Electrochemical systems with magnetic electrodes and / or additional excitation and related methods

Abstract

An electrochemical system for enhancing the production of one or more chemicals and / or effects is provided, the electrochemical system comprising an electrochemical cell and one or more components for providing one or more excitations. Also provided are methods thereof and methods for producing the magnetocatalytic electrodes. Kits for assembling, modifying, or retrofitting an electrochemical system to incorporate the application of excitation are also provided.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 481,160, filed January 23, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 620,972, filed August 22, 2023, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure generally relates to electrochemical systems and methods for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, and particularly to the stimulation provided to electrochemical cells. Background Technology

[0004] Electrochemical systems are used in a wide variety of technologies and applications. More specifically, electrochemical cells provide the conversion of internally stored chemical energy into external voltage and current, or conversely, the conversion of applied electrical energy into internally or externally stored chemical energy. These electrochemical systems contain a positive electrode and a negative electrode (cathode and anode, respectively).

[0005] Conventional electrochemical systems follow standard designs. These systems typically involve electrodes made of only electrical conductors and usually utilize a unidirectional direct current that varies slowly over time. Therefore, the design of conventional electrochemical systems can limit the types of possible electrochemical reactions and the efficiency of the current-driven reactions.

[0006] Therefore, there is a need for improved systems and methods for the electrochemical generation of chemicals and / or effects, particularly to make electrochemical systems and reactions more efficient and to enable new electrochemical reactions. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This disclosure provides systems and methods for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, as well as kits for assembling, modifying, or retrofitting electrochemical systems to incorporate the application of an excitation. This disclosure recognizes that current systems and methods for the efficient electrochemical generation of chemical substances and / or effects have problems and provides improved systems and methods.

[0008] In some embodiments, this disclosure relates to an electrochemical system for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, the system comprising: an electrochemical cell including a cathode, an anode, and a power source, wherein one or both of the cathode and anode optionally include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; and one or more components operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein, wherein the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency waves, and wherein: when one or both of the cathode and anode include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein; or when neither the cathode nor the anode includes a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing two or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein.

[0009] In some embodiments, this disclosure also relates to a method for enhancing the electrochemical generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, the method comprising the steps of: providing a constant or variable current to a cathode and an anode within an electrochemical cell, wherein one or both of the cathode and anode optionally include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; applying one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein (optionally directly to one or both of the cathode and anode); and receiving or generating one or more chemical substances and / or effects from the electrochemical cell, wherein the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequencies, and wherein: when one or both of the cathode and anode include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, one or more excitations are applied to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein; or when neither the cathode nor the anode includes a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, two or more excitations are applied to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0010] In some embodiments, this disclosure also relates to a method for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode, the method comprising the steps of: providing catalytic particles, the catalytic particles being non-magnetic; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material to form a mixture; distributing the mixture onto the surface of a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the magnetic electrode at an areal density; optionally removing a first amount of the application material from the mixture; applying a magnetic field to the catalytic particles to induce a permanent magnetic moment and form magnetic catalytic particles; and optionally removing a second amount of the application material from the mixture to provide a magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0011] In some embodiments, this disclosure also relates to a method for producing a magnetic catalytic electrode, the method comprising the steps of: providing catalytic particles, the catalytic particles being magnetic; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material to form a mixture; distributing the mixture onto the surface of a non-magnetic electrode or a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed at an areal density on the surface of the non-magnetic electrode or optionally a magnetic electrode; removing a first amount of the application material from the mixture; and, when using a non-magnetic electrode, providing a binder to the surfaces of the catalytic particles and the non-magnetic electrode to provide a magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0012] In some embodiments, this disclosure also relates to a kit for assembling, modifying, or retrofitting an electrochemical system to incorporate the application of an excitation, the kit comprising: a first component for providing a first excitation to the electrochemical cell of the electrochemical system; and a second component for providing a second excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system, wherein the first and second excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequencies.

[0013] Other aspects and embodiments of this disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description provided herein. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Other advantages, arrangements, and combinations of the invention will now become apparent from the detailed description of various specific embodiments of the invention above and below, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, each of which is intended to be non-limiting. In the drawings:

[0015] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary electrochemical system for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, according to some embodiments. The system includes an electrochemical cell and six excitations.

[0016] Figure 2 A schematic diagram (A) of two exemplary electrochemical cells including a unipolar electrode, or a schematic diagram (B) of an electrochemical system including a bipolar electrode in some exemplary embodiments.

[0017] Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for enhancing the electrochemical generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects according to some embodiments.

[0018] Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode according to some embodiments, the method including non-magnetic catalytic particles.

[0019] Figure 5 This is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode according to some embodiments, the method including magnetic catalytic particles. Detailed Implementation

[0020] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice or testing of this disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.

[0021] Electrochemical systems are used in a wide variety of technologies and applications, particularly for generating chemical substances and / or effects. The ability to improve the efficiency of electrochemical reactions can bring beneficial effects to these related technologies and applications. A system or method is needed to enhance the generation of chemical substances and / or effects to improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and applicability of electrochemical cells.

[0022] Embodiments of this disclosure relate to systems and methods for enhancing the generation of chemical substances and / or effects using electrochemical cells or systems, or to methods for manufacturing components of electrochemical cells and systems.

[0023] One advancement disclosed herein relates to improvements in the electrodes themselves, such as by making them magnetic (e.g., permanent or electromagnetic). Another advancement disclosed herein relates to improvements in how the electrodes are used, including, for example, variable (opposite to constant) DC operation. Yet another advancement disclosed herein relates to the use of excitations (e.g., magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency waves). Exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, including various combinations of features, are shown in Table 1 below.

[0024] Table 1: Embodiments of the present disclosure regarding electrode structure, direct current (DC) operation, and excitation.

[0025]

[0026] With respect to Table 1 above, various embodiments, including each excitation, are described in more detail throughout this disclosure. In Table 1, “electrical” means a non-magnetic electrical conductor serving as an electrode as described herein, while “magnetic” means a magnetic electrical conductor or electromagnet serving as an electrode as described herein. “Constant” means a constant input DC voltage providing a constant current within an electrochemical cell, while “variable” means a variable input DC voltage providing a variable current within an electrochemical cell. The various excitations can be used alone, alone and alternately, or in any combination simultaneously, to enhance the generation of chemical substances and / or effects in an energy-efficient manner as described herein.

[0027] The systems and methods disclosed herein provide the use of one or more components and excitations, along with improved electrodes, to achieve novel electrochemical reactions and enhance the efficiency of known electrochemical reactions. This disclosure advantageously provides the flexible and adjustable application of one or more excitations to an electrochemical cell to optimize the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects with minimal electrolysis energy consumption, thereby optimizing the cost for generating one or more chemical substances and / or effects.

[0028] In embodiments, this disclosure relates to an electrochemical system for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, the system comprising: an electrochemical cell including a cathode, an anode, and a power source, wherein one or both of the cathode and anode optionally include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; and one or more components operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein, wherein the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency waves, and wherein: when one or both of the cathode and anode include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein; or when neither the cathode nor the anode includes a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing two or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein.

[0029] As used herein, the term "component" has a broad meaning, encompassing any means, device, part, combination of parts, or any combination thereof capable of providing one or more stimuli. Several embodiments and configurations are described herein, and based on the disclosure herein, those skilled in the art will understand additional parts and / or configurations.

[0030] The electrochemical cells, components, and methods described herein include and / or utilize a power source. As used herein, the term "power source" is intended to refer to a physical component within an electrochemical cell that provides power; to an electrical interconnection or association (e.g., a wired connection) with another physical component that provides power, or any combination thereof, or any other means of providing power to an electrochemical cell or component. Thus, the component power source (e.g., a magnetic energy source, a variable DC power source, a pulsed energy source, a radio frequency energy source, a vibration energy source, a sound energy source, a light energy source, etc.) mentioned herein covers (i) embodiments in which the component itself includes a physical component that provides power, and / or (ii) embodiments in which another component electrically interconnected or associated with the component provides the necessary power to the component to generate or produce excitation.

[0031] In some embodiments, the power source for the electrochemical system and / or any one or more components herein is a constant unidirectional direct current. In some embodiments, the power source for the electrochemical system and / or any one or more components herein is a variable unidirectional or variable bidirectional direct current, the variability being any sign, amplitude, frequency, or sequence.

[0032] The electrochemical cells, components, and methods described herein include and / or utilize cathodes and anodes that comprise electrical conductors. As used herein, the term "electrical conductor" is intended to refer to a material that allows current to flow through it in one or more directions. The term "electrical conductor" may be used interchangeably with the term "electrode."

[0033] As used herein, the term “excitation” has a broad meaning, encompassing any application of energy. While the systems and methods discussed herein are within the context of certain types of excitation and energy application, it should be understood that they may also be applicable to other applications. One or more excitations may be provided at periodic or constant frequencies. As used herein, the term “periodic” may be used interchangeably with “pulse.” As used herein, the term “constant” may be used interchangeably with “steady.”

[0034] The system described herein is configured such that one or more components are capable of providing one or more energies to an operating electrochemical cell, which includes a cathode, an anode, and a power source. In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, and one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more energies to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, neither the cathode nor the anode includes a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, and one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing two or more energies to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0035] As described herein, the systems disclosed may include additional features related to performing various aspects of the methods herein. For example, the system may include various means or components for directly applying one or more excitations to one or both of the cathode and anode, and for receiving or generating one or more chemical substances and / or effects from an electrochemical cell. Exemplary configurations of the systems described herein are as will be understood by those skilled in the art, but are not limited thereto.

[0036] In some embodiments, the system described herein can be used to enhance the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, wherein the method includes the steps of: providing a constant or variable current to a cathode and an anode within an electrochemical cell, wherein one or both of the cathode and anode optionally include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; applying one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein (optionally directly to one or both of the cathode and anode); and receiving or generating one or more chemical substances and / or effects from the electrochemical cell.

[0037] The method described herein involves the steps of supplying a constant or variable current to a cathode and an anode within an electrochemical cell, wherein one or both of the cathode and anode optionally comprise a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet. In embodiments, the current comprises electrical energy supplied from a power source. The power source can be any suitable device or component as described herein. In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode comprise a magnetic conductor. In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode comprise an electromagnet. In some embodiments, both the cathode and anode comprise a magnetic conductor, an electromagnet, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, both the cathode and anode comprise a nonmagnetic conductor.

[0038] The methods described herein relate to the steps of applying one or more excitations to an electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein, and optionally directly to one or both of the cathode and the anode. In some embodiments, the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency waves. In some embodiments, one or more excitations are applied by one or more components. In some embodiments, the application step includes about two excitations, about three excitations, about four excitations, about five excitations, or about six excitations.

[0039] The methods described herein involve steps of receiving or generating one or more chemical substances and / or effects from an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the one or more chemical substances can be any organic or inorganic chemical substance. In some embodiments, the one or more chemical substances can be carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbonate solids, etc., but are not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the one or more chemical substances are hydrogen, oxygen, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more chemical substances are hydrogen. In some embodiments, the one or more effects are the generation of energy (e.g., direct current). In one embodiment, the energy is thermal energy. In one embodiment, the energy is electrical energy. In one embodiment, the energy is both thermal and electrical energy.

