A self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect

Abstract

A self-driven sensor based on the triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect includes a housing, a power transmission mechanism, a composite power generation unit, a data acquisition and transmission module, an energy management module, and an energy storage module. The housing is used to mount the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit; the power transmission mechanism includes racks, gears, etc., which convert the single vertical displacement generated by the vehicle into multiple rotational motions; the composite power generation unit includes a disc-type triboelectric nanogenerator and an axial flux permanent magnet generator. The disc-type triboelectric nanogenerator has an electrical signal response characteristic to the vehicle state. The output signal is sampled, conditioned, and transmitted by the data acquisition and transmission module for the back-end to identify vehicle state information; the output power of the two generators is rectified by the energy management module and then connected to the energy storage module to power the data acquisition and transmission module. The present invention has broadband energy collection and in-situ vehicle state sensing capabilities, suitable for all-weather road traffic information acquisition.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of intelligent road studs, and in particular to a self-driven inductive road stud based on a triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect. Background Art

[0002] With the acceleration of urbanization, traffic congestion and accidents are becoming more frequent, placing higher demands on traffic safety and management. Road infrastructure is rapidly transforming towards intelligent systems. Building a highly reliable and sustainable traffic status perception system is fundamental to achieving vehicle-road collaboration and refined traffic control. To obtain information such as vehicle speed and weight, roadside sensing equipment must be deployed. However, existing terminal systems such as cameras and integrated radar and vision cameras suffer from poor perception stability and insufficient environmental adaptability in conditions such as rain, fog, nighttime, and obstruction.

[0003] As an embedded road infrastructure, road studs have the advantages of compact structure, flexible installation, and direct contact with traffic flow. They are widely used in scenarios such as nighttime reflective warnings or guiding vehicles to slow down. Some studies have attempted to integrate geomagnetic sensors into road studs to achieve vehicle status perception and data collection (such as CN111815964A and CN105603896A), but they have the following problems: (1) They rely on external batteries for power supply, which require regular replacement or charging, and have high long-term operation and maintenance costs; (2) The detection method relies on geomagnetic disturbances and is affected by factors such as the vehicle's bottom structure and traffic speed, resulting in limited recognition accuracy and applicability. In addition, some smart road stud solutions use solar power to improve endurance (such as CN111127904A and CN105761502A), but they are significantly affected by lighting conditions, making it difficult to ensure the stable operation of the equipment around the clock.

[0004] Currently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TNGs), based on the Maxwell displacement current principle, are widely used in mechanical energy harvesting and self-driven sensing due to their low cost, high output, and ability to harvest low-frequency energy. In contrast, electromagnetic generation technology offers advantages in high-frequency and high-power output, but suffers from lower efficiency under conditions such as low speeds and intermittent traffic. Therefore, combining triboelectric and electromagnetic generation mechanisms to construct a hybrid energy harvesting unit with broadband response and integrating it into road studs offers significant cutting-edge value and promising engineering applications. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned issues with existing technologies, the present invention provides a self-powered sensor spike based on the triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid power generation effect. This device not only collects broadband mechanical energy but also accurately assesses vehicle information in real time, providing data support for traffic management. Furthermore, compared to traditional geomagnetic sensor spikes and solar-powered intelligent road spikes, it requires no external power supply and is unaffected by natural conditions such as external sunlight.

[0006] The purpose of the present invention can be achieved by the following technical solutions:

[0007] A self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect, comprising a packaging shell, a power transmission mechanism, and a composite power generation unit.

[0008] The packaging shell is used to install the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit;

[0009] The power transmission mechanism uses a single rolling excitation of the vehicle to provide driving force for the composite power generation unit;

[0010] The composite power generation unit includes a coaxially arranged disc-type friction nanogenerator and an axial flux permanent magnet generator, which fully covers the energy distribution in the low-frequency and high-frequency bands of road excitation and realizes continuous power generation under the excitation of a single vehicle rolling over.

[0011] The self-driving sensor nail also integrates a data acquisition and transmission module, an energy management module, and an energy storage module, wherein:

[0012] The data acquisition and transmission module is electrically connected to the output of the disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator of the composite power generation unit, and is used to sample, condition and transmit the triboelectric signal in real time;

[0013] The energy management module is connected to the output ends of the disk-type friction nanogenerator and the axial flux permanent magnet generator respectively, and is used to rectify, stabilize and distribute the two AC electric energies;

[0014] The energy storage module is used to store the DC power output by the energy management module and continuously supply power to the data acquisition and transmission module.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0016] 1. Efficient collection of broadband vehicle vibration energy: By coaxially combining the triboelectric and electromagnetic power generation effects, the energy distribution in the low-frequency (such as slow vehicle passing) and high-frequency (such as rapid impact) sections of road excitation is fully covered. A "gear rack + spring energy storage + spring return" composite mechanism is used to achieve continuous power generation under single vehicle rolling excitation.

[0017] 2. Possessing the ability to perceive information of self-driving vehicles: During the energy harvesting process, the electrical signal characteristics output by the disc-type friction nanogenerator are highly correlated with the vehicle's speed, weight, and loading behavior. Through real-time analysis of the characteristic parameters of the electrical signal, synchronous perception of the vehicle status can be achieved, integrating perception and energy harvesting, thereby avoiding the traditional sensor system's dependence on external power supply.

