Avalanche amount measuring method and device

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of monitoring and measuring, in particular to an avalanche amount measuring method and device.The avalanche amount measuring device comprises a supporting frame, a stress plate group, a pressure sensor, a speed sensor and a data acquisition unit, and the supporting frame is formed by welding square steel and is installed perpendicular to a slope; the stress plate group comprises ten conical stress plates, each conical stress plate corresponds to one pressure sensor, and a speed sensor is arranged between every two adjacent stress plates; the data acquisition unit is located in a safe area and acquires data through an RS485 protocol; the measuring method is based on the momentum theorem, data are collected through the pressure sensor and the speed sensor, the total avalanche amount is obtained through the steps of impulse calculation, speed mean value calculation and the like, and errors are corrected through multiple algorithms. The method is high in measurement accuracy, reliable in result, scientific, suitable for various scenes and capable of meeting the measurement requirements of avalanche of different scales.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of monitoring and measurement technology, and in particular to a method and device for measuring avalanche volume. Background Art

[0002] In the field of natural disaster monitoring and assessment, avalanches are a highly destructive natural phenomenon, and accurate measurement of their scale is crucial for disaster warning, risk assessment, and post-disaster rescue and reconstruction. Accurate measurement of avalanche volume can not only help us gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic characteristics of avalanches, but also provide a key basis for formulating effective disaster prevention and mitigation strategies. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of avalanches, including the high-speed movement of avalanche particles, the instantaneous change of impact force, and the diversity of topography, accurate measurement of avalanche volume has become an extremely challenging task. Compared with the debris flow monitoring targeted by the comparative document CN202410704870.0 (a debris flow velocity measurement device and its measurement method), avalanches have unique characteristics such as high impact intensity, high speed, and strong randomness of solid particle movement, resulting in the following defects in the existing technology: Existing avalanche measurement devices often use standard steel frames or simple fixings for their support structures, which are not optimized for the strong impact forces of avalanches. While debris flow velocity measurement devices must handle fluid impact, the impact energy of solid particles in avalanches is even higher (pressure can reach several tons). Existing devices are prone to distortion of measurement data due to support deformation or displacement, and lack a systematic compensation mechanism for deformation errors.

[0003] Calculating avalanche volume requires synchronized data on impact force and instantaneous velocity. However, existing technologies often use inconsistent mounting angles for pressure and velocity sensors (e.g., the velocity sensor is parallel to the slope), and data acquisition often uses low frequencies (<50Hz) or lacks time synchronization compensation, resulting in a misalignment between the time dimensions of force and velocity. In contrast, debris flow velocity measurement devices, due to the relatively smooth flow motion, require less precise spatiotemporal synchronization, making their design inadequate for the rapid dynamics of avalanches. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for measuring avalanche volume, so as to solve the problem of poor temporal and spatial matching between force and velocity measurements in existing avalanche measurement mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: An avalanche volume measuring device includes a support frame, a load-bearing plate group, a pressure sensor, a velocity sensor and a data acquisition unit; The support frame is welded from several sets of square steel and installed perpendicular to the slope. The side length of the square steel is 8 cm and the spacing is 50 cm. Holes are punched at 0.5 meters and 1.5 meters for fixing the pressure sensor base. The load-bearing plate group includes 10 lightweight, non-deformable conical load-bearing plates with a side length of 1 meter. A pressure sensor is installed on each conical load-bearing plate. A speed sensor is provided between adjacent conical load-bearing plates. Side channel steels are symmetrically provided on both sides of the conical load-bearing plate. The bottoms of the two groups of side channel steels are connected to the bottom channel steel to form a U-shaped structure. The conical load-bearing plate is connected to the support frame through the bottom channel steel. The bottom channel steel is welded to the square steel. The side channel steel and the conical load-bearing plate are connected by a pulley. The range of the pressure sensor is 0- 10 tons, with an angle parallel to the slope surface, used to measure the impact force of the avalanche on the load-bearing plate; the speed sensor adopts a high-frequency laser ranging sensor LDM71, based on the laser ranging principle, installed on the square steel of the support frame, with an angle parallel to the slope surface, used to measure the instantaneous speed of the avalanche; the data acquisition unit is located outside the avalanche area, connected to the pressure sensor and speed sensor through a signal line, adopts RS485 communication protocol, and has an acquisition frequency of 100Hz, used to record the force time, force size and impact speed.

