Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring

Abstract

The application discloses a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring, and aims to solve the problem of slow imaging speed in traditional Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology.The device comprises a light source module, a polarization state generation module, a sample module, a polarization state analysis module, a photoelectric detection module, a synchronous monitoring module and an upper computer module.In the application, the polarization modulation elements of the polarization state generation module and the polarization state analysis module are set to continuous modulation, and the photoelectric detection module is set to continuous acquisition; the polarization state of the polarization modulation elements and the acquisition state of the photoelectric detection module are monitored with high precision through the synchronous monitoring module; and the complete Mueller matrix image of the measured sample is calculated in the upper computer module.The application realizes high-speed dynamic polarization imaging by utilizing continuous polarization state modulation, has high spatial resolution and high measurement precision, and is suitable for real-time polarization observation in the fields of biomedicine, material and industrial detection.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the field of polarized optical measurement, and particularly relates to a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of a polarization state. BACKGROUND

[0002] Mueller matrix polarization imaging provides imaging results of all polarization characteristics such as depolarization, birefringence and dichroism by completely analyzing the interaction between an object and polarized light, and can obtain rich physical, chemical and structural information beyond traditional intensity or spectral imaging. Therefore, Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology shows great application potential in many fields such as biomedicine, atmospheric remote sensing and industrial detection.

[0003] However, Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology faces a core bottleneck in practical application, that is, the imaging speed is seriously insufficient and it is difficult to realize dynamic imaging. Traditional methods rely on time sequence modulation of mechanical rotation of a polarization element or a liquid crystal tunable phase retarder, need to stay at a specific polarization state position, and then change the polarization state multiple times and collect corresponding images to completely solve 16 Mueller matrix elements. This changing process takes a lot of time, and it usually takes several seconds or even tens of seconds to complete a single frame of complete Mueller matrix measurement, which cannot meet the demand of dynamic measurement. At the same time, there is a lot of idle time in the polarization state switching process, which cannot fully utilize the modulation process, resulting in low overall measurement efficiency.

[0004] In recent years, snapshot technology has been developed based on a polarization grating or an optical super surface, which sacrifices imaging spatial resolution to obtain Mueller matrix through single exposure calculation, and finally realizes snapshot Mueller matrix polarization imaging. However, the snapshot technology generally has problems such as low imaging spatial resolution, high processing cost and complex structure, and is difficult to be widely applied.

[0005] Therefore, it is urgent to develop a Mueller matrix polarization imaging technology with high measurement speed, which can quickly obtain Mueller matrix imaging results with high measurement accuracy and high spatial resolution, and is suitable for scenes such as biomedical diagnosis, material characterization and industrial defect detection, which need to obtain and analyze the overall polarization characteristics of an object in real time. SUMMARY

[0006] The application aims to provide a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of a polarization state. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on synchronous monitoring of a polarization state can effectively overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, and realize dynamic measurement of Mueller matrix polarization imaging with high measurement speed, high spatial resolution and high measurement accuracy.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the application provides a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring, and the specific technical scheme for realizing the object of the application is as follows:

[0008] A Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring comprises a light source module, a polarization state generator (PSG), a sample module, a polarization state generator (PSG), a photoelectric detection module, a synchronous monitoring module and an upper computer module.

[0009] The light source module, the polarization state generator, the sample module, the polarization state generator and the photoelectric detection module are sequentially arranged along the light path direction.

[0010] The light source module is sequentially provided with a white light source, a color filter component and a collimating mirror along the light path direction, generates a light beam with a specific wavelength in the range of 200-2000 nm as incident light of the polarization state generator, and the incident light is collimated and uniformly distributed in light intensity; or sequentially has a monochromatic light source and a collimating mirror along the light path direction, and generates the incident light.

[0011] The polarization state generator is sequentially provided with a first polarizer and a first polarization modulation component along the light path direction; the first polarization modulation component contains one or more polarization modulation elements, and realizes periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the incident light; the polarization modulation elements are set to continuously modulate without staying in a specific polarization state, and have an electrical signal output synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time to the synchronous monitoring module.

