A multi-functional wireless sensor based on breakdown discharge effect

Abstract

This invention discloses a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect. The multifunctional wireless sensor includes a horizontal anchor area, an upper structure, a lower structure, a bistable structural beam, a tip discharger, metal wires, a planar inductor, a temperature-sensitive capacitor, and a horizontal plane. Increased temperature causes the bistable structural beam to change from a bending shape along the negative X-axis to a bending shape along the positive X-axis. Based on the coupling effect of electrostatic induction and triboelectric charging, the polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film and the polymethyl methacrylate film separate, generating a high potential difference, which in turn breaks down the air around the tip discharger, generating an electromagnetic wave signal. The different lengths of the five bistable structural beams cause their bending transformations to occur at different temperatures. The inductor or capacitor in the circuit modulates the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal; changes in inductance reflect identification, and changes in the temperature-sensitive capacitor reflect temperature changes, thus achieving multifunctional wireless sensing with temperature range, wide measurement range, and high accuracy for both temperature and identification. This sensor has advantages such as self-powered operation, long transmission distance, multifunctional sensing, and wireless transmission.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of sensor technology, and particularly relates to a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of IoT technology, the demand for information sensing and monitoring in fields such as environmental monitoring, intelligent transportation, and smart cities is becoming increasingly sophisticated and multifunctional. Traditional sensors suffer from problems such as complex wiring, limited sensing functions, restricted application scenarios, complex manufacturing processes, and high costs and maintenance. These obstacles limit the long-term stable operation and further widespread application of sensors. In recent years, sensor development has trended towards the functional integration of distributed sensor nodes and system miniaturization, making wireless signal transmission particularly important. Currently, sensors are usually combined with wireless communication modules to achieve wireless signal transmission, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Near Field Communication (NFC), and LC resonance. However, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi increase system power consumption and are susceptible to co-channel interference, while NFC and LC resonance are difficult to achieve meter-level wireless sensing. Furthermore, most of the aforementioned traditional sensors require external power supplies and cannot achieve self-powered wireless sensing. Therefore, in today's era of widespread application of wireless sensing technology, developing a self-powered wireless sensor with a simple structure, multifunctional sensing capabilities, and long transmission distance has significant theoretical and practical value. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, the present invention addresses the problems existing in the prior art by providing a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect, thus solving the problems faced by current wireless sensors such as complex structure, limited sensing function, short transmission distance, and external power supply. As temperature increases, the bistable structural beams change from bending along the negative X-axis to bending along the positive X-axis. Based on the coupling effect of electrostatic induction and triboelectric charging, the polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film and polymethyl methacrylate film separate, generating a high potential difference, which in turn breaks down the air around the tip discharger to generate electromagnetic wave signals. The different lengths of the five bistable structural beams cause their bending transitions to occur at different temperatures. The inductance or capacitance in the circuit modulates the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal; changes in inductance reflect identification, and changes in the temperature-sensitive capacitance reflect temperature changes, thereby achieving multifunctional wireless sensing with temperature range, wide measurement range, and high accuracy for both temperature and identification.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows: a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect includes: a horizontal anchor area, an upper structure, a lower structure, a bistable structural beam, a tip discharger, a metal wire, a planar inductor, a temperature-sensitive capacitor, and a horizontal plane, wherein the tip discharger, the metal wire, the planar inductor, and the temperature-sensitive capacitor are all placed on the horizontal plane.

[0005] As an improvement of the present invention, the upper structure includes an upper acrylic sheet, an upper copper foil, and a polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film, wherein the upper acrylic sheet includes a first acrylic sheet, a second acrylic sheet, a third acrylic sheet, a fourth acrylic sheet, and a fifth acrylic sheet; the upper copper foil includes a first copper foil, a second copper foil, a third copper foil, a fourth copper foil, and a fifth copper foil; and the polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film includes a first polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film, a second polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film, a third polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film, a fourth polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film, and a fifth polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film.

[0006] As an improvement of the present invention, the lower structure includes a lower acrylic sheet, a lower copper foil, and a polymethyl methacrylate film.

