Power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system and method based on multi-level active and passive combination

Abstract

The invention discloses a multi-level active and passive combination-based power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system and method, and relates to the technical field of battery thermal disaster prevention and control, and the system comprises at least two first heat conduction structures, at least two second heat conduction structures, at least two heat insulation structures and at least one liquid cooling structure, the first heat conduction structure and the second heat conduction structure form a space for placing a battery cell, the space among the first heat conduction structure, the second heat conduction structure and the battery cell is filled with a phase change material to form a phase change structure, and a battery module is placed between the adjacent heat insulation structures; the heat insulation structure is located on the outer side of the phase change structure, the second heat conduction structure can stretch into a liquid cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure, and the liquid cooling channel is used for being filled with a cooling working medium. According to the invention, multi-level thermal safety protection can be provided for the battery module, and the contradiction between efficient heat dissipation under conventional working conditions and thermal runaway spreading directional heat insulation is solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of battery thermal disaster prevention and control, and in particular to a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system and method based on a multi-level active and passive combination. Background Art

[0002] As the core vehicle for intelligent and electrified transportation, electric vehicles are undergoing iterative upgrades in their power battery modules, aiming for higher energy density and greater safety. The widespread adoption of high-nickel ternary battery systems and super-fast charging technologies is increasing vehicle range while also placing higher demands on the service life and performance consistency of battery cells. In this context, large-scale battery modules must withstand the aging test of thousands of deep charge and discharge cycles over their lifetimes while also guarding against the risk of thermal runaway caused by lithium dendrite penetration and local overheating during fast charging and harsh operating conditions. This poses a dual challenge to module system-level thermal safety protection.

[0003] The essence of thermal runaway in power batteries is a chain reaction involving coupled electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical fields. Joule heat generated by a localized internal short circuit triggers the decomposition of the SEI film, and oxygen released from the cathode vaporizes with the electrolyte to form a flammable gas mixture, ultimately triggering high-temperature jet flames and module-level heat propagation. More seriously, when the temperature of a single cell exceeds 120-150°C, the massive heat generated by the irreversible reaction rapidly propagates to adjacent cells, subsequently triggering a "domino" thermal runaway propagation, triggering severe thermal runaway accidents and resulting in secondary thermal hazards such as explosions and combustion. Therefore, employing safe and reliable technologies to effectively block the thermal runaway propagation path is a viable path to curbing the spread of thermal runaway.

[0004] Liquid cooling technology, with its efficient and reliable temperature control performance, has become the preferred thermal management solution for automakers. However, current mainstream liquid cooling systems suffer from significant performance deficiencies. On the one hand, to improve the intrinsic heat dissipation efficiency of liquid cooling systems, most studies often design excessive and unreasonable heat transfer paths, which accelerates heat dissipation during thermal runaway. On the other hand, while the use of passive thermal barriers can block heat spread, their independent design cannot be linked with liquid cooling components and may even worsen the heat dissipation path under normal operation. Therefore, how to balance efficient heat dissipation under normal operating conditions with targeted thermal insulation when thermal runaway is triggered, breaking through existing technical bottlenecks, and ensuring the system's temperature control performance while improving its thermal safety protection level under extreme operating conditions will become a technical challenge that urgently needs to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system and method based on a multi-level active and passive combination to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art, provide multi-level thermal safety protection for the battery module, and solve the contradiction between efficient heat dissipation under conventional working conditions and directional insulation for the spread of thermal runaway.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions: The present invention provides a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination, including: at least two first heat-conducting structures, at least two second heat-conducting structures, at least two heat-insulating structures and at least one liquid cooling structure. The first heat-conducting structures and the second heat-conducting structures form a space for placing battery cells. The space between the first heat-conducting structures, the second heat-conducting structures and the battery cells is used to fill phase change material to form a phase change structure. Battery modules are placed between adjacent heat-insulating structures. The heat-insulating structure is located outside the phase change structure. The second heat-conducting structure can extend into the liquid cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure, and the liquid cooling channel is used to fill with a cooling medium.

