Reducing overhead for beam reporting by utilizing correlation between beams

Abstract

Systems, methods, devices, and instrumentalities related to spatial and time domain compression associated with reducing beam reporting overhead are described herein. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may determine assistance information and report the assistance information to a network node. Configuration information may be received based on reporting assistance information to a network node (e.g., after the reporting). The configuration information may indicate a set of reference signal (RS) resources. Measurements of a set of RS resources may be performed. The WTRU may determine that a sparse report is activated based on the measurement of the set of RS resources. Based on the sparse reporting being activated, a subset of RS resources may be selected from the set of RS resources for measurement reporting. The selected subset of RS resources and measurements associated with the subset of RS resources may be reported.

Description

Cross-reference to related applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 443,902, filed on February 7, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Technology

[0002] Mobile communications using wireless communication continue to evolve. The fifth-generation mobile radio access technology (RAT) can be referred to as 5G New Radio (NR). Previous-generation (legacy) mobile RATs could be, for example, fourth-generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE). Summary of the Invention

[0003] The systems, methods, apparatus, and means described herein relate to reducing beam reporting overhead by leveraging the correlation between beams.

[0004] The Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) can determine auxiliary information and report it to the network node. Based on reporting the auxiliary information to the network node (e.g., after reporting), configuration information can be received. The configuration information can indicate a set of reference signal (RS) resources. Measurements of the RS resource set can be performed. In the example, measurements of the RS resource set can be reported at multiple reporting instances (e.g., an initial number of reporting instances). The WTRU can determine that sparse reporting is activated. In the example, the WTRU can determine that sparse reporting is activated based on measurements of the RS resource set. In the example, the WTRU can determine that sparse reporting is activated based on the fact that the temporal differential measurements of multiple beams in the RS resource set are less than a sparse reporting activation threshold.

[0005] Based on the activation of sparse reporting, a subset of RS resources can be selected from the RS resource set for measurement reporting. In the example, a subset of RS resources can be selected from a set of RS resource subsets. In the example, the selection of the RS resource subset can be based on the amplitude of the time-domain differential measurement exceeding a sparse reporting beam selection threshold. In the example, the selection of the RS resource subset can be based on the amplitude of the RS resource differential measurement exceeding a sparse reporting beam selection threshold. In the example, the selection of the RS resource subset can be based on a pre-configured mode.

[0006] The selected subset of RS resources and the measurements associated with that subset can be reported. In the example, measurements of the RS resource subset can be reported at a sparse reporting instance based on sparse reporting activation. In the example, reporting the RS resource subset at a sparse reporting instance can occur after measurements of the RS resource set reported at multiple reporting instances (e.g., an initial number of reporting instances). In the example, the RS resource subset can be reported within a bitmap (e.g., if the selection of the RS resource subset is based on the amplitude of a time-domain differential measurement or if the amplitude of the RS resource differential measurement exceeds a sparse reporting beam selection threshold). In the example, the RS resource subset can be reported via a mode ID (e.g., if the selection of the RS resource subset is based on a pre-configured mode). Attached Figure Description

[0007] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0008] Figure 1B The illustration shows that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to... Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0009] Figure 1C The illustration shows that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to... Figure 1A The diagram illustrates a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used within a communication system.

[0010] Figure 1D The illustration shows that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to... Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of another example RAN and another example CN used in the communication system.

[0011] Figure 2 The illustration shows an example of how L1-RSRP varies with elevation and azimuth angles.

[0012] Figure 3 The illustration shows an example of how the L1-RSRP of the beam changes over time.

[0013] Figure 4 The illustration shows an example variation of L1-RSRP across different sectors / panels.

[0014] Figure 5 The illustration shows an example of differential L1-RSRP using the largest L1-RSRP beam as the reference beam.

[0015] Figure 6 An example of differential L1-RSRP using adjacent beams as reference beams is illustrated.

[0016] Figure 7 An example of a differential L1-RSRP with two reference beams is illustrated.

[0017] Figure 8 The illustration shows an example of beam reporting on a continuous measurement instance using sparse reporting.