[0007] As an improvement of the present invention, the bistable structural beam includes a first bistable structural beam, a second bistable structural beam, a third bistable structural beam, a fourth bistable structural beam, and a fifth bistable structural beam, wherein the first bistable structural beam includes a first passive layer and a first active layer; the second bistable structural beam includes a second passive layer and a second active layer; the third bistable structural beam includes a third passive layer and a third active layer; the fourth bistable structural beam includes a fourth passive layer and a fourth active layer; and the fifth bistable structural beam includes a fifth passive layer and a fifth active layer; the bistable structural beam is composed of a thermal bimetallic sheet consisting of an active layer and a passive layer.

[0008] As an improvement of the present invention, the tip discharger includes a first metal electrode and a second metal electrode. Both the first metal electrode and the second metal electrode have a tip structure and are mirror symmetrical, with the tip spacing set to 50 μm.

[0009] As an improvement of the present invention, the metal wire includes a first metal wire, a second metal wire, a third metal wire, a fourth metal wire, a fifth metal wire, a sixth metal wire, a seventh metal wire, an eighth metal wire, a ninth metal wire, and a tenth metal wire.

[0010] As an improvement of the present invention, the horizontal anchor area is fixed on a horizontal plane; the first acrylic plate, the second acrylic plate, the third acrylic plate, the fourth acrylic plate, and the fifth acrylic plate are respectively bonded to the upper surfaces of the first copper foil, the second copper foil, the third copper foil, the fourth copper foil, and the fifth copper foil; the lower surfaces of the first copper foil, the second copper foil, the third copper foil, the fourth copper foil, and the fifth copper foil are respectively bonded to the upper surfaces of the first poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film, the second poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film, the third poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film, the fourth poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film, and the fifth poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film... The lower surfaces of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth bistable polypropylene films are in contact with the upper surface of the polymethyl methacrylate film, respectively. The lower surface of the polymethyl methacrylate film is bonded to the upper surface of the lower copper foil, and the lower surface of the lower copper foil is bonded to the upper surface of the lower acrylic sheet. The lower surface of the lower acrylic sheet is fixed to a horizontal plane. One end of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth bistable structural beams is bonded to the first, second, third, and fourth acrylic sheets, respectively. The left sides of the acrylic sheet and the fifth acrylic sheet are bonded together. The other ends of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth bistable structural beams are all fixed to the horizontal anchor area. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth passive layers are bonded to the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth active layers, respectively. One end of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metal wires is connected to the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth copper foils, respectively. The other ends of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metal wires are all connected to the sixth metal wire. One end of the seventh metal wire is connected to the lower copper foil, and the other end of the seventh metal wire is connected to one end of the planar inductor. One end of the eighth metal wire is connected to the other end of the planar inductor, and the other end of the eighth metal wire is connected to one side of the temperature-sensitive capacitor. One end of the tenth metal wire is connected to the other side of the temperature-sensitive capacitor. One end of the ninth metal wire is connected to the sixth metal wire, and the other end of the ninth metal wire is connected to the first metal electrode. The other end of the tenth metal wire is connected to the second metal electrode.

[0011] As an improvement of the present invention, the method of using the sensor includes the following steps:

[0012] Step S1: The bistable structural beam comprises an active layer with a larger coefficient of thermal expansion and a passive layer with a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion. Initially, the bistable structural beam is bent along the negative X-axis to create initial prestress, ensuring complete contact between the lower surface of the perfluoroethylene propylene film and the upper surface of the polymethyl methacrylate film. Based on the coupling effect of electrostatic induction and triboelectric charging, equal amounts of negative and positive charges are generated on the surfaces of the perfluoroethylene propylene film and the polymethyl methacrylate film, respectively. Since these charges are confined to the surface and the two equal and opposite charges are in the same plane, there is no potential difference between the upper and lower copper foil layers at this point.

[0013] Step S2: When the temperature is within the first temperature range, the deformation of the first active layer is greater than that of the first passive layer, causing the first bistable structural beam to instantly change from a bending state along the negative X-axis to a critical transition state, and then to a bending state along the positive X-axis, causing the upper and lower structures to instantly separate and come into contact. Due to the instantaneous separation of the negatively charged first polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film and the positively charged polymethyl methacrylate film, a high potential difference is instantaneously generated between the upper and lower copper foils, which in turn breaks down the air around the tip discharger to generate electromagnetic wave signals, achieving self-powered wireless signal transmission. The planar inductor or temperature-sensitive capacitor in the circuit can modulate the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal. Temperature changes cause changes in the capacitance of the temperature-sensitive capacitor, resulting in a small-range frequency shift of the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, achieving high-precision temperature measurement within the first temperature range.

