Method for identifying abnormal data of multi-directional stress meter based on svm and pca confidence interval analysis
By using SVM and PCA confidence interval analysis, confidence circles are generated to identify outliers in multi-directional stress gauge monitoring data. This solves the problem of noise and outliers affecting the accuracy of monitoring business analysis and improves the accuracy of data analysis.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- POWER CHINA KUNMING ENG CORP LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-26
Smart Images

Figure CN120763602B_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of multi-dimensional stress gauge monitoring data analysis, and in particular to a method for identifying anomaly data in multi-dimensional stress gauge monitoring based on SVM and PCA confidence interval analysis, which accurately identifies new anomaly data by learning the distribution of historical data. Background Technology
[0002] Multi-directional stress gauges are widely used in the safety monitoring of dams in hydropower projects, providing crucial mechanical monitoring data. However, with the increasing volume of monitoring data, noise and outliers gradually affect the accuracy of monitoring analysis. Therefore, accurately and efficiently detecting and identifying anomalous data points has become a key issue in monitoring operations. The key characteristics of the monitoring data distribution are often determined by samples at the data boundaries. Using SVM, especially one-class SVM, can help determine the decision boundaries of the data, thereby selecting representative support vectors. These support vectors have higher discriminative power when forming the center of the final confidence circle, and can perform better in data anomaly analysis. Summary of the Invention
[0003] The present invention aims to solve the problem that noise and outliers in existing data affect the accuracy of monitoring business analysis. It provides a method for identifying anomaly data in multi-directional stress gauge monitoring based on SVM and PCA confidence interval analysis, which can accurately identify new anomalies by learning the distribution of historical data.
[0004] The present invention provides a method for identifying anomaly data from multi-directional stress gauge monitoring based on SVM and PCA confidence interval analysis, characterized by the following specific steps:
[0005] I. Data and PCA Dimensionality Reduction
[0006] Suppose there are n time slices, t=1,2,...,n, and each time slice has a k-dimensional vector data:
[0007]
[0008] T represents The transpose of , where R represents the data matrix, i.e., the dataset, and k represents the dimension of the vector data in each time slice.
[0009] Construct a matrix from all the data:
[0010] X
[0011] Centering: Calculating the mean vector
[0012]
[0013] X t X in n*k dimensional vector data t ;
[0014] Centralize X:
[0015]
[0016] Where 1 is an n-dimensional column vector of all 1s;
[0017] Covariance matrix:
[0018]
[0019] Where 1 is an n-dimensional column vector of all 1s, X c It is a centered matrix, where X represents the data matrix. C represents the transpose of the centered matrix, where C is the covariance matrix.
[0020] Eigenvalue decomposition: Find the eigenvalue decomposition of C:
[0021]
[0022] Where λ1≥λ2≥λ3≥λ4≥λ5 are eigenvalues, and v1,v2,…,v5 are the corresponding eigenvectors;
[0023] Select the first two principal components: take the eigenvectors v1 and v2 corresponding to the first two eigenvalues to form a matrix.
[0024]
[0025] Data projected into two-dimensional space:
[0026]
[0027] We obtain n two-dimensional points:
[0028] t=1,…,n
[0029] II. Generate n confidence circles
[0030] For each time point t, there is a two-dimensional coordinate Z. t Let the confidence circle at each time point t be Z. t The radius is chosen based on the degree of dispersion of the local data, with the center as the center.
[0031] The radius r of each circle t The variation at local points within that time slice determines that there are n sub-data points within time t.
[0032]
[0033] After projecting it onto a two-dimensional coordinate system, we get
[0034] ,
[0035] The radius of the circle is the distance between these points and its center, i.e. Average Euclidean distance:
[0036] ;
[0037] III. Generating the coordinates of the center of the confidence circle
[0038] Given dataset {zt} t=1 n The following optimization problem is solved:
[0039]
[0040] Constraints:
[0041]
[0042] in It is a mapping function, with ν∈(0,1] as the parameter. After solving, we obtain the Lagrange multiplier α. t ;
[0043] The set of vectors is:
[0044]
[0045] Final center calculation:
[0046] After obtaining the set of support vectors S, the final center of the circle is defined as the arithmetic mean of the support vectors:
[0047] =
[0048] Obtain the coordinates of the center of the circle;
[0049] IV. Radius of the final confidence circle
[0050] The final confidence circle radius is obtained by taking the arithmetic mean of all n ellipse radii {rt}.
[0051]
[0052] V. Final Confidence Circle
[0053] Based on the above calculations, the final confidence circle is defined as follows:
[0054] Center: z final And radius: R;
[0055] VI. Anomaly Detection
[0056] Given new data x^, the PCA process described above is as follows:
[0057] Centralization: =
[0058] projection:
[0059] judge Is it within the final confidence circle?
[0060] ≤R normal
[0061] >R abnormal
[0062] Complete the calculation process.
[0063] This invention relates to the field of multi-dimensional stress gauge monitoring data analysis. It utilizes SVM (Support Vector Machine) to analyze the coordinates of the center of confidence circles obtained after PCA dimensionality reduction analysis of monitoring data from multiple time periods. This analysis selects support vectors and averages these support vectors to obtain the final circle center. This method can focus more on key points that determine the data distribution boundary, improving sensitivity to outliers and boundary points, and reducing the impact of numerous outliers or multimodal data distribution on finding the optimal circle center. The final circle center, together with the radius calculated by averaging, constitutes a global confidence circle, achieving anomaly detection. Attached Figure Description
[0064] Figure 1 This is a screenshot of the results for test data 1.
[0065] Figure 2 Screenshot of the results for test data 2.
[0066] Figure 3 Screenshot of the results for test data 3. Detailed Implementation
[0067] Example 1: A method for identifying anomaly data from multi-directional stress gauge monitoring based on SVM and PCA confidence interval analysis, characterized by the following specific steps:
[0068] I. Data and PCA Dimensionality Reduction
[0069] 1. Data Acquisition:
[0070] In the inclinometer monitoring system, data from nine measuring points are collected at regular intervals to form an n×9 data matrix. The following is the monitoring data of a multi-directional stress gauge for a power station dam:
[0071]
[0072]
[0073]
[0074]
[0075]
[0076]
[0077]
[0078]
[0079]
[0080]
[0081]
[0082]
[0083]
[0084] I. PCA Dimensionality Reduction:
[0085] Suppose there are n time slices, t=1,2,...,n, and each time slice has an n-dimensional vector data:
[0086]
[0087] Construct a matrix from all the data:
[0088] X
[0089] Centering: Calculating the mean vector
[0090]
[0091] Centralize X:
[0092]
[0093] Where 1 is an n-dimensional column vector of all 1s;
[0094] Covariance matrix:
[0095]
[0096] Eigenvalue decomposition: Find the eigenvalue decomposition of C:
[0097]
[0098] Where λ1≥λ2≥λ3≥λ4≥λ5 are eigenvalues, and v1,v2,…,v5 are the corresponding eigenvectors;
[0099] Select the first two principal components:
[0100] Take the eigenvectors v1 and v2 corresponding to the two largest eigenvalues to form a matrix.