[0018] 3. Completely self-powered operation, adaptable to all-weather working conditions: The energy required for system operation is entirely derived from the mechanical excitation when the vehicle passes, without relying on solar energy or grid power supply. It can operate stably in complex environments such as tunnels, at night and in extreme weather. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the self-driving inductive nail of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 2 This is a schematic structural diagram of the packaging shell of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the structure of the power transmission mechanism of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 4 This is a working principle diagram of the power transmission mechanism of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 5 This is a schematic structural diagram of the composite power generation unit of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the circuit connections of a self-driving sensor pin provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of an application scenario of the self-driving sensor nail of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 8 Comparative analysis of the composite power generation unit provided by the embodiment of the present invention under the working condition of a loading speed of 5mm / min;

[0027] Figure 9 The output response of the triboelectric nanogenerator provided by the embodiment of the present invention at different loading speeds;

[0028] Figure 10 The composite power generation unit provided in the embodiment of the present invention is a charging condition of a supercapacitor;

[0029] Figure 11 This is the output response of the triboelectric nanogenerator provided by an embodiment of the present invention under different vehicle weights.

[0030] Reference numerals:

[0031] 11. rack, 111. slider structure, 112. guide chute;

[0032] 12. Gear, 121. Duplex gear, 122. Drive gear; 121-A. First duplex gear, 121-B. Second duplex gear, 121-C. Third duplex gear, 121-D. Fourth duplex gear;

[0033] 13. Spring, 131. Spring barrel, 132. Spring spring, 133. Deep groove ball bearing;

[0034] 14. Spring, 141. Spring sleeve, 142. Manganese steel compression spring, 143. Guide rod, 144. Limiting connector 144;

[0035] 151, first optical axis, 152, second optical axis, 153, third optical axis;

[0036] 21. Disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator, 211. Metal electrode layer stator, 212. Intermediate layer, 213. Friction layer rotor, 211-A, A electrode, 211-B, B electrode;

[0037] 22. Axial flux permanent magnet generator, 221. N / S pole permanent magnet, 222. Stator armature winding;

[0038] 3. Encapsulation shell, 31. Aluminum alloy frame, 32. Stainless steel square tube, 33. Spike protrusion block, first connection hole 311, second connection hole 312, third connection hole 313, groove 314;

[0039] 4. Data acquisition and transmission module;

[0040] 5. Energy management module;

[0041] 6. Energy storage module. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The technical solution provided by this application will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and accompanying drawings. The advantages and features of this application will become more apparent with reference to the following description.

[0043] like Figures 1-6 As shown, a self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect includes a packaging shell 3, a power transmission mechanism, and a composite power generation unit;

[0044] The packaging shell is used to install the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit;

[0045] The power transmission mechanism uses a single rolling excitation of the vehicle to provide driving force for the composite power generation unit;

[0046] The composite power generation unit includes a coaxially arranged disc-type friction nanogenerator 21 and an axial flux permanent magnet generator 22, which fully covers the energy distribution in the low-frequency and high-frequency bands of road excitation and realizes continuous power generation under a single vehicle rolling excitation.

[0047] The self-driving sensor nail is also integrated with a data acquisition and transmission module 4, an energy management module 5, and an energy storage module 6, wherein:

[0048] The data acquisition and transmission module 4 is electrically connected to the output of the disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator 21 of the composite power generation unit, and is used to sample, condition and transmit the triboelectric signal in real time;

[0049] The energy management module 5 is connected to the output ends of the disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator 21 and the axial flux permanent magnet generator 22, respectively, and is used to rectify, stabilize and distribute the two AC electric energies;

[0050] The energy storage module 6 is used to store the DC power output by the energy management module 5 and continuously supply power to the data acquisition and transmission module 4 .

[0051] The packaging shell, such as Figure 2 As shown, it includes an aluminum alloy frame 31, a stainless steel square tube 32, and a spike protrusion block 33, wherein:

[0052] The aluminum alloy frame 31 is used to support the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit. A vertical groove 314 is provided in one side panel. The other two opposite side panels each have three connection holes for mounting the optical axis. The three connection holes are a first connection hole 311, a second connection hole 312, and a third connection hole 313, respectively. The second connection hole 312 is a strip-shaped slot.

[0053] The stainless steel square tube 32 is installed on the periphery of the aluminum alloy frame 31 to protect the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit installed on the aluminum alloy frame 31;

[0054] A steel plate is provided at the bottom of the spike protrusion block 33 . The spike protrusion block 33 is suspended above the aluminum alloy frame 31 and can move up and down under the action of an external force.

[0055] Furthermore, the packaging shell adopts a cubic structure, and the corresponding size range is 100-130mm.