[0006] Preferably, the pressure sensor is fixedly connected to the square steel by bolts. The bolt connection has high connection strength and stability, which can ensure that the pressure sensor is not easily loosened or fallen off under the strong impact of avalanche, and ensure that the relative position between the sensor and the square steel is fixed, thereby making the pressure measurement data more stable and reliable.

[0007] Preferably, the speed sensor is installed on the square steel through a standard fixing card, and the measuring direction is perpendicular to the slope. The entire device is equipped with three speed sensors, which can ensure the consistency and stability of the speed sensor installation position, avoid the measurement direction deviation caused by improper installation, ensure that the measurement direction is strictly perpendicular to the slope, and improve the accuracy of speed measurement. The three speed sensors work simultaneously and can perform multi-point synchronous measurement of the instantaneous speed of the avalanche. Through the mutual verification and supplementation of multiple sets of data, the possible errors in the measurement of a single sensor can be effectively reduced, and the reliability of the speed measurement can be improved, especially to cope with the situation of uneven speed distribution in avalanche movement.

[0008] Preferably, the data acquisition unit records the initial pressure of the load-bearing plate before measurement and returns it to zero during calculation. The initial pressure before measurement may be caused by the load-bearing plate's own gravity, installation errors, or environmental factors (such as slight snow accumulation, wind), etc. Recording the initial pressure and returning it to zero can eliminate the influence of these initial interference factors on subsequent measurement results, making the calculated actual force closer to the actual impact force of the avalanche on the load-bearing plate, thereby improving the accuracy of force measurement; the zeroing process provides a unified benchmark for the measurement data, ensuring that the measurement data in different measurement scenarios and at different times are comparable, which facilitates the analysis and processing of subsequent data.

[0009] On the other hand, the present invention also provides a method for measuring avalanche volume, which specifically includes the following steps: S10: Install the measuring device perpendicular to the slope surface, ensuring that the avalanche force is perpendicular to the load plate and the measuring direction of the velocity sensor is perpendicular to the slope surface; S20: The initial pressure F0 of the force plate is recorded by the data acquisition unit and reset to zero, i.e. the actual force F 实际 for: ; S30: When an avalanche occurs, the pressure sensor continuously collects the instantaneous force F on each load plate at a frequency of 100 Hz. i , i=1,2,...,n is the number of the force plate, t is the time variable, the velocity sensor synchronously collects the instantaneous velocity v(t) of the avalanche, and the data acquisition unit records the time interval of the force [t 始 , t 末 ]; S40: Based on the momentum theorem, the avalanche force is calculated using the following algorithm: Calculation of the impulse on a single load plate: Integrate the instantaneous force over time to obtain the impulse: ; The average avalanche velocity corresponding to a single load plate: average the instantaneous velocity in the same time interval: ; Calculation of avalanche capacity of a single load plate: ; S50: Calculation of total avalanche volume: sum the avalanche volumes of n load-bearing plates. .

[0010] As a preference, the impulse calculation in step S40 adopts a trapezoidal numerical integration algorithm, that is, the time interval [t 始 , t 末 ]According to the sampling interval Δt=0.01, corresponding to the sampling frequency of 100Hz, it is discretized into n points to simplify the hardware calculation of pressure: , can efficiently perform time integration on the instantaneous force and accurately obtain the impulse value, providing reliable basic data for subsequent calculation of avalanche volume and reducing the avalanche volume measurement deviation caused by integral calculation error.

[0011] Preferably, the speed mean value calculation in step S40 adopts a sliding window filtering algorithm, that is, the average value of 5 consecutive sampling points is taken as the effective speed at that moment for the instantaneous speed v(t): ; The boundary points are zero-padded, and the filtered velocity is then time-integrated to obtain the average value to reduce the impact of velocity fluctuations on the movement of avalanche particles. When an avalanche occurs, the movement of snow particles is complex and the instantaneous velocity fluctuates greatly. The sliding window filtering algorithm takes the average value of five consecutive sampling points as the effective velocity at that moment, which can smooth the velocity data and effectively reduce the impact of velocity fluctuations, making the velocity average closer to the actual movement speed of the avalanche. The boundary point zero-padded processing ensures the effectiveness of the filtering algorithm at the beginning and end of the data sequence, ensuring that the velocity average calculation in the entire time interval is continuous and stable, further improving the reliability of the velocity average and providing more accurate velocity parameters for the calculation of the avalanche amount of a single load plate.

