Universal high-photosynthetic-efficiency labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees

Abstract

The invention discloses a general high-photosynthetic-efficiency labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees. The method comprises the steps that firstly, dry fruit tree seedlings meeting the planting standard are selected; 2, ridging cultivation is conducted on the dry fruit tree seedlings in the east-west row direction, and field planting is completed; step 3, constructing a double-bough tree structure; 4, a single-column binding supporting system is adopted for the double-main-branch tree-shaped structure of the fruit tree seedlings; 5, dynamically pruning the fruit trees; 6, performing fertilizer and water management through stage fertilization; by means of the technologies of east-west row direction double-main-branch layout, single-column binding supporting, stage fertilization, dynamic pruning and the like, efficient utilization of light energy, dynamic balance of tree vigor and labor saving of management operation are achieved, the method is suitable for various dry fruit trees and different growth environments, and finally the fruit yield and quality are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and more specifically relates to a universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees. Background Art

[0002] In traditional fruit tree cultivation, tree shape structures have many limitations, and existing technologies often lack versatility. Traditional tree shapes such as the open-heart shape have a dispersed vigor due to the lack of a central trunk, the sparse crown layered shape easily causes the lower layer to be densely populated due to too many layers, and the main trunk shape is prone to being "strong on top and weak on the bottom." At the same time, the specific tree shapes proposed in existing patents are mostly targeted at a single tree species. For example, the main trunk shape of peaches is convenient for mechanized management, but it requires precise control and restraint of branches, which is technically difficult. The sparse crown layered shape of pears is a large tree shape, which is complex to manage and not conducive to mechanized operation. These tree shapes either require complex support systems or are cumbersome to operate, making them difficult to adapt to a variety of stem-type fruit trees. As a result, orchards generally suffer from problems such as uneven light distribution, dense crowns, high management costs, and difficulty in mechanized operations, resulting in uneven fruit quality. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Purpose of the invention: In order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees. Through east-west double-main-branch layout, single-column binding support, staged fertilization and dynamic pruning and other technologies, efficient utilization of light energy, dynamic balance of tree vigor, and labor-saving management and operation are achieved. It is suitable for a variety of dry fruit trees and different growth environments, and ultimately improves fruit yield and quality.

[0004] Technical solution: To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides a universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees, comprising the following steps:

[0005] Step 1: Select dry fruit tree seedlings that meet the planting standards;

[0006] Step 2: Cultivate the selected dry fruit tree seedlings in ridges in an east-west direction to complete planting;

[0007] Step 3: Select an upright branch and an inclined branch of the fruit tree to construct a double-main-branch tree structure, where the upright branch is referred to as the upright main branch and the inclined branch is referred to as the oblique main branch. The upright main branch grows in a direction perpendicular to the ground, and the oblique main branch tilts southward and grows in the oblique direction.

[0008] Step 4: Using a single-column binding support system for the double-main-branch tree structure of the fruit tree seedling, the single-column binding support system includes an upright bamboo pole for fixing the upright main branch and an inclined bamboo pole for pulling the oblique main branch;

[0009] Step 5: Dynamic pruning of the fruit trees, including directional selection of main branches during the planting period, angle control during the growth period, and pruning of long branches and single branch renewal during the renewal period;

[0010] Step six: water management by stage fertilization.

[0011] Further, in the step two, the specific way of ridge cultivation is that the height of the raised soil pile is 20-30 cm, the ridge width is 1-1.5 m, and the low-lying state is arranged between the rows.

[0012] Further, in the step three, the expected height of the straight main branch is 2.5-3.5 m, the expected length of the oblique main branch is 2-3 m, and the inclination angle of the oblique main branch is 40-60°.

