Ultra-wideband wide-angle scanning tight coupling antenna and array

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of ultra-wideband antennas, and discloses an ultra-wideband wide-angle scanning tight coupling antenna and array, and the antenna comprises an impedance matching layer, an antenna radiation layer, an antenna supporting layer and a metal floor which are stacked from top to bottom. The impedance matching layer comprises three layers of eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plates, and the first eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate at the top layer and the second eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate at the middle layer are provided with circular grooves at the intersection center position of the two groups of orthogonal dipoles; the antenna radiation layer is provided with two groups of orthogonally arranged unequal-width pentagonal dipoles; the antenna supporting layer is provided with two groups of feed short circuit columns and two groups of metal rib belts; and the metal floor is provided with a two-section stepped feed through hole. According to the invention, the scanning range is expanded under the condition of ensuring good matching.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of ultra-wideband antennas, and in particular to an ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna and an array. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, ultra-wideband, low-profile, and wide-scan-angle antennas have become a research hotspot in communication systems. Traditional ultra-wideband antenna array designs primarily rely on broadband antenna elements, maintaining performance by optimizing element impedance matching and suppressing mutual coupling. However, this design approach is limited by the electrical performance of the antenna elements and array coupling, making it difficult to simultaneously achieve wide impedance bandwidth and wide-angle scanning. Early scanning antennas were primarily used in narrowband and small-scan-angle scenarios. While mature, they cannot meet the broadband and wide-angle scanning requirements of modern systems. To address this limitation, based on connected array theory, researchers such as Munk proposed a strongly coupled ultra-wideband phased array antenna. By introducing capacitive mutual coupling between adjacent elements, they offset the inductive effect caused by reflectors, thereby expanding the impedance bandwidth and achieving a low-profile design. In 2003, Professor B. Munk of Ohio State University first systematically expounded this concept in U.S. Patent No. 6,512,487, "Wideband Phased Arrays and Related Technologies." The core idea is to utilize strong mutual coupling by closely spaced elements to create a continuous current distribution, thus overcoming the bandwidth and scan angle limitations of traditional phased arrays. Research shows that this new type of phased array has significant advantages: ultra-wide bandwidth and wide-angle scanning. The introduction of tightly coupled arrays marks a paradigm shift in phased array technology from suppressing mutual coupling to actively utilizing mutual coupling, becoming an important breakthrough in the antenna field and showing broad application prospects in military radar, satellite communications and 5G / 6G systems.

[0003] The mutual coupling characteristics of the array in different tangent planes are different. As the scanning angle increases, the ultra-wideband characteristics and wide-angle scanning capabilities of the array cannot be effectively taken into account. In order to solve the balance problem between the scanning range of the tightly coupled array and the ultra-wideband matching.

[0004] Compared with the Chinese patent application number 202010520723.X "A low-profile, wide-bandwidth and angular tightly coupled antenna unit and array", a low-profile, solder-free tightly coupled array is proposed using multi-layer printed circuit board processing technology, but the antenna is only well matched in the C band (4-8GHz) when the scanning does not exceed 45 degrees.

[0005] Compared with the Chinese patent application number 202210503697.9 "A broadband dual-polarization tightly coupled antenna unit and array", by optimizing the vibrator shape and feeding structure, the standing wave ratio is less than 1.4 during normal radiation in the 4-12GHz frequency band, and the E-plane / H-plane is well matched when it does not exceed ±45 degrees. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides an ultra-wide bandwidth angle scanning tightly coupled antenna and array, which can expand the scanning range while ensuring good matching.

[0007] In order to achieve the above-mentioned object of the invention, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: In the first aspect, the present invention proposes an ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna, comprising an impedance matching layer, an antenna radiation layer, an antenna support layer and a metal floor stacked from top to bottom; the impedance matching layer comprises three layers of eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plates, and the first eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate in the top layer and the second eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate in the middle layer have circular grooves at the intersection center of two groups of orthogonal dipoles; the antenna radiation layer is provided with two groups of orthogonally arranged non-equal width pentagonal dipoles; the antenna support layer is provided with two groups of feed short-circuit columns and two groups of metal ribs; the metal floor is provided with two-stage stepped feed through holes.