[0040] In some embodiments, the system described herein can be used as a method for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode, wherein the method includes the steps of: providing non-magnetic catalytic particles; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material to form a mixture; distributing the mixture onto the surface of a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the magnetic electrode at an areal density; optionally removing a first amount of the application material from the mixture; applying a magnetic field to the catalytic particles to induce a permanent magnetic moment and form magnetic catalytic particles; and optionally removing a second amount of the application material from the mixture to provide a magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0041] In some other embodiments, the system described herein can be used as a method for producing a magnetic catalytic electrode, wherein the method includes the steps of: providing magnetic catalytic particles; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material to form a mixture; distributing the mixture onto the surface of a non-magnetic electrode or a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed at an areal density on the surface of the non-magnetic electrode or optionally a magnetic electrode; removing a first amount of the application material from the mixture; and, when using a non-magnetic electrode, providing a binder to the surfaces of the catalytic particles and the non-magnetic electrode to provide a magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0042] As used herein, the term “area density” refers to the mass per unit area of ​​catalytic particles on the surface of non-magnetic and / or magnetic electrodes.

[0043] In some embodiments, the systems and methods of this disclosure may be the result of newly constructed electrochemical systems. In some embodiments, the systems and methods of this disclosure may be the result of modifying existing electrochemical systems to allow for the application of excitation.

[0044] Therefore, in some embodiments, this disclosure relates to a kit for assembling, modifying, or altering an electrochemical system to incorporate the application of an excitation, the kit comprising: a first component for providing a first excitation to the electrochemical cell of the electrochemical system; and a second component for providing a second excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system, wherein the first and second excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequencies. As used herein, the terms “first component” and “second component” may be used interchangeably with “component.” In some embodiments, the kit includes a third component. In some embodiments, the kit includes a fourth component. In some embodiments, the kit includes a fifth component. In some embodiments, the kit includes a sixth component. In some embodiments, the kit includes more than six components.

[0045] Embodiments of the systems and methods described herein can enhance the production of one or more chemical substances and / or effects. As used herein, “enhancing” or “enhanced” means any improvement in the electrochemical cell in the production of chemical substances and / or effects, such as, but not limited to, an increase in the yield of chemical substances and / or effects; a reduction in the amount of energy or other resources (e.g., input electrolyte) required to produce a given amount of chemical substances and / or effects; or any combination thereof.

[0046] In the embodiments, the enhanced production of the systems and methods described herein is related to the production of hydrogen. Generally, the energy stored in the produced hydrogen during operation is preferably as large a portion as possible of the input energy. Of course, due to losses, the actual value may be less than the theoretically possible value.

[0047] There are two issues when measuring hydrogen levels. The first is the water vapor that accompanies the hydrogen, such as... Figure 2 As shown. It is necessary to remove water vapor from the output hydrogen stream to produce the high-purity hydrogen required for fuel cells. In embodiments, this can be accomplished using a dryer and other operations, which themselves consume energy. The second issue is how to account for the value of hydrogen in energy production. There are at least two methods for energy accounting, known as the Higher Heating Value (HHV) and the Lower Heating Value (LHV). The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) explains these two measures. For HHV, the water produced by burning hydrogen condenses into a liquid, thus the latent heat of vaporization (actually the reverse process of condensation) is included in the energy released by combustion. For LHV, the water remains in the vapor stage, so this latent heat is not included. Therefore, the HHV value is greater than (higher than) the LHV value. In most applications of burning hydrogen, water does not condense, and LHV is closer to reality. However, as NREL states, "However, in the United States, the efficiency of electrical appliances and heat engines is typically rated based on HHV, while in the European community, LHV is used. Using LHV yields a higher efficiency value than using HHV when calculating heat engine efficiency." The second sentence in this quote holds true because the energy produced by burning hydrogen is in the denominator of the hydrogen production efficiency formula, while electrical energy is in the numerator. The HHV and LHV per kilogram of hydrogen are 142 MJ and 120 MJ, respectively. The HHV and LHV per kilogram of natural gas are 52 MJ and 47 MJ, respectively.

[0048] Electrochemical batteries

[0049] In some embodiments, an electrochemical cell includes a primary cell or an electrolytic cell.

[0050] As used herein, the term "galvanic cell" is intended to refer to an electrochemical cell in which internal chemical reactions proceed in an energy-favorable direction to produce voltage and current to power an external load. For example, any battery, whether rechargeable or not, can be an example of a galvanic cell when used for power generation, but is not limited thereto. As used herein, the term "galvanic cell" may be used interchangeably with the term "voltaic cell."

[0051] As used herein, the term "electrolytic battery" is intended to refer to an electrochemical battery in which an externally applied voltage drives internal chemical substances in the opposite direction to store charge and energy within the battery, or to produce chemical substances that can be removed from the battery and stored for later use. An electrolytic battery can be, for example, but not limited to, a rechargeable battery (when charged), or a battery used for electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen and / or oxygen. In some embodiments, the electrochemical battery includes an electrolytic battery.

[0052] In galvanic and electrolytic cells, the positive and negative electrodes are used to conduct electricity through the liquid or solid electrolyte material between them. That is, they must be conductors and are typically elemental or alloy metals. Traditional galvanic cells most commonly generate direct current (DC) during use, which usually changes slowly over time. Similarly, traditional electrolytic cells are typically powered by direct current (DC), which does not change rapidly over time.

[0053] In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell described herein is a galvanic cell configured to provide one or more effects, such as, but not limited to, those described herein (e.g., electricity in the form of direct current). In some embodiments, the direct current is constant and unidirectional. In some embodiments, the direct current is variable and unidirectional. In some embodiments, the direct current is variable and bidirectional.

[0054] In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell described herein is an electrolytic cell. In some embodiments, an electrolytic cell produces one or more chemical substances, such as, but not limited to, those described herein (e.g., hydrogen). In some embodiments, a stable / constant input signal or a varying input signal (slow or rapid change) may be used in the electrochemical system described herein, regardless of whether the system uses a non-magnetic conductor (conventional electrode) or a magnetic conductor (magnetic electrode as described herein). Indeed, some embodiments of this disclosure include the use of variable unidirectional and variable bidirectional direct current to induce or improve electrolysis compared to conventional electrolytic cells.

[0055] In some embodiments, the direct current (DC) includes a plurality of stable input signals, a plurality of varying input signals, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the DC varies periodically over time without causing the plurality of input signals to return to zero or invert. In some embodiments, the DC varies periodically over time by causing the plurality of input signals to return to zero. In some embodiments, the DC varies periodically over time by inverting the plurality of input signals.

[0056] Without being constrained by any particular theory, variable direct current can advantageously influence the rate of electrochemical reactions and other properties.

[0057] In some embodiments, the direct current includes frequencies less than about 1 Hz. In some embodiments, the direct current includes frequencies between about 0.1 Hz and about 10 kHz, more specifically between about 0.5 Hz and about 5 Hz, and more specifically between about 1 Hz and about 1 kHz. In some embodiments, the direct current includes frequencies greater than about 1 kHz. As will be understood, any pulse shape or polarization of the direct current may be applicable.

[0058] In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell further includes an electrolyte. In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes a fluid, a solid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solid includes a conductive material for small ions (such as protons and / or lithium ions). In some embodiments, the solid includes a disordered conductive material. In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes a fluid. In some embodiments, the fluid is a liquid. In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes a solution, a gas, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes water, ions, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes one or more reactants, one or more products, or a combination thereof.

[0059] In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell further includes an insulating material for preventing waste heat generated by the electrochemical reaction. In some embodiments, the insulating material includes a thermoelectric material for converting waste heat into electrical energy.

[0060] electrode

[0061] The electrochemical cells of the systems and methods described herein include at least two electrodes, one being a cathode and the other an anode.

[0062] As will be understood, in electrolytic cells and galvanic cells, the anode is the electrode where the oxidation half-reaction occurs, and the cathode is the electrode where the reduction half-reaction occurs.

[0063] The cathode and anode can include any external shape or form, including, but not limited to, thin or thick foils (flat or curved) of square, rectangular, or other shapes. In some embodiments, the cathode and / or anode can be rectangular, cylindrical, prismatic, cubic, or other shapes. In some embodiments, one or each of the cathode and anode is a single structure. In some embodiments, one or each of the cathode and anode includes multiple structures. In some embodiments, the cathode and anode are the same shape. In some embodiments, the cathode and anode are different shapes.

[0064] In some embodiments, the outer surface structure of the electrode includes a minimum smooth area, a structured and textured surface with an increased area, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode are planar. As will be understood, the cathode and anode can have any suitable composition, structure, and / or size.

[0065] Any electrode described herein, whether cathode or anode, whether non-magnetic, magnetic, or electromagnetic, may have a simple surface or a surface functionalized by any treatment or addition of catalytic particles or other particles, regardless of the surface shape. Therefore, this document covers at least the following types of electrodes: (i) non-magnetic conductor, anode, simple; (ii) non-magnetic conductor, anode, catalytic; (iii) non-magnetic conductor, cathode, simple; (iv) non-magnetic conductor, cathode, catalytic; (v) magnetic conductor, anode, simple; (vi) magnetic conductor, anode, catalytic; (vii) magnetic conductor, cathode, simple; (viii) magnetic conductor, cathode, catalytic; (ix) electromagnet, anode, simple; (x) electromagnet, anode, catalytic; (xi) electromagnet, cathode, simple; and (xii) electromagnet, cathode, catalytic.

[0066] All these types of electrodes can be operated in a variety of ways. For example, by using a stable unidirectional current (options 1 and 3; Table 1) or by changing the DC level to improve the energy efficiency of the electrochemical cell, such as in hydrogen production (options 2 and 4; Table 1).

[0067] Non-magnetic electrical conductor

[0068] In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode comprise a nonmagnetic electrical conductor. As used herein, “nonmagnetic electrical conductor” is intended to encompass any form of electrode that is not magnetic. Suitable electrodes will be well known to those skilled in the art in light of the overall content of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the nonmagnetic electrical conductor comprises or is made of metal, such as copper, silver, platinum, nickel, aluminum, or alloys thereof. In some embodiments, the nonmagnetic electrical conductor comprises or is made of graphite or carbon.

[0069] In embodiments of the systems and methods described herein, only one of the cathode or anode is a non-magnetic conductor, while the other comprises or includes a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet. In one embodiment, the cathode is a non-magnetic conductor. In one embodiment, the anode is a non-magnetic conductor.

[0070] In one embodiment of the system and method described herein, both the cathode and anode are non-magnetic electrical conductors.

[0071] In some embodiments, the nonmagnetic conductors described herein include one or more functional properties. For example, but not limited to, nonmagnetic conductors can be catalytic. In some embodiments, nonmagnetic conductors are catalytic due to their inherent chemical properties, conductive thin coatings, attached particles, or any combination thereof. Regardless of the composition and structure of the surface catalyst, they can increase the rate of the desired reaction.

[0072] Magnetic conductor

[0073] Without being bound by any particular theory, a magnetic field can enhance the production of one or more chemical substances and / or effects (e.g., hydrogen) by providing a magnetic field to electrolyze an aqueous medium. However, inserting an external magnet into an electrochemical cell can disrupt the electric field between the cathode and anode and interfere with the necessary movement of ions in the electrolyte. The system disclosed herein advantageously discloses an electrochemical cell comprising one or both a cathode and an anode, which include magnetic conductors. Another advantage of magnetic conductors is that there are no additional moving parts and they provide beneficial effects for the electrochemical reaction without requiring additional energy consumption during operation.