[0101]
[0102] Data projected into two-dimensional space:
[0103]
[0104] We obtain n two-dimensional points:
[0105] t=1,…,n
[0106] The data obtained after standardization is as follows:
[0107] [[-5.1700e-01 -1.6050e+00 -2.6100e+00 -9.3100e-01 2.1540e+00 3.4810e+00 2.4500e-01 3.6110e+00 1.0140e+01] [-8.7400e-01 -1.9400e+00 -2.6050e+00 -1.2720e+00 2.1540e+00 3.4610e+00 -1.4400e-01 2.9580e+00 1.0165e+01] [-1.2170e+00 -2.2730e+00 -2.9290e+00 -1.2690e+00 2.4640e+00 2.4300e+00 2.3000e-012.9460e+00 9.8270e+00] [-1.1970e+00 -2.3080e+00 -3.3110e+00 -1.6450e+003.1630e+00 2.4400e+00 -4.6800e-01 2.5600e+00 9.8270e+00] [-2.3600e-01 -2.0050e+00 -2.6460e+00 -1.2970e+00 3.1770e+00 3.0520e+00 5.2800e-01 3.2190e+00 9.5510e+00] [-1.3000e-01 -1.9650e+00 -2.9480e+00 -1.5420e+00 2.1690e+003.4810e+00 -4.8300e-01 3.5800e+00 1.0246e+01] [-8.6300e-01 -1.6260e+00 -2.6310e+00 -1.3220e+00 3.5560e+00 4.1420e+00 8.1200e-01 3.5850e+00 1.0215e+01] [-5.1800e-01 -2.0040e+00 -2.9940e+00 -1.5850e+00 2.1500e+00 2.7580e+00 -1.5400e-01 3.2470e+00 9.6000e+00] [-1.5500e-01 -1.6560e+00 -2.6660e+00 -6.6000e-01 2.8120e+00 3.0860e+00 5.4800e-01 3.2340e+00 9.9130e+00] [1.3800e-01 -9.6300e-01 -1.9200e+00 -9.7400e-01 3.5200e+00 3.8030e+00 9.2200e-013.9240e+00 1.0332e+01] [-1.5550e+00 -1.9680e+00 -3.3170e+00 -1.2620e+001.8060e+00 3.1320e+00 -8.0100e-01 3.2500e+00 9.6140e+00] [-1.2470e+00 -2.3340e+00 -3.0650e+00 -1.3750e+00 2.4590e+00 2.7220e+00 -1.6400e-01 3.5680e+00 9.9830e+00] [-8.8700e-01 -2.2770e+00 -3.0260e+00 -1.6630e+00 2.1200e+002.3740e+00 -4.8800e-01 2.8680e+00 9.3120e+00] [-5.3700e-01 -1.5860e+00 -2.6160e+00 -6.2000e-01 2.4330e+00 3.1160e+00 1.9400e-01 2.9230e+00 9.7370e+00] [-5.9200e-01 -1.3670e+00 -2.6910e+00 -1.3170e+00 2.8220e+00 3.3790e+00 -1.6500e-01 3.2290e+00 1.0014e+01] [-8.3600e-01 -2.3630e+00 -3.6900e+00 -1.3320e+00 2.4900e+00 2.4040e+00 -4.8300e-01 2.5270e+00 8.6920e+00] [-1.8500e-01 -1.5960e+00 -2.6660e+00 -9.9100e-01 2.4730e+00 3.4790e+00 -1.3000e-01 3.2340e+00 9.4450e+00] [-2.0300e-01 -5.8300e-01 -2.3230e+00 -6.4800e-01 3.8540e+00 3.7770e+00 5.6300e-01 3.2510e+00 9.4660e+00] [-1.2430e+00 -1.6840e+00 -3.3730e+00 -1.3620e+00 2.8240e+00 2.7270e+00 -8.6700e-012.8990e+00 8.7380e+00] [-5.7900e-01 -1.6150e+00 -2.6920e+00 -9.1800e-012.4640e+00 2.7620e+00 2.0500e-01 3.2420e+00 9.4840e+00] [-9.1200e-01 -2.3280e+00 -3.0610e+00 -1.3370e+00 2.4690e+00 2.7620e+00 -5.0800e-01 2.9090e+008.8540e+00] [-5.4800e-01 -2.0300e+00 -3.0300e+00 -1.3500e+00 2.7620e+002.7060e+00 -2.0500e-01 2.8760e+00 9.1320e+00] [-5.6000e-01 -1.9530e+00 -3.0460e+00 -9.5100e-01 2.1300e+00 3.1200e+00 1.3000e-01 3.1950e+00 8.8940e+00] [4.4800e-01 -1.3770e+00 -2.0370e+00 -1.0520e+00 3.4300e+00 3.3880e+00 -5.9500e-01 2.8420e+00 9.1780e+00] [-1.2940e+00 -1.6690e+00 -2.7090e+00 -9.8600e-01 2.4290e+00 2.3170e+00 -8.7700e-01 2.8680e+00 7.8610e+00] [-1.8600e-01 -1.6600e+00 -2.3800e+00 -6.7300e-01 2.7720e+00 2.6510e+00 -1.9000e-01 2.8860e+00 8.6070e+00] [-9.3700e-01 -1.6790e+00 -2.7290e+00 -1.0070e+00 2.4590e+00 1.6650e+00 -5.4300e-01 2.5370e+00 8.2640e+00] [-5.7800e-01 -1.3460e+00 -2.3700e+00 -6.8300e-01 2.4180e+00 2.3070e+00 -2.0000e-01 2.8500e+00 8.6380e+00] [-1.2830e+00 -1.3700e+00 -2.3770e+00 -1.0470e+00 1.6950e+00 1.6600e+00 -5.8400e-01 2.4770e+00 7.9620e+00] [-1.6190e+00 -2.3910e+00 -3.0180e+00 -1.3420e+00 1.3930e+00 1.2870e+00 -1.2300e+001.8350e+00 7.6130e+00] [-5.9300e-01 -6.4700e-01 -2.0030e+00 -3.1700e-012.4380e+00 2.7200e+00 -5.3900e-01 3.1820e+00 8.0480e+00] [-9.5700e-01 -9.8100e-01 -2.0650e+00 -1.0470e+00 2.0840e+00 2.0080e+00 8.9000e-02 2.1760e+00 8.3850e+00] [-6.5200e-01 -1.0600e+00 -2.0410e+00 -1.0850e+00 2.3790e+001.6440e+00 -1.6100e+00 2.0980e+00 7.3870e+00] [-5.6500e-01 -1.3400e+00 -2.3770e+00 -6.9100e-01 3.1430e+00 2.0030e+00 -9.0800e-01 2.8480e+00 8.8030e+00] [-1.0090e+00 -2.0380e+00 -2.4430e+00 -1.4260e+00 2.7740e+00 1.5990e+00 -1.5950e+00 2.4600e+00 8.7770e+00] [-5.4600e-01 -2.0130e+00 -2.0400e+00 -1.3500e+00 2.7890e+00 1.6740e+00 -9.2200e-01 2.5500e+00 8.4700e+00] [-9.5000e-01 -1.4030e+00 -2.7970e+00 -1.7940e+00 2.4000e+00 1.2500e+00 -9.6700e-01 1.1180e+00 7.7940e+00] [-1.2950e+00 -1.0100e+00 -2.3780e+00 -7.1900e-01 2.7690e+00 1.6390e+00 -9.3200e-01 1.7720e+00 8.1980e+00] [-6.5200e-01 -7.6600e-01 -2.0910e+00 -1.4010e+00 3.0880e+00 8.9200e-01 -1.3010e+00 1.7870e+00 7.5530e+00] [-9.8700e-01 -4.1800e-01 -1.3850e+00 -1.1230e+003.0420e+00 1.2050e+00 -2.4500e-01 2.1000e+00 7.8410e+00] [-1.0090e+00 -1.3640e+00 -2.1160e+00 -1.7970e+00 1.6800e+00 9.0100e-01 -6.1900e-01 1.7620e+00 6.5000e+00] [-3.6200e-01 -4.1900e-01 -1.1420e+00 -4.1800e-01 3.7450e+001.8760e+00 6.8000e-02 1.7560e+00 7.5850e+00] [-6.2700e-01 -1.3590e+00 -1.3360e+00 -1.0700e+00 2.4300e+00 9.2600e-01 -9.2200e-01 1.1150e+00 6.9430e+00] [-1.0340e+00 -1.1010e+00 -1.8440e+00 -8.0400e-01 2.6630e+00 1.1540e+00 -1.0480e+00 1.3450e+00 5.8750e+00] [-9.8400e-01 -1.0300e+00 -1.4270e+00 -7.2900e-01 2.0850e+00 8.7100e-01 -9.6800e-01 1.4810e+00 6.6610e+00] [-7.4600e-01 -4.2300e-01 -1.1690e+00 -8.3200e-01 2.6770e+00 1.1090e+00 3.1700e-01 2.0650e+00 6.6110e+00] [-2.6700e-01 -1.4440e+00 -2.1380e+00 -1.4990e+002.6540e+00 5.1700e-01 -9.6700e-01 3.6400e-01 5.9650e+00] [-2.4790e+00 -3.3000e-02 -1.0780e+00 -7.4200e-01 3.0720e+00 1.5780e+00 -3.1100e-01 1.8700e+00 6.4250e+00] [1.8000e-02 -4.3300e-01 -7.4100e-01 -8.0200e-01 2.7420e+001.5520e+00 3.3000e-02 4.2700e-01 6.0120e+00] [3.6500e-01 -2.3000e-02 -1.0880e+00 -4.2600e-01 2.6970e+00 1.1590e+00 9.5900e-01 1.0810e+00 6.4200e+00] [-4.9000e-02 -1.1310e+00 -1.1550e+00 -1.1610e+00 2.6730e+00 8.1000e-01 -7.1000e-01 1.0490e+00 5.3410e+00] [-3.4900e-01 -6.3000e-02 -7.7100e-01 -1.3500e-01 2.6620e+00 1.1680e+00 3.4200e-01 2.0650e+00 6.0870e+00] [3.6000e-02 -1.0800e-01 -7.5700e-01 -5.1400e-01 2.7030e+00 7.8500e-01 