[0018] Figure 9 The illustration shows an example of a beam measurement report utilizing sparse reporting. Detailed Implementation

[0019] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content (such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasting, etc.) to multiple wireless users. Communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZTUWDTS-sOFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0020] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transceiver units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. Although it will be appreciated, the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain environments), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0021] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN106 / 115, Internet 110, and other networks 112. By way of example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceivers (BTS), NodeBs (NBs), eNodeBs, home NodeBs, home eNodeBs, gNBs, NRNodeBs, site controllers, access points (APs), wireless routers, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0022] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of a specific geographic area for a radio service, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In embodiments, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0023] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, millimeter wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0024] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0025] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE Advanced Enhanced (LTE-APro) to establish air interface 116.

[0026] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can use New Radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0027] In the embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement various radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by various types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from various types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0028] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), and GSMEDGE (GERAN).

[0029] For example, Figure 1ABase station 114b can be a wireless router, home NodeB, home eNodeB, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, home, vehicle, campus, industrial facility, air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), road, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, it is not required that base station 114b access Internet 110 via CN106 / 115.

[0030] RAN104 / 113 can communicate with CN106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although Figure 1A Although not shown, it will be understood that RAN104 / 113 and / or CN106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as RAN104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN104 / 113 which can utilize NR radio technology, CN106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0031] CN106 / 115 can also act as a gateway for WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Data Table Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0032] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example... Figure 1A The WTRU102c shown can be configured to communicate with base stations 114a and 114b. Base station 114a can use cellular-based radio technology, and base station 114b can use IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0033] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating the example WTRU102. (Example:) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmitting / receiving element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It will be appreciated that WTRU102 may include any sub-combination of the above-described elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0034] Processor 118 can be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 can perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 can be coupled to transceiver 120, which can be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated together in, for example, an electronic package or chip.

[0035] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In embodiments, for example, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be appreciated that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0036] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU102 may include any number of transmitting / receiving elements 122. More specifically, WTRU102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU102 may include two or more transmitting / receiving elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0037] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Thus, for example, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers for enabling WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs (such as NR and IEEE 802.11).

[0038] The processor 118 of WTRU102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Additionally, the processor 118 can access information from any type of suitable memory (such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132) and store the data therein. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from memory that is not physically located on WTRU102 (e.g., on a server or home computer (not shown)) and store the data therein.

[0039] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute the power to other components in the WTRU 102 and / or control that power. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-chromium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cell units, fuel cell units, etc.

[0040] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or instead of information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method, while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0041] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (e.g., for photos and / or video), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, etc. Modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0042] WTRU102 may include a full-duplex radio, whose transmission and reception of some or all of its signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both uplink (UL) (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via signal processing (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In embodiments, WTRU102 may include a half-duplex radio, whose transmission and reception of some or all of its signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for uplink (UL) (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0043] Figure 1C This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN104 and CN106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN104 can also communicate with CN106.

[0044] RAN104 may include eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c, although it will be understood that RAN104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, for example, eNode-B160a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and receive radio signals from WTRU102a.

[0045] Each of the eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, and user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0046] Figure 1C The CN106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0047] The MME162 can be connected to each of the eNodes B160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, performing bearer activation / deactivation, and selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c. The MME162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies (such as GSM and / or WCDMA).

[0048] The SGW164 can be connected to each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN104 via the S1 interface. The SGW164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNodeB handover, triggering paging when DL data is available to WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0049] SGW164 can be connected to PGW166, which can provide WTRU102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0050] CN106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN106 can provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network (such as PSTN108) to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c and conventional terrestrial line communication equipment. For example, CN106 may include or be able to communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN106 and PSTN108. Additionally, CN106 can provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0051] Although WTRU is Figures 1A to 1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is envisioned that in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0052] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0053] In Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode, a WLAN may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or outside the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS to a STA can be delivered to the AP. Traffic originating from a STA to a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be sent between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). WLANs using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode can function without access points (APs), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0054] When operating in 802.11ac infrastructure mode or a similar mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish connections with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, STAs including the AP (e.g., each STA) can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that STA can exit. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit in a given BSS at any given time.

[0055] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20MHz channels to form a 40MHz wide channel.

[0056] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20MHz channels or by combining two non-consecutive 80MHz channels (which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, data can be passed through a segmented parser that splits the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed separately on each stream. The streams can be mapped onto the two 80MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC) layer.

[0057] Sub-1 GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier in 802.11af and 802.11ah are reduced compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., for maintaining very long battery life).

[0058] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy transmitting to the AP, for example, because of an STA (which only supports the 1MHz operating mode), the entire available band can be considered busy, even if most of the band is still idle and available.