[0056] The power transmission mechanism is as follows Figure 3 As shown, it includes a rack 11, a gear 12, a spring 13, and a spring 14. The gear 12 includes a double gear 121 and a driving gear 122. The power transmission mechanism converts a single vertical displacement generated by the vehicle into multiple rotational motions of the gear. Specifically:

[0057] The rack 11 is arranged vertically, and its upper end is connected to the steel plate at the bottom of the spike protrusion block 33 of the packaging shell by bolts, so as to transmit the vertical downward mechanical excitation generated by the vehicle rolling over; a slider structure 111 and a guide slot 112 are provided at its lower end. Specifically, the side of the slider structure 111 is connected to the lower end of the rack by bolts, and the slider structure 111 is movably sleeved on the outside of the guide slot 112 and can slide up and down along the guide slot 112. The guide slot 112 is installed in the groove 314 of the side plate of the aluminum alloy frame 31 of the packaging shell by bolts, so that the slider structure 111 can slide smoothly along the guide slot 112 in the vertical direction, thereby ensuring the linearity and stability of the movement of the rack 11; the side of the rack 11 is engaged with the double gear 121, and the rack drives the double gear 121 to rotate when it moves in the vertical direction.

[0058] The dual gears include a first dual gear 121-A, a second dual gear 121-B, a third dual gear 121-C, and a fourth dual gear 121-D, arranged in a cascade. The pinion of the first dual gear 121-A meshes with the side of the rack 11, the large gear of the first dual gear 121-A meshes with the pinion of the second dual gear 121-B, the large gear of the second dual gear 121-B meshes with the pinion of the third dual gear 121-C, and the large gear of the third dual gear 121-C meshes with the pinion of the fourth dual gear 121-D, achieving multi-stage acceleration. The large gear of the fourth dual gear 121-D further meshes with the drive gear 122 under the action of radial force.

[0059] Each gear is installed inside the aluminum alloy skeleton through an optical axis. Specifically, the optical axis includes a first optical axis 151, a second optical axis 152, and a third optical axis 153. The first optical axis 151 is fixed to the first connecting hole 311 of the side panel of the aluminum alloy skeleton 31 of the packaging shell, the second optical axis 152 is supported by a bearing in the second connecting hole 312 of the side panel of the aluminum alloy skeleton 31 of the packaging shell and can move along the second connecting hole 312, and the third optical axis 153 is supported by a bearing in the third connecting hole 313 of the side panel of the aluminum alloy skeleton 31 of the packaging shell; the first double gear 121-A and the third double gear 121-C are rotatably mounted on the first optical axis 151 through built-in bearings, the second double gear 121-B and the fourth double gear 121-D are rotatably mounted on the second optical axis 152 through built-in bearings, and the driving gear 122 is mounted on the third optical axis 153 and is tightly fitted with the third optical axis 153.

[0060] The mainspring 13 is connected to the drive gear 122 and is used to store and release elastic potential energy. Specifically, the mainspring 13 includes a mainspring box 131, a mainspring spring 132, and a deep groove ball bearing 133. The bottom of the mainspring box 131 is fixed to the bottom plate of the aluminum alloy frame 31 of the encapsulating shell by bolts. The mainspring box includes left and right half shells, respectively located on either side of the drive gear 122. The center positions of the inner walls of the left and right half shells are supported and connected to the third optical axis 153 via the deep groove ball bearing 133. The mainspring spring 132 is disposed in the mainspring box 131. The outer end of the mainspring spring 132 is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the mainspring box 131, and the inner end is connected to the hub of the drive gear 122. There are two mainspring springs 132, respectively disposed inside the left and right half shells of the mainspring box.

[0061] The spring 14 has its upper end connected to the steel plate at the bottom of the spike protrusion block 33 of the packaging shell, and its lower end is fixedly mounted on the bottom plate of the aluminum alloy frame 31 of the packaging shell. Specifically, the spring 14 includes a spring sleeve 141, a manganese steel compression spring 142, a guide rod 143, and a limit connector 144, wherein:

[0062] The spring sleeve 141 is fixedly mounted on the bottom plate of the aluminum alloy frame 31 of the packaging shell, and the inner side wall of the spring sleeve is provided with a limiting groove (not shown in the figure) extending in the axial direction;

[0063] The manganese steel compression spring 142 is vertically placed inside the spring sleeve 141;

[0064] The guide rod 143 has its upper end connected to the steel plate at the bottom of the spike protrusion block 33 of the encapsulating shell, and its lower end connected to the upper end of the position-limiting connector 144. Specifically, the guide rod 143 has threaded inner holes at both its upper and lower ends. The upper end of the guide rod 143 is connected to the steel plate at the bottom of the spike protrusion block 33 of the encapsulating shell by bolts, and the lower end of the guide rod is connected to the upper end of the position-limiting connector 144 by bolts.

[0065] The lower end of the limiting connecting piece 144 extends into the center of the upper end of the manganese steel compression spring 142 to prevent the manganese steel compression spring from eccentric deformation during compression or rebound; the upper end is provided with a flange, which is embedded in the limiting groove of the inner wall of the spring sleeve 141 and can slide up and down along the limiting groove to limit and guide the axial travel range of the guide rod 143, prevent excessive displacement or loosening, and ensure stable guidance and reliable reset of the manganese steel compression spring under stress.