[0007] In some specific embodiments, in a battery module, each of the first heat-conducting structures is arranged in parallel, and battery cells are arranged between adjacent first heat-conducting structures. Each of the second heat-conducting structures is arranged in parallel, and battery modules are arranged between adjacent second heat-conducting structures. The first heat-conducting structure and the second heat-conducting structure are arranged perpendicularly.

[0008] In some specific embodiments, the first heat-conducting structure is a plate-shaped structure, a first notch is provided on one side of the first heat-conducting structure, a second notch is provided on the other side of the first heat-conducting structure, the first notch and the second notch are staggered, and both the first notch and the second notch are used to set the second heat-conducting structure.

[0009] In some specific embodiments, in the battery module, two of the second heat-conducting structures are staggered and arranged in parallel.

[0010] In some specific embodiments, in the battery module, each of the second heat-conducting structures is staggered and arranged in parallel.

[0011] In some specific embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the second heat-conducting structure is greater than the thermal conductivity of the first heat-conducting structure.

[0012] In some specific embodiments, the second heat-conducting structure is a heat pipe.

[0013] In some specific embodiments, the thermal insulation structure is a thermal insulation layer made of thermal insulation material, and the thermal insulation structures are arranged in parallel.

[0014] In some specific embodiments, the liquid cooling structure is located at one end of the battery module, and one end of the second heat-conducting structure protrudes from the first heat-conducting structure at the end of the battery module and can extend into the liquid cooling channel.

[0015] The present invention provides a prevention and control method using the power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination, comprising: In thermal management mode, the heat generated during the charging and discharging process of the battery cell is stored in the phase change structure, providing excellent temperature control performance for the battery module. The phase change structure transfers the stored heat through the first heat-conducting structure to the liquid cooling structure via the second heat-conducting structure, performing heat exchange and achieving passive heat dissipation. In the thermal runaway mode, the heat generated by the battery cell that triggers thermal runaway is greater than the heat generated by the battery cell in the thermal management mode. The phase change structure transfers the stored heat to the liquid cooling structure through the first heat-conducting structure and the second heat-conducting structure via the second heat-conducting structure, adjusts the flow rate of the cooling medium in the cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure, and realizes active heat dissipation.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has achieved the following technical effects: The present invention utilizes a phase change structure to absorb the heat generated by the battery, and transfers the heat absorbed by the phase change structure to a liquid cooling structure through a heat transfer path constructed by a first heat conducting structure and a second heat conducting structure for cooling, thereby achieving passive cooling; changing the flow rate of the cooling medium in the liquid cooling structure can achieve active cooling; and passive suppression can be achieved by preventing the spread of thermal runaway through a heat insulating structure; while preventing the spread of thermal runaway through a heat insulating structure, active suppression can be achieved by changing the flow rate of the cooling medium in the liquid cooling structure. The present invention scientifically and rationally strengthens heat transport and cuts off the key heat transfer path for the spread of thermal runaway by constructing a multi-level active and passive thermal safety strategy of passive cooling-active cooling-passive suppression-active suppression, effectively resolving the contradiction between heat dissipation under normal operating conditions of large-scale power battery modules and heat insulation after thermal runaway is triggered, thereby significantly improving the thermal safety protection level of the battery module. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0018] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the application of a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination in some embodiments of the present invention; Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the positional relationship between the second heat-conducting structure and the liquid cooling structure in some embodiments of the present invention Figure 1 ; Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the positional relationship between the second heat-conducting structure and the liquid cooling structure in some embodiments of the present invention Figure 2 ; Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the application of composite phase change material modules in some embodiments of the present invention; Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the application of composite phase change material modules in some embodiments of the present invention (without the phase change structure); Figure 6 Schematic diagram of a first heat conduction structure in some embodiments of the present invention; Figure 7 Schematic diagram of a second heat-conducting structure in some embodiments of the present invention; Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the working process of a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination in some embodiments of the present invention; Figure 9 This is the temperature rise curve of each single cell inside the battery module under harsh operating conditions; Figure 10 This is the temperature rise curve of No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 battery cells during the thermal runaway process under the condition of local overheating of No. 9 battery cell; Figure 11 This is the temperature rise curve of the remaining battery cells during the thermal runaway process under the condition of local overheating of battery cell 9; Figure 12 This is the temperature rise curve of No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 battery cells during thermal runaway under the condition of needle puncture of No. 9 battery cell; Figure 13 This is the temperature rise curve of the remaining battery cells during the thermal runaway process under the needle puncture condition of the No. 9 battery cell; Figure 14 The temperature rise curves of No. 7, No. 8, and No. 9 battery cells during the thermal runaway process under the conditions of local overheating and acupuncture of No. 9 battery cell; Figure 15 This is the temperature rise curve of the remaining cells during the thermal runaway process under the conditions of local overheating and acupuncture of cell 9; Figure 16 This is the temperature curve of No. 9 battery cell at different flow rates; Figure 17 This is the temperature curve of No. 7 battery cell at different flow rates; Figure 18 This is the temperature curve of the No. 8 battery cell at different flow rates; Figure 19 A bar chart showing the number of cells experiencing thermal runaway caused by local overheating and acupuncture. In the figure: 1-first heat-conducting structure, 2-second heat-conducting structure, 3-thermal insulation structure, 4-phase change structure, 5-liquid cooling structure, 6-first gap, 7-second gap, 8-battery cell, 9-inlet, 10-outlet, 11-connecting slices. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system and method based on a multi-level active and passive combination to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art, provide multi-level thermal safety protection for the battery module, and solve the contradiction between efficient heat dissipation under conventional working conditions and directional insulation for the spread of thermal runaway.