[0012] Preferably, the conical structure of the load-bearing plate is conducive to uniform distribution of the force exerted by the avalanche on the load-bearing plate, and the influence of non-uniform impact is corrected by the following algorithm: Assume that the angle between the normal vector of any point on the surface of the conical load-bearing plate and the vertical direction is θ, which is determined by the conical structural parameters and ranges from 0° to 30°. Then the effective force F actually perpendicular to the load-bearing plate is 有效 =F 测量 θ; When calculating the impulse, the data acquisition unit calculates the instantaneous force on each load plate according to: ; Corrections are made to eliminate the influence of the angular deviation caused by the conical structure on force measurement. The conical structure itself can guide the avalanche impact force to be more evenly distributed on the surface of the load-bearing plate, reducing the risk of damage to the load-bearing plate caused by excessive local force. At the same time, the force acting on the pressure sensor can better represent the overall impact of the avalanche, reducing the measurement error caused by uneven force. The algorithm correction takes into account the influence of the angle θ between the surface normal vector of the conical structure and the vertical direction on the force measurement. By calculating the effective force, the systematic error caused by the angular deviation is eliminated, the impulse calculation is more accurate, and the accuracy of the avalanche measurement is thereby improved.

[0013] Preferably, the fixed support of the support frame is welded with square steel to ensure the stability of the device under avalanche impact, and the deformation error of the support structure is compensated by the following algorithm: The deformation coefficient k of the square steel under different impact forces is preset. Through the preliminary calibration experiment, k=ΔL / F is obtained, where ΔL is the deformation and F is the impact force. The actual force after correction is: ; When calculating the impulse, the data acquisition unit embeds this correction formula into the integration process: , In order to eliminate the force measurement error caused by support deformation, the support frame structure welded from square steel has high strength and good rigidity, which can withstand the strong impact force of avalanches, ensuring that the entire measuring device is not easily displaced or violently deformed under the impact of avalanches, and providing a stable support foundation for components such as sensors and force plates, ensuring the continuity and stability of the measurement process; any support structure will have a certain deformation when subjected to force, and the deformation error can be compensated by algorithm, which can correct the force measurement deviation caused by the deformation of the support frame, so that the calculated actual force is closer to the true value, further improving the accuracy of avalanche measurement.

[0014] Preferably, the data acquisition unit is separated from the force-bearing plate and the action surface where the sensor is located to ensure the safety of the equipment, and the signal transmission delay caused by the separation arrangement is compensated by the following algorithm: Assume that the signal transmission distance is d, in meters, and the signal propagation speed of the RS485 communication protocol is v 信号 =2×10 8 m / s, then the transmission delay time Δt 延迟 =d / v 信号 ; The data acquisition unit corrects the sampling timestamps of the pressure sensor and speed sensor during time synchronization processing: , to ensure that the time dimension of the force F(t) and the velocity v(t) in the impulse calculation is strictly matched, that is, The integration interval of v(t) is calculated based on the synchronized timestamp. The separation setting keeps the data acquisition unit away from the avalanche impact area, avoiding damage to the data acquisition unit caused by direct avalanche impact, ensuring the safety of the equipment, and ensuring that the measurement data can be fully recorded. Signal transmission delay will cause the time dimension of force and velocity to not match. By compensating the delay time through the algorithm and correcting the sampling timestamp, it can be ensured that the force F(t) and velocity v(t) in the impulse calculation are strictly corresponding in time, ensuring that the avalanche quantity calculation based on the momentum theorem is logically rigorous and the results are accurate.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. High measurement accuracy At the device level, the force-bearing plate adopts a conical structure, which can evenly distribute the force of the avalanche. At the same time, a specific algorithm is used to correct the impact of uneven impact. Combined with the setting of the pressure sensor angle parallel to the slope surface, the impact force of the avalanche can be obtained more accurately.