3.4700e-011.7670e+00 6.0870e+00] [-7.1400e-01 -4.7600e-01 -8.6400e-01 -8.1700e-012.6130e+00 8.0400e-01 -1.4120e+00 3.0400e-01 5.4560e+00] [-6.4000e-022.2200e-01 -8.2800e-01 -1.1510e+00 2.6070e+00 7.9400e-01 -7.5000e-01 1.7010e+00 5.1090e+00] [-6.5500e-01 -7.2400e-01 -1.4290e+00 -1.4560e+00 2.0210e+008.9000e-01 -1.0120e+00 4.1300e-01 5.2030e+00] [-1.1130e+00 -8.1000e-01 -8.3500e-01 -1.1960e+00 1.5560e+00 7.7000e-02 -1.0480e+00 3.1200e-01 5.1780e+00] [-1.3890e+00 -1.1640e+00 -1.4740e+00 -1.2210e+00 1.2570e+00 -5.9500e-01 -1.0630e+00 3.0700e-01 4.1500e+00] [-7.5900e-01 -7.8000e-01 -4.5600e-01 -8.7700e-01 2.2990e+00 1.1530e+00 -1.0430e+00 1.0820e+00 4.7610e+00] [-7.8100e-01 -8.1000e-01 -8.2000e-01 -1.6020e+00 1.9060e+00 -3.1600e-01 -1.4420e+00 6.6800e-01 4.1910e+00] [-7.1900e-01 -5.6000e-02 -4.2600e-01 -8.4200e-01 2.4000e+00 1.5200e-01 -6.8900e-01 1.0620e+00 4.9470e+00] [-2.0910e+00 -7.8700e-01 -1.8590e+00 -1.5520e+00 9.8500e-01 -8.7800e-01 -2.3870e+003.7000e-02 3.9320e+00] [-1.1210e+00 1.5200e-01 -8.5400e-01 -5.2200e-012.2640e+00 3.9500e-01 -7.1400e-01 6.3000e-01 4.5690e+00] [-1.1130e+00 -4.7500e-01 -8.6500e-01 -9.2000e-01 1.9560e+00 1.1700e-01 -1.0880e+00 6.4300e-01 4.3010e+00] [-7.3400e-01 -1.8700e-01 -8.8900e-01 -1.2140e+00 2.2240e+002.7000e-02 -7.3400e-01 2.9400e-01 4.3380e+00] [-1.1660e+00 -1.1750e+00 -4.9700e-01 -5.4200e-01 1.9500e+00 4.2000e-02 -4.3600e-01 6.5000e-01 4.3680e+00] [-1.4460e+00 -8.3400e-01 -8.7100e-01 -1.2230e+00 1.2580e+00 -2.5700e-01 -1.4510e+00 -2.6000e-02 4.0340e+00] [-4.5100e-01 5.3600e-01 1.5900e-01 -2.0300e-01 2.9520e+00 4.2000e-01 -3.2000e-02 1.6910e+00 5.1240e+00] [-1.7170e+00 -4.4400e-01 -1.5260e+00 -1.5240e+00 1.3080e+00 -5.2000e-01 -1.4010e+009.0000e-03 4.4220e+00] [-1.1140e+00 -1.4500e-01 -1.2340e+00 -1.2280e+001.5670e+00 4.2000e-02 -1.4560e+00 2.9000e-01 4.0840e+00] [-8.2200e-01 -4.6500e-01 -8.5000e-01 -1.2360e+00 1.5910e+00 -2.5700e-01 -3.9000e-016.2800e-01 4.4780e+00] [-1.1560e+00 1.8700e-01 -5.2700e-01 -6.1200e-012.5430e+00 4.4400e-01 -4.8600e-01 2.2900e-01 4.4280e+00] [-1.0900e-015.4600e-01 -5.4600e-01 -2.0800e-01 1.8780e+00 3.6500e-01 2.2600e-01 9.4300e-01 5.1700e+00] [-7.8600e-01 -1.7100e-01 -8.7600e-01 -9.1500e-01 1.5610e+003.6000e-02 -3.8000e-01 3.1700e-01 4.5530e+00] [2.1700e-01 1.5600e-01 -1.9900e-01 1.1200e-01 2.1970e+00 -3.5300e-01 2.1100e-01 9.5900e-01 5.2000e+00] [-4.2600e-01 2.2100e-01 5.1100e-01 -1.9800e-01 2.2880e+00 1.6000e-02 -7.5000e-01 6.5800e-01 5.2300e+00] [-8.1600e-01 -2.0600e-01 -8.8600e-01 -6.6000e-01 2.2190e+00 -3.4300e-01 -1.1580e+00 2.2600e-01 3.8580e+00] [-4.2900e-01 1.9300e-01 1.2600e-01 -5.5400e-01 1.9250e+00 1.0600e-01 -7.6400e-01 -6.4000e-02 4.2260e+00] [2.5100e-01 1.3200e-01 -2.2000e-01 -2.0600e-011.8740e+00 5.1000e-02 -4.4600e-01 -6.7000e-02 3.5820e+00] [-1.1950e+00 -1.8500e-01 -2.4200e-01 -6.4200e-01 1.5370e+00 -6.8600e-01 -8.2400e-01 -4.4300e-01 3.2070e+00] [-4.4900e-01 5.1800e-01 -2.2600e-01 -2.5400e-011.8850e+00 -7.2100e-01 -8.0400e-01 2.4100e-01 3.9590e+00] [-1.2000e+00 -2.0000e-01 -2.4700e-01 -3.4100e-01 1.5110e+00 -3.5800e-01 -1.5820e+00 -7.8900e-01 3.2630e+00] [-1.1300e-01 -9.6000e-02 -9.0600e-01 -2.5900e-011.5460e+00 -1.0500e+00 -7.6900e-01 2.4700e-01 3.9540e+00] [-1.1500e+00 -1.4500e-01 -1.9200e-01 -5.8200e-01 1.6120e+00 -9.6000e-01 -4.1500e-016.6600e-01 3.3890e+00] [-1.1970e+00 -5.7400e-01 -6.1100e-01 -9.8600e-018.1900e-01 -1.7070e+00 -1.1520e+00 -8.0700e-01 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-1.0740e+00 -6.3380e+00] [1.7560e+00 5.9500e-011.6300e-01 1.1360e+00 -1.4860e+00 -5.5700e-01 -3.2000e-02 -6.5700e-01 -5.6880e+00] [9.8700e-01 2.2100e-01 4.5500e-01 8.3500e-01 -1.8910e+00 -1.6900e-01 2.7700e-01 -7.0700e-01 -6.1110e+00] [6.6500e-01 -1.2400e-011.7300e-01 8.3000e-01 -1.1870e+00 -5.4700e-01 -3.1000e-02 -6.8700e-01 -5.7230e+00] [6.9900e-01 -4.3200e-01 -1.4000e-01 1.8600e-01 -2.1440e+00 -1.0400e-01 -3.4500e-01 -2.0540e+00 -6.1570e+00] [6.6900e-01 -4.7200e-01 -5.0800e-01 5.0700e-01 -1.8300e+00 -5.1200e-01 2.8800e-01 -1.0250e+00 -6.1220e+00] [9.9700e-01 -8.1800e-01 -1.0900e-01 4.7900e-01 -1.4810e+00 -1.0400e-01 -1.1000e-02 -3.1600e-01 -5.4610e+00] [1.4510e+00 -4.1900e-01 -1.2800e-015.2700e-01 -1.4370e+00 -8.3600e-01 7.2600e-01 -3.1900e-01 -4.7950e+00][6.2700e-01 -4.6400e-01 1.2400e-01 7.9700e-01 -1.1730e+00 -2.3400e-01 -3.9100e-01 -3.9900e-01 -4.8350e+00] [9.9900e-01 2.2000e-01 -5.4100e-018.3700e-01 -1.4670e+00 -1.9900e-01 2.6700e-01 -9.8600e-01 -4.5230e+00] [-1.0000e-03 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1.0170e+00 6.7000e-01 4.5090e+00] [3.8200e-01 -1.7780e+00 -2.5380e+00 2.2000e-01 -7.9400e-01 2.5990e+00 1.7800e+00 1.7920e+00 5.2150e+00] [-3.5200e-01 -4.2210e+00 -4.5700e+00 -8.3000e-01 -1.4850e+00 1.5880e+002.7500e-01 3.2500e-01 5.1270e+00] [-6.8000e-02 -2.5770e+00 -3.2340e+00 -1.6900e-01 -8.2400e-01 1.8860e+00 5.9800e-01 1.3280e+00 6.4390e+00] [-4.1900e-01 -2.8560e+00 -3.8980e+00 -4.8000e-01 -8.1300e-01 1.8670e+006.1800e-01 1.3730e+00 6.1160e+00] [-3.1700e-01 -2.1070e+00 -3.5140e+00 -9.1000e-02 -1.4530e+00 2.2600e+00 1.0420e+00 1.4110e+00 6.8380e+00] [-3.8900e-01 -2.8860e+00 -4.5980e+00 -4.4900e-01 -1.5420e+00 1.8320e+006.3300e-01 1.6640e+00 7.4510e+00] [-3.8200e-01 -2.5220e+00 -3.9070e+00 -4.1700e-01 -4.4500e-01 2.2350e+00 1.3610e+00 1.3800e+00 7.4220e+00] [-3.5700e-01 -2.7910e+00 -3.8970e+00 -5.0700e-01 -4.7500e-01 2.2750e+00 1.3150e+00 1.7220e+00 8.0570e+00] [2.7200e-01 -2.8380e+00 -3.8860e+00 -4.4500e-01 -4.3600e-01 2.2650e+00 1.3900e+00 1.4230e+00 8.0830e+00] [-6.5300e-01 -3.1760e+00 -4.1840e+00 -3.4600e-01 -1.1030e+00 2.2600e+00 1.4260e+00 1.3700e+008.4250e+00] [-1.3500e+00 -3.4930e+00 -4.5080e+00 -1.8160e+00 -1.5060e+001.6540e+00 3.8500e-01 7.4900e-01 8.0500e+00] [-6.8900e-01 -3.4700e+00 -4.2140e+00 -7.2800e-01 -7.7400e-01 2.6440e+00 1.7500e+00 1.7010e+00 8.7270e+00] [-3.4500e-01 -2.2090e+00 -3.5890e+00 -1.3900e-01 -4.9100e-01 2.9370e+001.7790e+00 2.0100e+00 9.3270e+00] [-3.8200e-01 -3.2310e+00 -4.2190e+00 -8.4300e-01 -8.4000e-01 2.5840e+00 1.0270e+00 1.3850e+00 9.3260e+00] [-2.9000e-01 -3.1620e+00 -3.8050e+00 -3.3900e-01 -9.6000e-02 3.0170e+00 1.4860e+00 1.7540e+00 9.6950e+00] [-6.7700e-01 -2.8280e+00 -4.1880e+00 -4.3900e-01 -4.4100e-01 2.6390e+00 1.0460e+00 2.1460e+00 9.6400e+00] [-3.2500e-01 -2.8280e+00 -4.1880e+00 -7.5000e-01 -4.8600e-01 2.9820e+00 1.7190e+00 2.0500e+009.9270e+00] [-7.9100e-01 -2.5750e+00 -3.9300e+00 -8.4400e-01 -1.4300e-013.6140e+00 1.3140e+00 2.3530e+00 1.0920e+01] [-3.8900e-01 -2.4890e+00 -3.5070e+00 -4.0700e-01 2.4200e-01 3.3250e+00 1.4000e+00 3.1510e+00 1.0578e+01] [-1.0490e+00 -2.8180e+00 -4.1930e+00 -1.1520e+00 -9.7000e-02 3.3310e+001.3850e+00 2.4110e+00 1.0572e+01] [-6.3600e-01 -3.8110e+00 -4.8780e+00 -1.7830e+00 -1.0200e-01 3.3360e+00 1.7240e+00 2.4570e+00 1.0914e+01] [-6.4000e-01 -2.7680e+00 -3.4420e+00 -1.0640e+00 -9.2000e-02 3.3760e+00 1.0910e+00 2.7750e+00 1.0905e+01] [-1.0480e+00 -2.8230e+00 -4.1630e+00 -1.1170e+00 -8.7000e-02 2.9070e+00 1.3900e+00 2.0200e+00 1.0506e+01] [-6.3800e-01 -2.8300e+00 -3.1840e+00 -7.2000e-01 2.4600e-01 3.2950e+00 1.7530e+00 3.0880e+001.1551e+01] [-1.3300e+00 -2.4330e+00 -3.7900e+00 -1.4420e+00 3.2300e-012.6490e+00 1.4000e+00 2.1460e+00 1.1534e+01] [-7.4200e-01 -3.1520e+00 -4.1830e+00 -1.4370e+00 -5.6000e-02 2.6530e+00 1.0710e+00 2.1200e+00 1.1191e+01] [-6.7300e-01 -2.4960e+00 -3.5160e+00 -1.4480e+00 1.2840e+00 3.2850e+002.0010e+00 2.7670e+00 1.1803e+01] [-7.3000e-01 -2.8190e+00 -3.7940e+00 -1.4600e+00 2.5700e-01 3.6940e+00 1.7490e+00 2.7750e+00 1.1787e+01] [-1.0180e+00 -2.8330e+00 -4.1880e+00 -2.1240e+00 -1.0200e-01 3.3350e+00 1.7190e+002.4470e+00 1.0411e+01] [-1.0820e+00 -2.4940e+00 -4.2220e+00 -1.8260e+001.7600e-01 3.3000e+00 1.3740e+00 2.7550e+00 1.1762e+01] [-3.2600e-01 -2.0550e+00 -3.4210e+00 -1.3970e+00 1.2840e+00 4.0270e+00 2.1220e+00 3.1430e+001.1737e+01] [-6.7800e-01 -2.7900e+00 -3.8240e+00 -1.3870e+00 9.8000e-013.6940e+00 2.1270e+00 3.1580e+00 1.1112e+01] [-1.3750e+00 -2.4730e+00 -4.1330e+00 -1.4480e+00 2.4800e-01 2.6230e+00 1.4150e+00 2.1510e+00 1.0703e+01] [-1.0060e+00 -2.8090e+00 -3.8200e+00 -1.0840e+00 9.5100e-01 3.0110e+001.7130e+00 2.8000e+00 1.1041e+01] [-9.9100e-01 -2.8190e+00 -3.5070e+00 -1.4250e+00 5.3100e-01 3.7140e+00 1.4100e+00 2.7900e+00 1.1424e+01] [-1.3450e+00 -2.4580e+00 -4.1430e+00 -1.4370e+00 6.4700e-01 3.3950e+00 7.3700e-012.1360e+00 1.1338e+01] [-6.8500e-01 -2.1700e+00 -3.8450e+00 -1.4850e+002.3700e-01 3.6430e+00 1.3440e+00 3.4120e+00 1.0910e+01] [-1.2760e+00 -2.7460e+00 -4.8190e+00 -1.7260e+00 -3.6000e-01 3.0520e+00 1.0870e+00 2.4800e+001.0334e+01] [-3.7500e-01 -2.8330e+00 -4.5510e+00 -1.7890e+00 5.9700e-013.3100e+00 1.0310e+00 2.6970e+00 1.0617e+01] [-3.3600e-01 -2.1160e+00 -3.4960e+00 -7.7100e-01 6.1000e-01 4.3650e+00 1.4040e+00 3.1590e+00 1.1319e+01] [-1.0380e+00 -3.1770e+00 -3.8910e+00 -1.4780e+00 6.5200e-01 3.3350e+007.6700e-01 3.0480e+00 1.0950e+01] [-9.9400e-01 -2.4300e+00 -3.1340e+00 -1.1170e+00 1.3090e+00 4.0470e+00 2.1420e+00 3.7960e+00 1.1027e+01] [-6.9500e-01 -2.4850e+00 -3.5180e+00 -1.4450e+00 5.8600e-01 3.6830e+00 2.0820e+003.1360e+00 1.0981e+01] [3.1000e-02 -1.4270e+00 -3.7880e+00 -3.9000e-015.6000e-01 3.6930e+00 2.0770e+00 2.8220e+00 1.0291e+01] [-1.0670e+00 -2.5150e+00 -3.8350e+00 -1.8110e+00 5.6600e-01 4.0410e+00 2.3460e+00 3.4120e+001.0547e+01] [-9.7800e-01 -3.1620e+00 -3.8060e+00 -1.7740e+00 2.6300e-013.3450e+00 1.4150e+00 3.1240e+00 1.0275e+01] [-6.7000e-01 -1.7800e+00 -4.1720e+00 -1.0790e+00 1.2800e+00 4.0220e+00 1.0760e+00 2.8100e+00 1.1308e+01] [-6.2600e-01 -2.7980e+00 -4.1330e+00 -1.7940e+00 5.9200e-01 3.3650e+001.0860e+00 3.1140e+00 1.0617e+01] [-1.7110e+00 -2.4680e+00 -3.8060e+00 -1.7840e+00 -5.7000e-02 3.3350e+00 7.1200e-01 2.8080e+00 1.0265e+01] [-1.7690e+00 -3.1970e+00 -3.7970e+00 -2.2080e+00 2.6900e-01 3.0210e+00 1.0570e+002.4440e+00 9.2210e+00] [-1.0430e+00 -2.1140e+00 -3.5090e+00 -1.4430e+002.2700e-01 3.3740e+00 7.0700e-01 2.7880e+00 1.0587e+01] [-5.9900e-01 -2.0600e+00 -2.7170e+00 -1.0290e+00 9.8100e-01 3.3550e+00 1.4700e+00 3.1410e+001.0950e+01] [-1.3110e+00 -3.1510e+00 -3.4650e+00 -2.0970e+00 -6.6000e-022.9460e+00 4.0900e-01 2.0980e+00 9.2560e+00] [-1.0330e+00 -2.3930e+00 -3.4940e+00 -1.3930e+00 9.5600e-01 3.6780e+00 1.1060e+00 2.7980e+00 1.0244e+01] [-6.9600e-01 -2.4740e+00 -3.5590e+00 -1.1070e+00 -1.1700e-01 3.2840e+006.6700e-01 3.0940e+00 1.0527e+01] [-3.7500e-01 -2.8580e+00 -3.8810e+00 -7.4100e-01 5.7200e-01 3.6420e+00 1.0210e+00 2.7730e+00 1.0531e+01] [-1.0730e+00 -2.4640e+00 -3.5040e+00 -7.6100e-01 2.2700e-01 3.3590e+00 7.0200e-013.7760e+00 1.0557e+01] [-3.3300e-01 -1.7660e+00 -3.1350e+00 -1.0490e+009.6500e-01 4.0360e+00 1.1060e+00 3.4930e+00 1.0991e+01] [-3.3000e-01 -2.1640e+00 -3.1670e+00 -1.7940e+00 2.6700e-01 2.9550e+00 1.0360e+00 3.4550e+009.8510e+00] [-7.2500e-01 -1.8010e+00 -3.4980e+00 -1.1500e+00 9.7500e-013.3090e+00 1.3790e+00 3.4470e+00 1.0568e+01] [-1.4170e+00 -2.8370e+00 -4.2300e+00 -1.8520e+00 -1.5600e-01 2.5810e+00 6.7200e-01 2.3740e+00 9.8860e+00] [-1.3280e+00 -2.7910e+00 -4.1860e+00 -2.4760e+00 -4.4500e-01 2.9800e+003.6900e-01 2.3820e+00 8.9280e+00] [-1.0250e+00 -3.1620e+00 -3.8370e+00 -2.1680e+00 6.0300e-01 3.0250e+00 3.6300e-01 2.4040e+00 9.5830e+00] [-3.8200e-01 -2.4880e+00 -3.8520e+00 -1.4300e+00 -9.1000e-02 3.0000e+00 3.5800e-012.7350e+00 8.9490e+00] [-9.7400e-01 -2.8020e+00 -3.8320e+00 -1.7910e+002.9900e-01 3.0450e+00 7.1200e-01 2.4490e+00 9.6090e+00] [-1.4110e+00 -2.1640e+00 -3.5450e+00 -1.8020e+00 2.6300e-01 2.9740e+00 6.6700e-01 2.3790e+008.5610e+00] [-2.9200e-01 -1.4010e+00 -2.4410e+00 -3.5200e-01 9.8000e-013.3480e+00 1.4290e+00 3.8240e+00 9.6410e+00] [-9.9200e-01 -2.0940e+00 -3.4790e+00 -1.7740e+00 6.2200e-01 3.3280e+00 1.0710e+00 3.1040e+00 8.9850e+00] [-3.5800e-01 -1.0920e+00 -2.1340e+00 -1.1400e+00 9.0000e-01 3.3180e+001.0250e+00 3.1110e+00 9.2580e+00] [-6.6800e-01 -2.1330e+00 -3.8120e+00 -1.4560e+00 2.3300e-01 2.9450e+00 3.5300e-01 2.4390e+00 8.6010e+00] [-9.5400e-01 -2.1030e+00 -2.8510e+00 -1.0690e+00 5.8800e-01 2.9400e+00 1.0860e+002.8060e+00 8.5610e+00] [-7.3800e-01 -1.8590e+00 -3.2480e+00 -1.5310e+001.9800e-01 3.3130e+00 6.9200e-01 2.7450e+00 8.5560e+00] [-3.6100e-01 -1.7740e+00 -2.8160e+00 -1.1200e+00 6.0200e-01 2.9440e+00 7.1200e-01 2.7760e+008.2840e+00] [3.1000e-02 -1.7690e+00 -3.1230e+00 -8.0400e-01 5.6700e-012.9940e+00 3.6300e-01 2.4550e+00 8.6670e+00] [-3.7100e-01 -1.8290e+00 -2.8660e+00 -1.1500e+00 5.6700e-01 2.2320e+00 5.9000e-02 2.4290e+00 8.9490e+00] [-3.5300e-01 -1.7930e+00 -3.4710e+00 -1.1020e+00 -6.5000e-02 2.2820e+00 -2.8900e-01 2.4320e+00 8.3690e+00] [-1.0660e+00 -1.7980e+00 -3.5470e+00 -1.5130e+00 2.7400e-01 2.2870e+00 2.9800e-01 2.0760e+00 7.6030e+00] [-7.6500e-01 -2.2030e+00 -3.5170e+00 -1.8600e+00 1.9900e-01 2.2660e+00 -4.1000e-022.3870e+00 7.9150e+00] [-7.1000e-01 -1.8080e+00 -3.1990e+00 -1.1720e+002.3900e-01 2.2020e+00 -2.6000e-02 1.7200e+00 7.1950e+00] [3.7400e-01 -7.0600e-01 -2.4220e+00 -4.0000e-01 6.5700e-01 3.0440e+00 7.2200e-01 2.8080e+00 7.6900e+00] [-1.0380e+00 -1.7570e+00 -3.2150e+00 -1.4350e+00 2.7500e-012.3420e+00 -6.6800e-01 1.7430e+00 6.3420e+00] [-3.8800e-01 -1.4540e+00 -2.8920e+00 -5.0600e-01 2.3900e-01 1.9230e+00 -6.6000e-02 2.3620e+00 6.9020e+00] [-3.2300e-01 -1.4230e+00 -3.1540e+00 -1.1320e+00 5.9800e-01 2.2920e+00 -3.2400e-01 2.3920e+00 6.3280e+00] [-5.0000e-02 -1.1050e+00 -2.1560e+00 -7.7900e-01 2.5300e-01 3.0180e+00 7.3200e-01 2.4290e+00 6.3440e+00] [-7.3000e-01 -1.8430e+00 -2.5000e+00 -1.4830e+00 5.9300e-01 2.6050e+00 3.8400e-011.7090e+00 6.3530e+00] [-7.5200e-01 -1.7820e+00 -2.8580e+00 -1.4960e+002.5000e-01 2.6450e+00 -1.5000e-02 1.3460e+00 5.6470e+00] [9.0000e-03 -1.1190e+00 -2.4500e+00 -1.1630e+00 2.0800e-01 2.3110e+00 -3.6000e-02 2.0310e+005.6930e+00] [3.1700e-01 -1.1200e+00 -2.4690e+00 -3.9800e-01 2.6800e-012.6590e+00 3.7300e-01 2.1380e+00 5.7550e+00]].
[0108] The data after PCA dimensionality reduction is as follows:
[0109] [[-1.1811e+01 -1.8300e-01] [-1.1805e+01 -4.4300e-01] [-1.1509e+01 -6.8800e-01] [-1.1656e+01 -1.2410e+00] [-1.1361e+01 -5.8300e-01] [-1.2083e+01-2.2400e-01] [-1.2291e+01 -5.2800e-01] [-1.1352e+01 -3.5500e-01] [-1.1503e+01-4.9700e-01] [-1.1941e+01 -8.7600e-01] [-1.1517e+01 -2.6700e-01] [-1.1895e+01-5.5800e-01] [-1.1020e+01 -5.9700e-01] [-1.1230e+01 -5.1900e-01] [-1.1699e+01-8.5200e-01] [-1.0630e+01 -3.5800e-01] [-1.1153e+01 -3.0000e-01] [-1.1108e+01-1.0780e+00] [-1.0669e+01 -8.6800e-01] [-1.1069e+01 -5.5800e-01] [-1.0746e+01-4.3100e-01] [-1.0921e+01 -6.3100e-01] [-1.0752e+01 1.4800e-01] [-1.0660e+01-1.2240e+00] [-9.5270e+00 -8.5700e-01] [-1.0096e+01 -7.6300e-01] [-9.6540e+00-1.1550e+00] [-9.9630e+00 -9.1700e-01] [-9.1530e+00 -9.8800e-01] [-9.0100e+00-7.6800e-01] [-9.3320e+00 -9.6800e-01] [-9.4140e+00 -1.1550e+00] [-8.4290e+00-1.7590e+00] [-1.0109e+01 -1.7330e+00] [-1.0115e+01 -1.9200e+00] [-9.7400e+00-1.6370e+00] [-8.8930e+00 -1.7250e+00] [-9.2240e+00 -1.9730e+00] [-8.4310e+00-2.5700e+00] [-8.5650e+00 -2.4630e+00] [-7.5500e+00 -1.1950e+00] [-8.3190e+00-2.3480e+00] [-7.5470e+00 -2.1090e+00] [-6.8480e+00 -1.7740e+00] [-7.2770e+00-1.9220e+00] [-7.3280e+00 -1.8090e+00] [-6.7450e+00 -1.9470e+00] [-7.2850e+00-2.4500e+00] [-6.3760e+00 -1.9180e+00] [-6.7560e+00 -1.6400e+00] [-6.0270e+00-1.8490e+00] [-6.5940e+00 -1.7660e+00] [-6.4670e+00 -1.9740e+00] [-5.7450e+00-2.6350e+00] [-5.6060e+00 -2.1960e+00] [-5.7850e+00 -1.7990e+00] [-5.3480e+00-2.2050e+00] [-4.5440e+00 -1.7750e+00] [-5.3070e+00 -1.9220e+00] [-4.5300e+00-2.3590e+00] [-5.1110e+00 -2.5870e+00] [-4.2960e+00 -2.3290e+00] [-4.8080e+00-2.3330e+00] [-4.6320e+00 -2.1860e+00] [-4.5710e+00 -2.3600e+00] [-4.6750e+00-1.9080e+00] [-4.2050e+00 -2.1320e+00] [-5.1720e+00 -2.7700e+00] [-4.6700e+00-2.2970e+00] [-4.3740e+00 -2.1350e+00] [-4.6790e+00 -1.9520e+00] [-4.5640e+00-2.5660e+00] [-5.0900e+00 -1.9610e+00] [-4.6540e+00 -1.9270e+00] [-4.9080e+00-2.4020e+00] [-4.8040e+00 -3.1090e+00] [-3.9910e+00 -2.5240e+00] [-3.9130e+00-2.6170e+00] [-3.3650e+00 -2.0370e+00] [-2.9680e+00 -2.4660e+00] [-3.5640e+00-2.8030e+00] [-2.9620e+00 -2.6200e+00] [-3.7310e+00 -2.2510e+00] [-3.2880e+00-2.3480e+00] [-2.2610e+00 -2.3380e+00] [-2.0660e+00 -3.4180e+00] [-1.7670e+00-2.9080e+00] [-2.2210e+00 -2.4750e+00] [-2.1110e+00 -3.2630e+00] [-2.0810e+00-2.8340e+00] [-1.3950e+00 -2.0930e+00] [-3.2900e-01 -2.4010e+00] [-8.1100e-01-2.7620e+00] [3.6700e-01 -2.4990e+00] [1.7400e-01 -2.4490e+00] [1.3800e-01 -2.7830e+00] [9.9000e-02 -1.8250e+00] [-2.7200e-01 -3.0590e+00] [6.8600e-01 -2.1330e+00] [3.0000e-01 -2.1230e+00] [6.5000e-01 -2.2780e+00] [8.1900e-01 -2.5870e+00] [1.0830e+00 -2.2590e+00] [1.8110e+00 -2.6000e+00] [2.2350e+00 -3.1730e+00] [1.5120e+00 -3.0230e+00] [2.1050e+00 -2.8440e+00] [2.4470e+00 -2.9050e+00] [2.1850e+00 -2.9860e+00] [3.2540e+00 -2.7090e+00] [3.3790e+00 -2.5670e+00] [4.0470e+00 -2.9590e+00] [3.9040e+00 -2.8120e+00] [4.6330e+00 -2.1490e+00] [4.7530e+00 -2.8660e+00] [5.1190e+00 -2.0260e+00] [4.7940e+00 -2.2390e+00] [4.8470e+00 -2.6540e+00] [5.4660e+00 -2.0710e+00] [5.7380e+00 -2.5800e+00] [6.1580e+00 -1.7220e+00] [6.2210e+00 -2.4700e+00] [6.5170e+00 -2.4850e+00] [7.2630e+00 -2.5930e+00] [6.8810e+00 -2.5330e+00] [6.8160e+00 -2.0650e+00] [7.1120e+00 -2.3270e+00] [7.8540e+00 -2.2920e+00] [6.9470e+00 -2.8160e+00] [7.5040e+00 -2.2180e+00] [8.6880e+00 -2.7370e+00] [7.9990e+00 -2.9240e+00] [7.8710e+00 -1.8530e+00] [8.3630e+00 -8.8700e-01] [8.3870e+00 -2.2150e+00] [9.1070e+00 -1.5250e+00] [9.0820e+00 -1.5870e+00] [9.3570e+00 -1.5020e+00] [9.3090e+00 -1.7250e+00] [9.6250e+00 -1.1690e+00] [1.0137e+01 -1.3490e+00] [1.0240e+01 -1.1770e+00] [1.0629e+01 -1.5970e+00] [1.0217e+01 -1.6220e+00] [1.0991e+01 -1.3330e+00] [1.0333e+01 -1.3910e+00] [1.0891e+01 -1.2880e+00] [1.1149e+01 -6.0900e-01] [1.0677e+01 -1.4430e+00] [1.0577e+01 -1.0750e+00] [1.0567e+01 -1.3060e+00] [1.0950e+01 -8.8900e-01] [1.1240e+01 -7.8300e-01] [1.0828e+01 -1.4880e+00] [1.1218e+01 -8.8000e-01] [1.1226e+01 -1.5200e+00] [1.1578e+01 -8.7200e-01] [1.1712e+01 -1.3300e+00] [1.2708e+01 -2.9600e-01] [1.2479e+01 -7.7000e-02] [1.2095e+01 -8.3400e-01] [1.2722e+01 -2.2000e-01] [1.3314e+01 -3.4600e-01] [1.3205e+01 -2.7500e-01] [1.2727e+012.1800e-01] [1.1954e+01 -3.2600e-01] [1.2460e+01 -1.6900e-01] [1.3354e+01 -6.3000e-02] [1.4669e+01 -6.1000e-02] [1.4275e+01 -3.3200e-01] [1.4651e+012.6000e-02] [1.5666e+01 2.7300e-01] [1.5269e+01 -3.5300e-01] [1.6112e+014.0000e-03] [1.4659e+01 -2.9600e-01] [1.5420e+01 -4.6000e-01] [1.5417e+01 -2.2000e-02] [1.5753e+01 1.7900e-01] [1.4447e+01 -4.8500e-01] [1.5362e+012.3100e-01] [1.4868e+01 3.6900e-01] [1.4332e+01 -1.7500e-01] [1.3940e+01 -4.5000e-02] [1.4489e+01 -1.8300e-01] [1.4757e+01 5.6600e-01] [1.5114e+015.9900e-01] [1.3874e+01 3.9000e-01] [1.4320e+01 1.9300e-01] [1.3922e+011.4090e+00] [1.4430e+01 2.2000e-01] [1.4325e+01 1.2480e+00] [1.4794e+011.4250e+00] [1.3399e+01 6.4200e-01] [1.3824e+01 4.7100e-01] [1.3594e+011.0970e+00] [1.3012e+01 7.7900e-01] [1.4178e+01 1.4910e+00] [1.2693e+018.1700e-01] [1.3059e+01 1.1500e+00] [1.2511e+01 1.2690e+00] [1.3161e+011.1400e+00] [1.3229e+01 1.2290e+00] [1.3204e+01 1.3860e+00] [1.3366e+018.1400e-01] [1.2278e+01 1.1980e+00] [1.3205e+01 1.7000e+00] [1.3236e+011.5950e+00] [1.2332e+01 2.0610e+00] [1.2659e+01 1.6410e+00] [1.3201e+012.0940e+00] [1.3128e+01 1.0660e+00] [1.2828e+01 2.3380e+00] [1.2634e+011.8420e+00] [1.2714e+01 2.2910e+00] [1.2059e+01 1.3140e+00] [1.2358e+011.4620e+00] [1.3329e+01 1.7800e+00] [1.2592e+01 1.6250e+00] [1.2178e+011.7640e+00] [1.1649e+01 2.0460e+00] [1.1899e+01 1.4040e+00] [1.1909e+011.8570e+00] [1.1533e+01 1.8600e+00] [1.1623e+01 2.2770e+00] [1.2273e+011.4960e+00] [1.1566e+01 1.5130e+00] [1.0803e+01 1.2840e+00] [1.0694e+011.7480e+00] [1.0921e+01 1.8880e+00] [1.1070e+01 1.5640e+00] [1.0453e+011.8070e+00] [1.0151e+01 1.5200e+00] [9.6260e+00 1.8750e+00] [9.3150e+001.6840e+00] [9.8360e+00 1.9610e+00] [9.6330e+00 1.8330e+00] [9.7030e+002.6100e+00] [9.6370e+00 1.5190e+00] [9.4080e+00 1.4220e+00] [1.0121e+012.0330e+00] [9.7180e+00 2.1780e+00] [9.8080e+00 2.1350e+00] [9.6360e+002.0350e+00] [9.6370e+00 1.1060e+00] [9.2110e+00 2.1140e+00] [8.9890e+002.4810e+00] [8.4450e+00 1.5150e+00] [8.4130e+00 1.3340e+00] [7.7620e+002.1730e+00] [7.6970e+00 2.2880e+00] [7.7520e+00 2.3350e+00] [6.3800e+002.3560e+00] [7.6390e+00 3.0290e+00] [6.1020e+00 2.0200e+00] [6.3120e+001.9170e+00] [5.8000e+00 2.0690e+00] [6.0540e+00 2.5260e+00] [5.5480e+001.9300e+00] [6.0240e+00 2.5630e+00] [5.7300e+00 2.7890e+00] [4.9530e+002.6460e+00] [4.6240e+00 2.3310e+00] [4.5720e+00 1.8690e+00] [4.4040e+002.1890e+00] [4.0670e+00 2.7000e+00] [2.8840e+00 3.0070e+00] [1.7090e+001.9700e+00] [5.9500e-01 2.7270e+00] [-3.7000e-02 3.0270e+00] [-2.1590e+003.5360e+00] [-2.2640e+00 2.8780e+00] [-3.4570e+00 3.2710e+00] [-4.4180e+002.7180e+00] [-5.5720e+00 2.6590e+00] [-6.4450e+00 2.7740e+00] [-6.9220e+003.2310e+00] [-7.6390e+00 2.0410e+00] [-7.6740e+00 2.3880e+00] [-8.0240e+002.5390e+00] [-8.9960e+00 2.7460e+00] [-8.8860e+00 2.1830e+00] [-9.5680e+002.1700e+00] [-9.4820e+00 2.2290e+00] [-9.8920e+00 2.5650e+00] [-9.5950e+002.1100e+00] [-1.0470e+01 2.7260e+00] [-1.0649e+01 2.0890e+00] [-1.0828e+012.2280e+00] [-1.1231e+01 2.0370e+00] [-1.1215e+01 1.9520e+00] [-1.1543e+012.3090e+00] [-1.2566e+01 1.7990e+00] [-1.2205e+01 1.6470e+00] [-1.2397e+011.8830e+00] [-1.3137e+01 2.5130e+00] [-1.2497e+01 1.5470e+00] [-1.2151e+011.6230e+00] [-1.3062e+01 1.3960e+00] [-1.2940e+01 7.0200e-01] [-1.2784e+011.3490e+00] [-1.3467e+01 7.6000e-01] [-1.3558e+01 1.6060e+00] [-1.2385e+011.9860e+00] [-1.3556e+01 1.3170e+00] [-1.3519e+01 1.1180e+00] [-1.3147e+011.6240e+00] [-1.2317e+01 1.0960e+00] [-1.2833e+01 1.1080e+00] [-1.3209e+011.2990e+00] [-1.3065e+01 8.2900e-01] [-1.2803e+01 1.6310e+00] [-1.2353e+012.0030e+00] [-1.2697e+01 1.6260e+00] [-1.3094e+01 1.5890e+00] [-1.2953e+011.2580e+00] [-1.3055e+01 1.3500e+00] [-1.2838e+01 1.6250e+00] [-1.1879e+011.7500e+00] [-1.2775e+01 2.1000e+00] [-1.2357e+01 1.8420e+00] [-1.3202e+019.7500e-01] [-1.2691e+01 1.5370e+00] [-1.2148e+01 1.3660e+00] [-1.1332e+011.5620e+00] [-1.2225e+01 1.0560e+00] [-1.2405e+01 6.6800e-01] [-1.1060e+011.3470e+00] [-1.2142e+01 1.1270e+00] [-1.2190e+01 1.4720e+00] [-1.2401e+011.6580e+00] [-1.2393e+01 1.3950e+00] [-1.2705e+01 1.0270e+00] [-1.1546e+011.2570e+00] [-1.2327e+01 9.6800e-01] [-1.1722e+01 1.4030e+00] [-1.0982e+011.8250e+00] [-1.1605e+01 1.1700e+00] [-1.0779e+01 1.7220e+00] [-1.1497e+011.3900e+00] [-1.0386e+01 1.2480e+00] [-1.1110e+01 9.2600e-01] [-1.0975e+011.4070e+00] [-1.0547e+01 4.9600e-01] [-1.0390e+01 1.3860e+00] [-1.0189e+011.1360e+00] [-1.0303e+01 1.4420e+00] [-9.8250e+00 1.0470e+00] [-1.0107e+011.0100e+00] [-1.0173e+01 2.9900e-01] [-9.7560e+00 9.2100e-01] [-9.2010e+009.6800e-01] [-9.5980e+00 9.9000e-01] [-8.5740e+00 8.3300e-01] [-8.8960e+009.3100e-01] [-7.9090e+00 8.0000e-01] [-8.1380e+00 7.6900e-01] [-7.9050e+008.6800e-01] [-7.6660e+00 1.3490e+00] [-7.8300e+00 9.1100e-01] [-7.1920e+001.2080e+00] [-6.9590e+00 9.7700e-01] [-7.0270e+00 1.3720e+00]];.
[0110] 1. Train an SVM model using the center coordinates {zt} of n confidence circles;