[0074] In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode include a magnetic conductor or a magnetic conductor. In some embodiments, only the cathode includes a magnetic conductor or a magnetic conductor. In some embodiments, only the anode includes a magnetic conductor or a magnetic conductor. In some embodiments, both the cathode and anode include a magnetic conductor or a magnetic conductor.

[0075] In some embodiments, only a portion or region of the magnetic conductor may be a magnetic material. In some embodiments, the entire conductive material of the magnetic conductor is magnetic. The magnetic material may be any suitable material, such as metals and metal alloys that can retain or carry magnetic charges or magnetic fields. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes magnetic metal alloys, rare-earth magnets, and ceramic magnets. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes ferritic stainless steel.

[0076] In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic conductor comprises or is made of a permanent magnet. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor comprises or is made of a conductive permanent magnet material. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor comprises a conductive material contained within, applied to, or any combination thereof within a permanent magnet material. Therefore, in some embodiments, the electrodes in the electrochemical cell may comprise or be permanent magnet electrodes. In one embodiment, the cathode is a permanent magnet electrode. In one embodiment, the anode is a permanent magnet electrode. In one embodiment, both the cathode and the anode are permanent magnet electrodes.

[0077] Magnetic conductors allow for normal electrical conduction while also providing a magnetic field. The presence of a magnetic conductor in one or both of the cathode and anode advantageously provides a stronger and more uniform magnetic field in the region near and between the cathode and anode where the desired electrochemical reaction occurs.

[0078] In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor comprises a single-component structure or a multi-component structure. In some embodiments, multiple magnetic components may be arranged as a single magnetic conductor to provide long-term operation of the magnetic conductor. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor comprises one or more magnetic components disposed within a frame, a magnetic sheet on which one or more magnetic components are disposed, or a non-magnetic sheet on both sides of a non-magnetic sheet having multiple magnetic components disposed thereon. For example, multiple smaller magnetic sheets may be joined together to form an entire area of ​​the desired shape and size.

[0079] In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes a north pole and a south pole. In some embodiments, the north and south poles are located on opposite faces of the magnetic conductor. In embodiments, the opposite faces are relative to the cross-sectional axis of the magnetic conductor, such as the axis of a circular or cylindrical shape. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes a magnetic field positioned perpendicular to the surface of one or both of the cathode and anode, such that the magnetic field extends beyond one or both of the cathode and anode. More specifically, in some embodiments, the magnetic field of the magnetic conductor is oriented perpendicular to the surface of the opposite faces, such that the magnetic field extends outward from the magnetic conductor into the region of the electrochemical cell including the electrolyte. As will be understood, other orientations of the magnetic field may be applicable, resulting in the production of one or more chemical substances and / or effects.

[0080] In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes one or more chemical properties for catalyzing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, one or more conductive thin coatings, one or more attached particles, or combinations thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes catalytic particles. Such a magnetic catalytic electrode is described herein, including methods of its preparation, but is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes one or more features for preventing degradation of the magnetic conductor by the electrolyte. In embodiments, the features for preventing degradation may be a coating or cap placed directly or indirectly on the electrode. In embodiments, the features for preventing degradation make the magnetic conductor impermeable to the electrolyte within the electrochemical cell, thereby preventing degradation of the magnetic conductor by the electrolyte.

[0081] As used herein, the term "magnetic field" may be used interchangeably with the term "magnetic force." In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes one or more magnetic forces with magnetic strengths between about 0.2 microtesla and about 80 millitalas, about 0.4 microtesla and about 60 millitalas, about 0.6 microtesla and about 40 millitalas, or about 0.8 microtesla and about 20 millitalas. In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes one or more magnetic forces with magnetic strengths between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas. Without being bound by any particular theory, the magnetic force can act on the reactants of an electrochemical reaction by means of a catalyst in some embodiments, to orient the spin and molecules of the reactants, thereby advantageously increasing the rate of known electrochemical reactions or making the rate of other electrochemical reactions practical. As will be understood, in the presence of catalytic particles or catalytic electrodes, the rate of an electrochemical reaction without the magnetic force of a magnetic conductor may be slower, but it is still practical for producing one or more chemical substances and / or effects. In some embodiments, the magnetic force is directed to the region where the electrochemical reaction occurs. Without being constrained by any particular theory, the magnetic force itself, or its interaction with a catalyst, can advantageously improve the current generation of a galvanic cell, or increase the rate or efficiency of chemical production within an electrolytic cell.

[0082] In some embodiments, the magnetic conductor includes one or more supports for providing stable positioning of the magnetic conductor within an electrochemical cell and / or mechanically resisting one or more magnetic forces. In some embodiments, the one or more supports comprise an inert material. In some embodiments, the inert material includes plastic, rubber, wood, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more supports comprise one or more substructure magnetic supports. Without being bound by any particular theory, inserting one or more supports as non-conductive spacers advantageously provides permanent separation of two or more magnetic conductors, thereby preventing harmful interactions between magnetic forces between opposing (positive and negative) magnetic conductors.

[0083] Electromagnet

[0084] In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode include an electromagnet or an electromagnet. In some embodiments, only the cathode includes an electromagnet or an electromagnet. In some embodiments, only the anode includes an electromagnet or an electromagnet. In some embodiments, both the cathode and anode include an electromagnet or an electromagnet.

[0085] While electromagnets can be used instead of permanent magnet electrodes, it will be understood that electromagnets may be less advantageous due to space and geometry constraints. Furthermore, electromagnets require electricity, while permanent magnets do not.

[0086] In some embodiments, the electromagnet includes a planar electromagnet, a parallel pole electromagnet, a standard lifting electromagnet, a levitation electromagnet, a laboratory electromagnet, and a permanent magnet.

[0087] In some embodiments, the electromagnet includes a magnetic field positioned perpendicular to the surface of one or both of the cathode and anode, such that the magnetic field extends beyond one or both of the cathode and anode. More specifically, in some embodiments, the electromagnet includes a magnetic field positioned perpendicular to the surface of one or both of the cathode and anode, such that the magnetic field extends beyond one or both of the cathode and anode.

[0088] In some embodiments, the electromagnet includes one or more magnetic forces having a magnetic strength between about 0.2 microtesla and about 80 millitalas, about 0.4 microtesla and about 60 millitalas, about 0.6 microtesla and about 40 millitalas, or about 0.8 microtesla and about 20 millitalas. In some embodiments, the electromagnet includes one or more magnetic forces having a magnetic strength between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas.

[0089] In some embodiments, the electromagnet includes one or more supports for providing stable positioning of the electromagnet within the electrochemical cell and / or mechanically resisting one or more magnetic forces. In some embodiments, the one or more supports include an inert material. In some embodiments, the inert material includes plastic, rubber, wood, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more supports include one or more substructure magnetic supports.

[0090] It will be understood that, as used herein, "one or both of the cathode and the anode" includes embodiments that include both a cathode and an anode.

[0091] Components

[0092] The components are configured to provide one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, all or more of the components are external to the electrochemical cell but are positioned in an operably associated manner. By “operably associated” or “operably associated,” it means that they are positioned such that a particular excitation can reach or have any effect on the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0093] In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a constant frequency. In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a periodic frequency having a predetermined time interval. In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a periodic frequency having a random time interval.

[0094] In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with a constant duration. In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with a duration that varies in a predetermined pattern. In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with a randomly variable duration.

[0095] In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a constant amplitude. In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with an amplitude that varies in a predetermined pattern. In some embodiments, one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a randomly variable amplitude.

[0096] In some embodiments, one or more components include a protective coating to prevent degradation of the one or more components by the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the protective coating comprises an inert material. In some embodiments, the protective coating comprises plastic, Teflon, etc. TM Etc. As will be understood, any configuration, shape, or placement of one or more components may be applicable.

[0097] In some embodiments, one or more components include: one or more external electromagnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or electrolyte; and / or one or more external permanent magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or electrolyte; and / or one or more internal permanent magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or electrolyte; and / or one or more temporary magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or electrolyte. As used herein, “external” means outside the electrochemical cell, and “internal” means inside the electrochemical cell.

[0098] Excitation and Electrodes

[0099] Various specific embodiments of the electrochemical system disclosed herein are defined in the following lines (Table 2). For each embodiment listed in Table 2, the electrochemical cell may have non-magnetic electrodes (cathode and anode) or one or both of them (cathode and / or electrodes) comprising magnetic conductors and / or electromagnets. Regardless of the type of electrode, it may be functionalized or defunctionalized with one or more catalysts.

[0100] Table 2: Examples of using magnetic or non-magnetic electrodes with simultaneous excitation, each electrode with or without a catalyst.

[0101]

[0102]

[0103]

[0104] For each embodiment in Table 2 that has a magnetic field, the magnetic field can be a constant or stable magnetic field, a variable magnetic field, a pulsed magnetic field, or any combination thereof. As will be understood from the disclosure herein, the magnetic field can have any suitable orientation relative to the electrodes and can be directed toward one or both of the electrodes or other parts of the electrochemical cell. In embodiments, the magnetic field is generated outside the electrochemical cell. In embodiments, the magnetic field can originate from a source within the electrochemical cell. In embodiments, the magnetic field can be generated outside the electrochemical cell and can be generated from a source within the electrochemical cell. In any embodiment where the magnetic field is a constant or stable magnetic field, it can be provided by a permanent magnet. In embodiments, the permanent magnet can be inside the electrochemical cell, outside the electrochemical cell, or any combination thereof. As will be understood, the permanent magnet does not require a power source.

[0105] For each embodiment in Table 2, one or both of the electrodes (cathode and / or anode) comprise a magnetic electrode, which may also be a magnetic catalytic electrode, such as those described herein. In embodiments with a magnetic field, the magnetic field may be a constant or stable magnetic field, a variable magnetic field, a pulsed magnetic field, or any combination thereof. Thus, various different arrangements and combinations of magnetic electrodes, magnetic fields, and magnetic catalytic particles can be employed in the electrochemical systems of this disclosure. Exemplary embodiments are shown in Table 3. However, it will be understood that additional configurations and arrangements, such as alternative types of external magnetic fields, are covered herein. For example, permanent magnets may be used to provide a variable / pulsated magnetic field by moving permanent magnets into and out of locations near the electrochemical cell. Furthermore, temporary magnets may be used in any number of different configurations to provide a constant or variable / pulsated magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0106] Table 3: Examples of electrochemical systems using magnetic electrodes, magnetic fields, and magnetic catalytic particles

[0107]

[0108]

[0109]

[0110]

[0111] C / A = Cathode and Electrode; A = Anode Only; C = Cathode Only

[0112] For each embodiment in Table 3 with an externally applied magnetic field (constant, variable / pulsed, or both), the magnetic field can be oriented in any suitable manner relative to the electrodes and can be directed toward one or both of the electrodes or other parts of the electrochemical cell (e.g., the region containing the electrolyte). In embodiments with constant and variable / pulsed magnetic fields, these magnetic fields can be oriented in the same or different directions, and their origin can be from the same or different locations.

[0113] Although Table 3 describes the generation of magnetic fields (constant, variable / pulsed, or both) outside the electrochemical cell (i.e., externally), magnetic fields can also be generated inside the electrochemical cell by placing a magnet or electromagnet inside it. Therefore, in the embodiments, the magnetic field (constant, variable / pulsed, or both) can originate from a source within the electrochemical cell. In the embodiments, one or more magnetic fields (constant, variable / pulsed, or both) can be generated outside the electrochemical cell, while another one or more magnetic fields (constant, variable / pulsed, or both) may originate from a source within the electrochemical cell.