[0059] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. Depending on the country code, the total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz.

[0060] Figure 1D This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN113 and CN115 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN113 can also communicate with CN115.

[0061] RAN113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, although it will be understood that RAN113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, for example, gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to send radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may send multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In embodiments, gNB180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB180a and gNB180b (and / or gNB180c).

[0062] WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable digitization. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary depending on different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or absolute times of varying durations).

[0063] gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c without needing to access other RANs (e.g., eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / connect to gNB180a, 180b, and 180c, and simultaneously communicate with / connect to another RAN (such as eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNB180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-B160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0064] Each of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, networking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0065] Figure 1DThe CN115 shown may include at least one AMF182a, 182b, at least one UPF184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF)183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN)185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0066] AMF182a and 182b can be connected to one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions according to different requirements), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slices can be used by AMF182a and 182b to customize CN support for WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service types utilized by WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, and services for Machine-Type Communication (MTC) access. AMF162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies (such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi).

[0067] SMF183a and 183b can be connected to AMF182a and 182b in CN115 via the N11 interface. SMF183a and 183b can also be connected to UPF184a and 184b in CN115 via the N4 interface. SMF183a and 183b can select and control UPF184a and 184b, and configure traffic routing through UPF184a and 182b. SMF183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRUIP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0068] UPF184a and 184b can be connected via the N3 interface to one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN113. This N3 interface provides WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network (such as the Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and IP-enabled devices. UPF184a and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-family PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0069] CN115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN115 may include or be able to communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN115 and PSTN108. Additionally, CN115 can provide WTRU102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRU102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the N3 interface to UPF184a, 184b and the N6 interface between UPF184a, 184b and DN185a, 185b.

[0070] Given Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D The corresponding descriptions herein state that one or more of the functions or all of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the following items can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a to 102d, base stations 114a to 114b, eNode-B160a to 160c, MME162, SGW164, PGW166, gNB180a to 180c, AMF182a to 182b, UPF184a to 184b, SMF183a to 183b, DN185a to 185b, and / or (one or more) any other devices. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions or all of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0071] Simulation devices can be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in a laboratory environment and / or a carrier network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more functions or all of them while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more functions or all of them while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can perform tests using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0072] One or more emulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices can be utilized in test scenarios in a test laboratory and / or in non-deployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication networks to perform testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices can be test devices. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0073] The term "timer" in this article can refer to a specific time or a specific time period. The term "timer expiration" in this article can refer to the arrival of a specific time or the expiration of a specific time period. The term "timer" in this article can refer to time, time period, tracking time, tracking time period, etc.

[0074] The systems, methods, apparatus, and means described herein relate to reducing beam reporting overhead by leveraging the correlation between beams.

[0075] The Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) can determine auxiliary information and report it to the network node. Based on reporting the auxiliary information to the network node (e.g., after reporting), configuration information can be received. The configuration information can indicate a set of reference signal (RS) resources. Measurements of the RS resource set can be performed. In the example, measurements of the RS resource set can be reported at multiple reporting instances (e.g., an initial number of reporting instances). The WTRU can determine that sparse reporting is activated. In the example, the WTRU can determine that sparse reporting is activated based on measurements of the RS resource set. In the example, the WTRU can determine that sparse reporting is activated based on the fact that the temporal differential measurements of multiple beams in the RS resource set are less than a sparse reporting activation threshold.

[0076] Based on the activation of sparse reporting, a subset of RS resources can be selected from the RS resource set for measurement reporting. In the example, a subset of RS resources can be selected from a set of RS resource subsets. In the example, the selection of the RS resource subset can be based on the amplitude of the time-domain differential measurement exceeding a sparse reporting beam selection threshold. In the example, the selection of the RS resource subset can be based on the amplitude of the RS resource differential measurement exceeding a sparse reporting beam selection threshold. In the example, the selection of the RS resource subset can be based on a pre-configured mode.

[0077] The selected subset of RS resources and the measurements associated with that subset can be reported. In the example, measurements of the RS resource subset can be reported at a sparse reporting instance based on sparse reporting activation. In the example, reporting the RS resource subset at a sparse reporting instance can occur after measurements of the RS resource set reported at multiple reporting instances (e.g., an initial number of reporting instances). In the example, the RS resource subset can be reported within a bitmap (e.g., if the selection of the RS resource subset is based on the amplitude of a time-domain differential measurement or if the amplitude of the RS resource differential measurement exceeds a sparse reporting beam selection threshold). In the example, the RS resource subset can be reported via a mode ID (e.g., if the selection of the RS resource subset is based on a pre-configured mode).