[0066] The working process of the power transmission mechanism is as follows Figure 4As shown, when the vehicle approaches, the rack 11 is forced to move downward, driving the double gear 121 to engage with the driving gear 122 through a multi-stage acceleration method. The driving gear 122 rotates counterclockwise and drives the spring 13 to wind up and store energy. At this time, the shaft system where the second double gear 121-B and the fourth double gear 121-D are located below is subjected to a horizontal radial force to the right; when the vehicle leaves, the rack 11 is reset upward under the action of the reset force of the manganese steel compression spring 142 in the spring 14. During this process, the driving gear 122 rotates clockwise, and the shaft system where the second double gear 121-B and the fourth double gear 121-D are located below is subjected to a horizontal radial force to the left, and moves along the second connecting hole 312 on the side plate of the aluminum alloy frame 31, so that the double gear is disengaged from the driving gear 122. The spring 13 then releases the stored elastic potential energy and continues to make the driving gear 122 oscillate and rotate, so as to extend the power generation time and improve the power generation efficiency.

[0067] Furthermore, the stroke of the rack 11 is 0-20 mm.

[0068] Preferably, as an embodiment, the rack 11 is 63 mm long and maintains the same module of 0.8 as the gear 12. The large gear of the double gear 121 has 55 teeth and a thickness of 5 mm, the small gear has 13 teeth and a thickness of 6 mm, and the driving gear 122 has 69 teeth and a thickness of 4.8 mm.

[0069] The composite power generation unit is as follows Figure 5 As shown, the disc-type tribo-nanogenerator 21 and the axial flux permanent magnet generator 22 are respectively located on both sides of the driving gear 122 of the power transmission mechanism and are coaxially arranged with the driving gear 122 of the power transmission mechanism, wherein:

[0070] The disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator 21 includes a metal electrode layer stator 211, an intermediate layer 212, and a friction layer rotor 213, wherein:

[0071] The metal electrode layer stator 211 uses a circular aluminum plate with a surface oxidation treatment as the substrate. Multiple radially arranged sector-shaped copper layer electrode units are equidistantly arranged along the circumference of one side of the circular aluminum plate. The sector-shaped copper layer electrode units are alternately divided into two groups and connected by copper layer slip rings on the outer and inner rings of the disk, forming the A electrode 211-A and the B electrode 211-B, respectively. The angle between the centerline of the sector-shaped copper layer electrode unit in the A electrode and the centerline of the sector-shaped copper layer electrode unit in the adjacent B electrode is θ;

[0072] The friction layer rotor 213 also uses a circular aluminum plate with surface oxidation as its base. One side of the rotor is provided with a number of radially arranged sector-shaped friction layer units equidistantly along the circumference. The shape, number and arrangement of the sector-shaped copper layer electrode units are consistent with the A electrode 211-A in the metal electrode layer stator 211.

[0073] The intermediate layer 212 is a polytetrafluoroethylene film, which is attached to the copper layer surface of the metal electrode layer stator 211 and is used to form a friction interface insulation layer;

[0074] The other side of the circular aluminum plate of the metal electrode layer stator 211 is fixedly mounted on the sidewall of the aluminum alloy frame 31. A bearing is located at its center, through which the third optical axis 153 passes. The friction layer rotor 213 tightly fits the third optical axis 153. When the drive gear 122 rotates, the third optical axis 153 drives the friction layer rotor 213 to rotate synchronously. During rotation, friction-induced charging occurs between the friction layer rotor 213 and the intermediate layer 212, causing an induced charge transfer between electrodes A and B and forming an alternating potential difference. Furthermore, by processing the output voltage data, vehicle information perception can be achieved.

[0075] The axial flux permanent magnet generator 22 employs a dual-rotor, single-stator topology, comprising two rotors arranged opposite each other and a stator positioned between them. The two rotors are uniformly embedded with multiple pairs of alternating north / south pole permanent magnets 221 along the circumference of the rotors. Each pair is tightly mounted on the third optical axis 153, rotating synchronously with the third optical axis 153. The stator employs an armature winding structure, with the stator armature winding 222 positioned between the two rotors and secured to the inner wall of the aluminum alloy frame 31 via a stator fixing flange. The stator armature winding, as the non-rotating portion, moves relative to the rotors to output electrical energy. During operation, the drive gear 122 drives the two rotors in synchronous rotation via the third optical axis 153. Because the opposite magnetic poles on the opposing rotors are strictly aligned axially, they form a closed magnetic flux circuit with the stationary stator during rotation. As the rotor rotates, the magnetic flux periodically passes through the stator armature winding 222 , generating an induced electromotive force in the stator armature winding according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, thereby realizing electromagnetic energy collection along the axial magnetic flux direction.

[0076] Preferably, as an embodiment, in the disk-type friction nanogenerator, the angle between the center line of the fan-shaped copper layer electrode unit in the A electrode and the fan-shaped copper layer electrode unit of the adjacent B electrode in the metal electrode layer stator 211 is Use 30°.

[0077] Preferably, as an embodiment, six pairs of alternating N / S pole permanent magnets 221 are evenly embedded in the two rotors along the circumference, and the stator between the two rotors is an armature winding structure, with each set of coils having 30 turns.

[0078] Furthermore, when the friction layer rotor 213 rotates, there is an output peak voltage moment t1 and an output adjacent valley voltage moment t2 between the A electrode 211-A and the B electrode 211-B on the metal electrode layer stator 211. During the time period t1 to t2, the rotation angle of the friction layer rotor 213 is constant as the electrode pair angle , then the angular velocity of the friction layer rotor 213 for:

[0079] (1)

[0080] in When making derivations, conversion to radians is required.

