Manufacturing method of transparent antenna unit and module, and antenna arrangement method of vehicle

Abstract

The application provides a manufacturing method of a transparent antenna unit, a transparent antenna module and an antenna arrangement method of a vehicle. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps: forming a radiation sheet on a transparent flexible substrate, the radiation sheet is a conductive grid structure, and comprises a first radiator and a second radiator which are oppositely arranged in the same layer to form a gap; forming a first directional structure and a second directional structure on the first radiator, the first directional structure is used for narrowing the beam width of the elevation angle at least, and the second directional structure is used for increasing the beam width of the horizontal direction at least; forming an antenna feed point on the first radiator and a grounding feed point on the second radiator; forming a dielectric layer on the radiation sheet; forming a radiation sheet on the dielectric layer, so that the interlayer coupling between two adjacent layers of the radiation sheets is realized; and repeating the steps of forming the dielectric layer and the radiation sheet until the radiation sheets with a preset number of layers are obtained. Therefore, the application can reduce the integration difficulty of the vehicle-mounted antenna, improve the directivity diagram, improve the efficiency and the consistency between the antennas.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of antenna technology, specifically to a method for manufacturing a transparent antenna element and a transparent antenna module, as well as a method for antenna deployment in vehicles. Background Technology

[0002] Antennas, as components capable of transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves, play a crucial role in wireless communication systems. In recent years, with the continuous development of wireless communication technology, people's demands for it have also increased. Therefore, antennas have attracted increasing attention, and research on them is constantly deepening. In some specialized electronic devices, traditional antennas not only affect aesthetics visually but also compromise safety and concealment in practical environments. Because transparent conductive films possess both optical transparency and conductivity, they can be used to design transparent antennas, achieving visual appeal, safety, reliability, and good concealment. Taking automotive UWB (Ultra Wide Band) antennas as an example, the antenna is typically designed on a printed circuit board and integrated into the ECU (Electronic Control Unit). In the context of vehicle units (computer control modules or vehicle computers) or other independent modules, existing vehicle-mounted UWB antennas typically have the following drawbacks: 1. High integration difficulty: They are usually large in size, making it difficult to flexibly integrate them onto non-planar or irregular surfaces of the vehicle's transparent glass (such as windshields, windows, rearview mirrors, etc.), especially in locations requiring large-area, curved installations, while also needing to consider antenna performance, light transmittance, and aesthetics; 2. Unsatisfactory radiation patterns: Insufficient horizontal beamwidth, or excessive gain fluctuations over a wide angle, usually greater than 3dB, affecting positioning accuracy and coverage; excessively wide pitch beamwidth, usually greater than 60°, leading to energy dispersion, reduced radar resolution and life detection sensitivity, and potentially introducing unnecessary multipath interference or ground reflection interference; 3. Poor consistency: There are significant differences in key parameters such as efficiency, gain, and radiation patterns between multiple antenna modules based on existing antenna units, especially when installed in different locations or on surfaces with different curvatures. The efficiency difference is usually greater than 1dB, leading to system-level performance instability and complex calibration. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, this application provides a method for manufacturing a transparent antenna element and a transparent antenna module and a method for antenna deployment in a vehicle, which can improve the problems of high integration difficulty, unsatisfactory radiation pattern, low efficiency and poor consistency of traditional vehicle antennas.

[0004] This application provides a method for manufacturing a transparent antenna element, comprising: Provides a transparent, flexible substrate; A radiating sheet is formed on the transparent flexible substrate. The radiating sheet has a conductive mesh structure and includes a first radiator and a second radiator arranged opposite each other in the same layer to form a gap. A first directional structure and a second directional structure are formed on the first radiator, wherein the first directional structure is used at least to narrow the beamwidth in the pitch angle, and the second directional structure is used at least to increase the beamwidth in the horizontal direction. An antenna feed point is formed on the first radiator, and a ground feed point is formed on the second radiator; A dielectric layer is formed on the radiating sheet; A radiating sheet is formed on the dielectric layer, such that there is interlayer coupling between two adjacent radiating sheets; Repeat the steps of forming the dielectric layer and the radiating sheet until a radiating sheet with a predetermined number of layers is obtained.