[0021] In order to make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0022] Example 1 like Figures 1 to 8As shown, this embodiment provides a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active-passive combination. It is applied to a power battery. The power battery battery module includes a plurality of battery modules, adjacent battery modules are connected by connecting strips 11, and each battery module includes a plurality of battery cells 8. This embodiment is applicable to cylindrical battery modules of different electrochemical systems and sizes, for example, a battery module with model number NCM811-26650. This embodiment of the power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active-passive combination includes: at least two first heat-conducting structures 1, at least two second heat-conducting structures 2, at least two heat-insulating structures 3, and at least one liquid cooling structure 5. The first heat-conducting structures 1 and the second heat-conducting structures 2 form a space for accommodating the battery cells 8. The space between the first heat-conducting structures 1, the second heat-conducting structures 2, and the battery cells 8 is filled with phase change material to form a phase change structure 4. The battery modules are placed between adjacent heat-insulating structures 3, and the heat-insulating structure 3 is located outside the phase change structure 4. The second heat-conducting structure 2 can extend into the liquid cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure 5, and the liquid cooling channel is filled with a cooling medium. In this embodiment, the phase change structure 4 is used to absorb the heat generated by the battery, and the heat absorbed by the phase change structure 4 is transferred to the liquid cooling structure 5 for cooling through the heat transfer path constructed by the first heat conducting structure 1 and the second heat conducting structure 2, thereby achieving passive cooling; changing the flow rate of the cooling medium in the liquid cooling structure 5 can achieve active cooling; the thermal insulation structure 3 is used to prevent the spread of thermal runaway, thereby achieving passive suppression; while the thermal insulation structure 3 prevents the spread of thermal runaway, changing the flow rate of the cooling medium in the liquid cooling structure 5 can achieve active suppression. This embodiment scientifically and rationally strengthens heat transport and cuts off the key heat transfer path for the spread of thermal runaway by constructing a multi-level active and passive thermal safety strategy of passive cooling-active cooling-passive suppression-active suppression. This effectively resolves the contradiction between heat dissipation under normal operating conditions of large-scale power battery modules and thermal insulation after thermal runaway is triggered, significantly improving the thermal safety protection level of the battery module.

[0023] In some specific implementations of the embodiments, the first heat-conducting structure 1 , the second heat-conducting structure 2 and the phase-change structure 4 form a modularly assembled composite phase-change material module, forming a modular structure.

[0024] In some embodiments, the phase change material is preferably a composite phase change material.

[0025] In a specific implementation manner of some embodiments, in a battery module, each first heat-conducting structure 1 is arranged in parallel, and the battery cells 8 are arranged between adjacent first heat-conducting structures 1; each second heat-conducting structure 2 is arranged in parallel, and the battery module is arranged between adjacent second heat-conducting structures 2; the first heat-conducting structure 1 and the second heat-conducting structure 2 are arranged vertically.