[0014] Step S3: By varying the lengths of the five bistable structural beams to induce different bending temperatures, temperature range selection and wide-range temperature measurement are achieved. When the temperature falls within the second, third, fourth, and fifth temperature ranges, the second, third, fourth, and fifth bistable structural beams sequentially change from bending along the negative X-axis to bending along the positive X-axis, emitting electromagnetic wave signals with different characteristic frequencies that are temperature-controlled, thereby realizing wide-range wireless temperature measurement across multiple temperature zones.

[0015] Step S4: The change in inductance causes a significant frequency shift in the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, altering the inductance of the planar inductor and enabling identification. By receiving and analyzing the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, a self-powered, wide-range, high-precision, multi-functional wireless sensor for temperature and identification is achieved.

[0016] Beneficial effects:

[0017] Compared to existing technologies, this invention provides a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect, offering advantages such as simple structure, multifunctional sensing, long transmission distance, self-powered operation, and wireless transmission. As temperature increases, the bistable structural beams change from bending along the negative X-axis to bending along the positive X-axis. Based on the coupling effect of electrostatic induction and triboelectric charging, the poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film and the polymethyl methacrylate film separate, generating a high potential difference, which in turn breaks down the air around the tip discharger, generating electromagnetic wave signals. The different lengths of the five bistable structural beams cause their bending transitions to occur at different temperatures. The inductance or capacitance in the circuit modulates the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal; changes in inductance reflect identification, and changes in the temperature-sensitive capacitance reflect temperature changes, thus achieving multifunctional wireless sensing with temperature zones, wide range, and high accuracy for both temperature and identification. This multifunctional wireless sensor employs a temperature zoning-bistable structural beam segmented response-capacitance / inductance change principle, offering advantages such as self-powered operation, multiple temperature zones, wide range, high accuracy, long transmission distance, and multifunctional wireless sensing. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a multifunctional wireless sensor structure based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of AA′, a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0020] Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of BB′, a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional view of CC′, a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0022] Figure 5 This is a cross-sectional view of DD′, a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0023] Figure 6 This is a cross-sectional view of EE′, a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0024] Figure 7 This is a cross-sectional view of FF′, a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0025] Figure 8 This is a cross-sectional view of BB′ during deformation of a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention.

[0026] Figure 9This is a cross-sectional view of BB′ of a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect provided in this invention after deformation.

[0027] The diagram illustrates:

[0028] 1. Horizontal anchor area; 211. First acrylic sheet; 212. Second acrylic sheet; 213. Third acrylic sheet; 214. Fourth acrylic sheet; 215. Fifth acrylic sheet; 221. First copper foil; 222. Second copper foil; 223. Third copper foil; 224. Fourth copper foil; 225. Fifth copper foil; 231. First poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film; 232. Second poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film; 233. Third poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film; 234. Fourth poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film; 235. Fifth poly(ethylene fluoride) propylene film; 31. Lower acrylic sheet; 32. Lower copper foil; 33. Polymethyl methacrylate film; 411. First passive Layers; 412, First active layer; 421, Second passive layer; 422, Second active layer; 431, Third passive layer; 432, Third active layer; 441, Fourth passive layer; 442, Fourth active layer; 451, Fifth passive layer; 452, Fifth active layer; 51, First metal electrode; 52, Second metal electrode; 61, First metal wire; 62, Second metal wire; 63, Third metal wire; 64, Fourth metal wire; 65, Fifth metal wire; 66, Sixth metal wire; 67, Seventh metal wire; 68, Eighth metal wire; 69, Ninth metal wire; 610, Tenth metal wire; 7, Planar inductor; 8, Temperature-sensitive capacitor; 9, Horizontal plane. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To enhance understanding of the present invention, the following detailed description of the embodiment is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:

[0030] Example 1: See Figures 1-7 This embodiment provides a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect, the multifunctional wireless sensor comprising:

[0031] The structure comprises: a horizontal anchor zone 1, an upper structure, a lower structure, a bistable structural beam, a tip discharge device, a metal wire, a planar inductor 7, a temperature-sensitive capacitor 8, and a horizontal plane 9. The tip discharge device, metal wire, planar inductor, and temperature-sensitive capacitor are all placed on the horizontal plane.