[0078] The WTRU can determine the number of reference beams based on beam measurements and / or network (e.g., network nodes or gNB) configuration (e.g., configuration information). The WTRU can select reference beams based on gNB configuration and / or beam measurements. The WTRU can group beams into subsets. Subsets can be associated with reference beams (e.g., each group is associated with one reference beam). The WTRU can report the beam measurements and beam IDs of the reference beams. For beam groups (e.g., for each beam group), the WTRU can calculate and report differential beam measurements based on the associated reference beams.

[0079] WTRU can report auxiliary information from network nodes (e.g., gNB) to determine the need for beam measurements (e.g., updated beam measurements) for beam inference or model training.

[0080] In the example, for a configured beam resource set, the WTRU can report beam measurements corresponding to multiple time instances by measuring and reporting beam measurements of the beams in the resource set (e.g., all beams), which may correspond to a number of k measurement instances (e.g., an initial number of k measurement instances). In the example, for a configured beam resource set, the WTRU can also report beam measurements corresponding to multiple time instances by measuring and reporting beam measurements of a subset of selected beams in the resource set for measurement instances after the kth instance (e.g., sparse reporting). The WTRU can report to the gNB the beam selected at each measurement instance (e.g., each measurement instance).

[0081] The WTRU can report beam measurements of a selected measurement instance (e.g., a representative measurement instance) from a configured number of measurement instances (e.g., L measurement instances). The WTRU can report (e.g., additional) measurements and / or parameters calculated based on the measurements (e.g., the maximum measurement of the beam in the L measurement instances and the corresponding time instances) to the gNB.

[0082] The WTRU can measure beams corresponding to multiple resource sets (e.g., M>1). The WTRU can determine selected and unselected beam resource sets for measurement reporting based on a standard (e.g., standard X) configured by the gNB. The WTRU can report beam measurements determined for (e.g., based on standard X) selected and unselected resource sets by a configured reporting allocation procedure (e.g., procedure Y). In the example, for the selected resource set (e.g., based on standard X), the WTRU can report (e.g., all) beam(s) measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) based on the configured reporting allocation procedure Y. For the unselected resource set (e.g., based on standard X), the WTRU can report the average beam measurement (e.g., the average L1-RSRP of all beams in the resource set) based on the configured reporting allocation procedure Y.

[0083] The WTRU can select reporting parameters (e.g., maximum and minimum values ​​of the beam measurement, quantization step size, etc.) based on configuration (e.g., configuration information) or beam measurements. The WTRU can determine and switch reporting parameters based on trigger and / or stop conditions for accurate reporting. The WTRU can determine the set of reporting parameters (e.g., an updated set) based on a configured fallback procedure (e.g., decreasing the step size by one step). The WTRU can determine the values ​​of the reporting parameters based on the required accuracy and / or beam measurements.

[0084] Beam measurement and reporting can be essential (e.g., for proper operation of higher frequency (e.g., FR2-1, FR2-2) wireless communications). NR beam measurement and reporting mechanisms can be high-power and latency-inducing operations. These mechanisms may (e.g., possibly further) require high signaling overhead (e.g., for transmitting reference signals and reporting beam measurements). Improvements to beam measurement and reporting are highly beneficial for wireless systems operating at higher frequencies. This paper provides AI / ML-based examples for improving beam management.

[0085] AI / ML model implementations can locate AI / ML capabilities on the network side (e.g., network nodes or gNB). Using this setup (e.g., for model inference and model training), beam measurements can be performed by the WTRU and reported to the gNB side. According to beam management examples, this process can involve measuring, reporting beams (e.g., many beams, possibly more than the number required to be measured), and / or reporting beams all at once. AI / ML-based beam prediction can reduce the overall need for beam measurement and reporting for at least the following reasons: if beam measurements for model inference are provided to a trained AI / ML model, the model can predict beam measurements for extended periods before requiring new beam measurements; if the AI / ML model is trained, the trained model can be used to predict beams for many WTRUs, including those that did not provide beam measurements for model training; and some beam measurements required for model training may not be time-critical (e.g., these beam measurements can be reported if the NR air interface is underutilized, or via other means (e.g., sending beam reports via WLAN)).