[0026] In some embodiments, the first heat-conducting structure 1 is a plate-like structure, with a first notch 6 disposed on one side of the first heat-conducting structure 1 and a second notch 7 disposed on the other side. The first notch 6 and the second notch 7 are staggered, i.e., arranged asymmetrically, and both the first notch 6 and the second notch 7 are used to accommodate the second heat-conducting structure 2. In this embodiment, after the first notch 6 and the second notch 7 are reserved in the first heat-conducting structure 1, the protruding portions on both sides of the first heat-conducting structure 1 can be embedded within the phase change structure 4, forming a heat transfer path that more quickly transfers heat generated by the battery cell 8 to the phase change material. Furthermore, the second heat-conducting structure 2 is disposed at the first notch 6 and the second notch 7, enabling the second heat-conducting structure 2 to provide a more uniform temperature distribution for the battery.

[0027] In some embodiments, two second heat-conducting structures 2 are staggered and arranged in parallel within a battery module; and within a battery module, each second heat-conducting structure 2 is staggered and arranged in parallel. The staggered arrangement of the second heat-conducting structures 2 allows the different second heat-conducting structures 2 on multiple battery modules to form a structure with varying heights after the second heat-conducting structures 2 are inserted into the liquid cooling structure 5, thereby enhancing the flow of the coolant within the cooling channel and optimizing heat transfer efficiency.

[0028] In some specific implementations of the embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the second heat-conducting structure 2 is greater than the thermal conductivity of the first heat-conducting structure 1; the second heat-conducting structure 2 is a heat pipe; the first heat-conducting structure 1 is a heat-conducting plate, preferably an aluminum plate or a copper plate, and the material of the first heat-conducting structure 1 can be selected according to needs.

[0029] In some specific implementations of the embodiments, the thermal insulation structures 3 are arranged in parallel. The thermal insulation structure 3 is a thermal insulation layer made of thermal insulation material. The thermal insulation material is preferably aerogel. The material of the thermal insulation layer can be selected according to demand.

[0030] In some embodiments, the liquid cooling structure 5 is located at one end of the battery module, with a gap between the liquid cooling structure 5 and the first heat-conducting structure 1 at one end of the battery module. One end of the second heat-conducting structure 2 protrudes from the first heat-conducting structure 1 at the end of the battery module and can extend into the liquid cooling channel. The liquid cooling structure 5 is provided with an inlet 9 and an outlet 10 for the passage of the cooling medium.

[0031] The preparation process of the power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination of this embodiment when applied to a battery module is as follows: first, a first heat-conducting structure 1 is arranged in front and behind each battery cell 8, and the first notch 6 of each first heat-conducting structure 1 is located on the same side, and the second notch 7 of each first heat-conducting structure 1 is located on the same side; then, a second heat-conducting structure 2 is inserted into each first notch 6, and another second heat-conducting structure 2 is inserted into each second notch 7; then, a phase change material is encapsulated in the space between the battery cell 8, the first heat-conducting structure 1 and the second heat-conducting structure 2 to form a phase change structure 4; finally, a heat-insulating structure 3 is arranged on both sides of the battery module, and a heat-insulating structure 3 is arranged between two adjacent battery modules to assemble into a battery module.

[0032] For example, each battery module includes three battery cells 8 and each battery module includes four battery modules, for a total of twelve battery cells 8 .

[0033] This embodiment is used for simulation, as shown in FIG. Figure 9 As shown in the figure, different curves represent temperature curves of different battery cells 8. For example, C1 corresponds to the temperature curve of battery cell No. 1. From the simulation results, it can be seen that even under the harsh working conditions of an ambient temperature of 40°C and a discharge rate of 3C, the maximum temperature of the battery module can still be controlled within 50°C, and the maximum temperature difference is 3.4°C, which is sufficient to prove that the system constructed in this embodiment has efficient temperature control performance.

