Solar cell, photovoltaic module, photovoltaic system, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The invention relates to a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a photovoltaic system, a power utilization device and a power generation device, and the solar cell comprises a perovskite material layer, and meets at least one of the following conditions: at least one side surface of the perovskite material layer is provided with a passivation layer, and the passivation layer comprises a passivation material; the perovskite material layer comprises a passivation material; the passivation material comprises an organic ammonium salt formed by a nitrogen-containing organic compound and an acid compound, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound comprises at least one of substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing chain heteroalkane with the carbon atom number of 3-15, substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing lipid heterocyclic compound with the ring-forming atom number of 5-15 and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarane with the ring-forming atom number of 5-15; wherein the ring-forming atoms in the heteroarane comprise at least one of oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms and nitrogen atoms, and the ring-forming atoms in the nitrogen-containing lipid heterocyclic compound comprise at least one of oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms and nitrogen atoms. The solar cell has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a photovoltaic system, an electrical device, and a power generation device. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite solar cells have many characteristics such as excellent photoelectric properties, high light absorption coefficient, long carrier lifetime and long diffusion length, and have become the leader among the third generation of new solar cells.

[0003] However, traditional perovskite material layers generally have structural defects, mainly because when preparing perovskite materials, the rapid growth of crystals makes the structure of the perovskite material layer disordered, resulting in grain boundary defects and crystal defects. These defects will lead to a decrease in crystal quality, seriously affecting the transport of carriers, and even accelerating the degradation of perovskite. With the migration of ions, the perovskite material itself will degrade to produce substances such as lead iodide, and at the same time, the A site will deprotonate to produce gas, which will have an adverse effect on the efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0004] Therefore, traditional technologies still need to be improved. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Based on this, it is necessary to provide a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a photovoltaic system, an electrical device and a power generation device, aiming to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0006] This application is achieved through the following technical solutions.

[0007] In a first aspect of the present application, a solar cell is provided, comprising a perovskite material layer and satisfying at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2):

[0008] (1) A passivation layer is provided on at least one surface of the perovskite material layer, and the passivation layer comprises a passivation material;

[0009] (2) The perovskite material layer includes a passivation material;

[0010] The passivation material includes an organic ammonium salt formed by a nitrogen-containing organic compound and an acid compound, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing chain heteroalkane having 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing alicyclic compound having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkane having 5 to 15 ring atoms;

[0011] The ring-forming atoms in the heteroarylalkane include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom, and the ring-forming atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom.

[0012] In the above-mentioned solar cell, a passivation layer is provided on at least one side surface of the titanium ore material layer, and the passivation layer includes a specific passivation material, or the perovskite material layer includes a passivation material with a specific structure. The passivation material adopts an organic ammonium salt formed by a nitrogen-containing organic compound and an acid compound, which contains ammonium cations and acid anions, and can passivate the grain boundary defects or crystal defects in the perovskite material layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0013] Among them, the radius of the ammonium cation formed by the nitrogen-containing chain heteroalkane is small, which can enter the crystal lattice of the perovskite material to passivate the A vacancy defect. The cyclic ammonium cation formed by the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound or heteroaryl alkane can passivate the grain boundary and promote the growth of larger grains. In addition, heteroatoms such as O or S are introduced into the ring structure, and their lone pair electrons can react with Pb in the perovskite. 2+ coordination, further passivating the defects.

[0014] It can be understood that when a nitrogen-containing organic compound and an acid compound form an organic ammonium salt, the site where at least one nitrogen atom in the nitrogen-containing organic compound is located reacts with the acid compound to form an organic ammonium salt, that is, at least one nitrogen in the nitrogen-containing organic compound obtains a H + To form an organic ammonium cation, the acid compound loses at least one H + Forming acid anions.

[0015] In some embodiments, the organic ammonium salt satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (3):

[0016] (1) at least one nitrogen atom among the ring atoms of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound reacts with the acid compound to form an ammonium ion;

[0017] (2) at least one nitrogen atom among the ring atoms of the heteroarylalkane reacts with the acid compound to form an ammonium ion;

[0018] (3) The acid compound includes at least one of formic acid, thioacetic acid, dithionite, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid, thiosulfate, nitrous acid, a halogen acid, dimethyldithiocarbamate and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid.

[0019] Further regulating the type of acid and using a highly reducing acid can further inhibit the deprotonation of the A site, increase the stability of the device, and at the same time reduce the iodine element, reduce the defect density of non-radiative recombination, and further improve the photoelectric efficiency of the solar cell.

[0020] In some embodiments, the passivation material comprises at least one of the compounds represented by formulas (1) to (3):

[0021]

[0022] wherein X1 is selected from any one of H and a substituted or unsubstituted chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R1 and N are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, wherein the ring atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, and a nitrogen atom;

[0023] X2 is selected from H, R2 and N are connected to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group with 5 to 15 ring atoms, wherein the ring atoms of the aromatic heterocyclic group include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom;

[0024] Each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of: a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

[0025] Y n- It is the acid anion formed by the acid compound.

[0026] Understandable: Y n- The “n” in - " refers to the valence state of the acid anion formed by the acid compound, "n" represents the valence value, and "-" represents the negative valence state. In the passivation material, Y n- The algebraic sum of the valence states after forming a salt with the corresponding ammonium cation is 0 (i.e., electrically neutral).