[0114] Referring to Table 3, examples employing magnetic catalytic particles also show the use of a magnetic conductor at the same electrode. This is because once magnetic catalytic particles are present on the electrode, it becomes a magnetic conductor due to their presence. However, as described herein, magnetic catalytic particles can be dispersed on either non-magnetic or magnetic conductors.

[0115] Each incentive will now be described in more detail, but is not limited to this.

[0116] magnetic field

[0117] In some embodiments, one or more excitations include a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be constant, variable, or pulsed. As used herein, with respect to a magnetic field, "constant" means a magnetic field continuously applied with the same or substantially similar intensity; "variable" means that the intensity and / or duration of application of the magnetic field is not continuous; and "pulsed" means that a magnetic field is applied intermittently with the same or substantially the same intensity. As used herein, the term "variable" encompasses pulses, and when the term "variable" is used, it includes pulses unless explicitly excluded.

[0118] In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more internal electromagnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more external electromagnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, the one or more external electromagnets include one or more coils disposed outside the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the one or more coils are operatively connected to the electrochemical cell to provide power and thereby provide a magnetic field. The one or more coils may be square, circular, rectangular, elliptical, triangular, etc. In some embodiments, the one or more coils include a gradual variation of the current provided therein.

[0119] Without being bound by any particular theory, providing coils outside the electrochemical cell advantageously offers increased geometric / structural complexity to avoid interference with the electrical operation and movement of ions in the electrolyte. For example, but not limited to, one or more components include two or more square coils that can generate a uniform magnetic field of about 0.01 mT to about 10 mT over an area of ​​about 10 × 10 cm. As will be understood, coils of any size can be suitable.

[0120] In some embodiments, one or more components include an external programmable power source for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0121] In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more internal permanent magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more external permanent magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more external temporary magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0122] In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode include metallurgical treatment such that a portion of the external magnetic field conducted into the electrochemical cell emerges from one or more surfaces of one or both of the cathode and anode.

[0123] In some embodiments, the magnetic field is constant. In some embodiments, the magnetic field is variable. In some embodiments, the magnetic field is pulsed. In some embodiments, the magnetic field comprises a periodic waveform. In some embodiments, the periodic waveform comprises a sine wave. As will be understood, any size, shape, amplitude, and repetition frequency of the magnetic field may be applicable, depending on the power supply and inductance of the coil.

[0124] In some embodiments, the magnetic field comprises one or more magnetic forces having a constant magnetic strength. In some embodiments, the magnetic field comprises one or more magnetic forces having a magnetic strength between about 0.2 microtesla and about 80 millitalas, about 0.4 microtesla and about 60 millitalas, about 0.6 microtesla and about 40 millitalas, or about 0.8 microtesla and about 20 millitalas. In some embodiments, the magnetic field comprises one or more magnetic forces having a magnetic strength between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas. In some embodiments, the magnetic field comprises one or more magnetic forces having a variable magnetic strength.

[0125] In some embodiments, the magnetic field includes an orientation relative to one or both of the cathode and anode. More specifically, in some embodiments, the magnetic field includes an orientation or direction extending into a region of the electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the magnetic field includes an orientation or direction toward or extending into one or both of the cathode and anode. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell is positioned such that the magnetic field is at an arbitrary angle to the plane of one or both of the cathode and anode to determine an optimized geometry of the electrochemical cell for one or more components. As will be understood, any orientation relative to one or both of the cathode and anode may be applicable.

[0126] In some embodiments, the magnetic field is directed to one or more regions of the electrochemical reaction.

[0127] electrical pulse

[0128] In some embodiments, one or more excitations include electrical pulses. In some embodiments, one or more components include a generator, electrical leads, diodes, or combinations thereof for providing electrical pulses to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. For example, but not limited to, one or more components may be an external power source (e.g., a coil driven by a high-frequency power source surrounding the electrochemical cell) with one or more suitable antennas to irradiate and induce high-frequency oscillations. As will be understood, the electrical pulses can be provided by variable operation of a power source providing direct current. In some embodiments, electrical pulses are provided simultaneously in addition to direct current. In some embodiments, one or more components include an external power source for providing electrical pulses to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. As will be understood, diodes may be used to ensure that direct current from the power source is not applied to the external power source.

[0129] In some embodiments, the electrical pulse includes a positive pulse, a negative pulse, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrical pulse is provided simultaneously with direct current from a power source.

[0130] In some embodiments, the electrical pulse has a duration between about 1 nanosecond and about 1 second, about 2 nanoseconds and about 2 seconds, about 3 nanoseconds and about 3 seconds, or about 4 nanoseconds and about 4 seconds. In some embodiments, the electrical pulse has a duration of less than about 1 nanosecond. In some embodiments, the electrical pulse has a duration of more than about 4 seconds.

[0131] In some embodiments, the electrical pulse includes an amplitude between about 0.2 millivolts and about 80 volts, about 0.4 millivolts and about 60 volts, about 0.6 millivolts and about 40 volts, or about 0.8 millivolts and about 20 volts. In some embodiments, the electrical pulse includes an amplitude between about 1 millivolt and about 10 volts.

[0132] In some embodiments, the electrical pulse includes a frequency between about 0.2 Hz and about 80 MHz, about 0.4 Hz and about 60 MHz, about 0.6 Hz and about 40 MHz, or about 0.8 Hz and about 20 MHz. In some embodiments, the electrical pulse includes a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 10 MHz.

[0133] In some embodiments, one or more components include leads for providing an electrical pulse to one or both of the cathode and anode. As will be understood, leads for DC voltage can also be used to provide an electrical pulse to one or both of the cathode and anode.

[0134] As will be understood, the provision of the electrical pulse may also provide one or more other excitations. In some embodiments, the provision of the electrical pulse, which is between about 100 Hz and about 10 MHz, simultaneously provides a magnetic field. In some embodiments, the provision of the electrical pulse at a desired location using an antenna simultaneously provides a radio frequency wave.

[0135] Mechanical vibration

[0136] In some embodiments, one or more excitations include mechanical vibration. Mechanical vibration can be constant, variable, or pulsed. As used herein, with respect to mechanical vibration, "constant" means mechanical vibration applied continuously at the same or substantially similar intensity; "variable" means that the intensity of the mechanical vibration and / or the duration of the applied mechanical vibration is not continuous; and "pulsed" (or intermittent) means mechanical vibration applied intermittently at the same or substantially the same intensity. As used herein, the term "variable" encompasses pulse, and when the term "variable" is used, it includes pulse unless explicitly excluded.

[0137] In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more vibrators selected from mechanical vibrators, electric vibrators, electromagnetic vibrators, pneumatic vibrators, repetitive motion vibrators, or combinations thereof, for providing mechanical vibration to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, one or more vibrators include mechanical vibrators comprising actuators, platforms (e.g., platforms where the electrochemical cell is located), power sources, or any combination thereof. For example, but not limited to, one or more components may be an electric cam and an eccentric counterweight. As will be understood, one or more components for providing mechanical vibration can be operatively attached to the electrochemical cell using any material, geometry, and attachment method.

[0138] In some embodiments, the mechanical vibrations include frequencies between about 0.2 Hz and about 80 MHz, about 0.4 Hz and about 60 MHz, about 0.6 Hz and about 40 MHz, or about 0.8 Hz and about 20 MHz. In some embodiments, the mechanical vibrations include frequencies between about 1 Hz and about 1 MHz. As will be understood, the frequency and amplitude of the mechanical vibrations depend on the range and capability of one or more components.

[0139] In some embodiments, mechanical vibration includes longitudinal vibrational motion, shear vibrational motion, or a combination thereof. As will be understood, mechanical vibration can propagate in any direction.

[0140] In some embodiments, the mechanical vibration is constant. In some embodiments, the mechanical vibration is pulsed.

[0141] Without being constrained by any particular theory, mechanical vibration can influence the dynamics on the electrode surface to improve electrolysis efficiency and / or dislodge bubbles of one or more chemicals and / or effects from the electrodes to increase the effective electrode area for further electrochemical reactions. This, in turn, can result in a more stable voltage when the electrochemical cell operates at a constant current. Advantageously, the provision of mechanical vibration can be energy-efficient by moving the electrolyte between narrowly spaced electrodes.

[0142] sound

[0143] As used herein, the term “sound” may be used interchangeably with the term “sound wave.” Sound can be constant, variable, or impulsive. As used herein, with respect to sound, “constant” means the continuous application of the same or substantially similar type of sound (e.g., volume, pitch, vibration, and wavelength); “variable” means a change in the type of sound (e.g., volume, pitch, vibration, or wavelength) and / or a discontinuous application of sound; and “impulsive” (or intermittent) means the intermittent application of the same or substantially similar type of sound (e.g., volume, pitch, vibration, and wavelength). As used herein, the term “variable” encompasses impulsive (or intermittent) sound, and when the term “variable” is used, it includes impulsive sound unless explicitly excluded.

[0144] In some embodiments, one or more excitations include sound. In some embodiments, sound includes vibration. In some embodiments, sound includes frequencies between about 2 Hz and about 100 kHz, about 6 Hz and about 80 kHz, about 10 Hz and about 60 kHz, or about 14 Hz and about 40 kHz. In some embodiments, sound includes frequencies between about 20 Hz and about 20 kHz. In some embodiments, sound includes ultrasound. In some embodiments, ultrasound includes frequencies greater than about 20 kHz.

[0145] In some embodiments, one or more components include an acoustic transducer, a piezoelectric transducer, or a combination thereof for providing sound to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, the acoustic transducer includes an electric coil disposed outside the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric transducer includes a plurality of metal plates defining at least two sides of a piezoelectric material layer. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material includes lead zirconium titanate, zinc oxide, etc. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell also includes one or more components within the electrochemical cell for providing sound. In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode include a piezoelectric material, etc., for inducing vibrations through sound.

[0146] In some embodiments, one or more components for providing sound are operatively associated with multiple wires for connection to an external power source. As will be understood, the multiple wires can be provided in any configuration, either outside, through, or inside the electrochemical cell, to ensure proper electrical operation of the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the multiple wires include a coating to prevent degradation by the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the coating includes inert plastics, Teflon Teflon, etc. M wait.

[0147] In some embodiments, one or more components for providing sound are configured to be parallel to one or both of the cathode and anode. In some embodiments, one or more components for providing sound are configured to be perpendicular to one or both of the cathode and anode. In some embodiments, one or more components for providing sound are configured to contact one or more surfaces of the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, one or more components for providing sound include the same shape and size as one or both of the cathode and anode.

[0148] Without being bound by any particular theory, sound (i.e., ultrasound) can advantageously influence chemical reactions by removing bubbles from the surfaces of one or both of the cathode and anode, thereby increasing the surface area available for further electrochemical reactions. In some embodiments, the sound is constant. In some embodiments, the sound is pulsed.

[0149] Light

[0150] As used herein, the term “light” may be used interchangeably with the terms “optics” or “light radiation”.

[0151] In some embodiments, one or more stimuli include light. In some embodiments, light includes ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, light includes sunlight. Without being bound by any particular theory, sunlight is advantageously readily and freely available.

[0152] In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more light sources contained within an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, one or more components for providing light include one or more wires operatively connected to an external power source. In some embodiments, one or more components include a transparent coating for preventing degradation by the electrolyte.