[0086] During the model inference phase, beam selection using AI / ML models can be based on predictions. This could be faster compared to existing NR beam selection processes that rely on beam measurements reported by WTRU.

[0087] If poorly designed, the need to measure and report large numbers of beams for beam inference and model training can significantly undermine the advantages of using AI / ML models for beam management. This is especially important if the AI / ML model is located on the gNB side, where the WTRU-gNB air interface may have to be used for beam reporting.

[0088] A WTRU can report the CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI) and L1-RSRP of the beam with the highest L1-RSRP in the beam resource set (e.g., in an NR beam reporting framework). A WTRU can report (e.g., additionally) the L1-RSRP measurements (as differential L1-RSRPs) and their CRIs for up to three (e.g., additional) beams. In the example, if the AI / ML model is located at a network node (e.g., gNB), reporting measurements for several beams (e.g., L1-RSRPs of four beams) may be insufficient to provide beam measurements for model inference and model training. The number of beams to be reported and the type of beam measurements (e.g., in the current CSI framework) may not be dynamically determined based on the beam measurements experienced by the WTRU. The type of measurement associated with the beam or beam resource set to be reported may not be (e.g., possibly not) dynamically determined based on the beam measurements experienced by the WTRU. Supporting such dynamic behavior can reduce the signaling overhead associated with beam reporting, while the AI / ML model receives sufficient beam measurements for model inference and training.

[0089] The examples in this paper allow a WTRU to report beam measurements of a number of beams potentially over several time instances with limited signaling overhead. The examples in this paper allow beam reporting to be performed with limited signaling overhead while reducing quantization errors in the reported beam measurements. The examples in this paper allow a WTRU to dynamically determine the beams or beam resource sets for which it wants to report beam measurements. The examples in this paper allow a WTRU to determine the type of measurement associated with the beam resource set or beam to be reported (e.g., L1-RSRP for each beam, average L1-RSRP for all beams).

[0090] A WTRU can transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal based on at least one spatial domain filter. The term "beam" can be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0091] The WTRU can use the same spatial domain filter used to receive RS (e.g., CSI-RS) or synchronization signal (SS) blocks to transmit physical channels or signals. The WTRU transmission can be referred to as the "target." The received RS or SS block can be referred to as the "reference" or "source." The WTRU can (e.g., in this case) transmit the target physical channel or signal based on the spatial relationship of the reference RS or SS block.

[0092] The WTRU can transmit the first physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used to transmit the second physical channel or signal. The first transmission and the second transmission can be referred to as the "target" and the "reference" (or "source"), respectively. It can be said that the WTRU (e.g., in this case) transmits the first (e.g., target) physical channel or signal based on the spatial relationship of the reference second (e.g., reference) physical channel or signal.

[0093] Spatial relationships can be implicit, configured by the RRC, or signaled by the MAC CE or DCI. In the example, the WTRU can implicitly transmit the DM-RS of the PUSCH and PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as the SRS, which is indicated by the SRI in the DCI or configured by the RRC. In the example, spatial relationships can be configured by the RRC for the SRS resource indicator (SRI) or signaled by the MAC CE for the PUCCH. This spatial relationship can (e.g., may also) be referred to as a "beam indication".

[0094] The WTRU can receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel or signal based on the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameters as the second (e.g., reference) downlink channel or signal. In the example, an association may exist between a physical channel such as PDCCH or PDSCH and its respective DM-RS. In the example, an association may exist if the WTRU is configured with Quasi-Cooperative Positioning (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports (e.g., at least if the first and second signals are reference signals). One or more of these associations can be configured as Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) states. The WTRU can be indicated as an association between the CSI-RS or SS block and the DM-RS by indexing the set of TCI states configured by the RRC and / or signaled by the MAC CE. This indication can (e.g., may also) be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0095] This document provides examples of beam measurement, beam quality measurement, and / or beam quality. Beam measurement, beam quality measurement, and / or beam quality can refer to one or more of the following parameters measured, estimated, and / or derived based on measurements performed on a beam or a group of beams: Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP); Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ); Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI); Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR); Channel Quality Indicator (CQI); Grade Indicator (RI); Layer Indicator (LI); Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI); CRI; Angle of Arrival (AoA); Angle of Deviation (AoD); Doppler Spread; Doppler Shift; Average Doppler; Delay Spread; Average Delay; or Channel Occupancy.