[0016] The velocity sensor uses the high-frequency laser ranging sensor LDM71, which is based on the laser ranging principle. The measurement direction is perpendicular to the slope surface. The sliding window filtering algorithm is used to process the instantaneous velocity, reducing the influence of velocity fluctuations of avalanche particle movement and improving the accuracy of velocity measurement.

[0017] The data acquisition unit uses a high acquisition frequency of 100Hz, which can record the instantaneous changes in force duration, force magnitude, and impact velocity in detail, providing a rich and accurate data foundation for subsequent calculations. In addition, data transmission via the RS485 communication protocol ensures the stability and reliability of data transmission.

[0018] 2. High reliability of measurement results The support frame is welded from several sections of square steel, with optimally designed parameters such as side length and spacing. Bolts secure the pressure sensor, while standard mounting clips are used to attach the velocity sensor, ensuring the device's stability under avalanche impacts. Furthermore, an algorithm compensates for deformation errors in the support structure, further minimizing the impact of device deformation on measurement results.

[0019] The data acquisition unit records the initial pressure of the load-bearing plate and resets it to zero before measurement, eliminating the interference of the initial state on the measurement results and making the calculated actual force more consistent with the actual situation.

[0020] The data acquisition unit is separated from the load plate and the sensor's active surface, ensuring the device's safety during avalanches and preventing data loss due to device damage. Furthermore, an algorithm compensates for signal transmission delays introduced by the separation, ensuring a precise temporal match between force and velocity in impulse calculations, thus enhancing the reliability of measurement results.

[0021] 3. The measurement method is scientific and reasonable Based on the momentum theorem, the impulse is obtained by integrating the instantaneous force over time, and the mean velocity is obtained by averaging the instantaneous velocity within the same time interval. The avalanche volume of a single load-bearing plate is then calculated, and finally the total avalanche volume is obtained by summing up. This method has sufficient theoretical basis and rigorous logic.

[0022] The impulse calculation adopts the trapezoidal numerical integration algorithm, which simplifies the hardware calculation pressure while ensuring the accuracy of the integration results; the speed mean calculation adopts the sliding window filtering algorithm, which can effectively reduce the impact of speed fluctuations and make the calculation process more scientific and efficient.

[0023] 4. Wide range of applications The device can be installed vertically on slopes of different gradients, and is applicable to natural mountain slopes, high-altitude steep slopes, and artificial simulation test fields.

[0024] The pressure sensor has a measuring range of 0-10 tons, which can meet the measurement needs of avalanches of different sizes and has strong practicality. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The accompanying drawings are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention and constitute a part of the specification. Together with the embodiments of the present invention, they provide further detailed explanation, but do not constitute a limitation of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 1 This is a system block diagram of the avalanche volume measuring device of the present invention; Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of the support frame of the present invention; Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the stress-bearing plate assembly of the present invention; Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the positions of the pressure sensor and the velocity sensor on the load-bearing plate group of the present invention; The meaning of the symbols in the figure: 10. Square steel; 20. Conical load-bearing plate; 21. Bottom channel steel; 22. Side channel steel; 23. Pulley; 24. Pressure sensor; 25. Speed ​​sensor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The following will be combined with the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] Example 1: Standard mountain slope measurement device and method Device Configuration Support frame: It is welded with 5 groups of square steel (side length 8cm, spacing 50cm), installed perpendicular to the natural mountain slope with a slope of 30°, and holes are punched at 0.5m and 1.5m to fix the pressure sensor base.

[0029] Load-bearing plate group: 10 1m×1m conical aluminum alloy load-bearing plates. The side channel steel and the bottom channel steel form a U-shaped structure. The load-bearing plates are connected by pulleys, and the bottom channel steel is welded and fixed to the square steel.

[0030] Sensors: 10 pressure sensors with a range of 0-10 tons (bolted to square steel), 3 LDM71 laser distance sensors (standard card fixed to square steel, measuring direction perpendicular to the slope).

[0031] Data acquisition unit: placed in the safety area at the top of the slope, RS485 protocol, 100Hz acquisition frequency, record the initial pressure F0=50N in advance and return to zero.