[0005] Optionally, forming the first oriented structure and the second oriented structure on the first radiator includes: A first groove is formed on the first radiator by an etching process to serve as a first orientation structure, and a plurality of second grooves are formed to serve as a second orientation structure, wherein the clearance area of ​​the first groove is larger than the clearance area of ​​any of the second grooves.

[0006] Optionally, a radiating sheet is formed on the transparent flexible substrate, comprising: A conductive mesh is formed on the transparent flexible substrate; A first radiator including a main body and an extension, and a second radiator including a first branch and a second branch are formed on the conductive mesh by an etching process. The first branch and the second branch are arranged opposite to each other to form a gap. One end of the extension is connected to the main body and the other end extends to the gap between the first branch and the second branch. The process of forming a first oriented structure and a second oriented structure on the first radiator includes: The first orientation structure and the second orientation structure are formed in the main body.

[0007] Optionally, forming an antenna feed point on the first radiator and a ground feed point on the second radiator includes: An antenna feed point is formed at the extension of the first radiator; A grounding feed point is formed between the first end of the first branch and the first end of the second branch, and the grounding feed point is coupled to the first end of the first branch and the first end of the second branch. The second end of the first branch and the second end of the second branch are both disposed opposite to the main body to form a gap.

[0008] Optionally, at least one of the following must be satisfied: The second slot can be rectangular, circular, or triangular in shape; At least some of the second slots have different shapes and areas of open space. The plurality of second slots are arranged in a row; The multiple second slots are arranged in multiple rows.

[0009] This application provides a transparent antenna module, including an antenna array and multiple adapters. The antenna array includes multiple transparent antenna elements manufactured by any of the above methods, and each adapter is coupled to each of the transparent antenna elements.

[0010] This application provides a method for antenna deployment in a vehicle, comprising: Multiple transparent antenna modules as described above are provided; An anchor point is selected at the sunroof of the vehicle, and a first transparent antenna module is set at the anchor point to realize AOA positioning and ranging functions. At least one anchor point is selected at the top of the windshield and one anchor point is selected at each of the two rear windows. A second transparent antenna module is installed at each anchor point to realize the LPD function and the ranging function. An anchor point is selected on each side of the A-pillar near the front windshield, and an anchor point is selected on each side of the rear windshield near the rear of the vehicle. A third transparent antenna module is installed at each anchor point to achieve the ranging function.

[0011] Optionally, at least one of the following must be satisfied: The first transparent antenna module includes three transparent antenna elements; The second transparent antenna module includes four of the aforementioned transparent antenna elements; The third transparent antenna module includes two transparent antenna elements.

[0012] Optionally, at least one of the following must be satisfied: In the first transparent antenna module, electromagnetic wave signals are transmitted through one of the transparent antenna units and received by the other two transparent antenna units. In the second transparent antenna module, electromagnetic wave signals are transmitted through one of the transparent antenna elements and received by the other three transparent antenna elements. In the third transparent antenna module, one of the transparent antenna units transmits electromagnetic wave signals, and the other transparent antenna unit receives electromagnetic wave signals.

[0013] Optionally, an anchor point may be selected at each of the two rear window glass locations near the B-pillar or C-pillar.

[0014] As described above, in the manufacturing method of the transparent antenna element and the antenna deployment method of the transparent antenna module and vehicle of this application, the resulting transparent antenna element includes several layers of radiating sheets. Each radiating sheet is a conductive mesh structure and includes a first radiator and a second radiator arranged on the same layer. That is, each radiating sheet includes a first radiator and a second radiator, which can make the footprint of the entire antenna element smaller, meet the requirements of miniaturization design, be applicable to a variety of communication devices, have strong versatility, and low integration difficulty. Furthermore, through the interlayer coupling between the radiating sheets, the resonant frequency of the antenna can be better adjusted, thereby effectively improving the bandwidth, efficiency, and gain. In addition, the first radiator is provided with a first directional structure and a second directional structure. The first directional structure narrows the beamwidth in the elevation angle, and the second directional structure increases the beamwidth in the horizontal direction, which can improve the obtained more ideal radiation pattern, making the directivity of each antenna element more stable, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of the antenna and the consistency of the antenna design. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart of a method for manufacturing a transparent antenna element according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a transparent antenna element according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a transparent antenna module according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a transparent antenna module according to an embodiment of this application applied to a vehicle; Figure 5 This is a schematic flowchart of a vehicle antenna deployment method according to an embodiment of this application.