[0032] The upper structure includes an upper acrylic sheet, an upper copper foil, and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film. The upper acrylic sheet includes a first acrylic sheet 211, a second acrylic sheet 212, a third acrylic sheet 213, a fourth acrylic sheet 214, and a fifth acrylic sheet 215. The upper copper foil includes a first copper foil 221, a second copper foil 222, a third copper foil 223, a fourth copper foil 224, and a fifth copper foil 225. The PTFE film includes a first PTFE film 231, a second PTFE film 232, a third PTFE film 233, a fourth PTFE film 234, and a fifth PTFE film 235.

[0033] The lower structure includes a lower acrylic sheet 31, a lower copper foil 32, and a polymethyl methacrylate film 33.

[0034] The bistable structural beam includes a first bistable structural beam, a second bistable structural beam, a third bistable structural beam, a fourth bistable structural beam, and a fifth bistable structural beam. The first bistable structural beam includes a first passive layer 411 and a first active layer 412; the second bistable structural beam includes a second passive layer 421 and a second active layer 422; the third bistable structural beam includes a third passive layer 431 and a third active layer 432; the fourth bistable structural beam includes a fourth passive layer 441 and a fourth active layer 442; and the fifth bistable structural beam includes a fifth passive layer 451 and a fifth active layer 452.

[0035] The tip discharger includes a first metal electrode 51 and a second metal electrode 52.

[0036] The metal wires include a first metal wire 61, a second metal wire 62, a third metal wire 63, a fourth metal wire 64, a fifth metal wire 65, a sixth metal wire 66, a seventh metal wire 67, an eighth metal wire 68, a ninth metal wire 69, and a tenth metal wire 610.

[0037] Horizontal anchor area 1 is fixed on horizontal plane 9. First acrylic plate 211, second acrylic plate 212, third acrylic plate 213, fourth acrylic plate 214, and fifth acrylic plate 215 are respectively bonded to the upper surfaces of first copper foil 221, second copper foil 222, third copper foil 223, fourth copper foil 224, and fifth copper foil 225. The lower surfaces of first copper foil 221, second copper foil 222, third copper foil 223, fourth copper foil 224, and fifth copper foil 225 are respectively bonded to the upper surfaces of first polytetrafluoroethylene propylene. The upper surfaces of films 231, 232, 233, 234, and 235 are bonded together. The lower surfaces of films 231, 232, 233, 234, and 235 are in contact with the upper surface of polymethyl methacrylate film 33. The lower surface of the methyl methacrylate film 33 is bonded to the upper surface of the lower copper foil 32, and the lower surface of the lower copper foil 32 is bonded to the upper surface of the lower acrylic plate 31. The lower surface of the lower acrylic plate 31 is fixed on the horizontal plane 9. One end of the first bistable structural beam, the second bistable structural beam, the third bistable structural beam, the fourth bistable structural beam, and the fifth bistable structural beam is respectively bonded to the first acrylic plate 211, the second acrylic plate 212, the third acrylic plate 213, the fourth acrylic plate 214, and the fifth bistable structural beam. The left side of the acrylic sheet 215 is bonded together, and the other ends of the first bistable structural beam, the second bistable structural beam, the third bistable structural beam, the fourth bistable structural beam, and the fifth bistable structural beam are all fixed to the horizontal anchor area 1. The first passive layer 411, the second passive layer 421, the third passive layer 431, the fourth passive layer 441, and the fifth passive layer 451 are bonded to the first active layer 412, the second active layer 422, the third active layer 432, the fourth active layer 442, and the fifth active layer 452, respectively.One end of the first metal wire 61, the second metal wire 62, the third metal wire 63, the fourth metal wire 64, and the fifth metal wire 65 are respectively connected to the first copper foil 221, the second copper foil 222, the third copper foil 223, the fourth copper foil 224, and the fifth copper foil 225. The other end of the first metal wire 61, the second metal wire 62, the third metal wire 63, the fourth metal wire 64, and the fifth metal wire 65 are all connected to the sixth metal wire 66. One end of the seventh metal wire 67 is connected to the lower copper foil 32, and the other end of the seventh metal wire 67 is connected to one end of the planar inductor 7. One end of the eighth metal wire 68 is connected to the other end of the planar inductor 7, and the other end of the eighth metal wire 68 is connected to one side of the temperature-sensitive capacitor 8. One end of the tenth metal wire 610 is connected to the other side of the temperature-sensitive capacitor 8. One end of the ninth metal wire 69 is connected to the sixth metal wire 66, and the other end of the ninth metal wire 69 is connected to the first metal electrode 51. The other end of the tenth metal wire 610 is connected to the second metal electrode 52. ;