[0032] Measurement process When an avalanche occurs, the pressure sensor collects the instantaneous force Fit of the 10 plates, and the velocity sensor collects vt synchronously.

[0033] Impulse calculation: Trapezoidal integration algorithm is used to process 100 Hz discrete data, Δt = 0.01 s.

[0034] Velocity mean: Sliding window filtering (5-point average), zero padding at the boundaries and calculating the time-integrated mean.

[0035] Total avalanche volume: calculated using the formula mtotal = Σ(impulse I_i / velocity mean σ_i), the result is 85.6 tons.

[0036] Example 2: High-altitude steep slope measurement device and method Device Configuration Support frame: 8 sets of square steel (same as in Example 1), installed in a high-altitude glacier area with a slope of 45°, with concrete counterweights added at the bottom to fix it.

[0037] Load-bearing plate group: 10 carbon fiber conical plates (lightweight design), the pulleys between the side channel steel and the load-bearing plates are upgraded to wear-resistant bearings.

[0038] Sensor: The pressure sensor range is extended to 0-15 tons, and the speed sensor is equipped with a windshield.

[0039] Data acquisition unit: uses cold-proof shell, signal line is buried underground to prevent freezing, F0=80N before acquisition.

[0040] Measurement process Considering the impact of high altitude and low temperature on signal transmission, the compensation delay Δt delay = 0.002s (transmission distance 400m).

[0041] Due to the steep slope, the conical plate θ = 25°, and the corrected effective force Feffective = Fmeasured × cos25°.

[0042] The calculated total avalanche volume was 120.3 tons, with a deviation of <5% from the manual survey results.

[0043] Example 3: Simulation test field measurement device and method Device Configuration Support frame: 3 sets of square steel, installed in the artificial simulated avalanche test field (slope 20°), adjustable height bracket.

[0044] Load-bearing plate group: 5 simplified conical plates (verified for small-scale measurements), with side channels connected by square steel bolts.

[0045] Sensor: 3 speed sensors are retained, and the data acquisition unit has an integrated display screen to display data in real time.

[0046] Measurement process Simulate avalanche (artificial release of snow), record F0=30N, and simultaneously collect Fit and vt.

[0047] Since the snow density at the experimental site is known, the formula can be used to verify the result: calculated amount = 9.8 tons, actual amount = 10 tons, with an error of 2%.

[0048] The sliding window filter's ability to suppress speed fluctuations was verified (the error was 12% without filtering).

[0049] Comparative Example 1: Measurement without angle correction Difference: The tapered plate θ correction algorithm is removed, and the impulse is calculated directly using F measurement.

[0050] Results: In the same slope measurement as in Example 1, the calculated total avalanche volume was 98.2 tons, which deviated from the actual value by 14.7%.

[0051] Cause: The angle θ between the normal vector of the conical plate surface and the vertical direction was not considered, resulting in an overestimate of the effective force calculation and a distortion of the impulse integral result.

[0052] Comparative Example 2: Low-Frequency Acquisition Solution Difference: The data acquisition frequency is reduced to 10 Hz (Δt=0.1 s), and the rest is the same as Example 2.

[0053] Result: The calculated total avalanche volume was 95.7 tons, which deviated from the actual value by 20.5%.

[0054] Reason: Low-frequency acquisition loses the instantaneous peak force of the avalanche impact, and impulse integration errors accumulate, especially in the high-speed impact stage (force changes <0.1s are not recorded).

[0055] Comparison table of key parameters and results of the above three embodiments:

[0056] Advantages of the avalanche volume measurement method and device of the present invention: By combining the device structure design with the measurement method, accurate and efficient measurement of avalanche volume can be achieved, with significant beneficial effects in many aspects, as follows: 1. High measurement accuracy At the device level, the force-bearing plate adopts a conical structure, which can evenly distribute the force of the avalanche. At the same time, a specific algorithm is used to correct the impact of uneven impact. Combined with the setting of the pressure sensor angle parallel to the slope surface, the impact force of the avalanche can be obtained more accurately.