[0013] Further, in the step four, the length of the straight bamboo pole is adapted to the height of the straight main branch, and the length of one end of the straight bamboo pole inserted into the ground is at least 30 cm, and the other end is bound and fixed with the center stem part of the straight main branch to form an elastic support, and the oblique bamboo pole is adapted to the inclination angle and length of the oblique main branch, and one end of the oblique bamboo pole is inserted into the ground at an inclination, and the insertion depth is the same as that of the straight bamboo pole, and the other end is bound and pulled with the lignified part of the oblique main branch.

[0014] Further, in the step five, the specific operation of directional selection of main branches in the planting period includes that the height of the trunk does not exceed 60 cm in the planting year, and only two new shoots are reserved, one of which grows in the straight direction to form a straight main branch, and the other grows obliquely to the south to form an oblique main branch, and the remaining new shoots are removed.

[0015] Further, in the step five, the specific operation of angle control in the growth period includes that when the length of the new shoot obliquely to the south exceeds 50 cm, the oblique bamboo pole is used to pull the oblique main branch to an angle of 40-60° with the ground; when the length of any new shoot is 16-20 cm, a toothpick is used to open the angle to an angle of 65-80° to increase the light receiving area, and after the angle is opened, the straight branch turns into an oblique branch, the vegetative growth turns into reproductive growth, and the flower bud differentiation is promoted.

[0016] Further, in the step five, the specific operation of long branch pruning in the renewal period includes that long fruit branches with a diameter of 0.4-0.6 cm and a length of 30-60 cm are reserved, and dense branches are removed; the specific operation of single branch renewal in the renewal period includes that a new fruiting mother branch is selected at the base of the fruiting branch in the current year, the diameter of the new fruiting mother branch is 0.4-0.6 cm, the old branch is retracted, and 1 well-positioned fruiting mother branch is reserved.

[0017] Further, in step six, the stage fertilization includes: applying a mixture of urea, diammonium phosphate and organic fertilizer in the growth period (March to June), the mass ratio of the urea, the diammonium phosphate and the organic fertilizer being 1:1:1, 20-25 kg per mu, and applying in a shallow ditch outside the tree crown projection; applying a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (15-15-15) and organic fertilizer in the flower bud differentiation period (July to September), the mass ratio of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer and the organic fertilizer being 1:1, 15-20 kg per mu, and applying in combination with the drip irrigation system.

[0018] Further, the method further comprises a winter pruning step, the winter pruning being performed after the winter defoliation for half a month to one month before the spring germination, the elongated heads of the upright main branches and the oblique main branches are selected and reserved, the competitive branches are removed, the diameter of the elongated heads is 0.4-0.6 cm, and the elongated heads are cut at 1 / 2-2 / 3 of the branches, wherein the cut-out buds of the elongated heads of the oblique main branches reserve the back lower buds.

[0019] Beneficial effects: compared with the prior art, the cultivation method of the present application has the following advantages: the east-west row direction double-main-branch structure design improves the light transmittance of the tree crown to more than 60%, the light energy utilization rate is increased by more than 30%, the fruit coloring uniformity is improved by 25%, the soluble solid content is increased by 1.5-2.0%, the single-column binding support system reduces the support cost by 60%, the mechanical operation efficiency is increased by 50% in combination with the 3-4 m row spacing design, the labor cost is reduced by 40%, the pruning time is reduced from 15-20 hours per mu in the traditional method to 8-10 hours per mu, the method is suitable for multiple dry fruit trees such as peaches, pears and apricots, and is compatible with different environments such as mountains, plains, facilities and open fields, the effective flower buds can be formed in 2 years for young trees, the stable tree shape can be achieved in 3 years, and the yield per tree is increased by 20-30%. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 It is a layout scene schematic diagram of the general high-light-efficiency labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees.

[0021] Figure 2 It is a side branch angle diagram. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] The present application will be further described below in combination with the drawings.