[0111] For each time point t, there is a two-dimensional coordinate Z. t Let the confidence circle at each time point t be Z. t The radius is chosen based on the degree of dispersion of the local data, with the center as the center.
[0112] The radius r of each circle t The variation at local points within this time slice determines that there are n sub-data points within time t. ,
[0113] After projecting it into two dimensions, we get
[0114] ,
[0115] The radius of the circle is the distance between these points and its center, i.e. Average Euclidean distance:
[0116] ;
[0117] III. Generating the coordinates of the center of the confidence circle
[0118] Given dataset {zt} t=1 n The following optimization problem is solved:
[0119]
[0120] Constraints:
[0121]
[0122] Where ϕ() is the mapping function, ν∈(0,1] is the parameter, and after solving, the Lagrange multiplier α is obtained. t ;
[0123] The set of vectors is:
[0124]
[0125] Final center calculation:
[0126] After obtaining the set of support vectors S, the final center of the circle is defined as the arithmetic mean of the support vectors:
[0127] =
[0128] Obtain the coordinates of the center of the circle;
[0129] Obtain the support vector set S, generating 182 support vectors:
[0130] [-1.18106297e+01 -1.83129591e-01] [-1.18052873e+01 -4.43179393e-01] [-1.15085833e+01 -6.87824207e-01] [-1.16555611e+01 -1.24117879e+00] [-1.20828006e+01 -2.24450378e-01] [-1.22908909e+01 -5.27603086e-01] [-1.19407704e+01 -8.75914800e-01] [-1.18954313e+01] [-5.58343837e-01] [-1.16986706e+01 -8.52384060e-01] [-1.11080854e+01 -1.07777155e+00] [-1.01147463e+01 -1.91969738e+00] [-8.43104891e+00 -2.56992850e+00] [-8.56511386e+00 -2.46279044e+00] [-5.74549745e+00 -2.63492864e+00] [-5.11097150e+00 -2.58702730e+00] [-5.17211569e+00 -2.76982190e+00] [-4.56423772e+00 -2.56586655e+00] [-4.80391103e+00 -3.10940323e+00] [-3.99084885e+00 -2.52403512e+00] [-3.91307031e+00 -2.61739785e+00] [-2.96774524e+00 -2.46612252e+00] [-3.56380035e+00 -2.80279579e+00] [-2.96201012e+00 -2.61955158e+00] [-2.26093797e+00 -2.33783555e+00] [-2.06648535e+00 -3.41753290e+00] [-1.76667717e+00 -2.90755935e+00] [-2.22055246e+00 -2.47549964e+00] [-2.11074216e+00 -3.26273100e+00] [-2.08085728e+00 -2.83410944e+00] [-3.[28889227e-01 -2.40079170e+00] [-8.10614825e-01 -2.76244525e+00] [3.67209311e-01 -2.49929301e+00] [1.74410276e-01 -2.44902915e+00] [1.37737038e-01 -2.78295813e+00] [-2.71821186e-01 -3.05913311e+00] [6.85663362e-01 -2.13346863e+00] [2.99608794e-01] [ -2.12310563e+00] [ 6.49644716e-01 -2.27766338e+00] [8.18574444e-01 -2.58725792e+00] [ 1.08287310e+00 -2.25948713e+00] [ 1.81126536e+00 -2.59989242e+00] [ 2.23543534e+00 -3.17344045e+00] [ 1.51213441e+00 -3.02262384e+00] [ 2.10531658e+00 -2.84399343e+00] [2.44686018e+00 -2.90509715e+00] [2.18535314e+00 -2.98618185e+00] [3.25385587e+00 -2.70900399e+00] [3.37918233e+00 -2.56745228e+00] [4.04725694e+00 -2.95921396e+00] [3.90368973e+00 -2.81167604e+00] [4.75276270e+00 -2.86558400e+00] [4.84685933e+00] [-2.65388539e+00] [5.73846470e+00 -2.58032898e+00] [7.26345776e+00 -2.59303494e+00] [6.88087602e+00 -2.53278709e+00] [6.94696859e+00 -2.81596989e+00] [8.68848510e+00 -2.73736826e+00] [7.99909551e+00 -2.92420205e+00] [1.27083148e+01 -2.[95977544e-01] [1.27222442e+01 -2.20284466e-01] [1.33140790e+01 -3.45589757e-01] [1.32045167e+01 -2.75239007e-01] [1.27268369e+01 2.18296091e-01] [1.33537530e+01 -6.33618728e-02] [1.46694573e+01 -6.05542707e-02] [1.42746310e+01 -3.32295382e-01] [1.46514698e+01 2.56254024e-02] [1.56663391e+01 2.73374474e-01] [1.52691074e+01 -3.53165555e-01] [1.61121197e+01 4.32141600e-03] [1.46587404e+01 -2.96464758e-01] [1.54198124e+01 -4.60354165e-01] [1.54174907e+01 -2.24205028e-02] [1.57529482e+01] [1.79177853e-01] [1.44471762e+01 -4.84763047e-01] [1.53623791e+01 2.31201658e-01] [1.48675891e+01 3.69383593e-01] [1.43321445e+01 -1.75101715e-01] [1.39397900e+01 -4.45590424e-02] [1.44893458e+01 -1.82514130e-01] [1.47572358e+01 5.66106899e-01] [ 1.51138989e+01 5.98948318e-01] [1.38737162e+01 3.89671217e-01] [1.43203882e+01 1.92506666e-01] [1.39223856e+01 1.40869366e+00] [1.44296152e+01 2.20473109e-01] [1.43253241e+01 1.24771986e+00] [1.47942999e+01 1.42519237e+00] [1.33993259e+01 6.[41886138e-01] [1.38240849e+01 4.70976413e-01] [1.35944661e+01 1.09656089e+00] [1.30117629e+01 7.78964673e-01] [1.41776645e+01 1.49132100e+00] [1.26925179e+01 8.17374890e-01] [1.30593124e+01 1.14996434e+00] [1.25109781e+01 1.26943698e+00] [1.31614258e+01 1.14035467e+00] [1.32291046e+01 1.22869632e+00] [1.32040144e+01 1.38626478e+00] [1.33657288e+01 8.13688760e-01] [1.32053641e+01 1.69990415e+00] [1.32358851e+01 1.59535842e+00] [1.23321720e+01 2.06108118e+00] [1.26590974e+01] [1.64100721e+00] [1.32008183e+01 2.09398492e+00] [1.31279034e+01 1.06637956e+00] [1.28277156e+01 2.33829976e+00] [1.26343087e+01 1.84202301e+00] [1.27137989e+01 2.29135905e+00] [1.33293943e+01 1.78023275e+00] [1.25919887e+01 1.62490460e+00] [ [1.21776028e+01 1.76407855e+00] [1.16234780e+01 2.27675938e+00] [9.70317008e+00 2.61004244e+00] [6.37985390e+00 2.35621480e+00] [7.63859743e+00 3.02887967e+00] [5.79958826e+00 2.06895909e+00] [6.05368055e+00 2.52565952e+00] [6.02397382e+00] 2.56276853e+00] [ 5.[73010496e+00 2.78873200e+00] [4.95303898e+00 2.64553824e+00] [4.62418263e+00 2.33145103e+00] [4.57181791e+00 1.86938515e+00] [4.40380703e+00 2.18908235e+00] [4.06686580e+00 2.70044090e+00] [2.88356263e+00 3.00677297e+00] [1.70854079e+00] [1.96982220e+00] [5.95495993e-01 2.72700338e+00] [-3.70428988e-02 3.02738194e+00] [-2.15939936e+00 3.53627878e+00] [-2.26364622e+00 2.87776256e+00] [-3.45697628e+00 3.27070292e+00] [-4.41806588e+00 2.71789754e+00] [-5.57185019e+00 2.65917006e+00] [-6.44545041e+00 2.77401138e+00] [-6.92177489e+00 3.23115940e+00] [-1.04703359e+01 2.72554378e+00] [-1.08277621e+01 2.22817356e+00] [-1.12305568e+01 2.03697946e+00] [-1.12154996e+01 1.95211441e+00] [-1.15429443e+01 2.30850725e+00] [-1.25657827e+01 [1.79874806e+00] [-1.22051595e+01 1.64679075e+00] [-1.23968038e+01 1.88323252e+00] [-1.31372963e+01 2.51267169e+00] [-1.24969392e+01 1.54748118e+00] [-1.21510563e+01 1.62334604e+00] [-1.30624600e+01 1.39598334e+00] [-1.29396612e+01 7.01504611e-01] [-1.27843877e+01 1.