[0038] The method for using a multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect described in this embodiment includes the following steps:

[0039] Step S1, see Figures 1-7 The bistable structural beam comprises an active layer with a higher coefficient of thermal expansion and a passive layer with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion. Initially, the bistable structural beam is bent along the negative X-axis to create initial prestress, ensuring complete contact between the lower surface of the perfluoroethylene propylene film and the upper surface of the polymethyl methacrylate film 33. Based on the coupling effect of electrostatic induction and triboelectric charging, equal amounts of negative and positive charges are generated on the surfaces of the perfluoroethylene propylene film and the polymethyl methacrylate film 33, respectively. Since these charges are confined to the surface and the two equal and opposite charges are in the same plane, there is no potential difference between the upper and lower copper foils 32.

[0040] Step S2, see Figures 1-3 , Figure 8 , Figure 9When the temperature is within the first temperature range, the deformation of the first active layer 412 is greater than that of the first passive layer 411, causing the first bistable structural beam to instantly change from a bending state along the negative X-axis to a critical transition state, and then to a bending state along the positive X-axis, resulting in the instantaneous separation and contact between the upper and lower structures. Due to the instantaneous separation of the negatively charged first polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film 231 and the positively charged polymethyl methacrylate film 33, a high potential difference is instantaneously generated between the upper copper foil 221 and the lower copper foil 32, which in turn breaks down the air around the tip discharger to generate electromagnetic wave signals, achieving self-powered wireless signal transmission. The planar inductor 7 or the temperature-sensitive capacitor 8 in the circuit can modulate the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal. Temperature changes cause changes in the capacitance of the temperature-sensitive capacitor, resulting in a small-range frequency shift of the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, achieving high-precision temperature measurement within the first temperature range.

[0041] Step S3, see Figures 3-7 By varying the lengths of five bistable structural beams to induce different bending temperatures, temperature range selection and wide-range temperature measurement are achieved. When the temperature falls within the second, third, fourth, and fifth temperature ranges, the second, third, fourth, and fifth bistable structural beams sequentially change from bending along the negative X-axis to bending along the positive X-axis, emitting electromagnetic wave signals with different characteristic frequencies that are temperature-controlled, thus enabling wide-range wireless temperature measurement across multiple temperature zones.

[0042] Step S4: The change in inductance causes a significant frequency shift in the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, altering the inductance of the planar inductor 7 and enabling identification. By receiving and analyzing the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, a self-powered, wide-range, high-precision, multi-functional wireless sensor for temperature and identification is achieved.

[0043] In summary, the multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect in this invention differs from other wireless sensors. This multifunctional wireless sensor has the following main characteristics: 1. It generates a high potential difference through the bending transition of a bistable structural beam, achieving self-powering; 2. By varying the lengths of the five bistable structural beams, their bending transition temperatures differ, enabling temperature range selection and wide-range temperature measurement; 3. It achieves stable long-distance wireless signal transmission through a tip discharger based on the breakdown discharge effect; 4. It achieves high-precision temperature and identification multifunctional wireless sensing by modulating the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal using inductance or capacitance.

[0044] The criteria for distinguishing whether something belongs to this structure are as follows:

[0045] (a) Self-powered sensing of the sensor is achieved by bending transformation of the bistable structural beam;

[0046] (b) Temperature measurement with different lengths in five bistable structural beams is achieved by dividing the temperature range into different temperature zones and measuring a wide range.

[0047] (c) Wireless signal transmission is achieved by using a tip discharge device to emit electromagnetic wave signals through the breakdown discharge effect;

[0048] (d) Multifunctional wireless sensing for temperature and identity recognition is achieved by modulating the characteristic frequency of electromagnetic wave signals through inductance or capacitance.

[0049] A structure that meets the above four conditions should be considered a multifunctional wireless sensor.

