process, and manual configuration was performed. The sulfuric acid solution was injected into the flow path to verify that the pH value returned to the neutral range within 7 minutes, and the pH balance microsphere reaction response curve was consistent with the preset one.

[0056] S5. Based on the microecological environment optimization signal, the pollutant degradation rate reaches the preset threshold through the synergistic buffering of the sudden load bearing capacity of the adsorption layer, the microbial activity maintenance capacity of the biodegradation layer, the physical feedback capacity of the valve disc adjusted by the humidity change signal, and the chemical compensation capacity of the pH balance microspheres.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the content of S5 includes: after the industrial waste gas enters the composite biological filter bed system, it flows through the buffer adsorption layer, the biodegradation layer and the end area of ​​the waste gas flow path in sequence.

[0058] When the buffer adsorption layer reaches the preset adsorption warning threshold, its activated carbon adsorbs redundant pollutants under pressure load, thereby triggering the increase in the opening of the air inlet valve disc to smooth the load impact.

[0059] The synchronous humidity change signal regulation adjusts the exhaust gas flow through the mechanical sensing rod linked to the air inlet valve disc, maintaining the humidity of the biodegradable layer within the preset microbial activity threshold range to ensure decomposition efficiency.

[0060] The deviation of the pH value of the permeate from the appropriate range required for microbial metabolism during the waste gas treatment process is defined as abnormal pH value of the permeate. If the pH value of the permeate is abnormal, the pH balancing microspheres will immediately release neutralizing substances to correct the pH value of the permeate to the neutral range to optimize the microecological environment.

[0061] The four subsystems, including sudden load pressure bearing, microbial activity maintenance, chemical compensation, and valve disc physical feedback, dynamically cooperate to form a comprehensive closed-loop mechanism to ensure that the final pollutants are decomposed through multiple degradation pathways. The system detects the outlet concentration and calculates the total degradation rate to continuously exceed the preset threshold.

[0062] Specifically, the degradation rate calculation formula is set as: , where The real-time degradation rate of pollutants is used to measure the proportion of pollutants removed after the biodegradation process at a specific moment, and is calculated based on the outlet concentration detection value; The maximum degradation rate is usually set at no less than 90%. It is a preset target threshold and represents the highest degradation ratio that can be achieved by pollutants under the ideal state of the biodegradation system. It provides a target reference for the design and optimization of the system. is the reaction rate constant, which is determined by the type of probiotics, temperature, and humidity and is calibrated in the laboratory; is the residence time of the exhaust gas in the biolayer, , It indicates the effective residence length of waste gas in the biolayer, that is, the effective path length of waste gas in the biodegradation layer. This length affects the contact time between waste gas and microorganisms, thus affecting the degradation effect of pollutants. It represents the flow rate of waste gas, that is, the volume of waste gas passing through the biodegradation layer per unit time. The size of the waste gas flow rate directly determines the residence time of the waste gas in the biolayer. The faster the flow rate, the shorter the residence time, and vice versa.

[0063] Among them, the sudden load pressure-bearing subsystem prevents blockage by dynamically adjusting the valve flap and the fan to quickly expand the capacity; the microbial activity maintenance subsystem ensures the efficient metabolism of probiotics through humidity / pH control and nutrient release; the chemical compensation subsystem adds oxidants / neutralizers to enhance the removal of difficult-to-degrade substances; the valve flap physical feedback subsystem realizes wind pressure-flow closed-loop control through mechanical-sensor linkage. The four work together to ensure that the pollutant degradation rate of the system continues to reach the preset threshold under impact conditions.

[0064] The sudden load bearing capacity of the buffer adsorption layer is defined as the amount of additional pollutants that can be adsorbed by a unit volume of filler within a set time period, based on the laboratory impact test data matching the limit volume of pore deformation of the elastomer; the microbial activity maintenance capacity of the biodegradable layer refers to the survival rate of probiotics exceeding 95% in the humidity range of 45% to 65%, based on the constant humidity verification data derived from the valve position action maintenance; the physical feedback capability of humidity change signal regulation refers to the response speed of the rod body to rotate the valve disc to a set angle within milliseconds when the sensing membrane expands by unit millimeter, based on the transmission ratio of the mechanical structure matching the slope of the exhaust gas humidity change; the chemical compensation capability of the pH balance microspheres is defined as the ability of a single microsphere to neutralize a specified unit of pH anomaly per unit time, based on the molar amount of the reactants matching the maximum ion concentration monitoring value of the permeate; the collaborative setting is to synchronously trigger the valve disc opening to increase by 5%-10% when the adsorption amount of the buffer layer reaches the warning threshold, and its logic is derived from the physical-chemical coupling response protocol preset by the control system.