[0096] Differential beam measurement or spatial domain differential beam measurement of two beams can be the difference between two beam measurements. In the example, the spatial domain differential L1-RSRP of two beams can be the difference between the L1-RSRPs of the two beams.

[0097] A beam's time-domain differential beam measurement can be the difference between beam measurements of the same beam at two time instances. In the example, the beam's time-domain differential L1-RSRP can be the difference between the beam's L1-RSRP at two time instances.

[0098] Figure 2 The illustration shows an example of how L1-RSRP varies with elevation and azimuth angles. Figure 2 Simulated L1-RSRP results for different downlink beams experienced by a typical WTRU (corresponding to different azimuth and elevation angles) are shown. Table 1 below shows the relationship between beam indices and azimuth angles: Table 1: Relationship between beam index and azimuth and elevation angles.

[0099] Two beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) originating from the same sector or sector antenna and having similar azimuth and elevation angles can be correlated.

[0100] Figure 3 The figure illustrates an example of how the L-RSRP of a beam changes over time. The L1-RSRP of different downlink beams (corresponding to different azimuth and elevation angles) varies over time as shown below. Figure 3 As shown in Table 1 above, the relationship between beam index and azimuth is given.

[0101] Beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) in two adjacent time instances can be correlated.

[0102] Figure 4 The illustration shows example variations of L1-RSRP across different sectors / panels. Figure 4 The diagram illustrates three possible scenarios that a WTRU served by a gNB with three antenna sectors (or regions) may experience. These include a WTRU receiving better quality beams (e.g., beams corresponding to higher L1-RSRP) from one of the gNB's three sectors, two of the gNB's three sectors, and all three of the gNB's three sectors. Table 1 shows the relationship between beam indices and azimuth angles. The same WTRU may (e.g., it may also) experience all three scenarios at different times.

[0103] The number of antenna sectors (or sections) at a gNB that provides a better beam (e.g., a beam with a higher L1-RSRP) can be changed from one WTRU to another. The number of antenna sectors (or sections) at a gNB that provides a better beam (e.g., a beam with a higher L1-RSRP) for a WTRU can be changed dynamically.

[0104] This document provides examples of configurations for reporting beam measurements. The WTRU can receive one or more configurations and / or indications. The WTRU can determine and report one or more beam resources. Beam resources can include one or more of the following: TCI status, SSB, CSI-RS, PT-RS, or TRS for downlink. Beam resources can include one or more of the following: SRS resources or TCI status for uplink.

[0105] In the example, the WTRU can receive SS / PBCH blocks (SSBs). An SSB can include the PSS, SSS, and PBCH. The WTRU can monitor, receive, or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, RLM, cell search, cell handover, etc.

[0106] In the example, the WTRU can measure and report CSI. CSI can include or be configured with one or more of the following: CSI reporting configuration; CSI-RS resource set or NZP CSI-RS resource. CSI reporting configuration can include one or more of the following: CSI reporting quantity (e.g., L1-RSRP, SNR, CQI, RI, PMI, CRI, LI, etc.); CSI reporting type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic); CSI reporting codebook configuration (e.g., type I, type II, type II port selection, etc.) or CSI reporting frequency. CSI-RS resource set can include one or more of the following CSI resource settings: NZP-CSI-RS resource for channel measurement; NZP-CSI-RS resource for interference measurement; or CSI-IM resource for interference measurement. NZP CSI-RS resource can include one or more of the following: NZP CSI-RS resource ID; periodicity and offset; QCL information and TCI status; or resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[0107] In the example, the WTRU can receive one or more CSI reporting configurations (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig). A CSI reporting configuration can include CSI reporting quantities, which can indicate CSI parameters that may be required to be measured, estimated, derived, and / or reported. In the example, a CSI reporting quantity can be one or more of L1-RSRP, CQI, RI, PMI, CRI, LI, or SINR.

[0108] CSI reporting configurations can be associated with one or more CSI resource settings (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) used for channel or interference measurements. Resource settings can include a list of CSI resource sets. The list of CSI resource sets can include references to one or more CSI-RS resource sets or SSB sets.