[0023] As shown in the drawings, a general high-light-efficiency labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees includes the following steps: Figure 1

[0024] Step one: selecting dry fruit tree seedlings meeting the planting standards;

[0025] Step two: performing ridge cultivation on the selected dry fruit tree seedlings according to the east-west row direction, and completing planting; ​

[0026] Step 3: Select an upright branch and an inclined branch of the fruit tree to construct a double-main-branch tree structure, where the upright branch is referred to as the upright main branch and the inclined branch is referred to as the oblique main branch. The upright main branch grows in a direction perpendicular to the ground, and the oblique main branch tilts southward and grows in the oblique direction.

[0027] Step 4: Using a single-column binding support system for the double-main-branch tree structure of the fruit tree seedling, the single-column binding support system includes an upright bamboo pole for fixing the upright main branch and an inclined bamboo pole for pulling the oblique main branch;

[0028] Step 5: Dynamic pruning of the fruit trees, including directional selection of main branches during the planting period, angle control during the growth period, and pruning of long branches and single branch renewal during the renewal period;

[0029] Step 6: Manage fertilizer and water through staged fertilization.

[0030] In step 1, the trunk fruit trees refer to fruit trees with upright central trunks and significant apical dominance, such as peach, pear, apricot, plum, and persimmon (including but not limited to the above tree species).

[0031] In the step 2, the row spacing during planting is set according to the width requirement of small machinery operation stipulated in agricultural engineering, and the plant spacing is set according to the expected length of the oblique main branches, to ensure that the oblique main branches of two adjacent fruit trees will not affect each other after they reach adulthood; in the embodiment described in this scheme, the row spacing during planting is 3.0~4.0m, and the plant spacing is 2~3m; the design of a row spacing of 3~4m can take into account the types of machinery and terrain conditions in different regions. In mountain orchards, a row spacing of 3m is suitable for narrow-width machinery such as micro-tillage machines, and the need for machinery passage can be met without large-scale slope cutting and land leveling; in plain orchards, a row spacing of 4m can accommodate large self-propelled sprayers, while ensuring smooth ventilation between rows and reducing the breeding of diseases; in facility cultivation, a row spacing of 3m can prevent the crown from over-extending and blocking the greenhouse film, ensuring sufficient light in the greenhouse; in open field cultivation, a row spacing of 4m can enhance air circulation, reduce humidity, and reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests. Whether it is a facility or open field, a mountain or a plain, the parameters of this cultivation model can be adjusted to meet the planting needs in different environments, and the same set of methods can be effectively applied in multiple scenarios; in addition, this row spacing design can also meet the two-way passage needs of machinery such as fertilizer spreaders, sprayers, and harvesters. When the machinery is operating, it maintains a distance of 0.5~1.0m from the tree crown to avoid collision with branches.

[0032] In the step 2, the ridge cultivation can adapt to different soil and climatic conditions. In arid or barren areas, water can be accurately supplemented by drip irrigation. In rainy or heavy soil areas, the ridge body is higher than the row space, which is conducive to the rapid drainage of rainwater along the ridge ditch, avoiding root hypoxia. At the same time, the ridge body has good air permeability and can promote the aerobic respiration of the root system. However, if the height of the raised soil mound during ridge formation is too high, it will cause root hypoxia after watering, and if it is too low, it will not be able to drain rainwater. Therefore, this scheme sets the height of the raised soil mound during ridge formation to 20~30cm, the ridge width to 1~1.5m, and the row space to a low-lying state. In addition, it is necessary to lay drip irrigation pipes corresponding to each of the raised soil mounds, and the drip irrigation holes are close to the roots of the fruit tree seedlings protruding from the top of the soil mound. Since the laying of drip irrigation system pipes is a mature technology, it will not be repeated here.