[0050] Any aspects of this invention not described in detail are well-known to those skilled in the art.

[0051] The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above. It should be understood that those skilled in the art can make numerous modifications and variations based on the concept of the present invention without creative effort. Therefore, all technical solutions that can be obtained by those skilled in the art based on the concept of the present invention through logical analysis, reasoning, or limited experimentation on the basis of existing technology should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.

Claims

1. A multifunctional wireless sensor based on the breakdown discharge effect, characterized in that, The multifunctional wireless sensor includes a horizontal anchor area (1), an upper structure, a lower structure, a bistable structural beam, a tip discharger, a metal wire, a planar inductor (7), a temperature-sensitive capacitor (8), and a horizontal plane (9). The tip discharger, the metal wire, the planar inductor, and the temperature-sensitive capacitor are all placed on the horizontal plane. The upper structure includes an upper acrylic sheet, an upper copper foil, and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film. The upper acrylic sheet includes a first acrylic sheet (211), a second acrylic sheet (212), a third acrylic sheet (213), a fourth acrylic sheet (214), and a fifth acrylic sheet (215). The upper copper foil includes a first copper foil (221), a second copper foil (222), a third copper foil (223), a fourth copper foil (224), and a fifth copper foil (225). The PTFE film includes a first PTFE film (231), a second PTFE film (232), a third PTFE film (233), a fourth PTFE film (234), and a fifth PTFE film (235). The bistable structural beams include a first bistable structural beam, a second bistable structural beam, a third bistable structural beam, a fourth bistable structural beam, and a fifth bistable structural beam. The first bistable structural beam includes a first passive layer (411) and a first active layer (412); the second bistable structural beam includes a second passive layer (421) and a second active layer (422); the third bistable structural beam includes a third passive layer (431) and a third active layer (432); the fourth bistable structural beam includes a fourth passive layer (441) and a fourth active layer (442); and the fifth bistable structural beam includes a fifth passive layer (451) and a fifth active layer (452). The five bistable structural beams have different lengths, which causes them to bend at different temperatures.

2. The multifunctional wireless sensor based on breakdown discharge effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lower structure includes a lower acrylic sheet (31), a lower copper foil (32), and a polymethyl methacrylate film (33).

3. A multifunctional wireless sensor based on breakdown discharge effect according to claim 2, characterized in that, The tip discharger includes a first metal electrode (51) and a second metal electrode (52). Both the first metal electrode (51) and the second metal electrode (52) have a tip structure and are mirror symmetrical, with a tip spacing of 50 μm.

4. A multifunctional wireless sensor based on breakdown discharge effect according to claim 3, characterized in that, The metal wires include a first metal wire (61), a second metal wire (62), a third metal wire (63), a fourth metal wire (64), a fifth metal wire (65), a sixth metal wire (66), a seventh metal wire (67), an eighth metal wire (68), a ninth metal wire (69), and a tenth metal wire (610).