[0027] In some embodiments, the passivation material comprises at least one of the compounds represented by formula (3) and the following formulas (A1) to (A3):

[0028]

[0029] Wherein: X4 each time appears, is independently selected from any one of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, CR3R4 and C=O, and at least one X4 is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;

[0030] Each occurrence of X5 is independently selected from CR5, each occurrence of X6 is independently selected from any one of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, CR6R7 and C=O, and at least one X6 is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;

[0031] Each occurrence of X7 is independently selected from CR8, and W is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;

[0032] Each occurrence of R3 to R8 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, chain alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having 3 to 10 ring atoms, heteroaryl having 5 to 10 ring atoms, and aryl having 6 to 10 ring atoms.

[0033] In some embodiments, the passivation material satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2):

[0034] (1) X1 is selected from any one of: H, a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms substituted by a halogen;

[0035] (2) Each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of a chain alkane group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and a chain alkane group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl group, and at least one X3 in formula (3) is not H.

[0036] In some embodiments, the passivation material comprises at least one of the following compounds:

[0037]

[0038] Among them, m1 to m3 are independently any integers from 1 to 8, m4 is any integer from 1 to 4, m5 is any integer from 1 to 2, and m6 is any integer from 1 to 4.

[0039] In some embodiments, the passivation material satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2):

[0040] (1) Each occurrence of R3 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, halogen, chain alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring atoms;

[0041] (2) Each occurrence of R5 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, rC(=O)-, and a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and r is selected from an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

[0042] In some embodiments, Y n- At least one selected from the following structures:

[0043] F - 、Cl - Br - 、

[0044] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes at least one of the structures shown in A to G below:

[0045]

[0046] In some embodiments, the perovskite material layer includes a passivation material, and the passivation material accounts for 0.01% to 10% by mass in the passivation material layer.

[0047] In some embodiments, the solar cell further comprises a functional transport layer, the functional transport layer and the perovskite material layer are stacked, and the functional transport layer comprises at least one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer;

[0048] The passivation layer is provided between at least one of the functional transport layers and the perovskite material layer.

[0049] In some embodiments, the functional transport layer includes a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer includes nickel oxide, and the passivation layer is provided between the hole transport layer and the perovskite material layer.

[0050] The above-mentioned passivation material can not only passivate the defects of the perovskite material, but also inhibit the degradation of the perovskite material by nickel oxide, thereby further improving the efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0051] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a first electrode and a second electrode, the functional transport layer includes an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are respectively arranged on both sides of the perovskite material layer, the first electrode is arranged on the side of the hole transport layer away from the perovskite material layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the side of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite material layer.

[0052] In some embodiments, the thickness of each passivation layer is independently selected from 0.1 to 10 nm.

[0053] In a second aspect of the present application, a photovoltaic assembly is provided, comprising the solar cell according to the first aspect.

[0054] A third aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system comprising the photovoltaic assembly of the second aspect.

[0055] In a fourth aspect of the present application, an electrical device is provided, comprising the solar cell of the first aspect or the photovoltaic module of the second aspect.

[0056] In a fifth aspect of the present application, a power generation device is provided, comprising the solar cell of the first aspect or the photovoltaic module of the second aspect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0057] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiment below. The accompanying drawings are for illustration purposes only and are not to be considered as limiting the present application. The same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to represent the same components. In the drawings:

[0058] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one embodiment of the present application;

[0059] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a solar cell according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0060] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to another embodiment of the present application.

[0061] Description of reference numerals:

[0062] 10 solar cell; 11 first electrode; 12 hole transport layer; 13 passivation layer; 14 perovskite material layer; 15 electron transport layer; 16 second electrode;

[0063] 20 solar cell; 21 first electrode; 22 hole transport layer; 23 perovskite material layer; 24 passivation layer; 25 electron transport layer; 26 second electrode;

[0064] 30 solar cell; 31 first electrode; 32 hole transport layer; 33 perovskite material layer; 34 electron transport layer; 35 second electrode. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0065] The following embodiments of the technical solution of the present application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present application and are therefore only examples and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present application.

[0066] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this application belongs; the terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit this application; the terms "including" and "having" and any variations thereof in the specification and claims of this application and the above-mentioned figure descriptions are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.

[0067] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the technical terms "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be understood to indicate or imply relative importance or implicitly specify the quantity, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this application, the meaning of "plurality" is more than two, unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined.

[0068] References herein to "embodiments" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments may be included in at least one embodiment of the present application. The appearance of this phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor does it constitute an independent or alternative embodiment that is mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is understood, both explicitly and implicitly, by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.

[0069] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the term "and / or" is simply a description of the association relationship between associated objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent the following three situations: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the associated objects are in an "or" relationship.

[0070] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "multiple" refers to more than two (including two). Similarly, "multiple groups" refers to more than two groups (including two groups), and "multiple pieces" refers to more than two pieces (including two pieces).

[0071] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc., indicating the orientation or position relationship, are based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the embodiments of the present application.

[0072] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, technical terms such as "installed," "connected," "connected," and "fixed" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integration; mechanical connections or electrical connections; direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; internal connections between two components or interactions between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in the embodiments of the present application based on specific circumstances.

[0073] In this application, the term "heteroalkane" refers to an alkane containing other heteroatoms, such as nitrogen atoms, in addition to carbon and hydrogen. The term "chain heteroalkane" refers to an alkane in which the atoms are connected by single bonds and do not form a ring.

[0074] In the present application, "aliphatic heterocyclic compound" refers to a heterocyclic compound that has no aromaticity and contains other heteroatoms in addition to carbon atoms, including saturated heterocyclic rings and unsaturated heterocyclic rings.