[0033] In the step 3, the upright main branch is the central trunk of the fruit tree, and the expected height of the upright main branch is 2.5 to 3.5 meters, and the fruiting branch group grows directly from its branch trunk without transitioning through other secondary lateral branches. Its upright growth characteristics are consistent with the "apical dominance" of fruit trees, that is, auxin is transported from the terminal bud to the base, which can inhibit excessive germination of lateral buds, thereby allowing nutrients to be more concentratedly supplied to the fruiting branches in the middle and lower parts, avoiding the situation where the upper new shoots consume nutrients due to vigorous growth and the lower branch groups are weakened into ineffective branches due to insufficient nutrition; the expected length of the oblique main branch is 2 to 3 meters, and the oblique main branch extends southward at an inclination angle of 40 to 60 degrees. This angle design can break the apical dominance through regulation. According to the law of "branch angle and growth potential negatively correlated" in plant physiology, the appropriate angle can inhibit the vigorous growth of new shoots and promote the differentiation of lateral buds into flower buds. At the same time, the direction of the oblique main branch extending southward is consistent with the movement trajectory of the sun, which can prolong the light exposure time of the leaves and help increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products.

[0034] The upright and oblique branches work together to create a synergistic effect: the upright branches act as "nutrient sources," supplying nutrients to the entire tree through highly polar transport; the oblique branches act as "fruiting reservoirs," using angled control to concentrate nutrients for fruit development. This combined effect increases the number of fruiting branches and ensures their even distribution. Maintaining a 20-40 cm spacing between shoots prevents overlapping shading and maintains an appropriate leaf area index, ensuring sufficient photosynthetic area without shading due to overcrowding.

[0035] In the step 4, the length of the upright bamboo pole is adapted to the height of the upright main branch, and an upright bamboo pole slightly lower than the height of the upright main branch is preferably selected, and the length of one end of the upright bamboo pole inserted into the ground is at least 30 cm. The specific insertion depth needs to be determined according to the expected shape of the fruit tree, the common wind direction, wind level and wind-exposed area of ​​the planting site, and the other end is tied and fixed to the central trunk part of the upright main branch to form an elastic support, so that not only can the rigidity of the bamboo pole be used to offset the inclination caused by the weight of the fruit or wind, but the bamboo pole can also relax naturally as the branch thickens, avoiding branch strangulation caused by over-tight binding, thereby ensuring the normal transportation of nutrients.

[0036] The inclined bamboo pole is adapted to the inclination angle and length of the oblique main branch. An inclined bamboo pole slightly shorter than the length of the oblique main branch is preferably selected, and one end of the inclined bamboo pole is inserted obliquely into the ground and has the same insertion depth as the upright bamboo pole. The other end is tied and pulled to the lignified part of the oblique main branch. With the help of the plant's "contact-sensitive growth" characteristic, the branches will extend and grow along the direction of force under continuous traction, so that the oblique main branch naturally maintains the target inclination angle without the need to repeatedly adjust the binding position.

[0037] It should be noted here that, unlike upright bamboo poles, inclined bamboo poles do not provide support for fruit trees, but only guide the growth direction of oblique main branches through continuous traction. This is because the growth of oblique main branches must follow the plant's "contact-induced growth" characteristics. If they are given support, uneven force may cause the branches to deform. In addition, oblique main branches need to rely on the strength of their own lignified parts to increase their load-bearing capacity. If inclined bamboo poles assume a supporting role, the oblique main branches will be overly dependent on external forces during their growth, and their own lignification process will slow down, making it difficult to form sufficient strength to cope with the weight after the fruiting. When the fruit trees bear fruit, the oblique main branches will be full of fruits, and the weight will increase significantly. At this time, if the inclined bamboo poles break due to strong winds, collisions or their own aging, the oblique main branches that originally relied on them for support will instantly collapse. If the branches lose balance and are pulled by the weight of the fruit, they are likely to break at the connection with the upright main branches or at the parts with weaker lignification, which will not only cause a large number of fruits to fall off that year, but also cause irreversible damage to the tree, affecting its growth and fruiting in the following years. Letting the inclined bamboo poles only be responsible for traction can not only accurately maintain the optimal angle of the oblique main branches to ensure the use of light, but also encourage them to continuously enhance their own lignification during natural growth, and gradually form the ability to bear weight independently. Therefore, although the upright bamboo poles and the inclined bamboo poles are tied to different areas of the fruit tree, only the upright bamboo poles have a supporting effect on the fruit tree, thus forming a single-column binding system.