[0016] First direction x, second direction y, third direction z; Antenna element 100, transparent flexible substrate 1, several layers of radiating sheets 2, first radiator 21, second radiator 22, first directional structure 211, second directional structure 212, antenna feed point 210, ground feed point 220, main body 213, extension 214, first branch 221, second branch 222; transparent antenna module 200, antenna array 201, adapter unit 202, adapter interface 203; vehicle 300. Detailed Implementation

[0017] To address the aforementioned technical problems in the existing technology, the transparent antenna unit manufacturing method and transparent antenna module, as well as the vehicle antenna deployment method of this application, wherein the transparent antenna unit obtained by the method comprises several layers of radiating sheets, each radiating sheet being a conductive mesh structure and including a first radiator and a second radiator arranged on the same layer, i.e., each radiating sheet includes a first radiator and a second radiator. This results in a smaller footprint for the entire antenna unit, meeting the requirements of miniaturization design and reducing integration difficulty. Through interlayer coupling between the radiating sheets, the resonant frequency of the antenna can be better adjusted, effectively improving bandwidth, efficiency, and gain. Furthermore, the first radiator is provided with a first directional structure and a second directional structure. The first directional structure narrows the beamwidth in the elevation angle, while the second directional structure increases the beamwidth in the horizontal direction, resulting in a more ideal radiation pattern. This makes the directivity of each antenna unit more stable, thereby improving antenna efficiency and the consistency of antenna design.

[0018] The specific form of the shape, quantity, size, and other parameters of any of the radiators, directional structures, and slots can be determined according to the adaptability required by the actual scenario, and this application does not limit it.

[0019] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the technical solutions of this application will be clearly described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and corresponding drawings. Obviously, the embodiments described below are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. Unless otherwise specified, the following embodiments and their technical features can be combined with each other, and also belong to the technical solutions of this application.

[0020] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the technical solutions of the corresponding embodiments, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. They should not be construed as limitations on this application.

[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart illustrating a method for manufacturing a transparent antenna element according to an embodiment of this application. The method for manufacturing the transparent antenna element may also be referred to as a "manufacturing method" or simply "method," such as... Figure 1 As shown, the method includes at least the following steps S1 to S7: S1: Provides a transparent, flexible substrate; S2: A radiating sheet is formed on a transparent flexible substrate. The radiating sheet has a conductive mesh structure and includes a first radiator and a second radiator arranged opposite each other in the same layer to form a gap. S3: A first directional structure and a second directional structure are formed on the first radiator. The first directional structure is used at least to narrow the beamwidth in the pitch angle, and the second directional structure is used at least to increase the beamwidth in the horizontal direction. S4: An antenna feed point is formed on the first radiator, and a ground feed point is formed on the second radiator; S5: Form a dielectric layer on the radiation sheet; S6: A radiating sheet is formed on the dielectric layer, so that there is interlayer coupling between two adjacent radiating sheets.

[0022] The steps of forming the dielectric layer and the radiant sheet are repeated, that is, the above steps S5 and S6 are repeated, and each radiant sheet formed has the structure obtained in steps S2 to S4. Then, step S7 is executed: it is determined whether a radiant sheet with a preset number of layers has been obtained; if yes, the process ends; if no, the above steps S5 and S6 are continued until a radiant sheet with a preset number of layers is obtained.