[0075] In this application, the term "ring atoms" refers to the number of atoms bonded to form a ring. When a ring is substituted with a substituent, the atoms contained in the substituent are not included in the ring atoms. The term "ring atoms" used below applies unless otherwise specified. For example, a benzene ring has 6 ring atoms, a naphthalene ring has 10 ring atoms, and a thiophene ring has 5 ring atoms.

[0076] "Heteroarane" refers to an organic compound having aromatic properties and at least one ring atom being a heteroatom. Heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, N, P, O, or S.

[0077] In the present application, when a linking site is not specified in a group, it means that any linking site in the group can be used as the linking site.

[0078] In the present application, the single bond to which the substituent is connected runs through the corresponding ring, indicating that the substituent can be connected to any position of the ring, for example In the formula, R is connected to any substitutable site of the benzene ring. When R is H, it means that there is no substituent. At this time, it is benzene.

[0079] In this application, "substituted or unsubstituted" means that the defined group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When the defined group is substituted, it is understood that it is optionally substituted with a group acceptable in the art, including but not limited to: C1-10 alkyl, heterocyclic group containing 3-10 ring atoms, aryl containing 5-10 ring atoms, heteroaryl containing 5-10 ring atoms, and any one or more combinations of halogen; in the case of multiple combinations, the groups may be connected by forming a carbon-carbon single bond.

[0080] In this application, when the same substituent appears multiple times, it can be independently selected from different groups. When there are multiple R3, each R3 can be independently selected from the same or different groups.

[0081] An embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell, which includes a perovskite material layer and satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2):

[0082] (1) A passivation layer is provided on at least one surface of the perovskite material layer, and the passivation layer includes a passivation material;

[0083] (2) the perovskite material layer includes a passivation material;

[0084] The passivation material includes an organic ammonium salt formed by a nitrogen-containing organic compound and an acid compound, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing chain heteroalkane having 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing alicyclic compound having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkane having 5 to 15 ring atoms.

[0085] The ring-forming atoms in the heteroarylalkane include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom, and the ring-forming atoms in the nitrogen-containing alicyclic compound include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom.

[0086] In the above-mentioned solar cell, a passivation layer is provided on at least one side surface of the titanium ore material layer, and the passivation layer includes a specific passivation material, or the perovskite material layer includes a passivation material with a specific structure. The passivation material adopts an organic ammonium salt formed by a nitrogen-containing organic compound and an acid compound, which contains ammonium cations and acid anions, and can passivate the grain boundary defects or crystal defects in the perovskite material layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0087] Among them, the radius of the ammonium cation formed by the nitrogen-containing chain heteroalkane is small, which can enter the crystal lattice of the perovskite material to passivate the A vacancy defect. The cyclic ammonium cation formed by the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound or heteroaryl alkane can passivate the grain boundary and promote the growth of larger grains. In addition, heteroatoms such as O or S are introduced into the ring structure, and their lone pair electrons can react with Pb in the perovskite. 2+ coordination, further passivating the defects.

[0088] It can be understood that when the nitrogen-containing compound and the acid compound form an ammonium salt, at least one nitrogen atom in the nitrogen-containing compound reacts with the acid compound to form a salt to form an ammonium ion.

[0089] In some embodiments, at least one nitrogen atom among the ring atoms of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound reacts with the acid compound to form an ammonium ion.

[0090] In some embodiments, at least one nitrogen atom among the ring atoms of the heteroaralkane forms an ammonium ion after reacting with the acid compound.

[0091] The ring-forming nitrogen atoms and the acid compounds form cyclic ammonium cations, which can further promote the growth of larger grains and further reduce defects.

[0092] In some embodiments, the acid compound includes at least one of formic acid, thioacetic acid, dithionite, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid, thiosulfate, nitrous acid, a halogen acid, dimethyldithiocarbamate, and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid.

[0093] Further regulating the type of acid and using a more reducing acid can further inhibit the deprotonation of the A site, increase the stability of the device, and at the same time reduce the iodine element, reduce the defect density of non-radiative recombination, and further improve the photoelectric efficiency of the solar cell.

[0094] In some embodiments, the passivation material comprises at least one of the compounds represented by formulas (1) to (3):

[0095]

[0096] wherein X1 is selected from any one of H and a substituted or unsubstituted chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R1 and N are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, wherein the ring atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, and a nitrogen atom;

[0097] X2 is selected from H, R2 and N are connected to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group with 5 to 15 ring atoms, and the ring atoms of the aromatic heterocyclic group include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom;

[0098] Each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of: a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

[0099] Y n- It is the acid anion formed by acid compounds.

[0100] Understandable: Y n- The “n” in - " refers to the valence state of the acid anion formed by the acid compound, "n" represents the valence value, and "-" represents the negative valence state. In the passivation material, Y n- The algebraic sum of the valence states after forming a salt with the corresponding ammonium cation is 0 (i.e., electrically neutral).

[0101] In some embodiments, X1 is selected from any one of: H, a chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted by halogen.

[0102] Among them, halogen atoms can passivate iodine vacancy defects in perovskite materials, further improving the stability of solar cells.

[0103] In some embodiments, X1 is selected from any one of: H, a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms substituted by halogen.

[0104] In some embodiments, X1 is selected from any one of halogen-substituted chain alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0105] In some embodiments, X1 is selected from any one of H, a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a chain alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted by halogen.

[0106] In some embodiments, R1 and N are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 5 to 10 ring atoms.