[0081] Furthermore, under the condition that the transmission mechanism parameters are fixed, the angular velocity Loading speed in the vertical direction of the road spike with the vehicle V load The functional relationship is:

[0082] (2)

[0083] Among them, Z1 and Z2 are the number of teeth of the large and small gears of the duplex gear respectively, Z3 is the number of teeth of the driving gear, and m is the gear module (unit: mm). is the electrode pair angle.

[0084] The above theoretical derivation process is only used as an existential support to schematically illustrate the periodic characteristics of the output voltage waveform of the disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator and the friction layer rotor and the vertical loading speed of the vehicle on the road spike. V load There is a measurable physical mapping relationship between them. To meet actual application requirements, relevant measurement parameters still need to be corrected and optimized through real-vehicle calibration based on real road and vehicle conditions to ensure the accuracy and stability of the measurement results.

[0085] In practical applications, the dynamic response characteristics of road studs are affected by the vehicle's vertical loading speed, which is closely related to vehicle speed and weight, but not simply proportional. By combining the triboelectric nanogenerator's output voltage waveform information with correlation analysis and quantification, a correlation relationship between vehicle information and the output waveform signal can be established, enabling accurate identification of vehicle state parameters such as speed and weight.

[0086] Furthermore, the data acquisition and transmission module 4 includes a signal sampling unit, a signal conditioning unit and a wireless transmission unit, which are used to sample and condition the electrical signal output by the disc-type friction nanogenerator 21 in real time, and transmit it to the back-end receiving terminal via wireless means, so that the back-end can accurately identify the vehicle speed and weight status parameters.

[0087] Preferably, the signal sampling unit uses an Arduino Mega 2560 single-chip microcomputer as the control core, and collects voltage time series data through serial communication; the signal conditioning unit can filter, amplify and shape the sampled signal through an external analog signal conditioning circuit board to improve signal quality and stability; the wireless transmission unit can preferably use the Zigbee protocol to wirelessly transmit the collected voltage time series data to the back-end data receiving terminal; the back-end data receiving terminal can be a remote server or PC, which is used to receive, store and process the waveform data to identify vehicle speed and vehicle weight status parameters. In practical applications, the vehicle speed can be extracted by combining the time difference between the front and rear wheels and the vehicle wheelbase during vehicle driving, and machine learning methods can be used to further explore features to achieve decoupling and comprehensive acquisition of vehicle speed and weight. The decoupling and comprehensive acquisition of vehicle speed and weight are neither the focus of the technical solution of this application nor the key innovation point, and its specific implementation is not described in detail in this application.

[0088] Furthermore, the energy management module 5 is connected to the output terminals of the disc-type triboelectric nanogenerator 21 and the axial flux permanent magnet generator 22, respectively, to rectify, stabilize, and distribute the two AC power sources. Preferably, the energy management module 5 includes a bridge rectifier circuit, a DC-DC voltage regulator circuit, and an overcharge protection circuit, among other components, to convert the AC power output from the generator into stable DC power and distribute the output power according to the voltage requirements of the energy storage module 6. The energy management module 5 can prioritize storing the rectified DC power in the energy storage module 6; when sufficient energy is stored, it can directly provide a stable power source for loads such as the data acquisition and transmission module 4.

[0089] Furthermore, the energy storage module 6 is used to store the DC power output by the energy management module 5 and continuously supply power to the data acquisition and transmission module 4. Preferably, the energy storage module 6 can be a supercapacitor, a lithium battery or other rechargeable energy storage unit.

[0090] Furthermore, the self-propelled sensor nails are embedded in the surface layer of high-grade roads in actual applications, with a depth range of 90-120mm. Specific application scenarios include Figure 7 shown.

[0091] Example 1

[0092] In this embodiment, a large press is used to conduct a loading test in order to simulate the effects of different loading speeds on the output electrical signal of the road spike and the response sensitivity under different loading speeds.

[0093] In this embodiment, an MTS810 universal material testing machine is used to quantitatively characterize the power generation performance under a constant loading force of 3200N and a loading speed range of 5 mm / min to 50 mm / min.

[0094] Under the condition of extremely low loading speed of 5mm / min, the synchronous electrical output characteristics of the dual energy conversion module (disk-type friction nanogenerator and axial flux permanent magnet generator) in the triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation unit were characterized. Figure 8 As shown, both output voltages exhibit quasi-sinusoidal waveforms, but the peak voltage of the axial flux permanent magnet generator (AFPM) is 0.087V, while that of the disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) reaches 7.10V, a magnitude difference of 81.60 times. This result demonstrates that under low-frequency excitation, the triboelectric generator (disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator) significantly outperforms the electromagnetic generator in terms of output stability and high voltage characteristics, while the axial flux permanent magnet generator's output capacity is limited in this frequency range. This demonstrates the complementary and necessary nature of the hybrid power generation design in this invention. It also demonstrates that the road spike structure exhibits excellent response sensitivity even under extremely low operating conditions.