[0008] Furthermore, the antenna radiation layer includes a fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate, the upper surface of the fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate is provided with two groups of orthogonally arranged non-equal width pentagonal dipoles, and the lower surface of the fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate is provided with a coupling metal disc corresponding to the center position of the intersection of the two groups of orthogonal dipoles, and the coupling metal disc is connected to the metal floor through a metal through-hole to form a compensation capacitor.

[0009] Furthermore, each group of non-equal-width pentagonal dipoles includes a left dipole arm and a right dipole arm of irregular pentagonal shape, the width of the connection end between the left dipole arm and the short-circuit metal column is 0.07 times the highest frequency wavelength, and the width of the connection end between the right dipole arm and the short-circuit metal column is 0.11 times the highest frequency wavelength.

[0010] Furthermore, the diameter of the coupling metal disc is 0.16 times the highest frequency wavelength.

[0011] Furthermore, the antenna support layer includes a fifth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate, in which in-phase metal short-circuit columns and anti-phase metal short-circuit columns are arranged inside the fifth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate, and two groups of metal ribs with different gap widths are arranged at positions 0.15 times the highest frequency wavelength and 0.2 times the highest frequency wavelength below the antenna radiation layer, respectively.

[0012] Furthermore, the edge of the in-phase metal short-circuit column is tangent to the wide side of the left dipole arm, and the anti-phase metal short-circuit column is offset toward the inside of the right dipole arm by a distance of 0.03 times the highest frequency wavelength.

[0013] Furthermore, the gap width between the two parallel metal patches of the first group of metal ribs is 0.006 times the highest frequency wavelength, and the gap width between the two parallel metal patches of the second group of metal ribs is 0.02 times the highest frequency wavelength.

[0014] Furthermore, the feed through hole of the metal floor has a two-stage stepped structure, the upper aperture is smaller than the lower aperture, and the feed through hole is filled with an insulating medium; a button metal inner core is set in the center of the feed through hole, and a 50Ω coaxial connector is connected to form a gradient transmission line.

[0015] Furthermore, the feed through hole achieves 50Ω impedance gradient matching by controlling the depth ratio of the stepped hole.

[0016] In a second aspect, the present invention proposes an ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna array, comprising an M×N two-dimensional planar array composed of the above-mentioned antenna units, where M and N are ≥10.

[0017] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) The feed structure is simple, requiring no welding, and achieves good matching performance over an ultra-wideband, covering the C, X, and Ku bands. The active standing wave ratio in normal radiation is less than 1.7, and the active standing wave ratio is less than 3 when scanning to 60 degrees on the E and H planes. (2) The overall structure of the antenna is produced using PCB technology, which is easy to process, stable and reliable, and has a wide range of application scenarios. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an ultra-wide bandwidth angle scanning tightly coupled antenna; Figure 2 Schematic top view of the first eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate of the impedance matching layer; Figure 3 A schematic top view of the second eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate of the impedance matching layer; Figure 4 Schematic top view of the third eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate of the impedance matching layer; Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the antenna radiation layer from a top view; Figure 6 Schematic diagram of a top view of the antenna support layer; Figure 7 Schematic diagram of a top view of the second set of metal ribs of the antenna support layer; Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the antenna structure without an impedance matching layer; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the metal floor structure; Figure 10 This is a comparison diagram of the standing wave scanned on the H surface before and after the circular slot is opened on the antenna unit; Figure 11 This is a comparison diagram of the E-surface scanning standing wave before and after the impedance matching layer is loaded; Figure 12 This is a comparison diagram of the H-surface scanning standing wave before and after the impedance matching layer is loaded; Figure 13A comparison of standing wave results for varying the length of the dipole's broadside; Figure 14 The comparison diagram of standing wave results before and after loading the ribbed strip structure; Figure 15 This is a comparison diagram of the standing wave of the antenna unit at the E-plane scanning angle; Figure 16 The standing wave comparison diagram of the antenna unit at the H-plane scanning angle; Figure 17 Schematic diagram of the structure of an ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna array.