[0038] In the step five, the specific operation of directional selection of main branches during the planting period includes: setting the trunk height to 60 cm in the planting year, retaining only two new shoots, one of which grows in an upright direction to form an upright main branch, and the other new shoot grows obliquely to the south to form an oblique main branch, while erasing the remaining redundant new shoots; it should be noted that setting the trunk is not the same as upright main branches. Setting the trunk refers to shortening the trunk of the seedling at a height of no more than 60 cm within 1 to 2 days after the planting of the dry fruit tree seedlings is completed. The purpose is to control the height of the trunk, guide the nutrients to be concentrated on the two new shoots retained below the cut, promote their germination to form the predetermined upright main branches and oblique main branches, and lay the foundation for the subsequent construction of the tree structure; and the height of the upright main branches mentioned above is the final tree shape parameter expected to be achieved in cultivation.

[0039] However, due to the fact that problems such as long-term heavy rain and drought cannot be anticipated in the early stage of design, in order to avoid any of the two new shoots mentioned above from being unable to develop due to environmental factors, thereby causing the double-main-branch tree structure to be unable to form, in actual application, three new shoots should be retained when selecting the main branches during the planting period, one of which grows in an upright direction to form an upright main branch, one new shoot grows obliquely to the south to form an oblique main branch, and the remaining new shoot is kept as a spare. If any of the new shoots that need to form an upright main branch or the new shoots that need to form an oblique main branch cannot develop due to environmental factors, the new shoot that cannot develop will be erased, and the spare new shoot will be cultivated into an upright main branch or an oblique main branch; if all the new shoots that need to form upright main branches need to develop into new shoots of oblique main branches, then when the corresponding new shoots grow to form a double-main-branch tree structure, the spare new shoot will be erased.

[0040] In the step 5, the specific operation of the angle control during the growth period includes: when the length of the new shoot oblique to the south exceeds 50 cm, the oblique main branch is pulled with a bamboo pole to an angle of 40 to 60 degrees with the ground. The specific angle can be flexibly adjusted according to the characteristics of the tree species; for tree species with larger and heavier fruits, an angle of 40 degrees is selected to enhance the load capacity of the oblique main branch; for tree species that need to bear fruit early, an angle of 60 degrees is selected to promote the formation of flower buds on the oblique main branch; when the length of any new shoot is 16 to 20 cm, a toothpick is used to open the angle, and the opening angle is 65 to 80 degrees. The light-receiving area is increased, and at the same time, the upright branches are transformed into oblique branches after the angle is opened, and the vegetative growth is transformed into reproductive growth, which promotes the differentiation of flower buds; because the opening angle is greater than the 40~60° of the oblique main branches, it can weaken the polar growth of side branches, prompting them to transform from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and it is easier to form fruiting branches. At the same time, this opening angle method can adapt to the branching characteristics of different tree species: for tree species with smaller branching angles, the light-receiving range can be expanded by opening the angle; for tree species with larger branching angles, the load capacity can be adjusted by opening the angle, so that the tree growth and fruiting are more coordinated.

[0041] In the step 5, the specific operation of pruning long branches during the renewal period includes: retaining long fruit branches with a diameter of about 0.4~0.6cm and a length of 30~60cm. This type of branch has a large number of leaves, and the photosynthetic products are mainly supplied by its own leaves, which can not only guarantee the fruiting needs of the current year, but also the buds at the base are relatively full, which can reserve nutrients for the new fruiting mother branches in the next year; at the same time, remove overcrowded branches to avoid overlapping branches that affect ventilation and light transmission; the specific operation of single branch renewal during the renewal period includes: selecting new fruiting mother branches at the base of the fruiting branches of the current year, the diameter of the new fruiting mother branches is 0.4~0.6cm, retracting old branches and retaining one fruiting mother branch with a better position, thereby avoiding the closure of the canopy caused by the continuous outward movement of fruiting branches, reducing branch redundancy, keeping the crown compact, and being more conducive to ventilation and light transmission of the tree and concentrated nutrient supply.