[0153] In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more light sources located outside the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, one or more components include a mirror, light guide, optical fiber, light-emitting diode, lamp, laser, window, or combination thereof for providing light to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, the mirror is positioned within the electrochemical cell such that light is reflected to increase its adsorption. In some embodiments, the mirror is flat, structured, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mirror includes a coating for preventing degradation by the electrolyte. In some embodiments, one or more components include a light-emitting diode.

[0154] In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode are translucent, transparent, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode comprise a transparent conductive material. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material comprises indium tin oxide, etc. As will be understood, light can be introduced into one or both of the cathode and anode perpendicularly or reflectively. In some embodiments, one or both of the cathode and anode include an optical diffuser for redirecting light passing through the transparent conductive material into one or both of the cathode and anode.

[0155] In some embodiments, one or more surfaces of the electrochemical cell are translucent, transparent, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more surfaces of the electrochemical cell comprise a transparent conductive material.

[0156] In some embodiments, the light is pulsed. In some embodiments, the light is constant. In some embodiments, the light has constant polarization. In some embodiments, the light has variable polarization.

[0157] Without being bound by any particular theory, photons carry a certain amount of energy to favorably promote the electrolysis of water molecules. The combination of electrochemistry and optical illumination can be called photoelectrochemistry (PEC).

[0158] radio frequency waves

[0159] In some embodiments, one or more excitations include radio frequency waves. In some embodiments, the radio frequency waves include frequencies between about 1 kHz and about 1000 GHz, about 1.5 kHz and about 1500 GHz, about 2 kHz and about 2000 GHz, or about 2.5 kHz and about 2500 GHz. In some embodiments, the radio frequency waves include frequencies between about 3 kHz and about 3000 GHz.

[0160] In some embodiments, the radio frequency wave has a constant propagation direction. In some embodiments, the radio frequency wave has a variable propagation direction. In some embodiments, the radio frequency wave has a constant polarization. In some embodiments, the radio frequency wave has a variable polarization. In some embodiments, the radio frequency wave is constant. In some embodiments, the radio frequency wave is pulsed.

[0161] In some embodiments, one or more components include wires, a radio frequency transmitter, an antenna, or a combination thereof for carrying electrical signals, for providing radio frequency waves to an electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more wires operatively connecting an external power source to one or more parts of the electrochemical cell for providing radio frequency waves to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more wires operatively connecting an external power source to one or both of a cathode and an anode for providing radio frequency waves to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein. In some embodiments, one or more wires include coaxial cables. In some embodiments, one or more components for providing radio frequency waves also include one or more capacitors. Without being constrained by any particular theory, the capacitors can prevent DC voltages and low-frequency signals from interacting with the external power source.

[0162] In some embodiments, radio frequency waves include electromagnetic waves radiated into free space. In some embodiments, one or more components include one or more antennas for radiating electromagnetic waves into free space. As used herein, the term "free space" is intended to refer to the air volume between components of an electrochemical system or electrochemical cell. As will be understood, any type of antenna may be applicable.

[0163] Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, wherein numbers denote the same components, examples of which are shown in the accompanying drawings, which further illustrate exemplary embodiments but are not limited thereto.

[0164] Figure 1 An exemplary electrochemical system 100 of this disclosure is shown, which includes an electrochemical cell 110, a DC power supply 120, and optional geomagnetic energy sources 130, pulse energy sources 140, vibration energy sources 150, sound energy sources 160, light energy sources 170, and radio frequency energy sources 180. Although Figure 1 An electrochemical cell configured to be optionally operatively associated with six energy sources to provide one or more excitations (130, 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180) is shown, but based on the disclosure herein, those skilled in the art will know of additional components and / or configurations.

[0165] In some embodiments, the DC power supply 120 is programmably controlled by a computer operating device (not shown) to provide a stable waveform, a variable waveform, or a combination thereof.

[0166] In some embodiments, the magnet energy source 130 includes one or more coils for providing current and a magnetic field. In some embodiments, the one or more coils are contained within the electrochemical cell 110. In some embodiments, the one or more coils are located outside the electrochemical cell 110.

[0167] In some embodiments, the pulsed power source 140 includes one or more wires operatively connected to one or both of the cathode and anode in the electrochemical cell 110. In some embodiments, the one or more wires provide a stable or variable direct current to the electrochemical cell 110. In some embodiments, the pulsed power source 140 includes one or more diodes for providing a variable direct current to the electrochemical cell 110.

[0168] In some embodiments, vibration energy source 150 provides mechanical vibration. In some embodiments, sound energy source 160 provides audible sound including frequencies between about 20 Hz and about 20 kHz. In some embodiments, sound energy source 160 provides ultrasonic sound including frequencies greater than about 20 kHz. As used herein, the term "ultrasonic sound" may be used interchangeably with the term "ultrasound".

[0169] In some embodiments, the radio frequency power source 180 provides radio frequency waves with frequencies between about 3 kHz and about 3000 GHz.

[0170] In some embodiments, six energy sources (130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180) provide one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell 110 while the DC power supply 120 is operating stably. In some embodiments, the six energy sources (130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180) provide one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell 110 while the DC power supply 120 is operating variably. In some embodiments, the six energy sources (130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180) are operatively associated with one or more components contained within the electrochemical cell 110. In some embodiments, the six energy sources (130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180) are operatively associated with one or more components located outside the electrochemical cell 110. In some embodiments, the provision of one or more excitations selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency waves includes a continuous energy input.

[0171] Without being bound by any particular theory, the energy cost of producing one or more chemical substances and / or effects can be reduced by providing one or more incentives. This reduction in energy cost can be expressed as reducing the energy input to the electrochemical system 100 to produce the same amount of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, or equivalently, obtaining more one or more chemical substances and / or effects with the same amount (and cost) of input electrical energy (see Equation 1 below):

[0172] E T =E dc +E pm +E pe +E m +E s +E l +E rf (1)

[0173] in:

[0174] E T = Total input energy varying with time (Hr)

[0175] E dc = Energy input from DC power supply 120 varying with time (Hr)

[0176] E pm = Energy input from magnetic power source 130 that varies with time (Hr)

[0177] E pe = Energy input from pulsed energy source 140 that varies with time (Hr)

[0178] E m Energy input from vibrational energy source 150 varies with time (Hr).

[0179] E s = Energy input from sound energy source 160 that varies with time (Hr)

[0180] E l = Energy input from light energy source 170 that varies with time (Hr)

[0181] E rf = Energy input from radio frequency energy source 180 that varies with time (Hr).

[0182] Without being bound by any particular theory, the efficiency of each term in Equation 1 incorporates various factors. A common method of measuring electrolysis efficiency is called Faraday efficiency, which measures the ratio of the number of water molecules decomposed to the number of water molecules decomposed without energy loss (such as heat). Thermodynamic losses cause heating of one or both of the cathode and anode, and components, in the electrochemical cell 110. The magnetic energy source 130 and pulse energy source 140 will have some losses during pulse generation due to internal circuit resistance, as well as losses in generating a magnetic field and coupling it to one or both of the cathode and anode. Components of the vibration energy source 150, which uses any energy source to initiate motion, will not be entirely efficient, and some energy will be lost due to friction and other effects when coupling the motion source to the electrochemical cell 110. The sound energy source 160 will not operate entirely efficiently, in addition to some power inefficiency. While losses exist in the light energy source 170, these losses can be mitigated by using light-emitting diodes as one or more components for providing light. The radio frequency energy source 180 involves electronic circuitry, some of which will be lost due to resistance, radiation, and other mechanisms.

[0183] Figure 2 Two exemplary electrochemical cells including a unipolar electrode (panel A) are shown, or an electrochemical system including a bipolar electrode (panel B) in some exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the term "unipolar" is intended to refer to an electrode having one type of charge, whether positive or negative. As used herein, the term "bipolar" is intended to refer to an electrode having both positive and negative charges.

[0184] like Figure 2 (As shown in panel A), the membrane separates hydrogen and oxygen generated at electrodes having negative and positive potentials, respectively. An aqueous electrolyte (not shown) is periodically supplied to the electrochemical cell to refresh it using a new precursor (i.e., water) for the electrochemical reaction. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell includes one or more conduits for supplying and / or receiving the aqueous electrolyte.

[0185] like Figure 2 (As shown in panel B), the electrode includes a negative plate and a positive plate, wherein each plate is separated by an insulator. The generated oxygen and hydrogen are removed from the electrochemical cell, possibly along with electrolyte vapor. In some embodiments, the generated oxygen and hydrogen are stored within the electrolytic cell. In some embodiments, the generated oxygen and hydrogen are processed downstream to remove water vapor and provide high-purity gas.

[0186] In some embodiments, the electrodes are arranged within approximately 5 cm of each other, approximately 4 cm of each other, approximately 3 cm of each other, or approximately 2 cm of each other. In some embodiments, the electrodes are arranged within approximately 1 cm of each other. In some embodiments, one or more components are contained outside the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the electrodes are arranged such that one or more components for providing one or more excitations can be contained within the electrochemical cell.

[0187] Figure 3 The steps of an exemplary method 300 for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects disclosed herein are illustrated. In some embodiments, method 300 includes: providing a constant or variable current 310 to a cathode and an anode within an electrochemical cell, wherein one or both of the cathode and anode optionally include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; applying one or more excitations 320 to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein, and optionally directly to one or both of the cathode and anode; and receiving or generating one or more chemical substances and / or effects 330 from the electrochemical cell, wherein the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequencies, and wherein: when one or both of the cathode and anode include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, one or more excitations are applied to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein; or when neither the cathode nor the anode includes a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet, two or more excitations are applied to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0188] In some embodiments, the step of supplying a constant or variable current to the cathode and anode within the electrochemical cell includes a power source. In some embodiments, the power source can be any suitable device or component as described herein. In some embodiments, the current includes direct current (DC). In some embodiments, the DC current is constant and unidirectional. In some embodiments, the DC current is variable and unidirectional. In some embodiments, the DC current is variable and bidirectional.

[0189] In some embodiments, the step of applying 320 or more stimuli occurs at a constant frequency, a periodic frequency with a predetermined time interval, or a periodic frequency with a random time interval. In some embodiments, the step of applying 320 or more stimuli occurs for a constant duration, a duration that varies according to a predetermined pattern, or a random variation. In some embodiments, the step of applying 320 or more stimuli occurs with a constant amplitude, a duration that varies according to a predetermined pattern, or a random variation.

[0190] In some embodiments, the step of receiving or generating 330 or more chemical substances and / or effects from an electrochemical cell includes generating hydrogen, oxygen, or a combination thereof.

[0191] Figure 4 The steps of an exemplary method 400 for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode according to this disclosure are illustrated. In some embodiments, method 400 includes the steps of: providing 410 catalytic particles, said catalytic particles being non-magnetic; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material 420 to form a mixture; distributing the mixture 430 onto the surface of a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the magnetic electrode at an areal density; optionally, removing 440 a first amount of application material from the mixture; applying a magnetic field 450 to the catalytic particles to induce a permanent magnetic moment and form magnetic catalytic particles; and optionally, removing 460 a second amount of application material from the mixture to provide a magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0192] In some embodiments, the catalyst particles are pre-magnetized. In embodiments, the catalyst particles are inorganic or organic materials. In embodiments, the catalyst particles include, but are not limited to, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biocatalysts, as well as platinum, nickel, vanadium, or iron-based metallic materials and aluminosilicates.