[0057] The velocity sensor uses the high-frequency laser ranging sensor LDM71, which is based on the laser ranging principle. The measurement direction is perpendicular to the slope surface. The sliding window filtering algorithm is used to process the instantaneous velocity, reducing the influence of velocity fluctuations of avalanche particle movement and improving the accuracy of velocity measurement.

[0058] The data acquisition unit uses a high acquisition frequency of 100Hz, which can record the instantaneous changes in force duration, force magnitude, and impact velocity in detail, providing a rich and accurate data foundation for subsequent calculations. In addition, data transmission via the RS485 communication protocol ensures the stability and reliability of data transmission.

[0059] 2. High reliability of measurement results The support frame is welded from several sections of square steel, with optimally designed parameters such as side length and spacing. Bolts secure the pressure sensor, while standard mounting clips are used to attach the velocity sensor, ensuring the device's stability under avalanche impacts. Furthermore, an algorithm compensates for deformation errors in the support structure, further minimizing the impact of device deformation on measurement results.

[0060] The data acquisition unit records the initial pressure of the load-bearing plate and resets it to zero before measurement, eliminating the interference of the initial state on the measurement results and making the calculated actual force more consistent with the actual situation.

[0061] The data acquisition unit is separated from the load plate and the sensor's active surface, ensuring the device's safety during avalanches and preventing data loss due to device damage. Furthermore, an algorithm compensates for signal transmission delays introduced by the separation, ensuring a precise temporal match between force and velocity in impulse calculations, thus enhancing the reliability of measurement results.

[0062] 3. The measurement method is scientific and reasonable Based on the momentum theorem, the impulse is obtained by integrating the instantaneous force over time, and the mean velocity is obtained by averaging the instantaneous velocity within the same time interval. The avalanche volume of a single load-bearing plate is then calculated, and finally the total avalanche volume is obtained by summing up. This method has sufficient theoretical basis and rigorous logic.

[0063] The impulse calculation adopts the trapezoidal numerical integration algorithm, which simplifies the hardware calculation pressure while ensuring the accuracy of the integration results; the speed mean calculation adopts the sliding window filtering algorithm, which can effectively reduce the impact of speed fluctuations and make the calculation process more scientific and efficient.

[0064] 4. Wide range of applications The device can be installed vertically on slopes of different gradients, and is applicable to natural mountain slopes, high-altitude steep slopes, and artificial simulation test fields.

[0065] The pressure sensor has a measuring range of 0-10 tons, which can meet the measurement needs of avalanches of different sizes and has strong practicality.

[0066] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The above embodiments and descriptions are merely preferred examples of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various changes and improvements may be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Such changes and improvements fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of protection claimed in the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An avalanche volume measuring device, characterized in that: It includes a support frame, a load-bearing plate group, a pressure sensor, a speed sensor and a data acquisition unit; The support frame is welded from several sets of square steel and installed perpendicular to the slope. The side length of the square steel is 8 cm and the spacing is 50 cm. Holes are punched at 0.5 meters and 1.5 meters for fixing the pressure sensor base. The load-bearing plate group includes 10 lightweight, non-deformable conical load-bearing plates with a side length of 1 meter. A pressure sensor is installed on each conical load-bearing plate. A speed sensor is provided between adjacent conical load-bearing plates. Side channel steels are symmetrically provided on both sides of the conical load-bearing plate. The bottoms of the two groups of side channel steels are connected to the bottom channel steel to form a U-shaped structure. The conical load-bearing plate is connected to the support frame through the bottom channel steel. The bottom channel steel is welded to the square steel. The side channel steel and the conical load-bearing plate are connected by a pulley. The range of the pressure sensor is 0- 10 tons, with an angle parallel to the slope surface, used to measure the impact force of the avalanche on the load-bearing plate; the speed sensor adopts a high-frequency laser ranging sensor LDM71, based on the laser ranging principle, installed on the square steel of the support frame, with an angle parallel to the slope surface, used to measure the instantaneous speed of the avalanche; the data acquisition unit is located outside the avalanche area, connected to the pressure sensor and speed sensor through a signal line, adopts RS485 communication protocol, and has an acquisition frequency of 100Hz, used to record the force time, force size and impact speed.

2. The avalanche volume measuring device according to claim 1, wherein: The pressure sensor is fixedly connected to the square steel via bolts.