[0034] This embodiment is used for simulation, as shown in FIG. Figures 10 to 15 As shown in the figure, different curves represent temperature curves of different battery cells 8, for example, C1 corresponds to the temperature curve of battery cell No. 1. Figure 10 and Figure 11 The simulation condition is that the No. 9 battery cell in the battery module is partially overheated. Figure 10 The temperature curves of the No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 cells of the battery module are shown below. Figure 11 The temperature curves of the remaining cells 8 of the battery module; Figure 12 and Figure 13 The simulation condition is to puncture the No. 9 battery cell in the battery module. Figure 12 The temperature curves of the No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 cells of the battery module are shown below. Figure 13 The temperature curves of the remaining cells 8 of the battery module; Figure 14 and Figure 15 The simulation conditions are local overheating and acupuncture of No. 9 battery cell in the battery module. Figure 14 The temperature curves of the No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 cells of the battery module are shown below. Figure 15is the temperature curve of the remaining battery cells 8 of the battery module; it can be seen from the analysis of the simulation results that even if thermal runaway is triggered under multiple abuse conditions, thanks to the multi-level active and passive combined power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system constructed in this embodiment, the spread of thermal runaway of the battery module can be effectively suppressed, avoiding the propagation of thermal runaway between modules.

[0035] This embodiment is used for simulation, as shown in FIG. Figures 16 to 18 As shown in the figure, different curves represent temperature curves of different battery cells 8, for example, C1 corresponds to the temperature curve of battery cell No. 1. Figures 16 to 18 The thermal runaway suppression performance of the battery module at different flow rates: Figure 16 This is the temperature curve of No. 9 battery cell at different flow rates. Figure 17 This is the temperature curve of the No. 7 battery cell at different flow rates; Figure 18 This is the temperature curve of the No. 8 battery cell at different flow rates; Figure 19 The horizontal axis represents the number of battery cells 8 experiencing thermal runaway due to localized overheating and acupuncture. The vertical axis represents the coolant flow rate at the inlet 9 of the liquid cooling structure 5, and the horizontal axis represents the number of batteries experiencing thermal runaway. Simulation results show that by properly adjusting the flow rate at the inlet 9 of the liquid cooling channel, thermal runaway can be suppressed to the individual cell level, demonstrating excellent thermal disaster prevention and control capabilities.

[0036] This embodiment is based on a modularly assembled composite phase change material module formed by a first heat-conducting structure 1, a second heat-conducting structure 2, and a phase change structure 4, coupled with a liquid cooling structure 5. This utilizes the high latent heat of the phase change material and the efficient heat dissipation of the liquid cooling structure 5 to significantly improve the performance of the hybrid battery thermal management system. Furthermore, the modular assembly concept makes the system highly flexible, allowing for modification and design based on the size and scale of the actual battery module, expanding its practical application scenarios. The addition of the first heat-conducting structure 1 and the second heat-conducting structure 2 enables the construction of horizontally and vertically distributed enhanced heat transfer paths within the composite phase change material module, effectively improving the heat transfer efficiency of battery modules in different operating modes. Based on the above-mentioned battery thermal management system, an insulation structure 3 is assembled, and a battery thermal runaway suppression strategy of passive cooling-active cooling-passive suppression-active suppression is proposed. This constructs a multi-level active and passive combined power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system, providing all-weather thermal safety protection for the battery module.

[0037] The modular assembly design concept of this embodiment enables the constructed thermal management system to have high assembly flexibility and compatibility; the proposed thermal runaway suppression strategy based on passive cooling-active cooling-passive suppression-active suppression can provide multi-level thermal safety protection for the battery module and solve the contradiction between efficient heat dissipation under conventional working conditions and directional insulation for thermal runaway spread; the battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination can suppress battery thermal runaway at the single cell level after appropriately adjusting the cooling medium flow rate, demonstrating excellent thermal disaster prevention and control capabilities.