[0193] In some embodiments, the step of applying a 450 magnetic field includes using a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, or a combination thereof.

[0194] Figure 5 The steps of another exemplary method 500 for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode according to the present disclosure are shown. In some embodiments, method 500 includes the following steps: providing 510 catalytic particles, said catalytic particles being magnetic; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material 520 to form a mixture; distributing the mixture onto the surface of a non-magnetic electrode or a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed at an areal density 530 on the surface of the non-magnetic electrode or optionally a magnetic electrode; removing 540 a first amount of the application material from the mixture; and, when using a non-magnetic electrode, providing 550 an adhesive to the surfaces of the catalytic particles and the non-magnetic electrode to provide a magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0195] In some embodiments, the catalytic particles comprise organic materials, inorganic materials, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the organic materials comprise homogeneous biocatalysts, heterogeneous biocatalysts, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the catalytic particles comprise metals, alloys, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the catalytic particles comprise platinum, nickel, vanadium, iron, aluminosilicates, or combinations thereof. As will be understood, the catalytic particles may include, but are not limited to, the examples described above, but other compositions and materials of the catalytic particles may also be applicable.

[0196] In some embodiments, the mixing (420, 520) step includes any means or components suitable for mixing.

[0197] In some embodiments, the applied material comprises a solid. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises a powder. In some embodiments, one or both of the steps of removing (440, 540) a first amount of applied material and optionally removing 460 a second amount of applied material comprises sublimation, pyrolysis, slow dissolution, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the step of distributing (430, 530) the mixture comprises mechanical stirring, ultrasonic stirring, or a combination thereof.

[0198] In some embodiments, the applied material comprises a liquid. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises a suspension. In some embodiments, one or both of the steps of removing (440, 540) a first amount of applied material and optionally removing 460 a second amount of applied material comprises dehydration, evaporation, heating, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the step of distributing (430, 530) the mixture comprises: immersing a catalytic electrode in the mixture, rotating the catalytic electrode, or a combination thereof, after applying the mixture to the catalytic electrode.

[0199] Without being constrained by any particular theory, a (430, 530) distribution step may be necessary to prevent non-uniform inward flow of reactants and non-uniform outward flow of products, as well as the efficient use of the magnetic catalytic electrode. Controlling the areal density of the catalytic particles can allow the entire surface area of ​​the electrode to be used for the electrochemical reaction.

[0200] In some embodiments, the method (400, 500) further includes the step of providing a magnetic catalytic electrode in a shape for operation with an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the shape includes a cylinder, cuboid, pyramid, sphere, cube, cone, prism, etc.

[0201] In some embodiments, the adhesive includes wet adhesives, contact adhesives, one-component reactive adhesives, two-component reactive adhesives, hot melt adhesives, pressure-sensitive adhesives, or combinations thereof.

[0202] In some embodiments, the method (400, 500) further includes the step of removing the applied material and catalytic particles from the magnetic catalytic electrode to provide a non-magnetic or magnetic electrode. In some embodiments, the non-magnetic or magnetic electrode is reused by repeating the steps of the method (400, 500) disclosed herein. The method (400, 500) disclosed herein can be used to prepare one or both of the cathode and anode of the system disclosed herein.

[0203] Without being constrained by any particular theory, the catalytic electrode provided within an electrochemical cell, regardless of its composition and structure, can advantageously increase the rate of electrochemical reactions.

[0204] In some embodiments, one or more automation points may be used. In some embodiments, one or all steps of the methods disclosed herein (300, 400, and 500) are automated using automatic and / or programmable logic control.

[0205] In embodiments, this disclosure also relates to a kit for assembling, modifying, or retrofitting an electrochemical system to incorporate the application of an excitation, the kit comprising: a first component for providing a first excitation to the electrochemical cell of the electrochemical system; and a second component for providing a second excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system, wherein the first and second excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequencies.

[0206] In some embodiments, the kit further includes a third component for providing a third excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system. In some embodiments, the kit further includes a fourth component for providing a fourth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system. In some embodiments, the kit further includes a fifth component for providing a fifth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system. In some embodiments, the kit further includes a sixth component for providing a sixth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system.

[0207] The kits disclosed herein can be used in conjunction with the methods disclosed herein (400, 500) to provide one or more magnetic catalytic electrodes.

[0208] Example

[0209] Exemplary embodiments of electrochemical systems, methods, and uses / applications are described below, but are not limited thereto.

[0210] (1) An electrochemical system for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, the system comprising: an electrochemical cell including a cathode, an anode, and a power source, wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode optionally include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; and one or more components operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein, wherein the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency waves, and wherein: when one or both of the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein; or when neither the cathode nor the anode includes the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing two or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

[0211] (2) The system according to (1), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode are non-magnetic electrical conductors.

[0212] (3) The system according to (1), wherein the cathode and the anode are both non-magnetic electrical conductors.

[0213] (4) The system according to (1), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor.

[0214] (5) The system according to (4), wherein the magnetic conductor includes one or more magnetic components disposed within a frame, a magnetic sheet on which one or more magnetic components are disposed, or a non-magnetic sheet on both sides of a non-magnetic sheet having multiple magnetic components disposed.

[0215] (6) The system according to (4) or (5), wherein the magnetic conductor includes a north pole and a south pole located on opposite sides of the magnetic conductor.

[0216] (7) The system according to any one of (4) to (6), wherein the magnetic field of the magnetic conductor is oriented perpendicular to the surface of the opposite face such that the magnetic field extends outward from the magnetic conductor to the region of the electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte.

[0217] (8) The system according to any one of (4) to (7), wherein the magnetic conductor comprises a conductive permanent magnet material.

[0218] (9) The system according to any one of (4) to (8), wherein the magnetic conductor comprises one or more chemical properties, one or more conductive thin coatings, one or more attached particles, or a combination thereof, for catalyzing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects.

[0219] (10) The system according to any one of (4) to (9), wherein the magnetic conductor is impermeable to the electrolyte in the electrochemical cell to prevent degradation of the magnetic conductor by the electrolyte.

[0220] (11) The system according to any one of (4) to (10), wherein the magnetic conductor has a magnetic strength between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitesla.

[0221] (12) The system according to any one of (4) to (11), wherein the magnetic conductor includes one or more supports for providing stable positioning of the magnetic conductor within the electrochemical cell and / or mechanically resisting one or more magnetic forces.

[0222] (13) The system according to any one of (4) to (12), wherein both the cathode and the anode comprise the magnetic conductor.

[0223] (14) The system according to (1), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode include the electromagnet.

[0224] (15) The system according to (14), wherein the magnetic field provided by the electromagnet extends beyond its surface into the region of the electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte.

[0225] (16) The system according to (14) or (15), wherein the electromagnet has a magnetic strength between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitesla.

[0226] (17) The system according to any one of (14) to (16), wherein the electromagnet includes one or more supports for providing stable positioning of the electromagnet within the electrochemical cell and / or mechanically resisting one or more magnetic forces.

[0227] (18) The system according to any one of (14) to (17), wherein both the cathode and the anode comprise the electromagnet.

[0228] (19) The system according to any one of (1) to (16), wherein the electrochemical cell is an electrolytic cell.

[0229] (20) The system according to (19), wherein the one or more chemical substances are hydrogen.

[0230] (21) The system according to any one of (1) to (16), wherein the electrochemical cell is a galvanic cell and the one or more effects are the generation of direct current.

[0231] (22) The system according to any one of (1) to (21), wherein the power source is a constant unidirectional direct current.

[0232] (23) The system according to any one of (1) to (21), wherein the power source is a variable unidirectional or variable bidirectional direct current, the variability having any sign, amplitude, frequency or sequence.

[0233] (24) The system according to any one of (1) to (23), wherein the one or more excitations comprise a magnetic field.

[0234] (25) The system according to (24), wherein the magnetic field is constant or non-random pulse / variable.

[0235] (26) The system according to (24) or (25), wherein the one or more components include: one or more external electromagnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte; and / or one or more external permanent magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte; and / or one or more external temporary magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

[0236] (27) The system according to any one of (24) to (26), wherein the magnetic field comprises a magnetic intensity between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas.

[0237] (28) The system according to any one of (24) to (27), wherein the magnetic field includes an orientation or direction extending into the region of the electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte.

[0238] (29) The system according to any one of (1) to (28), wherein the one or more excitations comprise electrical pulses.

[0239] (30) The system according to (29), wherein the one or more components include a generator, electrical leads, diodes or combinations thereof for providing electrical pulses to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

[0240] (31) The system according to (29) or (30), wherein the electrical pulse comprises an amplitude between about 1 millivolt and about 10 volts.

[0241] (32) The system according to any one of (29) to (31), wherein the electrical pulse comprises a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 10 MHz.

[0242] (33) The system according to any one of (1) to (32), wherein the one or more excitations comprise mechanical vibration.

[0243] (34) The system according to (33), wherein the mechanical vibration is constant or non-random intermittent / variable.

[0244] (35) The system according to (33) or (34), wherein the one or more components include one or more vibrators selected from mechanical vibrators, electric vibrators, electromagnetic vibrators, pneumatic vibrators, repetitive motion vibrators or combinations thereof, for providing mechanical vibration to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

[0245] (36) The system according to (35), wherein the mechanical vibrator includes an actuator, a platform on which the electrochemical cell is located, and a power source.

[0246] (37) The system according to any one of (33) to (36), wherein the mechanical vibration comprises a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 1 MHz.

[0247] (38) The system according to any one of (33) to (37), wherein the mechanical vibration includes longitudinal vibration, shear vibration or a combination thereof.

[0248] (39) The system according to any one of (1) to (38), wherein the one or more excitations include sound.

[0249] (40) The system according to (39), wherein the sound is constant or non-random intermittent / variable.

[0250] (41) The system according to (39) or (40), wherein the sound comprises an audio frequency between about 20 Hz and about 20 kHz.

[0251] (42) The system according to any one of (39) to (41), wherein the sound comprises an ultrasonic frequency greater than about 20 kHz.

[0252] (43) The system according to any one of (39) to (42), wherein the one or more components include an acoustic transducer, a piezoelectric transducer or a combination thereof for providing sound to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

[0253] (44) The system according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein the one or more excitations comprise light.

[0254] (45) The system according to (44), wherein the light includes ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light or any combination thereof.

[0255] (46) The system according to (44) or (45), wherein the one or more components include a mirror, a light guide, a light-emitting diode, a lamp, a laser, a window, or a combination thereof for providing light to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

[0256] (47) The system according to any one of (44) to (46), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode are translucent, transparent or a combination thereof.

[0257] (48) The system according to any one of (1) to (47), wherein the one or more excitations comprise radio frequency waves.

[0258] (49) The system according to (48), wherein the radio frequency wave includes a frequency between about 3 kHz and about 3000 GHz.

[0259] (50) The system according to (48) or (49), wherein the radio frequency wave has a constant propagation direction.

[0260] (51) The system according to (48) or (49), wherein the radio frequency wave has a variable propagation direction.

[0261] (52) The system according to any one of (48) to (51), wherein the radio frequency wave has constant polarization.

[0262] (53) The system according to any one of (48) to (51), wherein the radio frequency wave has variable polarization.

[0263] (54) The system according to any one of (48) to (53), wherein the one or more components include wires carrying electrical signals, radio frequency transmitters, antennas or combinations thereof for providing radio frequency waves to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

[0264] (55) The system according to any one of (1) to (54), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations having a constant frequency.