[0095] In order to further characterize the sensing ability of the triboelectric nanogenerator to the loading speed, the triboelectric signal characteristics within the loading speed range of 5–50 mm / min were systematically tested. Figure 9 As shown in (i), by extracting the time intervals between adjacent extreme points in the voltage waveform The linear relationship between loading speed and 1 / Δt was fitted using the least squares method, and the fitting expression was obtained: =14.83 / +0.063, and its goodness of fit reaches R²=0.99887, such as Figure 9 (ii) of the equation (ii) shows this result. This result fully verifies the existence of a stable, measurable physical mapping relationship between the output signal of the disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator and the loading speed, and that high-precision inversion of the loading speed can be achieved by extracting the time interval between adjacent extreme points. Furthermore, the regression results indicate that the loading speed and the time interval between adjacent extreme points are inversely proportional, consistent with the theoretical derivation of equation (2), demonstrating the agreement between theory and measurement.

[0096] The loading speed is closely related to the vehicle speed and weight, but they are not simply corresponding. In practical applications, the vehicle speed can be extracted by combining the time difference between the front and rear wheels during driving and the vehicle wheelbase, and machine learning methods can be used to further explore features to achieve decoupling and comprehensive acquisition of vehicle speed and weight.

[0097] Example 2

[0098] Based on Example 1, this example further verifies the effectiveness of road studs for self-driving vehicle information perception through actual vehicle testing.

[0099] As shown in the figure, the smart road studs are installed in the surface layer of high-grade pavement at a depth of 90-120mm. The triboelectric signal is extracted through the signal acquisition and transmission module for real-time analysis.

[0100] The experimental vehicle (Volkswagen New Bora, wheelbase 2688mm, weight 1315kg) was controlled to travel at a constant speed of 4 km / h, with the front and rear wheels successively rolling over the road spikes. Figure 10 As shown, the voltage signal output by the intelligent road stud exhibits a distinct two-phase characteristic: during the wheel-rolling phase, the voltage waveform exhibits an oscillatory characteristic due to vehicle vibration. During the spring rebound phase after the vehicle has driven away, the output voltage waveform is stable, and the frequency shows a monotonically decreasing trend as the elastic potential energy decays. It is noteworthy that vehicle information perception based on triboelectric signals relies primarily on the accurate identification of extreme points in the voltage waveform, and the waveform oscillation has no significant impact on the measurement results. By extracting the time difference between the first voltage extreme point during the front and rear wheel rolling (Δt = 2.315 s) and combining it with the front and rear wheelbases of the test vehicle, the average speed can be calculated to be 4.18 km / h. The relative error between the measured speed and the set value (4 km / h) is 4.5%.

[0101] Under the condition of keeping the vehicle speed constant (4km / h), the system tested the output voltage waveform when the vehicle weight changed from 1395kg to 1665kg. The experimental results are as follows: Figure 11 As shown, the linear relationship between vehicle weight and 1 / Δt was fitted, and the fitting expression Wcar=5.18 / Δt+1270.8 was obtained, where Wcar represents the vehicle weight in kg, the correlation coefficient Pearsonr = 0.99385, and the goodness of fit R² = 0.98775. This result fully proves that there is a stable and measurable mapping relationship between the output signal of the disk friction nanogenerator and the vehicle weight, which can be used to sense the vehicle load.

[0102] Based on this, the voltage waveform data output from real-vehicle experiments can be used to highly decouple and integrate vehicle speed and load information. The vehicle speed is calculated using the time difference Δt between the first voltage extreme point during the front and rear wheel rolling process and the vehicle's wheelbase information L. The load is obtained by extracting the inverse of the time interval between adjacent extreme points in the waveform (1 / Δt) and combining it with the linear relationship between vehicle weight and 1 / Δt. This fully demonstrates the disc-type triboelectric nanogenerator's ability to jointly perceive multiple vehicle state parameters using a single sensor structure.

[0103] Therefore, this embodiment verifies that the self-driving sensor nail can effectively decouple and accurately perceive vehicle speed and load parameters without external power supply, and has the potential to identify traffic violations such as speeding and overloading, providing intelligent technical support for smart road operation status perception and traffic safety management.

[0104] Example 3

[0105] In this embodiment, the purpose is to verify the energy storage characteristics and system response of the composite power generation unit in the road stud during the process of charging the energy storage module (supercapacitor) after power management.

[0106] In this embodiment, manual pressure is applied to the road stud body, simulating the mechanical excitation of a vehicle running over it. This triggers the power transmission mechanism within the intelligent road stud system, driving the composite power generation unit. The generated electricity is then managed by the power supply to charge the supercapacitor module (equivalent capacitance 36.7F). Energy storage performance test data shows that in the initial state, the terminal voltage of the supercapacitor module is 2.0969V (corresponding to the energy storage capacity E initial =CV² / 2=87.83J). After 100 complete excitations, the terminal voltage rises to 2.7825V (E final = CV² / 2=154.73J), net stored energy ΔE=66.90J, and the average energy stored per excitation is 0.669J. Compared with the commercial AG1 button battery (capacity 13mAh@1.5V, theoretical energy E battery =70.20J), the energy storage capacity of the smart road stud after 100 stimulations can reach 95.3% of that of commercially available micro button batteries, verifying its practical engineering value.