[0107] In some embodiments, R1 and N are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 5 to 8 ring atoms.

[0108] In some embodiments, R2 and N are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 10 ring atoms.

[0109] In some embodiments, R2 and N are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 7 ring atoms.

[0110] In some embodiments, each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted alkane groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

[0111] By regulating the number of carbon atoms of X3, the radius of the formed ammonium cation is reduced, and the passivation effect on the A vacancy defect in the perovskite material lattice is improved.

[0112] In some embodiments, each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of an alkane group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and an alkane group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl group.

[0113] In some embodiments, each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of an alkane group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and an alkane group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl group.

[0114] In some embodiments, each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of an alkane group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and an alkane group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted by an aryl group.

[0115] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes at least one of the compounds represented by the above formula (3) and the following formulas (A1) to (A3):

[0116]

[0117] Wherein: X4 each time appears, is independently selected from any one of oxygen atom, sulfur atom, CR3R4 and C=O, and at least one X4 is selected from oxygen atom or sulfur atom.

[0118] Each occurrence of X5 is independently selected from CR5, each occurrence of X6 is independently selected from any one of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, CR6R7 and C=O, and at least one X6 is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;

[0119] Each occurrence of X7 is independently selected from CR8, and W is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;

[0120] Each occurrence of R3 to R8 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, chain alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having 3 to 10 ring atoms, heteroaryl having 5 to 10 ring atoms, and aryl having 6 to 10 ring atoms.

[0121] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R3 to R4 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, halogen, and alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0122] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R3 to R4 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, halogen, and alkyl with 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0123] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R3 to R4 is independently selected from any one of H, a halogen group, and an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0124] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 is independently selected from H, hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, and alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0125] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, rC(=O)-, and a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and r is selected from an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

[0126] In some embodiments, r is selected from an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; further, r is selected from any one of a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a propyl group.

[0127] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R6 to R7 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, halogen, and alkyl with 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0128] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R6 to R7 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, halogen, and alkyl with 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0129] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R8 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, and alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0130] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R8 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, and alkyl with 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0131] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes at least one of the following compounds:

[0132]

[0133] Among them, m1 to m3 are independently any integers from 1 to 8, m4 is any integer from 1 to 4, m5 is any integer from 1 to 2, and m6 is any integer from 1 to 4.

[0134] In some embodiments, m1-m3 are independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; m4 is 1, 2, 3 or 4, m5 is 1 or 2, and m6 is 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0135] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes at least one of the following compounds:

[0136]

[0137] In some embodiments, Y n- At least one selected from the following structures:

[0138] F - 、Cl - Br - 、

[0139] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes at least one of the structures shown in A to G below:

[0140]

[0141]

[0142] In some embodiments, the passivation material can be prepared by referring to commonly used organic synthesis methods in the art. Here, examples of its preparation method are provided, including but not limited to the following:

[0143] The nitrogen-containing compound and the acid compound are mixed to carry out a salting reaction to prepare a passivation material; further, the method specifically comprises the following steps:

[0144] Under ice bath conditions, the acid compound is added dropwise to the ethanol solution of the nitrogen-containing compound. After the reaction is complete, the reaction is continued at room temperature for 2 to 5 hours.

[0145] In some embodiments, after the salification step, the following steps are further included:

[0146] The product of the salification reaction is dried, dissolved in an alcohol solution, and then dropped into an ether solvent to precipitate the passivation material. After solid-liquid separation, the product is dried to obtain the purified passivation material.

[0147] In some embodiments, the perovskite material layer includes a passivation material, and the passivation material accounts for 0.01% to 10% by mass in the passivation material layer.

[0148] In the above “0.01% to 10%”, the values ​​include the minimum and maximum values ​​of the range, as well as every value between the minimum and maximum values. Specific examples include but are not limited to the point values ​​in the embodiments and the following point values: 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.7%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 2.7%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.2%, 3.5%, 3.7%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.2%, 4.5%, 4.7%, 4.9%, 5%, 5.2%, 5.5%, 5.7%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.2%, 6.5%, 6.7%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.2%, 7.5%, 7.7%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.2%, 8.5%, 8.7%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.2%, 9.5%, 9.7%, 9.9% or 10%; or a range consisting of any two values,

[0149] It is understandable that the perovskite material layer also includes perovskite materials commonly used in the art.

[0150] In some embodiments, the chemical formula of the perovskite material satisfies ABX3 or A2CDX6; wherein A is an inorganic cation or an organic ammonium cation or a mixture of the two, and can be at least one of formamidinium ion (FA), methylammonium ion (MA) and Cs; B is an inorganic metal cation, and can be Pb 2+ ions, Sn 2+ At least one of the ions; C is a noble metal cation, commonly Ag+; D is a heavy metal or rare metal cation, which can be a bismuth cation Bi 3+ 、Antimony cation Sb 3+ , and indium cations In 3+ At least one of; X oxygen or halogen element, can be at least one of O, Br and I.

[0151] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite material layer is 200 nm to 1000 nm.

[0152] In some embodiments, the band gap of the perovskite material layer is 1.2 eV to 2.30 eV.

[0153] In some embodiments, the solar cell further comprises a functional transport layer, which is stacked with the perovskite material layer. The functional transport layer comprises at least one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer.

[0154] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned passivation layer is provided between at least one of the functional transport layers and the perovskite material layer.

[0155] The material of the above-mentioned hole transport layer can be various hole transport materials commonly used in the art, including but not limited to at least one of the following materials and their derivatives: nickel oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum oxide, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-p-methoxyanilino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid (Me-4PACz).