[0065] For example, during the operation test of a petrochemical waste gas treatment station, the toluene concentration in the waste gas suddenly doubled, triggering an early warning of the buffer adsorption layer; when the monitoring system showed that the pore filling rate of the buffer layer reached 85%, the humidity change signal adjustment automatically opened the valve flap to increase the waste gas flow by 15%, maintaining the humidity of the biodegradation layer at 50% to ensure the activity of Bacillus; at the same time, the pH of the permeate dropped to 4.2 due to the accumulation of degradation by-products, and the pH-balancing microspheres released calcium carbonate particles to correct the pH to 6.7 within 9 minutes; after 48 hours of continuous operation, the total amount of pollutants at the outlet was detected to be 93% less than that at the inlet, and the degradation rate curve was stable at more than 92%; when the technicians reproduced the problem, they used activated carbon laminated test pieces of the same specifications and microspheres from the same batch, and simulated triple load fluctuations through joint debugging equipment to confirm that the degradation rate met the standards.

[0066] It should be noted that the formulas described above, through the principle of dimensional consistency and mathematical standardization (e.g., normalization, dimensionless parameter conversion, or unified unit system), can translate physical quantities of different attributes into unitless standard values ​​or homogeneous, superimposable parameters. This eliminates the interference of different dimensions on operational logic, ensuring that the formulas retain the distribution characteristics of the original data while maintaining mathematical rationality and adaptability to objective laws. These are merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. High-efficiency composite biological filter bed adaptive filler waste gas treatment method, characterized in that: include: S1. Obtain industrial waste gas flow and transport it to the inlet of the composite biofilter bed system, so that the industrial waste gas flow flows through the buffer adsorption layer, biodegradation layer and nutrient release layer of the composite biofilter bed system in sequence, generating a pollutant load buffering and microbial activity enhancement effect; The process of sequentially passing the industrial waste gas stream through the buffer adsorption layer, the biodegradation layer, and the nutrient release layer of the composite biofilter bed system to generate a pollutant load buffering and microbial activity enhancement effect includes: the industrial waste gas stream passes through the buffer adsorption layer to adsorb pollutants and absorb moisture to generate primary purified waste gas; The primary purified waste gas is fed into the biodegradation layer and biodegraded using an inert carrier with probiotics attached to its surface to generate secondary purified waste gas. The secondary purified waste gas is input into the nutrient release layer, where nutrients are released through slow-release fertilizer particles to enhance microbial activity and generate output waste gas; The load buffering pollutants are the result of the operation of the buffer adsorption layer, and the microbial activity enhancement effect is the result of the operation of the nutrient release layer; S2. Setting a humidity sensing film on the surface of the biodegradable layer to obtain humidity state parameters, and monitoring the humidity state parameters in real time to generate a humidity change signal; S3. Adjust the opening of the air inlet valve disc according to the humidity change signal to control the exhaust gas flow, and link the centrifugal fan to maintain a constant wind pressure to generate a stabilized exhaust gas load flow; S4. During the process of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc, the permeate from the filter bed is discharged to a preset recovery container, and the permeate composition is obtained and its abnormal pH state is detected. The pH balancing microspheres are deployed to perform a dynamic neutralization reaction to generate a microecological environment optimization signal; S5. Based on the microecological environment optimization signal, the pollutant degradation rate reaches the preset threshold through the synergistic buffering of the sudden load bearing capacity of the adsorption layer, the microbial activity maintenance capacity of the biodegradation layer, the physical feedback capacity of the valve disc adjusted by the humidity change signal, and the chemical compensation capacity of the pH balance microspheres.

2. The method for treating waste gas from a high-efficiency composite biofilter bed with adaptive filler according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of obtaining the industrial waste gas stream and delivering it to the inlet of the composite biological filter bed system includes: After the industrial waste gas is drawn out from the emission source in the production workshop through the sealed pipe, it is transported by a centrifugal fan. The waste gas flow is continuously transported along the ventilation duct with a preset slope at normal pressure; The end of the pipeline is sealed and connected to the circular inlet end of the composite biological filter bed system with a flange. The inlet end is embedded with a conical diversion guide plate, and a honeycomb through-hole array is provided on the surface of the guide plate to form a uniform and dispersed flow state when the exhaust gas enters.

3. The method for treating waste gas from a high-efficiency composite biofilter bed with adaptive filler according to claim 1, characterized in that: The real-time monitoring of humidity state parameters includes: The humidity sensing membrane is exposed to the air flow passing through the biodegradable layer. If the water vapor content in the air flow increases, it absorbs water and expands in volume. Otherwise, it dehydrates and shrinks. A mechanical sensing rod vertically penetrates the center of the membrane, with its bottom end fixed to the bottom of the membrane and its top end connected to the scale identification plate. When the membrane expands, the sensing rod is pushed up to drive the identification plate upward, and when the membrane contracts, the identification plate is pulled down. The identification plate is engraved with green, yellow and red bands, and the range from the yellow area to the green area in the middle of the scale frame of the identification plate is defined as the microbial activity threshold range; By observing the displacement amplitude of the identification plate on the scale frame, it is directly judged whether the current system humidity is within the microbial activity threshold range.