[0265] (56) The system according to any one of (1) to (54), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a periodic frequency having a predetermined time interval.

[0266] (57) The system according to any one of (1) to (54), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a periodic frequency having a random time interval.

[0267] (58) The system according to any one of (1) to (57), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli having a constant duration.

[0268] (59) The system according to any one of (1) to (57), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli having a duration that varies in a predetermined pattern.

[0269] (60) The system according to any one of (1) to (57), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli having a random variable duration.

[0270] (61) The system according to any one of (1) to (60), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations having a constant amplitude.

[0271] (62) The system according to any one of (1) to (60), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations having amplitudes that are variable in a predetermined pattern.

[0272] (63) The system according to any one of (1) to (60), wherein the one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations having a random variable amplitude.

[0273] (64) The system according to any one of (1) to (63), wherein the one or more components include a protective coating for preventing degradation of the one or more components by the electrolyte.

[0274] (66) A method for enhancing the electrochemical generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, the method comprising the steps of: providing a constant or variable current to a cathode and an anode within an electrochemical cell, wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode optionally include a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; applying one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein, optionally applying one or more excitations directly to one or both of the cathode and the anode; and receiving or generating one or more chemical substances and / or effects from the electrochemical cell, wherein the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequencies, and wherein: the one or more excitations are applied to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein when one or both of the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet; or two or more excitations are applied to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein when neither the cathode nor the anode includes the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet.

[0275] (67) The method according to (66), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode are non-magnetic electrical conductors.

[0276] (68) The system according to (66) or (67), wherein the cathode and the anode are both non-magnetic electrical conductors.

[0277] (69) The method according to (66), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode comprise the magnetic conductor.

[0278] (70) The method according to (66), wherein both the cathode and the anode comprise the magnetic conductor.

[0279] (71) The method according to (70), wherein the magnetic conductor comprises one or more chemical properties, one or more conductive thin coatings, one or more attached particles, or a combination thereof, for catalyzing the generation of the one or more chemical substances and / or effects.

[0280] (72) The method according to (66), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode comprise an electromagnet.

[0281] (73) The method according to (66), wherein both the cathode and the anode comprise an electromagnet.

[0282] (74) The method according to any one of (69) to (73), wherein the magnetic field of one or both of the cathode and the anode extends beyond their surfaces into the region of the electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte.

[0283] (75) The method according to any one of (69) to (74), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode have a magnetic intensity between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas.

[0284] (76) The method according to any one of (69) to (75), wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode include one or more supports for providing stable positioning and / or mechanical resistance to one or more magnetic forces within the electrochemical cell.

[0285] (77) The method according to any one of (66) to (76), wherein the electrochemical cell is an electrolytic cell.

[0286] (78) The method according to (77), wherein the one or more chemical substances are hydrogen.

[0287] (79) The method according to any one of (66) to (76), wherein the electrochemical cell is a galvanic cell and the one or more effects are the generation of direct current.

[0288] (80) The method according to (76), wherein the step of providing current to the cathode and the anode comprises: providing a variable unidirectional or variable bidirectional direct current from a power source, the variability having any sign, amplitude, frequency or sequence.

[0289] (81) The method according to any one of (66) to (80), wherein the one or more excitations comprise a magnetic field.

[0290] (82) The method according to any one of (66) to (81), wherein the one or more excitations comprise electrical pulses.

[0291] (83) The method according to any one of (66) to (82), wherein the one or more excitations comprise mechanical vibration.

[0292] (84) The method according to any one of (66) to (83), wherein the one or more stimuli include sound.

[0293] (85) The method according to any one of (66) to (84), wherein the one or more excitations comprise light.

[0294] (86) The method according to any one of (66) to (85), wherein the one or more excitations comprise radio frequency waves.

[0295] (87) The method according to any one of (66) to (86), wherein the step of applying one or more excitations occurs at a constant frequency, a periodic frequency having a predetermined time interval, or a periodic frequency having a random time interval.

[0296] (88) The method according to any one of (66) to (87), wherein the step of applying one or more stimuli occurs for a constant duration, a duration that varies in a predetermined pattern, or a duration that varies randomly.

[0297] (89) The method according to any one of (66) to (88), wherein the step of applying one or more excitations occurs with a constant amplitude, an amplitude that varies in a predetermined pattern, or an amplitude that varies randomly.

[0298] (90) A method for producing a magnetic catalytic electrode, the method comprising the steps of: providing catalytic particles, the catalytic particles being nonmagnetic; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material to form a mixture; distributing the mixture onto a surface of a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the magnetic electrode at an areal density; optionally removing a first amount of the application material from the mixture; applying a magnetic field to the catalytic particles to induce a permanent magnetic moment and form magnetic catalytic particles; and optionally removing a second amount of the application material from the mixture to provide the magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0299] (91) A method for producing a magnetic catalytic electrode, the method comprising the steps of: providing catalytic particles, the catalytic particles being magnetic; mixing the catalytic particles with an application material to form a mixture; distributing the mixture onto the surface of a non-magnetic electrode or a magnetic electrode such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed at an areal density on the surface of the non-magnetic electrode or optionally the magnetic electrode; removing a first amount of the application material from the mixture; and, when using a non-magnetic electrode, providing an adhesive to the surfaces of the catalytic particles and the non-magnetic electrode to provide the magnetic catalytic electrode.

[0300] (92) The method according to (90) or (91), wherein the applied material is a solid and the mixture is a powder.

[0301] (93) The method according to (92) wherein one or both of the steps of removing the first amount of applied material and removing the second amount of applied material include sublimation, pyrolysis, slow dissolution or a combination thereof.

[0302] (94) The method according to any one of (90) to (93), wherein the step of distributing the mixture comprises mechanical stirring, ultrasonic stirring or a combination thereof.

[0303] (95) The method according to (90) or (91), wherein the applying material comprises a liquid.

[0304] (96) The method according to (95), wherein the mixture comprises a suspension.

[0305] (97) The method according to (95) or (96), wherein one or both of the steps of removing the first amount of applied material and removing the second amount of applied material include dehydration, evaporation, heating or a combination thereof.

[0306] (98) The method according to any one of (95) to (97), wherein the step of distributing the mixture comprises: immersing the catalytic electrode in the mixture, rotating the catalytic electrode or a combination thereof after applying the mixture to the catalytic electrode.

[0307] (99) The method according to any one of (90) to (98) further includes: arranging the magnetic catalytic electrode in a shape that operates together with the electrochemical cell.

[0308] (100) According to the method of (99), the shape includes cylinder, cuboid, pyramid, sphere, cube, cone, prism, etc.

[0309] (101) A kit for assembling, modifying or retrofitting an electrochemical system to incorporate the application of an excitation, the kit comprising: a first component for providing a first excitation to an electrochemical cell of the electrochemical system; and a second component for providing a second excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or an electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system, wherein the first excitation and the second excitation are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light and radio frequency.

[0310] (102) The kit according to (101) further includes a third component for providing a third excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system.

[0311] (103) The kit according to (102) further includes: a fourth component for providing a fourth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system.

[0312] (104) The kit according to (103) further includes: a fifth component for providing a fifth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system.

[0313] (105) The kit according to (104) further includes: a sixth component for providing a sixth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein of the electrochemical system.

[0314] In this disclosure, all terms referred to in the singular are intended to encompass their plural forms. Similarly, all terms referred to in the plural are intended to encompass their singular forms. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0315] As used herein, the term “about” refers to a change of approximately + / - 10% from a given value. It should be understood that such change is always included in any given value provided herein, whether or not specifically mentioned.

[0316] It should be understood that compositions and methods are described in accordance with the terms "comprising," "containing," or "including" various components or steps, and these compositions and methods may also be "substantially composed of various components and steps" or "composed of various components and steps." Furthermore, the indefinite articles "a" or "an" used in the claims are defined herein as indicating one or more elements introduced therein.

[0317] For the sake of brevity, this document only explicitly discloses certain ranges. However, any lower bound range can be combined with any upper bound to enumerate ranges not explicitly listed, and any lower bound range can be combined with any other lower bound to enumerate ranges not explicitly listed, just as any upper bound range can be combined with any other upper bound to enumerate ranges not explicitly listed. Furthermore, whenever a range of values ​​with lower and upper bounds is disclosed, any values ​​falling within that range and any included ranges are specifically disclosed. Specifically, each range of values ​​disclosed herein (in the form of “from about a to about b,” or equivalently “from about a to b,” or equivalently “from about a to b”) should be understood as listing every value and range covered within a broader range of values, even if not explicitly listed. Therefore, each point or individual value can be combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper bound as its own lower or upper bound to enumerate ranges not explicitly listed.

[0318] Therefore, this disclosure is well-suited for achieving the stated objects and advantages, as well as those inherent therein. The specific embodiments disclosed above are merely illustrative, as modifications and practices can be made in different but equivalent ways, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art who benefit from the teachings herein. Although individual embodiments are discussed, this disclosure covers all combinations of such embodiments. Furthermore, no limitation is intended to be made on the details of the constructions or designs shown herein, except as described in the following claims. Moreover, unless the patentee expressly and clearly defines otherwise, the terms in the claims have their simple, ordinary meaning. Therefore, it is apparent that the specific exemplary embodiments disclosed above can be changed or modified, and all such changes are considered to be within the scope and spirit of this disclosure. If the use of words or terms in this specification conflicts in any way with the use in one or more patents or other documents that may be referenced herein, the definitions consistent with this specification shall prevail.

[0319] Those skilled in the art will recognize many obvious variations of the embodiments set forth herein based on this disclosure. These obvious variations are within the full scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An electrochemical system for enhancing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, said system comprising: - An electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an anode, and a power source, wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode may optionally comprise a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; and - One or more components operatively associated with the electrochemical cell for providing one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein. Wherein, the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency waves, and wherein: - When one or both of the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell to provide one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein; or When neither the cathode nor the anode includes the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet, the one or more components are operatively associated with the electrochemical cell to provide two or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode are non-magnetic electrical conductors.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein, Both the cathode and the anode are non-magnetic electrical conductors.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor.

5. The system according to claim 4, wherein, The magnetic conductor includes one or more magnetic components disposed within a frame, a magnetic sheet with one or more magnetic components disposed thereon, or a non-magnetic sheet with multiple magnetic components disposed on both sides of a non-magnetic sheet.

6. The system according to claim 4 or 5, wherein, The magnetic conductor includes a north pole and a south pole located on opposite sides of the magnetic conductor.

7. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein, The magnetic field of the magnetic conductor is perpendicular to the surface orientation of the opposite face, such that the magnetic field extends outward from the magnetic conductor into the region of the electrochemical cell including the electrolyte.

8. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein, The magnetic conductor includes a conductive permanent magnet material.

9. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein, The magnetic conductor includes one or more chemical properties, one or more conductive thin coatings, one or more attached particles, or combinations thereof, for catalyzing the generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects.

10. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein, The magnetic conductor is impermeable to the electrolyte within the electrochemical cell to prevent degradation of the magnetic conductor by the electrolyte.

11. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 10, wherein, The magnetic conductor has a magnetic strength between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas.

12. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 11, wherein, The magnetic conductor includes one or more supports for providing stable positioning of the magnetic conductor within the electrochemical cell and / or mechanically resisting one or more magnetic forces.

13. The system according to any one of claims 4 to 12, wherein, Both the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor.