[0109] This document provides an example of using beam correlation to reduce reporting overhead. Given the size of the CSI-RS resource set (e.g., the number of CSI-RS resources) and beam measurements (e.g., measured L1-RSRP values), the WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., from a network node or gNB) regarding the number of reference beams (e.g., CSI-RS resources) to be considered. The configuration information may include default settings for beam reporting procedures (e.g., L1-RSRP reporting procedures), such as the default number of reference beams and / or flags enabling beam measurement reporting. If beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP values) are being reported, beam resources in the resource set can be ordered such that adjacent beams are correlated and / or have similar beam measurements (e.g., similar L1-RSRP values).

[0110] This document provides an example of determining the number of reference beams used for beam reporting. The WTRU can determine or select the number of reference beams (e.g., beam reference signals including SS / PBCH blocks and CSI-RS resources) for which the WTRU can (e.g., may need to) report beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP values) to the gNB. The above selection can be determined via one or more of the following examples.

[0111] Depending on the size of the CSI-RS resource set, the WTRU can consider a fixed number of reference beams (e.g., reference CSI-RS resources, subsets of CSI-RS resources). For example, for every X CSI-RS resources, the WTRU can consider reporting a single L1-RSRP value for a single reference beam (CSI-RS resource). If the CSI-RS resource set includes NX CSI-RS resources, the WTRU can select (N or round down (N) or round up (N) or round to the nearest integer (N)) reference beams (reference CSI-RS resources). This static configuration can be indicated to the WTRU by the gNB in ​​the L1-RSRP report configuration information.

[0112] The WTRU can determine, select, or decide the number of reference beams based on beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP measurement) values. If the maximum difference between the highest beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) value and all other beam measurement values ​​(e.g., L1-RSRP values) is less than a certain threshold (e.g., a threshold configured by the gNB via RRC signaling or MAC-CE indication), the WTRU can decide to use a reference beam (e.g., a reference CSI-RS resource). If the aforementioned difference exceeds the threshold, a reference beam (e.g., a reference CSI-RS resource) can be selected (where the number of reference beams > 1).

[0113] The WTRU can determine, select, or decide the number of reference beams based on the use case of the beam measurement report. For example, if the beam report is used for a first use case, the WTRU can determine a first number of reference beams, and if the beam report is used for a second use case, the WTRU can determine a second number of reference beams, and so on. Use cases can be at least one of the following: AI / ML model use cases (e.g., online / offline training, inference, fine-tuning, etc.); lifecycle management use cases (e.g., model performance monitoring, model switching, model activation / deactivation, etc.); or AI / ML functions (e.g., beam prediction in the temporal domain, beam prediction in the spatial domain).

[0114] This document provides an example of beam measurement reporting using a single reference beam. A WTRU can report a single beam measurement value (e.g., an L1-RSRP value) for a single reference beam, which may have an associated beam index ID. This beam may be associated with a beam resource (e.g., a CSI-RS resource) in a set of beam resources that can (e.g., can be requested) be reported.

[0115] Reference beams or reference signals (e.g., CSI-RS resources, CSI-RS identifiers, SSB identifiers, etc.) can be selected or determined based on beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP values) associated with the beam reference signal (e.g., highest, median, lowest). Thereafter, beam reference signals, CSI-RS, SS / PBCH blocks, SSBs, and beams can be used interchangeably.

[0116] In the example, a reference beam (e.g., a CSI-RS resource) can be selected as the beam (e.g., a CSI-RS resource) in the CSI-RS resource set that has the largest beam measurement (e.g., the largest measurement L1-RSRP value).

[0117] In the example, the reference beam (CSI-RS resource) can be a beam (CSI-RS resource) in the CSI-RS resource set that has a median beam measurement (e.g., median L1-RSRP value).

[0118] In the example, the WTRU can consider the reference beam (CSI-RS resource) based on explicit instructions from the gNB. The aforementioned instructions can be (e.g., or may be) implicit (e.g., corresponding to the beam with the lowest or highest CRI).