[0156] The components in the above-mentioned electron transport layer can be electron transport materials commonly used in the art, and non-limiting examples include: [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene C60 (C60), fullerene C70 (C70), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0157] In some embodiments, the functional transport layer includes a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer includes nickel oxide, and a passivation layer is provided between the hole transport layer and the perovskite material layer.

[0158] The above-mentioned passivation material can not only passivate the defects of the perovskite material, but also inhibit the degradation-promoting effect of trivalent nickel in nickel oxide on the perovskite material, thereby further improving the efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0159] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a first electrode and a second electrode, the functional transport layer includes an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are respectively arranged on both sides of the perovskite material layer, the first electrode is arranged on the side of the hole transport layer away from the perovskite material layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the side of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite material layer.

[0160] In some embodiments, the passivation layer has a thickness of 0.1 nm to 10 nm.

[0161] In some embodiments, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0162] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0163] Please refer to Figure 1 In one embodiment of the present application, a solar cell 10 is provided. The solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 12, a passivation layer 13, a perovskite material layer 14, an electron transport layer 15 and a second electrode 16 arranged in a stacked manner. The passivation layer 13 includes the above-mentioned passivation material.

[0164] Please refer to Figure 2 Another embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell 20, which includes a first electrode 21, a hole transport layer 22, a perovskite material layer 23, a passivation layer 24, an electron transport layer 25 and a second electrode 26 arranged in a stacked manner, and the passivation layer 24 includes the above-mentioned passivation material.

[0165] Please refer to Figure 3 Another embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell 30, which includes a first electrode 31, a hole transport layer 32, a perovskite material layer 33, an electron transport layer 34 and a second electrode 35 arranged in a stacked manner, and the perovskite material layer 33 includes the above-mentioned passivation material.

[0166] In some embodiments, the solar cell may further include a functional layer known in the art, such as a blocking layer, which may be disposed between the electron transport layer and the second electrode. Furthermore, the component of the blocking layer may be a hole blocking material commonly used in the art, non-limiting examples of which include: 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP).

[0167] In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode and the second electrode can be any electrode material commonly used in the art, including but not limited to the following materials: Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), and any one of IZO.

[0168] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, and the solar cell is an inverted solar cell.

[0169] The first electrode is a transparent electrode, that is, the electrode on the side close to the hole transport layer is the light incident side.

[0170] In some embodiments, the second electrode is a transparent electrode, and the solar cell is a formal solar cell.

[0171] The second electrode is a transparent electrode, that is, the electrode on the side close to the electron transport layer is the light incident side.

[0172] The above-mentioned solar cells can be prepared using conventional solar cell preparation methods in the art. The following examples illustrate the preparation processes of formal solar cells and inverted solar cells, including but not limited to the following preparation methods:

[0173] The preparation method of a formal solar cell includes the following steps:

[0174] The transparent conductive glass substrate is etched and cleaned, blown dry and set aside to form a second electrode; an electron transport layer is prepared on the second electrode; a perovskite material layer is prepared on the surface of the electron transport layer away from the first electrode; a passivation layer and a hole transport layer are formed in sequence on the surface of the perovskite material layer away from the electron transport layer; a first electrode is prepared on the surface of the hole transport layer away from the passivation layer to prepare a formal solar cell.

[0175] A method for preparing an inverted solar cell comprises the following steps:

[0176] The transparent conductive glass substrate is etched and cleaned, blown dry and set aside to form a first electrode; a hole transport layer is formed on the first electrode; a passivation layer and a perovskite material layer are sequentially formed on the surface of the hole transport layer away from the first electrode; an electron transport layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite material layer away from the passivation layer, and a second electrode is formed on the surface of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite material layer to prepare an inverted solar cell.

[0177] The components used to prepare the passivation layer include the above-mentioned passivation materials. The specific preparation process can refer to the preparation process of the passivation layer commonly used in the art, and will not be described in detail here.

[0178] The preparation process of the above-mentioned first electrode, hole transport layer, perovskite material layer, electron transport layer and second electrode can adopt the preparation methods commonly used in the art, including solution method and solid deposition method. The solution method includes any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating and slit coating, and the solid deposition method includes any one of vacuum evaporation, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition and ion deposition.

[0179] One embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic module, which includes the above-mentioned solar cell.

[0180] The solar cell has high light conversion efficiency and good stability, and can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic modules.

[0181] The above photovoltaic module includes one or more solar cells, which can be selected according to the specific application scenario; further, the above photovoltaic module includes multiple solar cells, and the multiple solar cells are connected in series or in parallel to form a battery cell.

[0182] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes a photovoltaic glass layer, an adhesive layer, and a back sheet.

[0183] Adhesive layers are provided on both surfaces of the cell, a back plate is provided on the surface of one of the adhesive layers away from the cell, and a photovoltaic glass layer is provided on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the cell.

[0184] The photovoltaic glass layer and back panel are used to protect the solar cells, seal, insulate and waterproof; the bonding layer serves to bond the photovoltaic glass layer to the cell, and to bond the back panel to the cell.

[0185] Optionally, the photovoltaic glass layer is made of tempered glass, the back panel is made of TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the adhesive layer is made of EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0186] Furthermore, the photovoltaic module further includes a junction box and an outer frame.

[0187] The junction box is used to protect the power generation system of the entire photovoltaic module. It is equivalent to a current transfer station. When a battery cell short-circuits, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited battery string.