[0012] The sample module is sequentially provided with a focusing mirror, a sample stage and an objective along the light path direction, the measured sample is placed on the sample stage, the polarization-modulated incident light is guided by the focusing mirror to focus on the measured sample on the sample stage, and the objective collects the outgoing light generated by the measured sample and guides it to the polarization state analysis module; or sequentially has a beam splitter, an objective and a sample stage along the light path direction, the measured sample is placed on the sample stage, the polarization-modulated incident light is guided by the beam splitter to be focused by the objective on the measured sample on the sample stage, and the objective collects the outgoing light generated by the measured sample and guides it to the polarization state analysis module.

[0013] The polarization state analysis module is sequentially provided with a second polarization modulation component and a second polarizer along the light path direction; the second polarization modulation component contains one or more polarization modulation elements, and realizes periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the outgoing light; the polarization modulation elements are set to continuously modulate without staying in a specific polarization state, and have an electrical signal output synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time to the synchronous monitoring module.

[0014] The photoelectric detection module is sequentially provided with an imaging mirror and a surface array image sensor in the light path direction, photoelectrically converts the polarized and modulated outgoing light into signal image data, and transmits the signal image data to the upper computer module; the surface array image sensor is configured to continuously collect, and has an electrical signal output synchronized in time with the photoelectric conversion of the signal image data to the synchronization monitoring module;

[0015] The synchronization monitoring module monitors the synchronization electrical signals of the polarization state generation module, the polarization state analysis module and the photoelectric detection module, records the time stamps of each synchronization electrical signal under the same time axis, and transmits the monitoring data to the upper computer module;

[0016] The upper computer module is configured to receive the signal image data of the photoelectric detection module and the monitoring data of the synchronization monitoring module, take the data results of the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component under n (n≥16) different polarization modulation states as a group, establish a measurement equation set according to the Mueller matrix theory, and calculate the spatial distribution of 16 Mueller matrix elements of the measured sample; subsequently, a group of Mueller matrix polarization imaging is calculated every n times of collection, so as to realize Mueller matrix polarization imaging based on polarization state synchronization monitoring.

[0017] Further, the white light source in the light source module includes a thermal radiation light source, a gas discharge light source, a solid-state light source and a laser-driven white light source;

[0018] The color filter component obtains the light beams of the specific wavelengths in the range of 200-2000 nm through a light splitting element or an optical filtering element;

[0019] The monochromatic light source includes a laser, a light-emitting diode, a gas discharge spectral line lamp and a hollow cathode lamp of the specific wavelengths in the range of 200-2000 nm.

[0020] Further, the specific types of the polarization modulation elements in the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component include a wave plate installed on a rotary motor, a liquid crystal tunable phase retarder, an optical elasticity modulator, an electro-optical modulator and an acousto-optic modulator;

[0021] The types of the polarization modulation elements used in the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component are independent, and the same or different combinations of the types of the polarization modulation elements are allowed.

[0022] Further, the detection mode of the sample module for the measured sample includes a transmission type, a reflection type and a collinear reflection type;

[0023] When the sample module is set to transmission detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens coincides with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens, and is used for detecting the transmission polarization characteristics of the measured sample.

[0024] When the sample module is set to reflection detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing lens intersects with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens at the measured sample, and is used for detecting the reflection polarization characteristics of the measured sample.

[0025] When the sample module is set to collinear reflection detection, the incident light is guided through the beam splitter, focused on the measured sample through the objective lens, and the outgoing light returns to the original path, separates the collinear incident light and outgoing light at the beam splitter, and guides the outgoing light to the polarization state analysis module, which is used for detecting the collinear reflection polarization characteristics of the measured sample.

[0026] Further, the area array image sensor in the photoelectric detection module collects high frame rate signal images, and realizes single exposure and collection of the polarized modulated outgoing light within a single polarization modulation period of the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component.

[0027] Further, the synchronization monitoring module, which monitors the synchronization electrical signal, includes a data acquisition card, a field programmable gate array, an oscilloscope, and an analog-to-digital converter.