[0019] The accompanying drawings are denoted as follows: 1-First eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate; 2-Second eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate; 3-Third eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate; 4-Antenna radiation layer; 5-Antenna support layer; 6-Metal floor; 7-Circular groove; 8-Vertical dipole; 9-Left long dipole arm; 10-Right long dipole arm; 11-In-phase metal short-circuit column; 12-Anti-phase metal short-circuit column; 13-Coupling metal disc; 14-Metal through-hole; 15-First group of metal ribs; 16-Second group of metal ribs; 17-Upper layer filled with insulating dielectric; 18-Lower layer filled with insulating dielectric; 19-Hairy button metal inner core; 20-50 ohm coaxial connector. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] The specific embodiments of the present invention are described below to facilitate understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art. However, it should be clear that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the specific embodiments. For those skilled in the art, as long as various changes are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and determined by the appended claims, these changes are obvious, and all inventions and creations utilizing the concepts of the present invention are protected.

[0021] Example 1 like Figure 1 As shown, an ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes an impedance matching layer, an antenna radiating layer 4, an antenna supporting layer 5 and a metal floor 6 stacked from top to bottom; the impedance matching layer includes three layers of eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plates, and a first eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate 1 in the top layer and a second eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate 2 in the middle layer are provided with a circular groove 7 at the intersection center of two groups of orthogonal dipoles; the antenna radiating layer 4 is provided with two groups of orthogonally arranged non-uniform width pentagonal dipoles; the antenna supporting layer 5 is provided with two groups of feed short-circuit posts and two groups of metal ribs; and the metal floor 6 is provided with a two-stage stepped feed through hole.

[0022] like Figure 2 、 Figure 3 and Figure 4As shown, the impedance matching layer is composed of three layers of dielectric plates stacked together. It is not limited to the placement of the tightly coupled dipole antenna and can be used for vertical and planar tightly coupled antennas. The core lies in the shape, combination and slot structure of the three dielectric plates.

[0023] like Figure 5 As shown, the antenna radiating layer 4 consists of a fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate and metal patches printed on the upper and lower surfaces of the dielectric plate. The upper metal patch includes two sets of orthogonally arranged dipole antennas, which include vertical dipoles 8 and horizontal dipoles. The dipole antennas are composed of left and right dipole arms, including a left long dipole arm 9 and a right long dipole arm 10. A coupling metal disc 13 is placed at the center of the two sets of orthogonal long dipole arms. The coupling metal disc 13 is printed on the lower surface of the fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate and is connected to the metal ground 6 via metal vias 14, forming a coupling compensation capacitor.

[0024] like Figure 6 、 Figure 7 and Figure 8 As shown, the antenna support layer 5 includes a fifth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate, ensuring the distance from the antenna radiating layer to the underlying metal floor meets the requirement of a quarter of the intermediate frequency wavelength. Two sets of metal through-holes are provided within the antenna support layer 5. Each set includes two metal shorting posts, responsible for feeding the dipole antenna. The in-phase metal shorting post 11 connects the left dipole arm to the feed connector, while the anti-phase metal shorting post 12 connects the right dipole arm to the metal floor. Another set of metal through-holes feeds the dipole antenna in the orthogonal position. Two sets of metal ribbed strips are provided below the antenna radiating layer 4 at positions 0.15 times the highest frequency wavelength and 0.2 times the highest frequency wavelength. Each set includes two metal patches, each connected to the in-phase metal shorting post 11 and the anti-phase metal shorting post 12, respectively. The gap widths of the two sets of parallel metal patches are different.

[0025] like Figure 9 As shown, the metal floor 6 provides support and fixation for the entire antenna. The antenna's feed button connector is installed at the position of the in-phase metal short-circuit column 11. The metal floor is punched with stepped through holes with diameters of 1.6 mm and 1.9 mm and filled with Teflon insulating medium. The center of the through hole is a button metal inner core 19 with a diameter of 0.4 mm.