[0188] The outer frame can support and protect the entire photovoltaic module. The frame can be made of aluminum alloy with excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0189] Furthermore, silicone is used to bond and seal the connection between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic modules can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which can be stored in batteries or used to drive loads.

[0190] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic component is a solar panel.

[0191] One embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the above-mentioned photovoltaic module.

[0192] The photovoltaic system utilizes the photovoltaic effect of the solar cells in the above photovoltaic modules to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy with high efficiency; further, the above photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic power generation system.

[0193] Photovoltaic modules are the core part of photovoltaic power generation systems. The above photovoltaic system includes one or more photovoltaic modules, which can be selected according to the specific application scenario; further, when the above photovoltaic system includes multiple photovoltaic modules, the multiple photovoltaic modules form a photovoltaic array.

[0194] The above photovoltaic system can be an independent photovoltaic power generation system or a grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system.

[0195] An independent photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a battery pack, a charge controller, a power electronic converter (inverter), and a load. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy by the photovoltaic array, then converted by the power electronic converter to power the load. Meanwhile, excess electrical energy is stored as chemical energy in an energy storage device after passing through the charge controller. In this way, when sunlight is insufficient, the energy stored in the battery can be converted into 220V, 50Hz AC electricity after passing through the power electronic inverter, filtering, and power frequency transformer to supply the AC load.

[0196] A grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter), and system monitoring. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, then converted to high-voltage DC through high-frequency DC conversion. This is then inverted by a power electronic inverter and output to the grid as a sinusoidal AC current with a frequency consistent with the grid voltage.

[0197] The above two photovoltaic power generation systems have their own characteristics and can be selected according to specific application scenarios.

[0198] One embodiment of the present application further provides an electrical device comprising at least one of the above-mentioned solar cell and photovoltaic module.

[0199] The above-mentioned electrical devices may be, but are not limited to, mobile devices, electric vehicles, electric trains, ships, satellites, energy storage systems, etc.

[0200] In some embodiments, the mobile device may be a mobile phone or a laptop computer, etc.

[0201] In some embodiments, electric vehicles include, but are not limited to, pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, and the like.

[0202] Another embodiment of the present application further provides a power generation device, including the above-mentioned solar cell or photovoltaic module.

[0203] The above-mentioned power generation device can be, but is not limited to: a solar power generation set, etc.

[0204] The present application will be described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, but the present application is not limited to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the attached claims summarize the scope of the present application. Under the guidance of the concept of the present application, those skilled in the art should realize that certain changes made to the various embodiments of the present application will be covered by the spirit and scope of the claims of the present application.

[0205] The following are specific examples.

[0206] Example 1

[0207] (1) Preparation of passivation material A. The specific preparation process is as follows:

[0208] 1. Dissolve morpholine (1 mol) in 20 ml of ethanol and stir in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Slowly add formic acid (equivalent) dropwise. After the addition is completed, slowly return to room temperature and stir for 2 hours. Evaporate the mixture to dryness and slowly add ethanol until the product is completely dissolved. Then, add the mixture dropwise into 200 ml of ether solvent under stirring to precipitate a solid product, which is filtered to obtain passivation product A.

[0209] The structure of passivation material A is shown below:

[0210]

[0211] (2) Preparation of solar cells, the specific steps are as follows:

[0212] 1. Cleaning of FTO conductive glass: Remove 0.35 cm of FTO at both ends of a 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm FTO conductive glass by laser etching to expose the glass substrate. Then, ultrasonically clean the glass in deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol for 10 minutes in sequence. Then, blow dry the solvent under a nitrogen gun and place the glass in a UV ozone machine for further cleaning. Use it as the first electrode.

[0213] 2. Preparation of hole transport layer: 10 mg / mL nickel oxide nanoparticles (aqueous solution as solvent) were spin-coated on the FTO substrate at a rate of 4000 rpm and annealed on a hot plate at 100°C for 30 minutes to form a hole transport layer.

[0214] 3. Preparation of passivation layer: The passivation material A was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol to obtain a 1 mg / mL mixed solution; the mixed solution was then spin-coated on the surface of the hole transport layer at 3000 rpm and annealed to obtain the passivation layer.

[0215] 4. Preparation of perovskite material layer:

[0216] Prepare a perovskite precursor solution: weigh lead iodide, iodomethane, cesium iodide, methylamine bromide, and lead bromide in a molar ratio of 1:0.95:0.05:0.02:0.02, add them to a DMF:DMSO mixed solvent with a volume ratio of 4:1, stir for 3 hours, and filter with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution;

[0217] The perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the surface of the passivation layer at 3000 rpm, annealed at 100° C. for 30 min, and cooled to room temperature to obtain a perovskite material layer of the CsFAMA system.

[0218] 5. Preparation of electron transport layer: PCBM was spin-coated on the surface of the perovskite material layer at 1500 rpm and annealed at 100°C for 10 min to form an electron transport layer. BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) was then spin-coated at 5000 rpm to form a blocking layer.

[0219] 6. Preparation of the second electrode: Place the component prepared in step 5 into the evaporation mask, and vacuum evaporate 80nm thick silver on the surface of the barrier layer to obtain a complete perovskite solar cell.

[0220] 7. A step profiler was used to test the thickness of each functional layer in the perovskite solar cell. The thicknesses of the barrier layer, electron transport layer, perovskite material layer, passivation layer, and hole transport layer were 7nm, 20nm, 500nm, 2nm, and 20nm, respectively.