4. The method for treating waste gas from a high-efficiency composite biofilter bed with adaptive filler according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The method of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc according to the humidity change signal to control the exhaust gas flow rate and linking the centrifugal fan to maintain a constant wind pressure to generate a stabilized exhaust gas load flow includes: A mechanical sensing rod is used to detect the displacement caused by the humidity change signal, and the displacement linkage is converted into an opening adjustment action of the air inlet valve disc; When the humidity sensing membrane expands and pushes the mechanical sensing rod upward, the linkage device pulls the valve disc's rotating shaft to partially close, narrowing the air inlet opening to reduce the exhaust gas flow; when the humidity sensing membrane contracts and pulls the mechanical sensing rod downward, the linkage device reversely drives the valve disc to open the air inlet and increase the exhaust gas flow. At the same time, the speed of the centrifugal fan is adjusted to maintain a constant wind pressure and generate a stabilized exhaust gas load flow; The stabilized exhaust gas load flow is used to ensure that the humidity value of the biodegradation layer remains within a preset microbial activity threshold range.

5. The method for treating waste gas with an adaptable filler of a high-efficiency composite biological filter bed according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In the process of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc, the permeate of the filter bed is guided to a preset recovery container, including: The action of adjusting the opening of the air inlet valve disc is defined as valve position action; The permeate generated at the interface of the buffer adsorption layer and the biodegradation layer in response to humidity change signals is obtained. Due to the action of the valve position, the permeate accumulates excess water and dissolved pollutants, and under the action of gravity, it penetrates the nutrient release layer downward and is deposited at the bottom of the filter bed; Driven by gravity, the permeate flows into the recovery container through the drainage tube for automatic discharge.

6. The method for treating waste gas from an efficient composite biofilter bed with adaptive filler according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The method of obtaining the permeate components and detecting the abnormal pH state thereof, performing a dynamic neutralization reaction through the deployed pH balancing microspheres, and generating a microecological environment optimization signal includes: After passing through the biodegradation layer of the composite biofilter system, the industrial waste gas carries the permeate components into the end area of ​​the waste gas flow path, where pH-balanced microspheres are evenly distributed. Definition of recycling container measured The acidic state is an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions; definition The alkaline state is characterized by an increased hydroxide concentration; When the hydrogen ion concentration in the permeate discharged from the recovery container increases and becomes strongly acidic, the acidic liquid contacts the pH-balanced microspheres, triggering the dissolution of the outer layer material, and the solid calcium carbonate particles sealed inside contact the infiltrated liquid to cause a neutralization reaction; If the hydroxide concentration of the permeate increases, the alkaline environment stimulates the pH-balanced microspheres to release sodium dihydrogen phosphate particles to achieve neutralization, and the reaction products are adsorbed on the internal pores of the microsphere surface; When the pH value returns to the preset range, the pH-balancing microspheres stop releasing substances, and the treatment process automatically outputs a microecological environment optimization signal to the system monitoring terminal. The entire process continuously maintains the neutral chemical environment required for microbial metabolism.

7. The method for treating waste gas from a high-efficiency composite biofilter bed with adaptive filler according to claim 6, characterized in that: The S5 includes: After entering the composite biofilter system, industrial waste gas flows through the buffer adsorption layer, biodegradation layer and the end area of ​​the waste gas flow path in sequence; When the buffer adsorption layer reaches the preset adsorption warning threshold, the activated carbon adsorbs redundant pollutants to bear the pressure load, which in turn triggers the air inlet valve disc to open wider to smooth the load impact; Synchronous humidity change signal regulation adjusts the exhaust gas flow through the mechanical sensing rod linked to the air inlet valve disc, maintaining the humidity of the biodegradable layer within the preset microbial activity threshold range to ensure decomposition efficiency; During the waste gas treatment process, the pH of the permeate deviates from the appropriate range required for microbial metabolism, which is defined as abnormal permeate pH. If the permeate pH is abnormal, the pH balancing microspheres will immediately release neutralizing substances to correct the pH of the permeate to the neutral range to optimize the microecological environment. The four subsystems, including sudden load pressure bearing, microbial activity maintenance, chemical compensation, and valve disc physical feedback, dynamically cooperate to form a comprehensive closed-loop mechanism to ensure that the final pollutants are decomposed through multiple degradation pathways. The system detects the outlet concentration and calculates the total degradation rate to continuously exceed the preset threshold.

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