[0107] The above description is only a description of the preferred embodiments of the present application and does not limit the scope of the present application. Any changes or modifications made by any person skilled in the art based on the above disclosed technical content should be regarded as equivalent valid embodiments and fall within the scope of protection of the technical solution of the present application.

Claims

1. A self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect, characterized in that: Including packaging shell, power transmission mechanism, composite power generation unit, The packaging shell is used to install the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit; The power transmission mechanism uses a single rolling excitation of the vehicle to provide driving force for the composite power generation unit; The composite power generation unit comprises a coaxially arranged disc-type friction nanogenerator (21) and an axial magnetic flux permanent magnet generator (22), which fully covers the energy distribution in the low-frequency and high-frequency bands of road excitation and realizes continuous power generation under the excitation of a single vehicle rolling over. The self-driving sensor nail further integrates a data acquisition and transmission module (4), an energy management module (5), and an energy storage module (6), wherein: The data acquisition and transmission module (4) is electrically connected to the output of the disk-type triboelectric nanogenerator (21) of the composite power generation unit, and is used for real-time sampling, conditioning and transmission of triboelectric signals; The energy management module (5) is connected to the output ends of the disk-type friction nanogenerator (21) and the axial flux permanent magnet generator (22) respectively, and is used to rectify, stabilize and distribute the two AC electric energies; The energy storage module (6) is used to store the direct current power output by the energy management module (5) and to continuously supply power to the data acquisition and transmission module (4).

2. A self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The packaging shell comprises an aluminum alloy frame (31), a stainless steel square tube (32), and a spike protrusion block (33), wherein: The aluminum alloy frame (31) is used to support the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit, and a vertical groove (314) is provided in one side plate of the aluminum alloy frame. The other two opposite side plates are each provided with three connection holes for installing the optical axis, and the three connection holes are respectively a first connection hole (311), a second connection hole (312), and a third connection hole (313), wherein the second connection hole (312) is a strip-shaped slot hole; The stainless steel square tube (32) is installed on the periphery of the aluminum alloy frame (31) and is used to protect the power transmission mechanism and the composite power generation unit installed on the aluminum alloy frame (31); A steel plate is provided at the bottom of the road spike protruding block (33). The road spike protruding block (33) is suspended above the aluminum alloy frame (31) and can move up and down under the action of an external force.

3. The self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: The power transmission mechanism comprises a rack (11), a gear (12), a spring (13), and a spring (14); the gear (12) comprises a double gear (121) and a driving gear (122); the power transmission mechanism converts a single vertical displacement generated by the vehicle into multiple rotational motions of the gear, wherein: The rack (11) is arranged vertically, and its upper end is connected to the steel plate at the bottom of the spike protrusion block (33) of the packaging shell by bolts, so as to transmit the vertical downward mechanical excitation generated by the vehicle rolling; the lower end is provided with a slider structure (111) and a guide slot (112), specifically, the side of the slider structure (111) is connected to the lower end of the rack by bolts, the slider structure (111) is movably sleeved on the outside of the guide slot (112) and can slide up and down along the guide slot (112), and the guide slot (112) is installed in the groove (314) of the side plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell by bolts, so that the slider structure (111) can slide smoothly along the guide slot (112) in the vertical direction, thereby ensuring the linearity and stability of the movement of the rack (11); the side of the rack (11) is engaged with the double gear (121), and the rack drives the double gear (121) to rotate when it moves in the vertical direction; The dual gears include a first dual gear (121-A), a second dual gear (121-B), a third dual gear (121-C), and a fourth dual gear (121-D), which are arranged in cascade. The pinion of the first dual gear (121-A) meshes with the side of the rack (11), the large gear of the first dual gear (121-A) meshes with the pinion of the second dual gear (121-B), the large gear of the second dual gear (121-B) meshes with the pinion of the third dual gear (121-C), and the large gear of the third dual gear (121-C) meshes with the pinion of the fourth dual gear (121-D), thereby achieving multi-stage acceleration. The large gear of the fourth dual gear (121-D) is further meshed and connected with the driving gear (122) under the action of radial force. Each gear is installed inside the aluminum alloy frame through an optical axis. Specifically, the optical axis includes a first optical axis (151), a second optical axis (152), and a third optical axis (153). The first optical axis (151) is fixed to a first connection hole (311) of a side plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell. The second optical axis (152) is supported by a bearing on a second connection hole (312) of a side plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell and can move along the second connection hole (312). The third optical axis (153) ) is supported by a bearing on a third connecting hole (313) of a side plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell; the first double gear (121-A) and the third double gear (121-C) are rotatably mounted on the first optical axis (151) via built-in bearings, the second double gear (121-B) and the fourth double gear (121-D) are rotatably mounted on the second optical axis (152) via built-in bearings, and the driving gear (122) is mounted on the third optical axis (153) and is tightly fitted with the third optical axis (153); The mainspring (13) is fixed to the bottom plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell and is connected to the driving gear (122) for storing and releasing elastic potential energy; The upper end of the spring (14) is connected to the steel plate at the bottom of the spike protrusion block (33) of the packaging shell, and the lower end is fixedly mounted on the bottom plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell.