[0028] Further, the data collected under n different polarization modulation states are taken as a group to establish a corresponding measurement equation group, wherein the number of equations in the measurement equation group used to calculate the measured sample is equal to the number n of data collected under different polarization modulation states; the number n of different polarization modulation states is greater than or equal to 16, that is, the number of equations in the measurement equation group is greater than or equal to 16.

[0029] Further, the Mueller matrix polarization imaging speed depends on the modulation period of the polarization modulation elements in the first polarization modulation component and the second polarization modulation component, the frame rate of the area array image sensor, and the number of different polarization modulation states used to calculate the Mueller matrix elements. Under the optimized parameters, the Mueller matrix polarization imaging can achieve a high measurement speed of greater than or equal to 50 fps.

[0030] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present application are:

[0031] 1) The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronization monitoring of the present application continuously modulates the polarization modulation elements, does not need to reach a specific state, reduces idle time, matches a high frame rate area array image sensor, fully utilizes polarization state modulation, has extremely fast measurement speed, and is suitable for dynamic and real-time observation of samples.

[0032] 2) The present application based on polarization state synchronous monitoring, for modulation element limit small, high spatial resolution imaging can reach the maximum value of wide field imaging scheme; and has high precision polarization state monitoring, avoids mechanical positioning error, improves the Mueller matrix measurement accuracy.

[0033] 3) The polarization modulation element in the present application is compatible with low-cost rotating motor, the system structure is simple and universal and can quickly image, the cost is lower, which provides a technical basis for popularization and application of Mueller matrix polarization imaging. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0034] Figure 1 is a structure schematic view of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 1 of the present application;

[0035] Figure 2 is a schematic view of a host computer module receiving data and calculating Mueller matrix polarization imaging results;

[0036] Figure 3 is a structure schematic view of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 2 of the present application;

[0037] Figure 4 is a structure schematic view of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 4 of the present application;

[0038] Figure 5 is a structure schematic view of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 5 of the present application;

[0039] Figure 6 is a structure schematic view of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 6 of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] The embodiments of the present application will be described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the embodiments involved in the present specification are not exhaustive, and do not represent the only embodiment of the present application. The following embodiments are only for the purpose of clearly explaining the invention content of the present patent, and are not limited to the embodiments. For those skilled in the art, different forms of changes and modifications can be made on the basis of the above-described embodiments, and any changes or modifications within the technical concept and invention content of the present application are also within the protection scope of the present application. EMBODIMENT

[0041] The structural schematic diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 1 of the present application is shown in Figure 1 The device has the light source module 100, the polarization state generation module 200, the sample module 300, the polarization state analysis module 400, the photoelectric detection module 500, the synchronous monitoring module 600 and the host computer module 700 described in the summary of the invention, and their functions.

[0042] As shown in Figure 1 The light source module 100, the polarization state generation module 200, the sample module 300, the polarization state analysis module 400 and the photoelectric detection module 500 are sequentially arranged along the optical path direction.

[0043] In the light source module 100, there are a white light source 101, a color filter component 102 and a collimating mirror 103 sequentially arranged along the optical path direction. The white light source 101 uses a xenon lamp belonging to a gas discharge light source to provide a wide-spectrum white light. The color filter component 102 uses a monochromator based on a light splitting element to obtain a light beam of a certain specific wavelength within the range of 200-2000 nm from the white light source 101 as subsequent incident light; the collimating mirror 103 collimates the incident light and makes the light intensity distribution uniform.

[0044] In the polarization state generation module 200, there are a first polarizer 201 and a first polarization modulation component 202 sequentially arranged along the optical path direction. The first polarization modulation component 202 has a first photoelastic modulator and a second photoelastic modulator sequentially arranged along the optical path direction, which realizes periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the incident light with a modulation frequency within the range of 10 kHz-100 kHz. The first photoelastic modulator and the second photoelastic modulator are set to continuous modulation without staying in a specific polarization state, and have an electrical signal output synchronized with the change of the polarization state of the incident light over time to the synchronous monitoring module 600.