[0026] The impedance matching layer's structural characteristics lie in the shape of its three dielectric plates, which are eccentric crosses of varying thickness. The top two dielectric plates feature circular slots (7) with a diameter of 0.16 times the wavelength of the highest frequency, located at the intersection of the two sets of orthogonal dipoles. The dielectric constants of the three dielectric plates, descending from the top, are 10.2, 2.2, and 6.15, respectively. The unique eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plates and the surrounding air effectively suppress surface wave propagation during beam scanning, improving matching characteristics. The circular holes in the top two dielectric layers effectively improve the impedance transition between the antenna radiation and the wave impedance of free space during wide-angle scanning in the H-plane.

[0027] The structural features of the antenna radiating layer 4 lie in the compensating coupling capacitor formed by the coupling metal disc 13 and the metal through-hole 14, and the unequal widths of the dipole arms. The dipole arms are irregular pentagons formed by straight lines with gradually decreasing widths. The widest width of the dipole is 0.15 times the wavelength of the highest frequency, gradually narrowing. The width of the left long dipole arm 9 at the connection end with the in-phase metal shorting post 11 is 0.07 times the wavelength of the highest frequency. The width of the right long dipole arm 10 at the connection end with the anti-phase metal shorting post 12 is wider than the left long dipole arm 9, at 0.11 times the wavelength of the highest frequency. The lengths of the left and right long dipole arms 9 and 10 are both 0.18 times the wavelength of the highest frequency, and the spacing between the left and right long dipole arms 9 and 10 is 0.07 times the wavelength of the highest frequency. The unequal arm widths facilitate adaptation to unbalanced feeding systems and improve antenna input impedance. The diameter of the coupling metal disc 13 is 0.16 times the highest frequency wavelength. By optimizing the metal patch diameter and improving the compensation capacitance at the end of the dipole, the inductance component of the metal floor can be offset from the perspective of the equivalent circuit, which helps to expand the antenna bandwidth. The dielectric plate of the antenna's radiating layer is 0.254mm thick, shaped like an eccentric cross, and has a dielectric constant of 3.5.

[0028] The structural features of the antenna support layer 5 lie in the shape of the metal ribs and the position of the short-circuit metal posts. The edge of the in-phase metal short-circuit post 11, which conducts electricity to the left long dipole arm 9, is tangential to the left dipole arm's broadside. The edge of the anti-phase metal short-circuit post 12, which conducts electricity to the right long dipole arm 10, is offset inward of the right long dipole arm 10 by 0.03 times the maximum frequency wavelength. Adjusting the position of the metal short-circuit posts adjusts the characteristic impedance of the two-wire transmission line, facilitating impedance transition. Two sets of metal ribs connect the two metal short-circuit posts. The metal patches are 0.13 times the maximum frequency wavelength long. A gap of 0.006 times the maximum frequency wavelength exists between the two parallel metal patches of the first set of metal ribs 15. The second set of metal ribs 16 is positioned below the first set of metal ribs 15 at a position 0.05 times the maximum frequency wavelength and is similarly connected to the two metal short-circuit posts. The gap between the two parallel metal patches is 0.02 times the maximum frequency wavelength. The position and gap of the metal ribs have a significant impact on the input impedance of the antenna at high frequencies. The introduced capacitive component is more conducive to the impedance matching characteristics of the antenna at high frequencies.

[0029] The structural features of the metal floor 6 lie in the location and shape of the feed hole connected to the in-phase metal shorting post 11. The feed hole consists of two stepped sections, with diameters increasing from top to bottom, reaching 1.6mm and 1.9mm, respectively. The feed hole is filled with Teflon insulation, including an upper layer 17 and a lower layer 18. The center of the feed hole is a button-like metal core 19, which forms a two-section coaxial connector with gradually varying diameters. By adjusting the depth of the two stepped sections, impedance transformation is achieved, facilitating a smooth transition from the antenna to the standard 50Ω impedance, thereby improving the antenna's ultra-wideband impedance matching.

[0030] In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the antenna unit is composed of four parts: an impedance matching layer, an antenna radiation layer 4 , an antenna support layer 5 and a metal floor 6 .