3. The avalanche volume measuring device according to claim 1, wherein: The speed sensor is installed on the square steel through a standard fixing card, the measuring direction is perpendicular to the slope surface, and the entire device is equipped with three speed sensors.

4. The avalanche volume measuring device according to claim 1, wherein: The data acquisition unit records the initial pressure of the load-bearing plate before measurement, which is used for zeroing during calculation.

5. A method for measuring an avalanche load, comprising the avalanche load measuring device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The specific steps include: S10: Install the measuring device perpendicular to the slope surface, ensuring that the avalanche force is perpendicular to the load plate and the measuring direction of the velocity sensor is perpendicular to the slope surface; S20: The initial pressure F0 of the force plate is recorded by the data acquisition unit and reset to zero, i.e. the actual force F 实际 for: ； S30: When an avalanche occurs, the pressure sensor continuously collects the instantaneous force F on each load plate at a frequency of 100 Hz. i , i=1,2,...,n is the number of the force plate, t is the time variable, the velocity sensor synchronously collects the instantaneous velocity v(t) of the avalanche, and the data acquisition unit records the time interval of the force [t 始 , t 末 ]; S40: Based on the momentum theorem, the avalanche force is calculated using the following algorithm: Calculation of the impulse on a single load plate: Integrate the instantaneous force over time to obtain the impulse: ； The average avalanche velocity corresponding to a single load plate: average the instantaneous velocity in the same time interval: ； Calculation of avalanche capacity of a single load plate: ； S50: Calculation of total avalanche volume: sum the avalanche volumes of n load-bearing plates. 。 6. The avalanche volume measurement method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The impulse calculation in step S40 adopts the trapezoidal numerical integration algorithm, that is, the time interval [t 始 , t 末 ]According to the sampling interval Δt=0.01, corresponding to the sampling frequency of 100Hz, it is discretized into n points to simplify the hardware calculation of pressure: .

7. The avalanche volume measurement method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The speed mean value calculation in step S40 adopts a sliding window filtering algorithm, that is, the average value of 5 consecutive sampling points is taken as the effective speed at that moment: ； The boundary points are zero-filled, and the filtered velocity is time-integrated to obtain the average value to reduce the influence of velocity fluctuations of avalanche particle motion.

8. The avalanche volume measurement method according to claim 5, wherein: The conical structure of the load-bearing plate facilitates the uniform distribution of the avalanche force on the load-bearing plate, and corrects the effects of non-uniform impacts through the following algorithm: Assume that the angle between the normal vector of any point on the surface of the conical load-bearing plate and the vertical direction is θ, which is determined by the conical structural parameters and ranges from 0° to 30°. Then the effective force F actually perpendicular to the load-bearing plate is 有效 =F 测量 θ; When calculating the impulse, the data acquisition unit calculates the instantaneous force on each load plate according to: ； Correction is performed to eliminate the influence of angular deviation caused by the tapered structure on force measurement.

9. The avalanche volume measurement method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The fixed support of the support frame is welded with square steel to ensure the stability of the device under avalanche impact, and the deformation error of the support structure is compensated by the following algorithm: The deformation coefficient k of the square steel under different impact forces is preset. Through the preliminary calibration experiment, k=ΔL / F is obtained, where ΔL is the deformation and F is the impact force. The actual force after correction is: ； When calculating the impulse, the data acquisition unit embeds this correction formula into the integration process: ， To eliminate force measurement errors caused by support deformation.

10. The avalanche volume measurement method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The data acquisition unit is separated from the force-bearing plate and the action surface where the sensor is located to ensure the safety of the equipment, and the signal transmission delay caused by the separation arrangement is compensated by the following algorithm: Assume that the signal transmission distance is d, in meters, and the signal propagation speed of the RS485 communication protocol is v 信号 =2×10 8 m / s, then the transmission delay time Δt 延迟 =d / v 信号 ; The data acquisition unit corrects the sampling timestamps of the pressure sensor and speed sensor during time synchronization processing: , to ensure that the time dimension of the force F(t) and the velocity v(t) in the impulse calculation is strictly matched, that is, The integration interval with v(t) is calculated based on the synchronization timestamp.

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