[0045] In this embodiment, the sample module 300 is set to be a transmission type detection, and has a focusing mirror 301, a sample stage 302 and an objective lens 303 sequentially arranged along the optical path direction, and the measured sample 3 is placed on the sample stage. The polarization-modulated incident light is guided by the focusing mirror 301 and focused on the measured sample 3 on the sample stage 302, and the objective lens 303 collects the outgoing light generated by the measured sample 3 and guides it to the polarization state analysis module 400; the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing mirror 301 coincides with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens 303, which is used to detect the transmission polarization characteristics of the measured sample 3.

[0046] In the polarization state analysis module 400, the second polarization modulation component 401 and the second polarizer 402 are arranged in sequence along the light path. The second polarization modulation component 401 has the third photoelastic modulator and the fourth photoelastic modulator arranged in sequence along the light path, and realizes periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the outgoing light, and the modulation frequency is in the range of 10 kHz to 100 kHz. The third photoelastic modulator and the fourth photoelastic modulator are set to continuous modulation, without staying in a specific polarization state, and have a time-synchronized change electrical signal output to the synchronization monitoring module 600.

[0047] In the photoelectric detection module 500, the imaging mirror 501 and the area array image sensor 502 are arranged in sequence along the light path, and the area array image sensor 502 is located at the focal plane of the imaging mirror 501, realizing clear and high spatial resolution imaging of the image of the outgoing light signal. In order to adapt to the fast modulation of the photoelastic modulator in this embodiment, the area array image sensor 502 uses an ultra-fast CMOS camera with a frame rate > 1000 fps, and the specific frame rate matches the modulation frequency in the first polarization modulation component 202 and the second polarization modulation component 401. The ultra-fast CMOS camera is set to continuous acquisition, and has a time-synchronized change electrical signal output to the synchronization monitoring module 600.

[0048] The synchronization monitoring module 600 uses a field programmable gate array development board to monitor the polarization state synchronization electrical signals of the four photoelastic modulators in the first polarization modulation component 202 and the second polarization modulation component 401, and the acquisition synchronization electrical signals of the area array image sensor 502, records the time stamps of each synchronization signal on the same time axis, and transmits the monitoring data to the host computer module 700. In order to adapt to the fast modulation of the photoelastic modulator in this embodiment, the field programmable gate array development board is used to record the synchronization signals at a sampling rate > 100 MHz.

[0049] The host computer module 700 receives the data of the area array image sensor 502 and the synchronization monitoring module 600, receives the data and calculates the Mueller matrix polarization imaging result, as shown in the schematic diagram. Figure 2 The measurement equation set is established for the data results of n different modulation states (n > 16), and the spatial distribution of the 16 Mueller matrix elements of the measured sample 3 is calculated in the host computer module 700, realizing Mueller matrix polarization imaging based on polarization state synchronization monitoring. According to the Mueller matrix related theory, the number of different modulation states n for calculating the spatial distribution of the 16 Mueller matrix elements of the measured sample 3 is > 16 times.

[0050] In the Mueller matrix polarization imaging process of the embodiment, the total of 4 photoelastic modulators in the polarization state generation module 200 and the polarization state analysis module 400 are set to continuous modulation, the ultrafast CMOS camera in the photoelectric detection module 500 is set to continuously collect the exit light signal image at the highest frame rate, and the high-precision monitoring module 600 monitors the polarization state of the photoelastic modulator and the acquisition state of the ultrafast CMOS camera in the modulation process. The data collected in n (n≥16) different modulation states is a group, and the host computer module 700 establishes a system of n equations and calculates the spatial distribution of the 16 Mueller matrix elements corresponding to the group of measurements; a group of Mueller matrix polarization images is calculated every n times of acquisition.

[0051] The imaging speed of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging depends on the modulation frequency of the photoelastic modulator, the frame rate of the area array image sensor 502, and the number of different modulation states for calculating the Mueller matrix elements. Based on the photoelastic modulator and the ultrafast CMOS camera, it is expected that the imaging speed of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging can reach ≥50 fps.