14. The system according to claim 1, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode include the electromagnet.

15. The system according to claim 14, wherein, The magnetic field provided by the electromagnet extends beyond its surface into the region of the electrochemical cell, including the electrolyte.

16. The system according to claim 14 or 15, wherein, The electromagnet has a magnetic strength between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas.

17. The system according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein, The electromagnet includes one or more supports for providing stable positioning of the electromagnet within the electrochemical cell and / or mechanically resisting one or more magnetic forces.

18. The system according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein, Both the cathode and the anode include the electromagnet.

19. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein, The electrochemical cell is an electrolytic cell.

20. The system according to claim 19, wherein, The one or more chemical substances mentioned are hydrogen.

21. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein, The electrochemical cell is a galvanic cell, and the one or more effects mentioned are the generation of direct current.

22. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein, The power source is a constant unidirectional direct current.

23. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein, The power source is a variable unidirectional or variable bidirectional direct current, and the variability has any sign, amplitude, frequency, or sequence.

24. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein, The one or more excitations include magnetic fields.

25. The system according to claim 24, wherein, The magnetic field is constant or non-random pulsed / variable.

26. The system according to claim 24 or 25, wherein, The one or more components include: - One or more external electromagnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte; and / or - One or more external permanent magnets for providing a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte; and / or - One or more external temporary magnets are used to provide a magnetic field to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

27. The system according to any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein, The magnetic field has a magnetic intensity between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas.

28. The system according to any one of claims 24 to 27, wherein, The magnetic field includes an orientation or direction that extends into the region of the electrochemical cell containing the electrolyte.

29. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein, The one or more excitations include electrical pulses.

30. The system according to claim 29, wherein, The one or more components include a generator, electrical leads, diodes, or combinations thereof for providing electrical pulses to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

31. The system according to claim 29 or 30, wherein, The electrical pulse has an amplitude between about 1 millivolt and about 10 volts.

32. The system according to any one of claims 29 to 31, wherein, The electrical pulses include frequencies between approximately 1 Hz and approximately 10 MHz.

33. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein, The one or more excitations include mechanical vibrations.

34. The system according to claim 33, wherein, The mechanical vibration is constant or non-random, intermittent / variable.

35. The system according to claim 33 or 34, wherein, The one or more components include one or more vibrators selected from mechanical vibrators, electric vibrators, electromagnetic vibrators, pneumatic vibrators, repetitive motion vibrators, or combinations thereof, for providing mechanical vibration to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

36. The system according to claim 35, wherein, The mechanical vibrator includes an actuator, a platform on which the electrochemical cell is located, and a power source.

37. The system according to any one of claims 33 to 36, wherein, The mechanical vibrations include frequencies between approximately 1 Hz and approximately 1 MHz.

38. The system according to any one of claims 33 to 37, wherein, The mechanical vibrations include longitudinal vibrations, shear vibrations, or combinations thereof.

39. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein, The one or more stimuli include sound.

40. The system according to claim 39, wherein, The sound is constant or non-random, intermittent / variable.

41. The system according to claim 39 or 40, wherein, The sound includes audio frequencies between approximately 20 Hz and approximately 20 kHz.

42. The system according to any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein, The sound includes ultrasonic frequencies greater than approximately 20 kHz.

43. The system according to any one of claims 39 to 42, wherein, The one or more components include an acoustic transducer, a piezoelectric transducer, or a combination thereof, for providing sound to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

44. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein, The one or more stimuli include light.

45. The system according to claim 44, wherein, The light includes ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, or any combination thereof.

46. ​​The system according to claim 44 or 45, wherein, The one or more components include a mirror, a light guide, a light-emitting diode, a lamp, a laser, a window, or a combination thereof, for providing light to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

47. The system according to any one of claims 44 to 46, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode are translucent, transparent, or a combination thereof.

48. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein, The one or more excitations include radio frequency waves.

49. The system according to claim 48, wherein, The radio frequency waves include frequencies between approximately 3 kHz and approximately 3000 GHz.

50. The system according to claim 48 or 49, wherein, The radio frequency wave has a constant propagation direction.

51. The system according to claim 48 or 49, wherein, The radio frequency wave has a variable propagation direction.

52. The system according to any one of claims 48 to 51, wherein, The radio frequency wave has constant polarization.

53. The system according to any one of claims 48 to 51, wherein, The radio frequency wave has variable polarization.

54. The system according to any one of claims 48 to 53, wherein, The one or more components include wires carrying electrical signals, radio frequency transmitters, antennas, or combinations thereof, for providing radio frequency waves to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte.

55. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a constant frequency.

56. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations at a periodic frequency with a predetermined time interval.

57. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with a periodic frequency having a random time interval.

58. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with a constant duration.

59. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with durations that vary in a predetermined pattern.

60. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with random variable durations.

61. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 60, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with a constant amplitude.

62. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 60, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more excitations with amplitudes that can vary in a predetermined pattern.

63. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 60, wherein, The one or more components are configured to provide one or more stimuli with random variable amplitude.

64. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein, The one or more components include a protective coating to prevent the electrolyte from degrading the one or more components.

65. A method for enhancing the electrochemical generation of one or more chemical substances and / or effects, the method comprising the steps of: - Providing current to the cathode and anode within an electrochemical cell, wherein one or both of the cathode and the anode may optionally comprise a magnetic conductor or an electromagnet; - Applying one or more excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein, optionally applying one or more excitations directly to one or both of the cathode and the anode; and - Receive or generate one or more chemical substances and / or effects from the electrochemical cell. Wherein, the one or more excitations are selected from magnetic fields, electrical pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light, and radio frequency, and wherein: - When one or both of the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet, apply one or more of the excitations to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein; or When neither the cathode nor the anode includes the magnetic conductor or the electromagnet, two or more excitations are applied to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte therein.

66. The method according to claim 65, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode are non-magnetic electrical conductors.

67. The system according to claim 65 or 66, wherein, Both the cathode and the anode are non-magnetic electrical conductors.

68. The method according to claim 65, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor.

69. The method according to claim 65, wherein, Both the cathode and the anode include the magnetic conductor.

70. The method according to claim 69, wherein, The magnetic conductor includes one or more chemical properties, one or more conductive thin coatings, one or more attached particles, or combinations thereof, for catalyzing the generation of the one or more chemical substances and / or effects.

71. The method according to claim 65, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode include an electromagnet.

72. The method according to claim 65, wherein, Both the cathode and the anode include electromagnets.

73. The method according to any one of claims 68 to 72, wherein, The magnetic field included in one or both of the cathode and the anode extends beyond their surfaces into the region of the electrochemical cell containing the electrolyte.

74. The method according to any one of claims 68 to 73, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode have a magnetic intensity between about 1 microtesla and about 10 millitalas.

75. The method according to any one of claims 68 to 74, wherein, One or both of the cathode and the anode include one or more supports for providing stable positioning within the electrochemical cell and / or mechanically resisting one or more magnetic forces.

76. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 75, wherein, The electrochemical cell is an electrolytic cell.

77. The method according to claim 76, wherein, The one or more chemical substances mentioned are hydrogen.

78. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 75, wherein, The electrochemical cell is a galvanic cell, and the one or more effects mentioned are the generation of direct current.

79. The method according to claim 75, wherein, The step of supplying current to the cathode and the anode includes: supplying a variable unidirectional or variable bidirectional direct current from a power source, the variability having any sign, amplitude, frequency or sequence.

80. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 79, wherein, The one or more excitations include magnetic fields.

81. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 80, wherein, The one or more excitations include electrical pulses.

82. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 81, wherein, The one or more excitations include mechanical vibrations.

83. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 82, wherein, The one or more stimuli include sound.

84. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 83, wherein, The one or more stimuli include light.

85. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 84, wherein, The one or more excitations include radio frequency waves.

86. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 85, wherein, The step of applying one or more stimuli occurs at a constant frequency, a periodic frequency with a predetermined time interval, or a periodic frequency with a random time interval.

87. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 86, wherein, The step of applying one or more stimuli occurs for a constant duration, a duration that varies according to a predetermined pattern, or a duration that varies randomly.

88. The method according to any one of claims 65 to 87, wherein, The steps of applying one or more stimuli occur with a constant amplitude, an amplitude that varies according to a predetermined pattern, or an amplitude that varies randomly.

89. A method for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode, the method comprising the following steps: - Provide catalytic particles, wherein the catalytic particles are non-magnetic; - The catalytic particles are mixed with the application material to form a mixture; - Distribute the mixture onto the surface of the magnetic electrode, such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the magnetic electrode at an areal density; - Optionally, a first amount of the applied material may be removed from the mixture; - Apply a magnetic field to the catalyst particles to induce a permanent magnetic moment and form magnetic catalyst particles; as well as - Optionally, a second amount of the applied material can be removed from the mixture to provide the magnetic catalytic electrode.

90. The method of claim 89, further comprising: A binder is provided to the surfaces of the catalytic particles and the magnetic electrode to provide the magnetic catalytic electrode.

91. A method for generating a magnetic catalytic electrode, the method comprising the following steps: - Provide catalytic particles, said catalytic particles being magnetic; - The catalytic particles are mixed with the application material to form a mixture; - Distribute the mixture onto the surface of a non-magnetic electrode or a magnetic electrode, such that the catalytic particles are uniformly distributed at an areal density on the surface of the non-magnetic electrode or, optionally, the magnetic electrode: - Remove the first amount of the applied material from the mixture; as well as - When using a non-magnetic electrode, a binder is provided to the surface of the catalytic particles and the non-magnetic electrode to provide the magnetic catalytic electrode.

92. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 91, wherein, The applied material is a solid, and the mixture is a powder.

93. The method according to claim 92, wherein, One or both of the steps of removing the first amount of applied material and removing the second amount of applied material include sublimation, pyrolysis, slow dissolution, or a combination thereof.

94. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 93, wherein, The steps for distributing the mixture include mechanical stirring, ultrasonic stirring, or a combination thereof.

95. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 91, wherein, The material to be applied includes a liquid.

96. The method according to claim 95, wherein, The mixture includes a suspension.

97. The method according to claim 95 or 96, wherein, One or both of the steps of removing the first amount of applied material and removing the second amount of applied material include dehydration, evaporation, heating, or a combination thereof.

98. The method according to any one of claims 95 to 97, wherein, The steps of distributing the mixture include: immersing the catalytic electrode in the mixture, and rotating the catalytic electrode or a combination thereof after applying the mixture to the catalytic electrode.

99. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 98, further comprising: The magnetic catalytic electrode is shaped to operate together with an electrochemical cell, wherein the shape includes cylinders, cuboids, pyramids, spheres, cubes, cones, prisms, etc.

100. A kit for assembling, modifying, or retrofitting an electrochemical system to incorporate the application of an excitation, said kit comprising: - A first component for providing a first excitation to the electrochemical cell of the electrochemical system; as well as - A second component for providing a second excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system. The first excitation and the second excitation are selected from magnetic fields, electric pulses, mechanical vibrations, sound, light and radio frequency.

101. The kit of claim 100, further comprising: A third component for providing a third excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system.

102. The kit of claim 101, further comprising: A fourth component for providing a fourth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system.

103. The kit of claim 102, further comprising: A fifth component for providing a fifth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system.

104. The kit of claim 103, further comprising: A sixth component for providing a sixth excitation to the electrochemical cell and / or the electrolyte in the electrochemical system.

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