[0023] Although this document uses step designations such as S1 and S2, their purpose is to more clearly and concisely describe the corresponding content and does not constitute a substantial limitation on the order. In specific implementation, those skilled in the art may execute S5 first and then S2, etc., but these should all be within the protection scope of this application.

[0024] In one example, step S3 includes: A first groove is formed on the first radiator by an etching process to serve as a first orientation structure, and a plurality of second grooves are formed to serve as a second orientation structure, wherein the clearance area of ​​the first groove is larger than the clearance area of ​​any of the second grooves.

[0025] In one example, step S2 includes: A conductive mesh is formed on the transparent flexible substrate; A first radiator including a main body and an extension, and a second radiator including a first branch and a second branch are formed on the conductive mesh by an etching process. The first branch and the second branch are arranged opposite to each other to form a gap. One end of the extension is connected to the main body and the other end extends to the gap between the first branch and the second branch. Accordingly, step S3 includes: The first orientation structure and the second orientation structure are formed in the main body.

[0026] In one example, step S4 includes: An antenna feed point is formed at the extension of the first radiator; A grounding feed point is formed between the first end of the first branch and the first end of the second branch, and the grounding feed point is coupled to the first end of the first branch and the first end of the second branch. The second end of the first branch and the second end of the second branch are both disposed opposite to the main body to form a gap.

[0027] For the method described above, each step can satisfy at least one of the following: The second slot can be rectangular, circular, or triangular in shape; At least some of the second slots have different shapes and areas of open space. The plurality of second slots are arranged in a row; and, The multiple second slots are arranged in multiple rows.

[0028] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a transparent antenna element according to an embodiment of this application. This transparent antenna element, also referred to as an "antenna element," can be adopted as follows: Figure 1 The method described above yields the product. Figure 2 As shown, the antenna unit 100 includes a transparent flexible substrate 1 and several layers of radiating sheets 2. The several layers of radiating sheets 2 are disposed on the transparent flexible substrate 1, and the number and shape of the radiating sheets 2 can be adapted to actual needs. Figure 2 This is a top view of antenna element 100, therefore Figure 2 Only one layer of radiating sheet 2 is shown. Interlayer coupling is provided between adjacent layers of the radiating sheet 2, and a dielectric layer (not shown) is provided. This dielectric layer has good electrical insulation properties, allowing the two layers of radiating sheet 2 sandwiched on both sides of the dielectric layer to be electrically insulated from each other. However, it should be noted that, for example, a conductive post can be provided between adjacent layers of the radiating sheet 2, penetrating the dielectric layer to achieve interlayer coupling between adjacent layers of the radiating sheet 2.

[0029] For ease of description and understanding, and in conjunction with the placement shown in the figure, the length direction of the antenna element 100 is referred to as the first direction x, the height direction or thickness direction as the second direction y, and the width direction as the third direction z. The first direction x, the second direction y, and the third direction z are all perpendicular to each other and can be considered as the three coordinate axes of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. It should be understood that the term "perpendicular" throughout this application does not require that the angle between the two directions must be 90°, but rather allows for deviations of, for example, ±10°. That is, "perpendicular" can be understood as the angle between any two directions being 80° to 100°. Similarly, the term "parallel" does not require that the angle between the two directions be 0° or 180°, but rather allows for deviations of, for example, ±10°. That is, "parallel" can be understood as the angle between any two directions being 0° to 10° or 170° to 190°.

[0030] For antenna units 100 that need to be integrated in transparent areas (such as side windows or sunroofs of vehicles), the transparent flexible substrate 1 includes, but is not limited to, an MPET substrate, a COP substrate, or a CPI substrate. It can be a single-layer substrate or a multi-layer substrate, for example, it can be formed by sequentially layering various dielectric layers. The transparent flexible substrate 1 has good electrical insulation properties, high mechanical strength, and thermal stability, thus enabling the antenna unit 100 to withstand high mechanical stress and thermal cycling.