[0052] Due to the characteristics of the photoelastic modulator, such as no electric rotating parts and high-precision modulation, the embodiment has high measurement accuracy of the Mueller matrix elements in addition to the advantages of high-speed dynamic imaging of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging. Embodiment

[0053] The structure diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 2 of the application is shown in Figure 3 The embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, and the polarization state generation module 200, the sample module 300, the polarization state analysis module 400, the photoelectric detection module 500, the synchronous monitoring module 600, and the host computer module 700 are the same, and only the light source module 100 is modified and adjusted.

[0054] Specifically, as shown in Figure 3 The light path direction of the light source module 100 has a monochromatic light source 104 and a collimating mirror 103 in sequence. The monochromatic light source 104 uses a specific wavelength of a light-emitting diode located in the range of 200-2000 nm. The monochromatic light source 104 is connected with the collimating mirror 103, including spatial light connection and optical fiber connection, and the output incident light is collimated and uniformly distributed in light intensity.

[0055] Unlike Embodiment 1, the monochromatic light source 104 does not have wavelength adjustment capability and is suitable for Mueller matrix polarization imaging with fixed wavelength. Embodiment

[0056] The structure of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 3 of the present application is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1, and the light source module 100, the sample module 300, the photoelectric detection module 500, the synchronous monitoring module 600 and the host computer module 700 used are the same, and only the polarization state generation module 200 and the polarization state analysis module 400 are modified and adjusted.

[0057] Specifically, as shown in Figure 1 The photoelastic modulator in the polarization state generation module 200 or the polarization state analysis module 400 is replaced by a liquid crystal tunable phase retarder with a modulation frequency in the range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz. A single or two photoelastic modulators in a single module can be replaced to achieve hybrid polarization modulation of photoelastic modulators and liquid crystal tunable phase retarders; or both modules can be replaced to achieve polarization state modulation of only liquid crystal tunable phase retarders. The liquid crystal tunable phase retarder has an electrical signal output that is synchronized with the change of its polarization state over time. The polarization modulation elements are all set to continuous modulation without staying at a specific polarization state.

[0058] Unlike Embodiment 1, the liquid crystal tunable phase retarder without an electric rotating part has lower cost, higher delay uniformity in the range of clear aperture, and a wider applicable wavelength range. Embodiment

[0059] The structure diagram of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to Embodiment 4 of the present application is shown in Figure 4 The structure of this embodiment is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1, and the light source module 100, the sample module 300, the photoelectric detection module 500, the synchronous monitoring module 600 and the host computer module 700 used are the same, and only the polarization state generation module 200 and the polarization state analysis module 400 are modified and adjusted.

[0060] Specifically, as shown in Figure 4 In the polarization state generation module 200, the first polarization modulation component 202 is composed of a first wave plate, a fast rotating motor and an optical rotary encoder. The first wave plate is mounted on the fast rotating motor to achieve periodic polarization modulation of the incident light polarization state. During polarization modulation, the fast rotating motor continuously rotates to achieve continuous modulation without staying at a specific polarization state; and the optical rotary encoder converts the rotation position information into an electrical signal as the electrical signal output of the first polarization modulation component 202 synchronized with the change of the incident light polarization state over time.

[0061] In the polarization state analysis module 400, the second polarization modulation component 401 is composed of a second wave plate, a fast rotating motor and an optical rotary encoder. The second wave plate is installed on another fast rotating motor to realize periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the outgoing light. During polarization modulation, the fast rotating motor continuously rotates to realize continuous modulation without stopping at a specific polarization state, and the modulation frequency is different from that of the first polarization modulation component 202; the rotary position information is also converted into an electrical signal by the optical rotary encoder, which is output as an electrical signal of the second polarization modulation component 401 synchronized with the change of the polarization state of the outgoing light over time.

[0062] Unlike embodiment 1, the use of a fast rotating motor in combination with an optical rotary encoder greatly reduces the cost of the polarization modulation element and ensures the imaging speed of Mueller matrix polarization imaging. Embodiment

[0063] The structure diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to embodiment 5 is shown in Figure 5 This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, and the light source module 100, the polarization state generation module 200, the polarization state analysis module 400, the photoelectric detection module 500, the synchronous monitoring module 600 and the upper computer module 700 are the same, only the detection method of the measured sample 3 of the sample module 300 is modified and adjusted.