[0042] It should be noted here that pruning operations during the planting period generally only need to be performed once, while pruning operations during the growth and renewal periods need to be performed every year. In order to ensure the fruit yield next time, corresponding pruning operations must be performed on the fruit trees during the renewal period.

[0043] In step six, the staged fertilization includes: applying a mixture of urea, diammonium phosphate and organic fertilizer during the growth period (March to June), the mass ratio of the urea, diammonium phosphate and organic fertilizer being 1:1:1, applying 20 to 25 kg per mu, and applying it on the outer edge of the crown projection by digging shallow trenches; applying a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (15-15-15) and organic fertilizer during the flower bud differentiation period (July to September), the mass ratio of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer to the organic fertilizer being 1:1, applying 15 to 20 kg per mu, and applying it in combination with a drip irrigation system.

[0044] The method also includes a winter pruning step, which is carried out half a month after the leaves fall in winter and one month before the spring buds sprout, selecting the upright main branches and the extension heads of the oblique main branches, and removing competing branches. The diameter of the extension heads is 0.4 to 0.6 cm, and the branches are shortened at 1 / 2 to 2 / 3, wherein the cut buds of the extension heads of the oblique main branches retain the back buds.

[0045] Taking the cultivation of purple peach trees as an example, the specific operation process of the universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees described in the present invention is described in detail below:

[0046] The first year (planting year):

[0047] Step S1: Select seedlings with a height greater than 1.2m, a diameter greater than 1.0cm, full buds, and strong root systems;

[0048] Step S2: Cultivate the crops in ridges in an east-west direction according to the standard of row spacing of 3.0-4.0 m and plant spacing of 2-3 m, with a ridge height of 20-30 cm and a ridge width of 1.0-1.5 m;

[0049] Step S3: A 2-meter-long bamboo pole is vertically placed in the middle of each ridge, with the spacing between the bamboo poles being consistent with the spacing between the plants. This is referred to as the upright bamboo pole, and the upright bamboo pole is inserted 30 cm deep into the ground. Another bamboo pole is inserted obliquely between the rows at the base of the upright bamboo pole. This is referred to as the inclined bamboo pole. The angle between the inclined bamboo pole and the ground is 40° to 60°.

[0050] Step S4: After the seedlings are planted, they are cut within 1-2 days. The cutting height is set to 40-60 cm. The cutting is done 1-2 cm above the full buds. There should be 3-5 full buds below the cut. The direction of the buds should preferably be facing south.

[0051] Step S5: After germination, the new shoots are fixed when they grow to about 10 cm. Three new shoots are selected for the fixed shoots, one of which is upright, one is tilted to the south, and the last one is reserved;

[0052] Step S6: The lignified parts of the selected new shoots are tied to the upright and inclined supports respectively: as the buds grow, the new shoots grow longer, and the lignified parts of the new shoots are gradually tied to prevent the branches from bending and growing, so as to ensure the apical dominance of the new shoots, strengthen water and fertilizer management, apply more nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, apply more potassium fertilizer in the later stage, and pay attention to water control in the later stage to ensure the height, thickness and fullness of the seedling growth;

[0053] Step S7: Winter pruning in the first year: The pruning time should be half a month after the leaves fall in winter and one month before the buds sprout in spring; select the extension heads of upright main branches and oblique main branches, remove competing branches, ensure the dominance of the top of the extension heads, select the extension heads with a thickness of about 0.5 cm, and cut them short at 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the branches. Among them, the back buds of the cut buds of the extension heads of oblique main branches should be retained.

[0054] Step S8: Directly select fruiting branches with a thickness of about 0.5 on the main branches, mainly prune long branches, remove overcrowded branches, and remove branches on the upper and lower backs of the main branches.