[0031] Each radiating sheet 2 is a conductive mesh structure, and each radiating sheet 2 includes a first radiator 21 and a second radiator 22 arranged in the same layer. The first radiator 21 is provided with a first orientation structure 211 and a second orientation structure 212. The first orientation structure 211 is used at least to narrow the beamwidth in the pitch angle, and the second orientation structure 212 is used at least to increase the beamwidth in the horizontal direction.

[0032] like Figure 2 As shown, the first orientation structure 211 can be represented as a first slot, and the second orientation structure 212 can be represented as multiple second slots or multiple metal grids. The opening area of ​​the metal grid forms each second slot, and the clearance area of ​​the first slot (also called the "opening area") is larger than the clearance area of ​​any second slot.

[0033] The first radiator 21 is also provided with an antenna feed point 210, which can be connected to an antenna feed line. The first radiator 21 and the second radiator 22 are arranged opposite each other to form a gap. Here, the antenna element 100 can also be called a slot antenna. The second radiator 22 is provided with a ground feed point 220, which is connected to the grounding line of the antenna element 100, thereby grounding the ground feed point 220. The so-called relative arrangement can be understood as follows: when viewed along the first direction x on the plane where the radiating plate 2 is located, or on the plane parallel to the radiating plate 2, the distance between the first radiator 21 and the second radiator 22 is not equal to zero.

[0034] The first radiator 21 and the second radiator 22 are both copper mesh sheets, silver nanowire mesh sheets, or graphene mesh sheets, replacing traditional copper foil, and the light transmittance of both the first radiator 21 and the second radiator 22 is greater than 80%. While ensuring conductivity (i.e., meeting radio frequency requirements), each radiating sheet 2 and the antenna element 100 can achieve high light transmittance and visual concealment. Furthermore, the finest wires in this mesh sheet can be 4µm or less to achieve low sheet resistance performance while ensuring high light transmittance; for example, the sheet resistance can be less than 0.5Ω (ohms).

[0035] exist Figure 2In the antenna element 100 shown, the isolation slot design of the antenna element 100 can be realized through interlayer coupling between the radiating sheets 2 and through the design of the first slot and the second slot. The slot width of the second slot can be 0.15mm and the depth can be 0.3mm, so that the isolation of the antenna element 100 is >25dB. By implementing electromagnetic coupling suppression technology between the various antenna elements 100, the problem of crosstalk between wide and narrow band signals can be solved. In addition, the resonant frequency of the antenna element 100 can be better adjusted, effectively improving bandwidth, efficiency and gain. Specifically, the comprehensive performance of the radiating sheet 2 can be: center resonant frequency of 7987.2MHz, operating bandwidth ≥500MHz, antenna efficiency ≥80%, antenna gain ≥2dBi, in-band gain flatness of less than 1dB, and S11≤-10dB.

[0036] Furthermore, the first radiator 21 is provided with a first directional structure 211 and a second directional structure 212. The first directional structure 211 narrows the beamwidth in the elevation angle, and the second directional structure 212 increases the beamwidth in the horizontal direction, thereby improving the radiation pattern to obtain a more ideal radiation pattern. This makes the directivity of each antenna element 100 more stable, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency of the antenna and the consistency of the antenna design. For example, the main lobe width of the horizontal radiation pattern is ≥ ±60°, and the gain difference is less than 3dB within the ±60° range, and the beamwidth of the elevation radiation pattern is less than 60°.

[0037] The antenna element 100 structure design of this application takes into account the typical radius of curvature of the target installation location (e.g., the windshield of a vehicle). Through simulation optimization, it is ensured that the antenna element 100 is within the expected curvature range, and the changes in key parameters such as resonant frequency, efficiency, and radiation pattern are within an acceptable range. For example, even if the efficiency decreases by <0.5dB, the radiation pattern distortion is controllable.

[0038] Continue reading Figure 2 As shown, the first slot can be a rectangular slot, and the second slot or the metal grid can be rectangular, or other adaptable shapes such as circular, cross-shaped, or triangular. At least some of the clearance areas of the second slot or the metal grid have different shapes and areas. For example, in the figure, the closer to the orientation, the smaller the center width of the second slot.