[0064] Specifically, as shown in Figure 5 In this embodiment, the sample module 300 is set to reflective detection, and along the direction of the optical path, there are a focusing mirror 301, a sample stage 302 and an objective lens 303 in sequence, and the measured sample 3 is placed on the sample stage. The incident light after polarization modulation is guided by the focusing mirror 301 and focused on the measured sample 3 on the sample stage 302, and the objective lens 303 collects the outgoing light generated by the measured sample 3 and guides it to the polarization state analysis module 400; the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing mirror 301 intersects the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens 303 at the measured sample 3. The sample module 300 is set to reflective, and the angle between the incident light and the outgoing light is adjustable within the range of 0~180°, realizing the detection of reflective polarization characteristics at different angles.

[0065] Unlike embodiment 1, this embodiment is used to realize the detection of the reflective polarization characteristics of the measured sample 3. Embodiment

[0066] The structure diagram of a Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to embodiment 6 is shown in Figure 6As shown. This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, using the same light source module 100, polarization state generation module 200, polarization state analysis module 400, photoelectric detection module 500, synchronous monitoring module 600, and host computer module 700. Only the devices used in the sample module 300 and the detection method of the sample 3 under test are modified and adjusted.

[0067] Specifically, such as Figure 6 As shown, in this embodiment, the sample module 300 is configured for collinear reflection detection. Along the optical path, the polarization-modulated incident light is guided by the beam splitter 304 and focused by the objective lens 303 onto the sample 3 under test on the sample stage 302. The objective lens 303 collects the outgoing light generated by the sample 3 under test, reflects it through the beam splitter 304, and guides it to subsequent modules. After the incident light is focused onto the sample 3 under test, the outgoing light returns along the original path, and the beam splitter 304 separates the collinear incident light and outgoing light.

[0068] Unlike Example 1, this example is used to detect the collinear reflection polarization characteristics of the sample 3 under test.