[0055] Second year (main growth period):

[0056] Step S9: The extended heads of the upright main branches and the oblique main branches are tied along the direction of the bamboo pole respectively; and the branches developed from the spare new shoots are erased.

[0057] Step S10: The branches sprouting from the upright main branches are thinned out at a distance of 20 to 40 cm. In the middle and late stages of spring shoot growth, 20 to 25 branches are evenly retained on the upright main branches according to the tree shape requirements, and the remaining branches are thinned out from the base. When the new shoots on the upright main branches grow to 16 to 20 cm, toothpicks with pointed ends are used to open the angles.

[0058] Step S11: On the oblique main branch, the new shoots on both sides are retained according to a shoot distance of 20-40 cm, 20-25 branches are evenly retained on the oblique main branch, and the branches on the back are all removed, the straight and vigorous branches on the back are removed, and the weak branches can be retained as appropriate;

[0059] Step S12: Winter pruning in the second year: the pruning time is preferably half a month after leaf fall in winter to one month before sprouting in spring; the good extension heads of the straight main branches and the oblique main branches are selected and retained, the competing branches are removed, the terminal dominance of the extension heads is ensured, the extension heads are selected to be about 0.5 cm thick, and are cut at 1 / 2-2 / 3 of the branches, wherein the back bud of the extension head of the oblique main branch is retained.

[0060] Step S13: Long branch pruning is performed, and 2-3 fruiting branches are selected to form a small fruiting branch group to avoid the retention of large fruiting branch groups.

[0061] Step S14: For the branches that have borne fruit in the current year, new fruiting mother branches are selected near the base of the fruiting branches, and the fruiting branches are retracted to ensure that the tree crown does not move outward; if there is no better fruiting mother branch on the fruiting branch in the current year, a new fruiting mother branch can be selected near the fruiting branch in the current year.

[0062] The third year (basic maturation and shaping period): since the fruit trees have basically matured at this time, the tree shape is basically fixed, and only the subsequent growth to the expected height is waited for, so the main operation is to manage the main branches and lateral branches.

[0063] Step S15: Main branch management: the extension branches of the straight main branches and the oblique main branches are continued to be bound, so that the total number of retained branches of the whole tree reaches 40-50;

[0064] Step S16: Lateral branch management: remove the lateral branches that are more than 1 / 3 of the main branch thickness, use latent buds to branch again, remove the branches on the back and thick branches of the retained lateral branches; when removing the branches, the stronger branches should be removed, and the moderate and weak branches should be retained.

[0065] Step S17: Winter pruning in the third year: the pruning time is preferably half a month after leaf fall in winter to one month before sprouting in spring; the good extension heads of the straight main branches and the oblique main branches are selected and retained, the competing branches are removed, the terminal dominance of the extension heads is ensured, the extension heads are selected to be about 0.5 cm thick, and are cut at 1 / 2-2 / 3 of the branches, wherein the back bud of the extension head of the oblique main branch is retained.

[0066] In subsequent years, the fruit trees are pruned according to the relevant operations in the third year to ensure the fruiting rate and light receiving rate of the fruit trees.

[0067] The main water and fertilizer management involved in the above examples is as follows:

[0068] Water management after planting: Water thoroughly after planting to ensure rooting. Water every 2 days from 1 to 9 days, every 4 days from 10 to 20 days, and every 5 days from 21 to 35 days to ensure the survival rate of the seedlings. Then transfer to normal management.

[0069] Fertilization during the seedling stage: Apply 10kg / plant of decomposed organic fertilizer in the planting hole. Apply 10kg / mu of urea in March and 15kg / mu of compound fertilizer in July. Use a drip irrigation system to control water.