[0221] 8. Performance testing:

[0222] The perovskite solar cells prepared above were placed in N2 atmosphere and 65℃ environment for three days and 30 days respectively, and then their photoelectric conversion efficiency was tested: Guangyan's solar simulator was used to perform IV test on solar cells in accordance with the national standard IEC61215: a crystalline silicon solar cell was used to calibrate the light intensity to reach a solar intensity of AM 1.5, and the solar cell was connected to a digital source meter to test its photoelectric conversion efficiency under light.

[0223] Please see Table 1 for specific test results.

[0224] Examples 2 to 7

[0225] Examples 2 to 7 are basically the same as Example 1, except that the passivation material A is replaced by passivation materials B to G, respectively. The specific structures are as follows:

[0226]

[0227] The preparation process of passivation materials B to G is similar to that of passivation material A, except that the morpholine in the preparation process of Example 1 is replaced by thiomorpholine, 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine, thiazolidinedione, 5-acetyl-4-hydroxy-2H-1,3-thiazine-2,6(3h)-dione, thiazole and N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, respectively.

[0228] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1. Please see Table 1 for the specific results.

[0229] Examples 8 to 11

[0230] Examples 8 to 11 are basically the same as Example 1, except that the passivation material A is replaced by passivation materials H to K, respectively. The specific structures are as follows:

[0231]

[0232] The preparation process of passivation materials H to K is similar to that of passivation material A, except that the formic acid in the preparation process of Example 1 is replaced by thioacetic acid, hypophosphorous acid, dimethyldithiocarbamic acid and hydrochloric acid, respectively.

[0233] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1. Please see Table 1 for the specific results.

[0234] Examples 12-13

[0235] Examples 12 to 13 are substantially the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that, during the preparation of the passivation layer, the spin coating is regulated so that the thickness of the passivation layer is different from that of Example 1, namely, 5 nm and 10 nm, respectively.

[0236] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1. Please see Table 1 for the specific results.

[0237] Example 14

[0238] Example 14 is basically the same as Example 1, except that the preparation process of the solar cell is as follows:

[0239] 1. Cleaning of FTO conductive glass: Remove 0.35 cm of FTO at both ends of a 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm FTO conductive glass by laser etching to expose the glass substrate. Then, ultrasonically clean the glass in deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol for 10 minutes in sequence. Then, blow dry the solvent under a nitrogen gun and place the glass in a UV ozone machine for further cleaning. Use it as the first electrode.

[0240] 2. Preparation of hole transport layer: 10 mg / mL nickel oxide nanoparticles (aqueous solution as solvent) were spin-coated on the FTO substrate at a rate of 4000 rpm and annealed on a hot plate at 100°C for 30 minutes to form a hole transport layer.

[0241] 3. Preparation of the first passivation layer: The passivation material G was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol to obtain a 1 mg / mL mixed solution; the mixed solution was then spin-coated on the surface of the hole transport layer at 3000 rpm and annealed to obtain the first passivation layer.

[0242] 4. Preparation of perovskite material layer: refer to step 4 of the preparation of solar cell in Example 1.

[0243] 5. Preparation of the second passivation layer: The passivation material G was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol to obtain a 1 mg / mL mixed solution, and the mixed solution was spin-coated on the surface of the perovskite material layer at 3000 rpm, and annealed to obtain the second passivation layer.

[0244] 6. Preparation of electron transport layer: Spin-coat PCBM at 1500 rpm on the surface of the second passivation layer away from the perovskite material layer, anneal at 100°C for 10 min to form an electron transport layer; then spin-coat BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) at 5000 rpm to form a blocking layer.

[0245] 7. Preparation of the second electrode: Place the component prepared in step 5 into the evaporation mask, and vacuum evaporate 80nm thick silver on the surface of the barrier layer to obtain a complete perovskite solar cell.

[0246] Among them, the thicknesses of the blocking layer, electron transport layer, second passivation layer, perovskite material layer, first passivation layer and hole transport layer are 7nm, 20nm, 2nm, 500nm, 2nm and 20nm respectively.

[0247] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1. Please see Table 1 for the specific results.

[0248] Example 15

[0249] Example 15 is basically the same as Example 1, except that no passivation layer is provided during the preparation of the solar cell, and the perovskite material layer is prepared as follows:

[0250] Preparation of perovskite material layer: prepare perovskite precursor solution: weigh lead iodide, iodomethane, cesium iodide, methylamine bromide, and lead bromide in a molar ratio of 1:0.95:0.05:0.02:0.02 and add them to a DMF:DMSO mixed solvent with a volume ratio of 4:1, and add a mixed solution of passivation material A (1 mg / ml) to obtain a perovskite precursor solution doped with passivation material A, and then spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution on the surface of the passivation layer at 3000 rpm, anneal at 100°C for 30 minutes, and cool to room temperature to obtain a perovskite material layer of the CsFAMA system doped with passivation material A. The doping mass proportion of passivation material A in the perovskite material layer is 1%.

[0251] Other steps and conditions are the same as in Example 1.

[0252] Please see Table 1 for specific results.

[0253] Examples 16-17

[0254] Examples 16 to 17 are basically the same as Example 15, with the only difference being that in the preparation of the perovskite material layer, the concentration of the passivation material A is different from that in Example 15, being 0.25 mg / ml and 5 mg / ml, respectively, so that the doping mass proportion of the passivation material A in the perovskite material layer is 0.25% and 10%, respectively.

[0255] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1. Please see Table 1 for the specific results.