[0031] The cross-sectional shape of the three-layer dielectric plate is an eccentric cross. The dielectric constant of the first eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate 1 on the top layer of the impedance matching layer is 10.2, the thickness is 0.8mm, and a circular groove 7 with a radius of 1.5mm is opened at the intersection center of the two sets of orthogonal dipoles. The dielectric constant of the second eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate 2 in the middle layer of the impedance matching layer is 2.2, the thickness is 1.7mm, and a circular groove 7 with a radius of 1.5mm is opened at the intersection center of the two sets of orthogonal dipoles. The dielectric constant of the third eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate 3 on the bottom layer of the impedance matching layer is 6.15, and the thickness is 0.508mm. The circular groove 7 can effectively suppress the surface waves propagating on the dielectric surface during large-angle scanning, and improve the H-plane large-angle scanning matching characteristics, such as Figure 10 The comparison of active standing wave ratio before and after loading the matching layer is shown in Figure 2. Figure 11 、 Figure 12 As shown, three layers of eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plates are combined together. By extracting equivalent electromagnetic parameters, the impedance of the antenna within the full frequency band can be improved, making it easier for the input impedance of the antenna radiation layer to match the free space wave impedance.

[0032] The fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate of the antenna radiation layer 4 is in the shape of an eccentric cross, with a thickness of 0.254 mm and a dielectric constant of 3.5. The upper surface of the fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate is printed with a dipole metal patch, and the lower surface is a coupling metal disc 13. The widest width of the left long dipole arm 9 and the right long dipole arm 10 of the dipole is 2.6 mm, the dipole arm length is 3 mm, the distance between the left and right dipole arms is 1.2 mm, the wide side dimension of the left long dipole arm 9 connected to the in-phase feed short-circuit metal column 11 is 1.2 mm, and the wide side dimension of the right long dipole arm 10 connected to the anti-phase feed short-circuit metal column 12 is 1.8 mm. The unequal width of the dipole arms is more conducive to adapting to unbalanced feeding systems and improving antenna input impedance, such as Figure 13The diameter of the coupling metal disc 13 is 2.7 mm. By optimizing the diameter of the metal patch and improving the compensation capacitance value at the end of the dipole, the inductance component of the metal floor can be offset from the perspective of the equivalent circuit, which is conducive to expanding the antenna bandwidth.

[0033] The fifth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate of the antenna support layer 5 is shaped like an eccentric cross, with a thickness of 4.2 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2. It can be laminated using multiple layers of standard thickness dielectric plates with the same dielectric constant. The short-circuiting metal posts include an in-phase metal short-circuiting post 11 and an anti-phase metal short-circuiting post 12, forming a two-wire transmission line for complex feed. The edge of the in-phase metal short-circuiting post 11 connected to the left long dipole arm 9 is aligned with the dipole's broadside, while the edge of the anti-phase metal short-circuiting post 12 connected to the right long dipole arm 10 is not aligned with the dipole's broadside, but is offset to the right by 0.05 mm. The first set of metal ribs 15 is positioned 2.5 mm from the lower surface of the antenna radiating layer and connects the two sets of short-circuiting metal posts. The first set of metal ribs 15 is 2.2 mm long and 0.58 mm wide, ensuring a 0.1 mm gap between the two parallel metal sheets. The second set of metal ribs 16 is arranged 0.88 mm below the first set of metal ribs 15 and is also connected to the two sets of short-circuit metal columns. Figure 8 As shown, the second set of metal ribs 16 is 2.2mm long and 0.47mm wide, ensuring a 0.3mm gap between the two parallel metal sheets. The position and gap of the metal ribs have a significant impact on the input impedance of the antenna at high frequencies. The introduction of capacitive components is more conducive to the impedance matching characteristics of the antenna at high frequencies. The results are shown in Figure 1. Figure 14 shown.

[0034] The thickness of the metal floor 6 is 2 mm, and the through hole consists of two sections of stepped holes. The diameter increases from top to bottom, with diameters of 1.6 mm and 1.9 mm respectively, and the hole is filled with Teflon insulating medium. The center of the hole is a button metal inner core 19, which forms two sections of coaxial cable connectors with gradually changing diameters with the stepped holes. By adjusting the depth of the two sections of stepped holes, impedance transformation is achieved, which helps to achieve a smooth transition of the antenna to the standard impedance of 50Ω, thereby improving the ultra-wideband impedance matching of the antenna.