[0039] In one example, the plurality of second slots or the plurality of metal grids are arranged in multiple rows. The two rows in the figure are only for illustrative purposes, but of course, they can also be arranged in at least one row.

[0040] like Figure 2As shown, in one example, the first radiator 21 includes a main body 213 and an extension 214. The first directional structure 211 and the second directional structure 212 are both disposed on the main body 213, and one end of the extension 214 is connected to the main body 213. The second radiator 22 includes a first branch 221 and a second branch 222 disposed opposite to each other to form a gap. The other end of the extension 214 extends to the gap between the first branch 221 and the second branch 222. The antenna feed point 210 is disposed on the extension 214 of the first radiator 21; the ground feed point 220 is coupled between the first end of the first branch 221 and the first end of the second branch 222, the antenna feed point 210 is disposed at the end of the extension 214 and adjacent to the ground feed point 220; the second end of the first branch 221 and the second end of the second branch 222 are sandwiched on opposite sides of the extension 214 of the first radiator 21 along the third direction z, and are disposed opposite to the opposite sides of the extension 214 to form gaps respectively. For any gap described throughout this application, the operating frequency of the antenna element 100 can be adjusted by adjusting the distance of the gap, while controlling the return loss of the antenna element 100.

[0041] In another example, the first radiator 21 and the second radiator 22 are provided with a serrated structure at their relative positions, but the serrated structures are not in contact with each other but are arranged at a predetermined distance to form the gap of the antenna element 100. Figure 2 As shown in the example, the adjacent edges of the extension 214 and the first branch 221 and the second branch 222 are provided with interlocking serrated structures. For example, the extension 214 is provided with several protrusions on the edges facing the first branch 221 and the second branch 222, and the first branch 221 and the second branch 222 are provided with several recesses on the edges facing the extension 214. Each protrusion and the corresponding recess are "engaged" but are arranged relative to each other at a preset distance, thereby forming a slot in the antenna element 100, so that the antenna element 100 performs as a slotted antenna with better performance.

[0042] In other examples, along the viewing direction of the second direction y, the aforementioned serrated structure is also provided between the orthographic projections of each layer of radiating sheet 2, for example, combined with... Figure 2 As shown, the outer edges of the first radiator 21 and / or the second radiator 22 of each layer of radiating sheet 2 have the aforementioned sawtooth structure. Along the line of sight in the second direction y, the orthographic projections of the outer edges of the first radiator 21 of adjacent layers of radiating sheet 2 are "engaged" but have a preset distance between them, thereby forming the gap of the antenna unit 100.

[0043] This application also provides a transparent antenna module. For example... Figure 3As shown, the transparent antenna module 200 includes an antenna array 201, an adapter unit 202, and multiple adapter interfaces 203. The antenna array 201 includes antenna elements 100 as described in any of the above embodiments. The antenna elements 100 can also adopt the aforementioned... Figure 1 The method described above results in an adapter unit 202 that is coupled to each transparent antenna element 100, for example, through low-temperature soldering. Each adapter interface 203 is coupled to each transparent antenna element 100 through the adapter unit 202. Thus, the transparent antenna module 200 includes antenna elements 100 as described in any of the above embodiments, thereby achieving the beneficial effects produced by the antenna elements 100 of the corresponding embodiments.

[0044] The number of antenna elements 100 included in the antenna array 201 and the number of adapter interfaces 203 can be adapted to the specific requirements. The four antenna elements 100 and four adapter interfaces 203 shown in the figure are merely illustrative examples. The adapter interfaces 203 can be coupled to the antenna elements 100 in a one-to-one correspondence, and each adapter interface 203 couples the corresponding antenna element 100 to the external wiring.