4. A self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: The clockwork spring (13) comprises a clockwork box (131), a clockwork spring (132), and a deep groove ball bearing (133), wherein: The bottom of the clockwork box (131) is fixed to the bottom plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell by bolts. The clockwork box includes left and right half shells, which are respectively located on both sides of the driving gear (122). The center positions of the inner walls of the left and right half shells are supported and connected to the third optical axis (153) through deep groove ball bearings (133); The winding spring (132) is arranged inside the winding box (131), the outer end of the winding spring (132) is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the winding box (131), and the inner end is connected to the hub of the driving gear (122); there are two winding springs (132), which are respectively arranged inside the left and right half shells of the winding box.

5. The self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: Specifically, the spring (14) includes a spring sleeve (141), a manganese steel compression spring (142), a guide rod (143) and a limiting connector (144), wherein: The spring sleeve (141) is fixedly mounted on the bottom plate of the aluminum alloy frame (31) of the packaging shell, and the inner side wall of the spring sleeve is provided with a limiting groove extending in the axial direction; The manganese steel compression spring (142) is vertically placed inside the spring sleeve (141); The guide rod (143) has an upper end connected to the steel plate at the bottom of the spike protrusion block (33) of the packaging shell, and a lower end connected to the upper end of the limit connector (144); The lower end of the limiting connecting piece (144) extends into the center of the upper end of the manganese steel compression spring (142) to prevent the manganese steel compression spring from eccentric deformation during compression or rebound; the upper end of the limiting connecting piece (144) is provided with a flange, which is embedded in the limiting groove of the inner wall of the spring sleeve (141) and can slide up and down along the limiting groove to achieve the purpose of limiting and guiding the axial travel range of the guide rod (143).

6. The self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: The disk-type friction nanogenerator (21) comprises a metal electrode layer stator (211), an intermediate layer (212), and a friction layer rotor (213), wherein: The metal electrode layer stator (211) uses a circular aluminum plate with surface oxidation treatment as a substrate. A plurality of radially arranged sector-shaped copper layer electrode units are equidistantly arranged along the circumferential direction on one side of the circular aluminum plate. The sector-shaped copper layer electrode units are alternately divided into two groups and connected through copper layer collector rings on the outer ring and inner ring of the disk, respectively forming an A electrode (211-A) and a B electrode (211-B). The friction layer rotor (213) also uses a circular aluminum plate with surface oxidation treatment as a base, and a plurality of radially arranged fan-shaped friction layer units are arranged at equal intervals along the circumferential direction on one side of the friction layer rotor (213), and the shape, number and arrangement of the fan-shaped copper layer electrode units are consistent with the A electrode (211-A) in the metal electrode layer stator (211); The intermediate layer (212) is a polytetrafluoroethylene film, which is attached to the copper layer surface of the metal electrode layer stator (211) and is used to form a friction interface insulation layer; The other side of the circular aluminum plate of the metal electrode layer stator (211) is fixedly mounted on the side wall of the aluminum alloy frame (31), with a bearing provided at its center, and the third optical axis (153) passing through the bearing; the friction layer rotor (213) is tightly fitted with the third optical axis (153), and when the driving gear (122) rotates, the friction layer rotor (213) is driven to rotate synchronously through the third optical axis (153); during the rotation process, the friction layer rotor (213) and the intermediate layer (212) are electrified by friction, causing induced charge transfer between the electrodes A and B and forming an alternating potential difference.

7. The self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: The axial flux permanent magnet generator (22) adopts a dual-rotor-single-stator topology structure, comprising two rotors arranged opposite to each other and a stator located between the two rotors; The two rotors are evenly embedded with multiple pairs of alternatingly arranged N / S pole permanent magnets (221) along the circumferential direction, and are respectively mounted on the third optical axis (153) in a tight fit manner, and rotate synchronously with the third optical axis (153); The stator adopts an armature winding structure, wherein the stator armature winding (222) is arranged between the two rotors and fixed to the inner wall of the aluminum alloy frame (31) through a stator fixing flange. The stator armature winding, as a non-rotating part, forms relative motion with the rotor to output electrical energy. During operation, the driving gear (122) drives the two rotors to rotate synchronously via the third optical axis (153); since the opposite magnetic poles on the relatively arranged rotors are strictly aligned along the axial direction, they form a closed magnetic flux circuit together with the stationary stator during rotation; as the rotors rotate, the magnetic flux periodically passes through the stator armature winding (222), and according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, an induced electromotive force is generated in the stator armature winding, thereby realizing electromagnetic energy collection along the axial magnetic flux direction.

8. The self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The data acquisition and transmission module (4) includes a signal sampling unit, a signal conditioning unit and a wireless transmission unit, and is used to sample and condition the electrical signal output by the disk-type friction nanogenerator (21) in real time, and transmit it to a back-end receiving terminal via wireless means, so that the back-end can accurately identify the vehicle speed and vehicle weight state parameters.

9. The self-driven inductive nail based on triboelectric-electromagnetic composite power generation effect as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The energy management module (5) comprises a bridge rectifier circuit, a DC-DC voltage regulation circuit and an overcharge protection circuit, and is used to convert the AC power output by the generator into stable DC power, and distribute the output power according to the voltage requirement of the energy storage module (6).

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