[0070] The above is a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principles of the present invention. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees, characterized by: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Select dry fruit tree seedlings that meet the planting standards; Step 2: Cultivate the selected dry fruit tree seedlings in ridges in an east-west direction to complete planting; Step 3: Select an upright branch and an inclined branch of the fruit tree to construct a double-main-branch tree structure, where the upright branch is referred to as the upright main branch and the inclined branch is referred to as the oblique main branch. The upright main branch grows in a direction perpendicular to the ground, and the oblique main branch tilts southward and grows in the oblique direction. Step 4: Using a single-column binding support system for the double-main-branch tree structure of the fruit tree seedling, the single-column binding support system includes an upright bamboo pole for fixing the upright main branch and an inclined bamboo pole for pulling the oblique main branch; Step 5: Dynamic pruning of the fruit trees, including directional selection of main branches during the planting period, angle control during the growth period, and pruning of long branches and single branch renewal during the renewal period; Step 6: Manage fertilizer and water through staged fertilization.

2. The high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step 2, the specific method of ridge cultivation is: the height of the raised soil mound during ridge formation is 20-30 cm, the ridge width is 1-1.5 m, and the spaces between rows are set to a low-lying state.

3. The high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step three, the expected height of the upright main branch is 2.5-3.5 m, the expected length of the oblique main branch is 2-3 m, and the inclination angle of the oblique main branch is 40-60°.

4. A universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step four, the length of the upright bamboo pole is adapted to the height of the upright main branch, and one end of the upright bamboo pole is inserted into the ground for at least 30 cm, and the other end is tied and fixed to the central trunk part of the upright main branch to form an elastic support. The inclined bamboo pole is adapted to the inclination angle and length of the oblique main branch, and one end of the inclined bamboo pole is inserted into the ground at an angle and has the same insertion depth as the upright bamboo pole, and the other end is tied and pulled to the lignified part of the oblique main branch.

5. The universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step five, the specific operation of selecting and retaining the main branches during the planting period includes: the height of the trunk in the planting year does not exceed 60 cm, and only two new shoots are retained, one of which grows in an upright direction to form an upright main branch, and the other new shoot grows obliquely to the south to form an oblique main branch, while the remaining redundant new shoots are removed.

6. The universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step 5, the specific operation of controlling the angle during the growth period includes: when the length of the new shoots obliquely facing south exceeds 50 cm, the oblique main branches are pulled with an inclined bamboo pole to form an angle of 40 to 60 degrees with the ground; when the length of any new shoot is 16 to 20 cm, a toothpick is used to open the angle, and the opening angle is 65 to 80 degrees to increase the light receiving area. At the same time, after the angle is opened, the upright branches are transformed into oblique branches, and the vegetative growth is transformed into reproductive growth, thereby promoting flower bud differentiation.

7. The universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step 5, the specific operation of pruning long branches during the renewal period includes: retaining long fruit branches with a diameter of 0.4-0.6 cm and a length of 30-60 cm, and thinning out overcrowded branches; the specific operation of single branch renewal during the renewal period includes: selecting new fruiting mother branches at the base of the fruiting branches of the current year, the diameter of the new fruiting mother branches is 0.4-0.6 cm, retracting old branches and retaining one fruiting mother branch with a better position.

8. The universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step six, the staged fertilization includes: applying a mixture of urea, diammonium phosphate and organic fertilizer during the growth period (March to June), the mass ratio of the urea, diammonium phosphate and organic fertilizer being 1:1:1, applying 20 to 25 kg per mu, and applying it on the outer edge of the crown projection by digging shallow trenches; applying a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (15-15-15) and organic fertilizer during the flower bud differentiation period (July to September), the mass ratio of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer to the organic fertilizer being 1:1, applying 15 to 20 kg per mu, and applying it in combination with a drip irrigation system.

9. The universal high-light-efficiency and labor-saving cultivation method for dry fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method also includes a winter pruning step, which is carried out half a month after the leaves fall in winter and one month before the spring buds sprout, selecting the upright main branches and the extension heads of the oblique main branches, and removing competing branches. The diameter of the extension heads is 0.4 to 0.6 cm, and the branches are shortened at 1 / 2 to 2 / 3, wherein the cut buds of the extension heads of the oblique main branches retain the back buds.

Images