[0038] Example 2 This embodiment provides a prevention and control method for a power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination of the first embodiment, including: In conventional thermal management mode, the heat generated during the charging and discharging process of the battery cell 8 is stored in the phase change structure 4 using its own high latent heat, providing excellent temperature control performance for the battery module. Subsequently, the phase change structure 4 transfers the stored heat in the phase change structure 4 to the cooling medium in the liquid cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure 5 through the enhanced heat transfer path constructed by the first heat conductive structure 1 via the second heat conductive structure 2, thereby achieving rapid heat exchange and passive heat dissipation. In the thermal runaway mode, the heat generated by the battery cell 8 that triggers thermal runaway is greater than the heat generated by the battery cell 8 in the thermal management mode, and quickly spreads to the entire battery module. The composite phase change material module and the liquid cooling structure 5 work simultaneously to dissipate heat for the battery cell 8. The phase change structure 4 transfers the heat stored in the phase change structure 4 to the liquid cooling structure 5 via the second heat conducting structure 2 through the horizontal and vertical heat transfer paths constructed by the first heat conducting structure 1 and the second heat conducting structure 2, thereby improving the heat transfer efficiency of the battery module experiencing thermal runaway and quickly reducing the temperature of the thermal runaway battery cell 8. The thermal insulation structure 3 pre-assembled between the composite phase change material modules will promptly cut off the heat transfer path for the thermal runaway to spread, effectively blocking the spread of heat and firmly locking the thermal runaway inside a single battery module. On this basis, increasing the flow rate of the cooling medium in the cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure 5 can further suppress the thermal runaway at the single cell level and achieve active heat dissipation.

[0039] The present invention uses specific examples to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of the present invention. The above examples are only intended to help understand the method and core concept of the present invention. At the same time, those skilled in the art will find that the specific implementation methods and application scopes may vary based on the concept of the present invention. In summary, the contents of this specification should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

Claims

1. A power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on a multi-level active and passive combination, characterized by: include: At least two first heat-conducting structures, at least two second heat-conducting structures, at least two heat-insulating structures and at least one liquid-cooling structure, the first heat-conducting structures and the second heat-conducting structures form a space for placing battery cells, the space between the first heat-conducting structure, the second heat-conducting structure and the battery cells is used to fill phase change material to form a phase change structure, battery modules are placed between adjacent heat-insulating structures, the heat-insulating structure is located on the outside of the phase change structure, the second heat-conducting structure can extend into the liquid cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure, and the liquid cooling channel is used to fill the cooling medium.

2. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 1 is characterized by: In the battery module, the first heat-conducting structures are arranged in parallel, and battery cells are arranged between adjacent first heat-conducting structures. The second heat-conducting structures are arranged in parallel, and battery modules are arranged between adjacent second heat-conducting structures. The first heat-conducting structures and the second heat-conducting structures are arranged perpendicularly.

3. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 1 is characterized by: The first heat-conducting structure is a plate-shaped structure, a first notch is provided on one side of the first heat-conducting structure, and a second notch is provided on the other side of the first heat-conducting structure. The first notch and the second notch are staggered, and both the first notch and the second notch are used to set the second heat-conducting structure.

4. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 3 is characterized by: In the battery module, the two second heat-conducting structures are staggered and arranged in parallel.

5. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 3 is characterized by: In the battery module, the second heat-conducting structures are staggered and arranged in parallel.

6. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 1 is characterized by: The thermal conductivity of the second heat-conducting structure is greater than the thermal conductivity of the first heat-conducting structure.

7. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 1 is characterized by: The second heat-conducting structure is a heat pipe.

8. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 1 is characterized by: The thermal insulation structure is a thermal insulation layer made of thermal insulation material, and each of the thermal insulation structures is arranged in parallel.

9. The power battery thermal disaster prevention and control system based on multi-level active and passive combination according to claim 1 is characterized by: The liquid cooling structure is located at one end of the battery module, and one end of the second heat-conducting structure protrudes from the first heat-conducting structure at the end of the battery module and can extend into the liquid cooling channel.

10. A method for preventing and controlling thermal disasters of power batteries using a multi-level active and passive combination power battery prevention and control system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: include: In thermal management mode, the heat generated during the charging and discharging process of the battery cell is stored in the phase change structure, providing excellent temperature control performance for the battery module. The phase change structure transfers the stored heat through the first heat-conducting structure to the liquid cooling structure via the second heat-conducting structure, performing heat exchange and achieving passive heat dissipation. In the thermal runaway mode, the heat generated by the battery cell that triggers thermal runaway is greater than the heat generated by the battery cell in the thermal management mode. The phase change structure transfers the stored heat to the liquid cooling structure through the first heat-conducting structure and the second heat-conducting structure via the second heat-conducting structure, adjusts the flow rate of the cooling medium in the cooling channel of the liquid cooling structure, and realizes active heat dissipation.

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