[0035] This embodiment achieves good matching performance over an ultra-wideband through the above-mentioned optimization design. In the C, X, and Ku bands, the active standing wave ratio of normal radiation is less than 1.7. When scanning to 60 on the E and H planes, the active standing wave ratio is less than 3. The results are as follows: Figures 15 and 16 shown.

[0036] Example 2 like Figure 17 As shown, the present invention provides an ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna array based on Example 1, comprising an M×N two-dimensional planar array composed of antenna units in Example 1, where M and N are ≥10.

[0037] Based on the antenna unit structure in Example 1, this embodiment constructs a 10×10 orthogonal dual-polarization tightly coupled phased array through a two-dimensional planar extension. Based on the antenna unit, the infinite array environment can be expanded to meet the actual finite array requirements according to actual application requirements.

[0038] Specific embodiments are used in the present invention to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of the present invention. The description of the above embodiments is only used to help understand the method of the present invention and its core ideas. At the same time, for those skilled in the art, according to the ideas of the present invention, there may be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scopes. In summary, the contents of this specification should not be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0039] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments described herein are intended to help readers understand the principles of the present invention, and it should be understood that the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to such specific descriptions and embodiments. Those skilled in the art can make various other specific variations and combinations based on the technical teachings disclosed in the present invention without departing from the essence of the present invention, and such variations and combinations are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna, characterized in that: The invention comprises an impedance matching layer, an antenna radiation layer, an antenna support layer and a metal floor stacked from top to bottom; the impedance matching layer comprises three layers of eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plates, and the first eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate in the top layer and the second eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate in the middle layer have circular grooves at the intersection center of two groups of orthogonal dipoles; the antenna radiation layer is provided with two groups of orthogonally arranged non-uniform-width pentagonal dipoles; the antenna support layer is provided with two groups of feed short-circuit posts and two groups of metal ribs; the metal floor is provided with two-stage stepped feed through holes.

2. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: The antenna radiation layer includes a fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate. Two groups of orthogonally arranged unequal-width pentagonal dipoles are provided on the upper surface of the fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate. A coupling metal disc is provided on the lower surface of the fourth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate at the intersection center of the two groups of orthogonal dipoles. The coupling metal disc is connected to the metal floor through a metal through-hole to form a compensation capacitor.

3. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that: Each group of non-equal-width pentagonal dipoles includes a left dipole arm and a right dipole arm of irregular pentagonal shape. The width of the connection end between the left dipole arm and the short-circuit metal column is 0.07 times the highest frequency wavelength, and the width of the connection end between the right dipole arm and the short-circuit metal column is 0.11 times the highest frequency wavelength.

4. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that: The diameter of the coupling metal disc is 0.16 times the highest frequency wavelength.

5. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 4, characterized in that: The antenna support layer includes a fifth eccentric cross-shaped dielectric plate, inside which an in-phase metal short-circuit column and an anti-phase metal short-circuit column are arranged, and two groups of metal ribs with different gap widths are arranged at positions 0.15 times the highest frequency wavelength and 0.2 times the highest frequency wavelength below the antenna radiation layer, respectively.

6. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 5, characterized in that: The edge of the in-phase metal short-circuit column is tangent to the wide side of the left dipole arm, and the anti-phase metal short-circuit column is offset to the inside of the right dipole arm by 0.03 times the highest frequency wavelength.

7. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 6, characterized in that: The width of the gap between the two parallel metal patches of the first group of metal ribs is 0.006 times the highest frequency wavelength, and the width of the gap between the two parallel metal patches of the second group of metal ribs is 0.02 times the highest frequency wavelength.

8. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: The feed hole of the metal floor has a two-stage stepped structure. The upper aperture is smaller than the lower aperture, and the feed hole is filled with insulating medium. A button metal core is set in the center of the feed hole and connected to a 50Ω coaxial connector to form a gradient transmission line.

9. The ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna according to claim 8, characterized in that: The feed through hole achieves 50Ω impedance gradient matching by controlling the depth ratio of the stepped hole.

10. An ultra-wide bandwidth angular scanning tightly coupled antenna array, characterized in that: An M×N two-dimensional planar array comprising the antenna units according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein M and N ≥ 10.

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