5. A multifunctional wireless sensor based on breakdown discharge effect according to claim 4, characterized in that, The horizontal anchor area (1) is fixed on the horizontal plane (9); the first acrylic plate (211), the second acrylic plate (212), the third acrylic plate (213), the fourth acrylic plate (214), and the fifth acrylic plate (215) are respectively bonded to the upper surfaces of the first copper foil (221), the second copper foil (222), the third copper foil (223), the fourth copper foil (224), and the fifth copper foil (225), respectively; the lower surfaces of the first copper foil (221), the second copper foil (222), the third copper foil (223), the fourth copper foil (224), and the fifth copper foil (225) are respectively The upper surfaces of the first poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (231), the second poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (232), the third poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (233), the fourth poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (234), and the fifth poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (235) are bonded together, and the lower surfaces of the first poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (231), the second poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (232), the third poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (233), the fourth poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (234), and the fifth poly(perfluoroethylene propylene) film (235) are respectively bonded to the upper surface of the polymethyl methacrylate film (33). The lower surface of the polymethyl methacrylate film (33) is bonded to the upper surface of the lower copper foil (32), and the lower surface of the lower copper foil (32) is bonded to the upper surface of the lower acrylic plate (31). The lower surface of the lower acrylic plate (31) is fixed on the horizontal plane (9). One end of the first bistable structural beam, the second bistable structural beam, the third bistable structural beam, the fourth bistable structural beam, and the fifth bistable structural beam is respectively bonded to the first acrylic plate (211), the second acrylic plate (212), the third acrylic plate (213), the fourth acrylic plate (214), and the fifth bistable structural beam. The left side of the five acrylic sheets (215) are bonded together, and the other ends of the first bistable structural beam, the second bistable structural beam, the third bistable structural beam, the fourth bistable structural beam and the fifth bistable structural beam are all fixed on the horizontal anchor area (1). The first passive layer (411), the second passive layer (421), the third passive layer (431), the fourth passive layer (441) and the fifth passive layer (451) are bonded to the first active layer (412), the second active layer (422), the third active layer (432), the fourth active layer (442) and the fifth active layer (452) respectively.One end of the first metal wire (61), the second metal wire (62), the third metal wire (63), the fourth metal wire (64), and the fifth metal wire (65) are respectively connected to the first copper foil (221), the second copper foil (222), the third copper foil (223), the fourth copper foil (224), and the fifth copper foil (225). The other end of the first metal wire (61), the second metal wire (62), the third metal wire (63), the fourth metal wire (64), and the fifth metal wire (65) are all connected to the sixth metal wire (66). One end of the seventh metal wire (67) is connected to the lower copper foil (32). The seventh metal wire (67) is connected to one end of the planar inductor (7), one end of the eighth metal wire (68) is connected to the other end of the planar inductor (7), the other end of the eighth metal wire (68) is connected to one side of the temperature-sensitive capacitor (8), one end of the tenth metal wire (610) is connected to the other side of the temperature-sensitive capacitor (8), one end of the ninth metal wire (69) is connected to the sixth metal wire (66), the other end of the ninth metal wire (69) is connected to the first metal electrode (51), and the other end of the tenth metal wire (610) is connected to the second metal electrode (52).

6. A multifunctional wireless sensor based on breakdown discharge effect according to claim 5, characterized in that, The method of using the sensor includes the following steps: Step S1: The bistable structural beam includes an active layer with a larger coefficient of thermal expansion and a passive layer with a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion. In its initial state, the bistable structural beam is bent along the negative X-axis to form initial prestress, and to make the lower surface of the poly(fluoroethylene propylene) film and the upper surface of the polymethyl methacrylate film (33) in complete contact. Based on the coupling effect of electrostatic induction and triboelectricity, the surfaces of the poly(fluoroethylene propylene) film and the polymethyl methacrylate film (33) generate equal amounts of negative and positive charges, respectively. Since these charges are confined to the surface and the two equal amounts of opposite charges are in the same plane, there is no potential difference between the upper copper foil and the lower copper foil (32) at this time. Step S2: When the temperature is within the first temperature range, the deformation of the first active layer (412) is greater than that of the first passive layer (411), causing the first bistable structural beam to instantly change from a bending state along the negative X-axis to a critical transition state, and then to a bending state along the positive X-axis. This causes the upper and lower structures to instantly separate and come into contact. Due to the instantaneous separation of the negatively charged first polytetrafluoroethylene propylene film (231) and the positively charged polymethyl methacrylate film (33), a high potential difference is instantly generated between the upper copper foil and the lower copper foil (32), which in turn breaks down the air around the tip discharger to generate electromagnetic wave signals, realizing the transmission of self-powered wireless signals. The planar inductor (7) or the temperature-sensitive capacitor (8) in the circuit can modulate the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal. Temperature changes cause changes in the capacitance of the temperature-sensitive capacitor, resulting in a small-range frequency shift of the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, realizing high-precision temperature measurement within the first temperature range. Step S3: By varying the lengths of the five bistable structural beams to induce different bending temperatures, temperature range selection and wide-range temperature measurement are achieved. When the temperature falls within the second, third, fourth, and fifth temperature ranges, the second, third, fourth, and fifth bistable structural beams sequentially change from bending along the negative X-axis to bending along the positive X-axis, emitting electromagnetic wave signals with different characteristic frequencies that are temperature-controlled. This enables wide-range wireless temperature measurement across multiple temperature zones. Step S4: The change in the inductance value of the inductor causes a large frequency shift in the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, which changes the inductance value of the planar inductor (7) to achieve identification. By receiving and analyzing the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal, a self-powered, wide-range, temperature-zone-divided, high-precision temperature and identification multifunctional wireless sensor is realized.

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