[0069] The above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring, characterized in that, The system comprises a light source module (100), a polarization state generation module (200), a sample module (300), a polarization state analysis module (400), a photoelectric detection module (500), a synchronization monitoring module (600) and an upper computer module (700); The light source module (100), the polarization state generation module (200), the sample module (300), the polarization state analysis module (400) and the photoelectric detection module (500) are sequentially arranged along the optical path direction; The light source module (100) is sequentially provided with a white light source (101), a color filter component (102) and a collimating mirror (103) along the optical path direction, and generates a light beam with a wavelength in the range of 200-2000 nm as the incident light of the polarization state generation module (200); or sequentially provided with a monochromatic light source (104) and a collimating mirror (103) along the optical path direction, and generates the incident light; The polarization state generation module (200) is sequentially provided with a first polarizer (201) and a first polarization modulation component (202) along the optical path direction; the first polarization modulation component (202) contains one or more polarization modulation elements to realize periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the incident light; the polarization modulation elements are set to continuous modulation, and an electrical signal synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time is output to the synchronization monitoring module (600); The sample module (300) is sequentially provided with a focusing mirror (301), a sample stage (302) and an objective lens (303) along the optical path direction, the measured sample (3) is placed on the sample stage (302), the polarization-modulated incident light is focused on the measured sample (3) on the sample stage (302) by the focusing mirror (301), and the objective lens (303) collects the outgoing light generated by the measured sample (3) and guides it to the polarization state analysis module (400); or sequentially provided with a beam splitter (304), an objective lens (303) and a sample stage (302) along the optical path direction, the measured sample (3) is placed on the sample stage (302), the polarization-modulated incident light is guided by the beam splitter (304) to be focused on the measured sample (3) on the sample stage (302) by the objective lens (303), and the objective lens (303) collects the outgoing light generated by the measured sample (3) and guides it to the polarization state analysis module (400); The polarization state analysis module (400) is sequentially provided with a second polarization modulation component (401) and a second polarizer (402) along the optical path direction; the second polarization modulation component (401) contains one or more polarization modulation elements to realize periodic polarization modulation of the polarization state of the outgoing light; the polarization modulation elements are set to continuous modulation, and an electrical signal synchronized with the change of the polarization state over time is output to the synchronization monitoring module (600); The photoelectric detection module (500) is sequentially provided with an imaging mirror (501) and a surface array image sensor (502) along the light path direction, photoelectrically converts the polarized and modulated outgoing light into signal image data, and transmits the signal image data to the upper computer module (700); the surface array image sensor (502) is arranged to continuously collect, and an electrical signal synchronized in time with the photoelectric conversion of the signal image data is output to the synchronization monitoring module (600); The synchronization monitoring module (600) monitors the synchronization electrical signals of the polarization state generation module (200), the polarization state analysis module (400) and the photoelectric detection module (500), records the time stamps of the respective synchronization electrical signals on the same time axis, and transmits the monitoring data to the upper computer module (700); The upper computer module (700) is used for receiving the signal image data of the photoelectric detection module (500) and the monitoring data of the synchronization monitoring module (600); taking the data results of the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401) under n different polarization modulation states as a group, establishing a measurement equation group according to the Mueller matrix theory, and calculating the spatial distribution of 16 Mueller matrix elements of the measured sample (3); subsequently, a group of Mueller matrix polarization imaging is calculated every n times of collection, and Mueller matrix polarization imaging based on polarization state synchronization monitoring is realized; wherein n is greater than or equal to 16. 2.The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The white light source (101) in the light source module (100) includes a thermal radiation light source, a gas discharge light source, a solid-state light source and a laser-driven white light source; The color filter component (102) obtains the light beams of specific wavelengths in the range of 200-2000 nm through a light splitting element or an optical filtering element; The monochromatic light source (104) includes a laser, a light-emitting diode, a gas discharge spectral line lamp and a hollow cathode lamp of specific wavelengths in the range of 200-2000 nm. 3.The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific types of the polarization modulation elements in the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401) include wave plates installed on rotary motors, liquid crystal tunable phase retarders, photoelastic modulators, electro-optical modulators and acousto-optical modulators; The types of the polarization modulation elements used in the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401) are independent, and the same or different combinations of the polarization modulation elements are allowed. 4.The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The detection mode of the sample module (300) for the measured sample (3) includes transmission, reflection and collinear reflection; When the sample module (300) is arranged for transmission detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing mirror (301) coincides with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens (303), and is used for detecting the transmission polarization characteristics of the measured sample (3); When the sample module (300) is arranged for reflection detection, the optical axis of the incident light passing through the focusing mirror (301) intersects with the optical axis of the outgoing light passing through the objective lens (303) at the measured sample (3), and is used for detecting the reflection polarization characteristics of the measured sample (3); When the sample module (300) is set to collinear reflection detection, the incident light is guided by the beam splitter (304), focused on the measured sample (3) by the objective lens (303), and the outgoing light returns to the original path. The collinear incident light and outgoing light are separated at the beam splitter (304), and the outgoing light is guided to the polarization state analysis module (400) for detecting the collinear reflection polarization characteristics of the measured sample (3).

5. The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The area array image sensor (502) in the photoelectric detection module (500) collects high frame rate signal images, and realizes single exposure and collection of the polarized modulated outgoing light within a single polarization modulation period of the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401). 6.The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The synchronization monitoring module (600) monitors the device of the synchronization electrical signal, which includes a data acquisition card, a field programmable gate array, an oscilloscope, and an analog-to-digital converter. 7.The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The data results collected under n different polarization modulation states are taken as a group to establish a corresponding measurement equation group, and n≥16, that is, the number of equations in the measurement equation group is≥16. 8.The Mueller matrix polarization imaging device based on polarization state synchronous monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The imaging speed of the Mueller matrix polarization imaging depends on the modulation period of the polarization modulation elements in the first polarization modulation component (202) and the second polarization modulation component (401), the frame rate of the area array image sensor (502), and the number of different polarization modulation states for calculating the Mueller matrix elements.

Images