[0256] Comparative Example 1

[0257] Comparative Example 1 is substantially the same as Example 1, except that, in the preparation of the solar cell, the step of preparing the passivation layer is omitted, and the passivation layer is not provided.

[0258] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1. Please see Table 1 for the specific results.

[0259] Comparative Example 2

[0260] Comparative Example 2 is basically the same as Example 1, except that the passivation material A is replaced by the passivation material L. The specific structure is as follows:

[0261]

[0262] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1. Please see Table 1 for the specific results.

[0263] The relevant physical parameters and test results of each embodiment and comparative example are shown in Table 1. Wherein, Y (%) represents the mass ratio of the perovskite layered passivation material.

[0264] Table 1

[0265]

[0266]

[0267] Note: " / " represents the absence of the structure or substance. In Example 14, the thickness of the passivation layer is "2 / 2", which means that the thicknesses of the first passivation layer and the second passivation layer are 2 nm and 2 nm respectively.

[0268] It can be seen from the experimental results in the above table that the solar cell containing the passivation material with a specific structure in the present application has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0269] The technical features of the above-mentioned embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-mentioned embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0270] The above-described embodiments merely represent several implementation methods of the present application. While the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent. It should be noted that a person skilled in the art could make several modifications and improvements without departing from the spirit of the present application, all of which fall within the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent in this application shall be based on the appended claims, and the specification and drawings may be used to interpret the claims.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that: The solar cell includes a perovskite material layer and satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2): (1) A passivation layer is provided on at least one surface of the perovskite material layer, and the passivation layer comprises a passivation material; (2) The perovskite material layer includes a passivation material; The passivation material includes an organic ammonium salt formed by a nitrogen-containing organic compound and an acid compound, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing chain heteroalkane having 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing alicyclic compound having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkane having 5 to 15 ring atoms; The ring-forming atoms in the heteroarylalkane include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom, and the ring-forming atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The organic ammonium salt satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) at least one nitrogen atom among the ring atoms of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound reacts with the acid compound to form an ammonium ion; (2) at least one nitrogen atom among the ring atoms of the heteroarylalkane reacts with the acid compound to form an ammonium ion; (3) The acid compound includes at least one of formic acid, thioacetic acid, dithionite, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid, thiosulfate, nitrous acid, a halogen acid, dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The passivation material includes at least one of the compounds represented by formulas (1) to (3): wherein X1 is selected from any one of H and a substituted or unsubstituted chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R1 and N are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, wherein the ring atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, and a nitrogen atom; X2 is selected from H, R2 and N are connected to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group with 5 to 15 ring atoms, wherein the ring atoms of the aromatic heterocyclic group include at least one of an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom; Each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of: a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Y n- It is the acid anion formed by the acid compound.

4. The solar cell according to claim 3, wherein The passivation material includes at least one of the compounds represented by formula (3) and the following formulas (A1) to (A3): Wherein: X4 each time appears, is independently selected from any one of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, CR3R4 and C=O, and at least one X4 is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; Each occurrence of X5 is independently selected from CR5, each occurrence of X6 is independently selected from any one of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, CR6R7 and C=O, and at least one X6 is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; Each occurrence of X7 is independently selected from CR8, and W is selected from an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; Each occurrence of R3 to R8 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, chain alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having 3 to 10 ring atoms, heteroaryl having 5 to 10 ring atoms, and aryl having 6 to 10 ring atoms.

5. The solar cell according to claim 4, wherein The passivation material satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2): (1) X1 is selected from any one of: H, a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms substituted by a halogen; (2) Each occurrence of X3 is independently selected from any one of an alkane group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and an alkane group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl group.

6. The solar cell according to claim 5, wherein The passivation material includes at least one of the following compounds: Among them, m1 to m3 are independently any integers from 1 to 8, m4 is any integer from 1 to 4, m5 is any integer from 1 to 2, and m6 is any integer from 1 to 4.

7. The solar cell according to claim 6, wherein The passivation material satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2): (1) Each occurrence of R3 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, halogen, chain alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring atoms; (2) Each occurrence of R5 is independently selected from any one of H, hydroxyl, rC(=O)-, and a chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and r is selected from an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein Y n- At least one selected from the following structures: F - 、Cl - 、Br - 、 9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein The passivation material includes at least one of the structures shown in A to G below:

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein The perovskite material layer includes a passivation material, and the mass proportion of the passivation material in the passivation material layer is 0.01% to 10%.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein: The solar cell further comprises a functional transport layer, wherein the functional transport layer and the perovskite material layer are stacked, and the functional transport layer comprises at least one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer; The passivation layer is provided between at least one of the functional transport layers and the perovskite material layer.

12. The solar cell according to claim 11, wherein The functional transport layer includes a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer includes nickel oxide, and the passivation layer is provided between the hole transport layer and the perovskite material layer.

13. The solar cell according to claim 11, wherein The solar cell also includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The functional transport layer includes an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer. The electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are respectively arranged on both sides of the perovskite material layer. The first electrode is arranged on the side of the hole transport layer away from the perovskite material layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the side of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite material layer.

14. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein The thickness of each passivation layer is independently selected from 0.1 to 10 nm.

15. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that: The solar cell comprises the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14.

16. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that: Comprising the photovoltaic module according to claim 15.

17. An electrical device, characterized in that: The method comprises at least one of the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14 and the photovoltaic module according to claim 15.

18. A power generation device, characterized in that: The method comprises at least one of the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14 and the photovoltaic module according to claim 15.

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