[0045] This application also provides a method for deploying an antenna for a vehicle, combined with... Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, the deployment method includes the following steps S21 to S24: S21: Provides multiple transparent antenna modules; the transparent antenna module has the following characteristics: Figure 3 The aforementioned structure; S22: Select an anchor point at the sunroof of the vehicle and set up a first transparent antenna module at the anchor point to realize AOA (Angle of Arrival) positioning function and ranging function; S23: Select at least one anchor point at the top of the windshield and one anchor point at each of the two rear windows, and install a second transparent antenna module at each anchor point to realize LPD (Life Detection, in-vehicle vital signs detection) function and ranging function. For example, combining Figure 4 As shown, an anchor point is selected at the B-pillar or C-pillar adjacent to the rear window glass on both sides, and a second transparent antenna module is installed at each anchor point.

[0046] S24: Select an anchor point on each side of the A-pillar near the front windshield and an anchor point on each side of the rear windshield near the rear of the vehicle, and install a third transparent antenna module at each anchor point to achieve the ranging function.

[0047] Combination Figure 4As shown, the vehicle 300 can be equipped with transparent antenna modules 200 at eight anchor points, which are labeled 1 to 8. The number and function of the transparent antenna modules 200 at each anchor point can be determined adaptably. For example, anchor point 3 can be equipped with three transparent antenna modules 200 to realize positioning and ranging functions based on AOA (angle of arrival). The specific implementation principle and process of this function can be found in existing technologies in the field. For example, the three transparent antenna units simultaneously receive UWB tag signals from terminals such as mobile phones, and calculate the signal angle of arrival using the phase interferometry method. Combining time-of-flight (TOF) ranging, three-dimensional positioning is achieved, with an accuracy of ±5cm, an angle of ±1°, and a gain fluctuation of <2dB within ±60° in the horizontal direction, ensuring positioning stability in edge areas. Anchor points 4, 5, and 6 can each be equipped with four transparent antenna modules 200, and each anchor point can realize LPD (Radar Detection Mode) and ranging functions, such as triggering an alarm for leaving a child in a car by detecting breathing or heartbeat. The LPD function can be executed by the central radar unit emitting a periodic nanosecond pulse, such as a pulse width of 2ns, PRF (Pulse Detection Mode). The repetition frequency (pulse frequency) is 10MHz. The received echo is analyzed using short-time Fourier transform to detect Doppler frequency shift. When a 0.1-0.3Hz (breathing) or 0.8-2Hz (heartbeat) signal is detected, a child abandonment alarm is triggered. This mode consumes 22mW, has a detection distance of 0.5-3m, and a breathing detection accuracy >97%. Anchor points 1, 2, 7, and 8 can each be equipped with three transparent antenna modules 200, and each anchor point can perform ranging functions. Based on the aforementioned functions, this application enables the vehicle 300 to achieve full functionality. For example, it automatically activates after the vehicle is turned off, performs periodic life detection via LPD function (scanning for 10 seconds every 2 minutes), and maintains low-power monitoring based on AOA positioning function (power consumption can be 0.8mW). When vital signs are detected or a wake-up signal (such as a mobile phone Bluetooth proximity) is detected, it instantly switches to full-function mode.

[0048] In one example, combining Figure 4 The vehicle 300 shown satisfies at least one of the following: The first transparent antenna module includes three transparent antenna elements; The second transparent antenna module includes four transparent antenna elements; The third transparent antenna module includes two transparent antenna elements.

[0049] In one example, each transparent antenna module can perform the following transmit and receive operations: In the first transparent antenna module, electromagnetic wave signals are transmitted through one transparent antenna element and received by two other transparent antenna elements. In the second transparent antenna module, electromagnetic wave signals are transmitted through one transparent antenna element and received by the other three transparent antenna elements. In the third transparent antenna module, electromagnetic wave signals are transmitted through one transparent antenna unit and received through another transparent antenna unit.

[0050] The above description is only a part of the embodiments of this application and does not limit the patent scope of this application. For those skilled in the art, any equivalent structural transformations made using the content of this specification and drawings are similarly included within the patent protection scope of this application.