[34909514e+00] [-1.34667924e+01 7.59530810e-01] [-1.35579270e+01 1.60559093e+00] [-1.23849601e+01 1.98600694e+00] [-1.35556213e+01 1.31660344e+00] [-1.35188369e+01 1.11801973e+00] [-1.31469066e+01 1.62394656e+00] [-1.23168427e+01 1.09613036e+00] [-1.28330570e+01 1.10842472e+00] [-1.32087793e+01 1.29885970e+00] [-1.30648068e+01 8.29054407e-01] [-1.28028167e+01 1.63058986e+00] [-1.23531762e+01 2.00278983e+00] [-1.26973725e+01 1.62569241e+00] [-1.30939731e+01 1.58926336e+00] [-1.29527086e+01 [1.25778696e+00] [-1.30553856e+01 1.34974537e+00] [-1.28377587e+01 1.62471583e+00] [-1.18786597e+01 1.75028341e+00] [-1.27745424e+01 2.10005345e+00] [-1.23573416e+01 1.84218063e+00] [-1.32021166e+01 9.74728706e-01] [-1.26911749e+01 1.53681255e+00] [-1.21479449e+01 1.36597513e+00] [-1.22251487e+01 1.05558932e+00] [-1.24049075e+01 6.68421537e-01] [-1.21417756e+01 1.12710431e+00] [-1.21901033e+01 1.47202885e+00] [-1.24008770e+01 1.65809797e+00] [-1.23932601e+01 1.39505042e+00] [-1.27045243e+01 1.02711803e+00] [-1.23267375e+01 9.68231036e-01] [-1.17216841e+01 1.40295064e+00]].
[0131] V. Obtaining the final confidence circle:
[0132] Final center coordinates: [0.597844 0.19933402], final radius: 15.774;
[0133] VI. Anomaly Detection:
[0134] After performing dimensionality reduction on the new data in the same way as on the historical data, the Euclidean distance between the new data points and the cluster center is calculated to determine whether it exceeds the radius of the confidence circle and whether it is outlier data. A set of test data and results are as follows:
[0135] Serial Number New measuring point number Strain 1 Strain 2 Strain 3 Strain 4 Strain 5 Strain 6 Strain 7 Strain 8 Strain 9 Distance from the center of confidence circle Is this abnormal data? 1 T0-F01-S9 -4.21997976 -89.82920837 -73.86190796 -22.03059959 -33.67771149 -55.59111023 -31.85640907 -95.09181213 220.904953 7.714 no 2 T0-F01-S9 -17.9119401 -89.82920837 23.8809433 -22.03059959 -33.67771149 -55.59111023 -31.85640907 -95.09181213 120.843689 133.607 yes 3 T0-F01-S9 -5.9119401 -66.83023834 -83.8809433 -15.26576996 -13.61833954 -55.59111023 -31.85640907 -95.09181213 220.904953 28.359 yes
[0136] This completes the calculation process.
Claims
1. A method for identifying anomaly data from multi-directional stress gauge monitoring based on SVM and PCA confidence interval analysis, characterized in that... The specific steps of this identification method are as follows: I. Data Acquisition and PCA Dimensionality Reduction: In the inclinometer monitoring system, data from nine measuring points are collected at regular intervals to form an n×9 data matrix. Suppose there are n time slices, t=1,2,...,n, and each time slice has a k-dimensional vector data: , T represents The transpose of , where R represents the data matrix and k represents the dimension of the vector data in each time slice; Construct a matrix from all the data: ,X , Centering: Calculating the mean vector , X t X in n*k dimensional vector data t ; Centralize X: , Where 1 is an n-dimensional column vector of all 1s; Covariance matrix: , Where 1 is an n-dimensional column vector of all 1s, X c It is a centered matrix, where X represents the data matrix. C represents the transpose of the centered matrix, where C is the covariance matrix. Eigenvalue decomposition: Find the eigenvalue decomposition of C: ; Where λ1≥λ2≥λ3≥λ4≥λ5 are eigenvalues, and v1,v2,…,v5 are the corresponding eigenvectors; Select the first two principal components: Take the eigenvectors v1 and v2 corresponding to the two largest eigenvalues to form a matrix. , Data projected into two-dimensional space: , We obtain n two-dimensional points: t=1,…,n; II. Generate n confidence circles For each time point t, there is a two-dimensional coordinate Z. t Let the confidence circle at each time point t be Z. t The radius is chosen based on the degree of dispersion of the local data, with the center as the center. The radius r of each circle t The variation at local points within this time slice determines that there are n sub-data points within time t. , After projecting it onto a two-dimensional coordinate system, we get , The radius of the circle is the distance between these points and its center, i.e. Average Euclidean distance: ; III. Generating the coordinates of the center of the confidence circle Given dataset {zt} t=1 n The following optimization problem is solved: , Constraints: ; Where ϕ() is the mapping function, ν∈(0,1] is the parameter, and after solving, the Lagrange multiplier α is obtained. t ; The set of vectors is: , Final center calculation: After obtaining the set of support vectors S, the final center of the circle is defined as the arithmetic mean of the support vectors: = , Obtain the coordinates of the center of the circle; IV. Radius of the final confidence circle The final confidence circle radius is obtained by taking the arithmetic mean of all n ellipse radii {rt}. , V. Final Confidence Circle Based on the above calculations, the final confidence circle is defined as follows: Center: Z final And radius: R; VI. Anomaly Detection Given new data x^, the PCA process described above is as follows: Centralization: = , projection: , judge Is it within the final confidence circle? ≤R normal, >R abnormal, Complete the calculation process.