[0051] Although this document uses terms such as "first," "second," etc., to describe various types of information, this information should not be limited to these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish information of the same type from one another. Furthermore, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to also include the plural forms. The terms "or" and "and / or" are interpreted as inclusive, or meaning either one or any combination thereof. Exceptions to this definition only arise when combinations of elements, functions, steps, or operations are inherently mutually exclusive in some way.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a transparent antenna element, characterized in that, include: Provides a transparent, flexible substrate; A radiating sheet is formed on the transparent flexible substrate. The radiating sheet has a conductive mesh structure and includes a first radiator and a second radiator arranged opposite each other in the same layer to form a gap. Forming a first directional structure and a second directional structure on the first radiator includes: forming a first slot on the first radiator as the first directional structure by an etching process, and forming a plurality of second slots as the second directional structure, wherein the clearance area of ​​the first slot is larger than the clearance area of ​​any of the second slots; wherein the first directional structure is at least used to narrow the beamwidth of the pitch angle, and the second directional structure is at least used to increase the beamwidth in the horizontal direction. An antenna feed point is formed on the first radiator, and a ground feed point is formed on the second radiator; A dielectric layer is formed on the radiating sheet; A radiating sheet is formed on the dielectric layer, such that there is interlayer coupling between two adjacent radiating sheets; Repeat the steps of forming the dielectric layer and the radiating sheet until a radiating sheet with a predetermined number of layers is obtained.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, A radiating sheet is formed on the transparent flexible substrate, comprising: A conductive mesh is formed on the transparent flexible substrate; A first radiator including a main body and an extension, and a second radiator including a first branch and a second branch are formed on the conductive mesh by an etching process. The first branch and the second branch are arranged opposite to each other to form a gap. One end of the extension is connected to the main body and the other end extends to the gap between the first branch and the second branch. The process of forming a first oriented structure and a second oriented structure on the first radiator includes: The first orientation structure and the second orientation structure are formed in the main body.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of forming an antenna feed point on the first radiator and a ground feed point on the second radiator includes: An antenna feed point is formed at the extension of the first radiator; A grounding feed point is formed between the first end of the first branch and the first end of the second branch, and the grounding feed point is coupled to the first end of the first branch and the first end of the second branch. The second end of the first branch and the second end of the second branch are both disposed opposite to the main body to form a gap.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, At least one of the following must be met: The second slot can be rectangular, circular, or triangular in shape; At least some of the second slots have different shapes and areas of open space. The plurality of second slots are arranged in a row; The multiple second slots are arranged in multiple rows.

5. A transparent antenna module, characterized in that, It includes an antenna array and multiple adapters, wherein the antenna array includes multiple transparent antenna elements manufactured by any one of claims 1 to 4, and each adapter is coupled to each of the transparent antenna elements.

6. A method for deploying an antenna on a vehicle, characterized in that, include: Provide multiple transparent antenna modules as described in claim 5; An anchor point is selected at the sunroof of the vehicle, and a first transparent antenna module is set at the anchor point to realize AOA positioning and ranging functions. At least one anchor point is selected at the top of the windshield and one anchor point is selected at each of the two rear windows. A second transparent antenna module is installed at each anchor point to realize the LPD function and the ranging function. An anchor point is selected on each side of the A-pillar near the front windshield, and an anchor point is selected on each side of the rear windshield near the rear of the vehicle. A third transparent antenna module is installed at each anchor point to achieve the ranging function.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, At least one of the following must be met: The first transparent antenna module includes three transparent antenna elements; The second transparent antenna module includes four of the aforementioned transparent antenna elements; The third transparent antenna module includes two transparent antenna elements.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that, At least one of the following must be met: In the first transparent antenna module, electromagnetic wave signals are transmitted through one of the transparent antenna units and received by the other two transparent antenna units. In the second transparent antenna module, electromagnetic wave signals are transmitted through one of the transparent antenna elements and received by the other three transparent antenna elements. In the third transparent antenna module, one of the transparent antenna units transmits electromagnetic wave signals, and the other transparent antenna unit receives electromagnetic wave signals.

9. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 7, characterized in that, Select an anchor point on each side of the rear window glass, near either the B-pillar or the C-pillar.

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