[0119] Figure 5 The illustration shows an example of differential L1-RSRP using the largest L1-RSRP beam as the reference beam. Figure 6 The illustration shows an example of differential L1-RSRP using adjacent beams as reference beams. To calculate the differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP values) of the remaining beams (e.g., CSI-RS resources) in a beam resource set (e.g., a CSI-RS resource set), the WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., received from the gNB to confirm the reference used for calculating the differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP values)). The WTRU can be instructed by the gNB (e.g., or optionally) to calculate the differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP values) of the remaining beams (e.g., CSI-RS resources) by comparing all beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP values) of the remaining beams (e.g., CSI-RS resources) with the beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP values) of the reference beam (e.g., the reference CSI-RS resource). Figure 5 (As shown). Differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP values) of the remaining beams (e.g., CSI-RS resources) can be obtained by iteratively comparing each remaining beam (e.g., CSI-RS resource) with its adjacent beam (e.g., CSI-RS resource), starting from the beam adjacent to the reference beam (e.g., reference CSI-RS resource). Figure 6 (As shown).

[0120] If a differential beam measurement (e.g., differential L1-RSRP value) calculation configuration is obtained (e.g., after obtaining it), the WTRU can calculate the differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP values) for the remaining beams (e.g., CSI-RS resources) in the beam resource set (e.g., all beams in the beam resource set except the reference beam). The WTRU can report the differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP values) to the gNB.

[0121] This document provides an example of beam measurement reporting with more than one reference beam. For beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP measurement) and reporting purposes, the WTRU can be configured with CSI-RS resources and / or SS / PBCH block resources. For example, the WTRU can be configured with CSI-RS resource settings for up to X CSI-RS resource sets, each CSI-RS resource set having up to Y resources within a set (e.g., each set). The total number of distinct CSI-RS resources on the resource sets (e.g., all resource sets) can be configured to be less than Z. In the example, the values ​​of X, Y, and Z can be predefined or preconfigured to 16, 64, and 128, respectively. In the example, the values ​​of X, Y, and Z can be configured to be greater than 16, 64, and 128, respectively.

[0122] WTRU behavior can be defined or configured to minimize the overhead of beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) reporting associated with CSI-RS resources in the CSI-RS resource set. WTRUs can be configured with beam measurement reporting, having a number of reference beams (e.g., a value N). The value of N can be predefined or preconfigured. In the example, the value of N can be greater than 1. In the example, the value of N can be configured by the network. In the example, the value of N can be determined by the WTRU.

[0123] For example, the WTRU can be configured to determine the value of N within a range configured by the network. The WTRU can be configured to determine the value of N such that one or more pre-configured conditions are satisfied. For example, the criterion can be associated with minimizing the overhead associated with L1-RSRP reporting. For example, if differential L1-RSRP reporting is applied, the criterion can be associated with minimizing quantization loss. For example, a criterion can be defined such that the WTRU minimizes quantization loss (e.g., given the payload size of the PUCCH and / or PUSCH carrying L1-RSRP reporting). For example, the WTRU can implicitly determine the value of N based on the number of CSI-RS resources in the CSI-RS resource set. For example, the WTRU can determine the value of N based on the number of beams above a pre-configured L1-RSRP threshold. The WTRU can determine the value of N based on the range of L1-RSRP measurements. For example, if the range of L1-RSRP measurements is narrower than a threshold (e.g., a threshold configured by the gNB via RRC signaling or MAC-CE indication), a first N value can be used or determined. For example, if the range of L1-RSRP measurements is equal to or wider than the threshold, a second N value can be used or determined.

[0124] The number of reference beams can be determined based on the number of beam reporting groups. For example, CSI-RS resources in a CSI-RS resource set can be divided into multiple subsets. Multiple subsets (e.g., each subset) can include one or more CSI-RS resources that do not overlap with one or more CSI-RS resources in another subset. The WTRU can determine the reference beams in each subset (e.g., each subset (or beam group)).

[0125] Beamgroup information can be configured by the gNB (e.g., the number of beamgroups, CSI-RS resource information for each beamgroup, etc.). The WTRU can report preferred beamgrouping information.

[0126] The concept of a reference beam can be used for differential beam measurement reporting (e.g., differential L1-RSRP reporting). The WTRU can be configured with rules for selecting a reference beam within a subset of CSI-RS resources. For example, the rules may include one or more of the following: the beam with the highest beam measurement (e.g., highest L1-RSRP) within the CSI-RS resource subset; the beam with the median beam measurement (e.g., median L1-RSRP) within the CSI-RS resource subset; selecting the beam that produces the lowest quantization loss as the reference beam; or selecting the beam that produces the lowest overhead as the reference beam. The reference beam can be associated with a beam index explicitly indicated by the gNB. The beam index can be associated with the beam position within the CSI-RS resource set configuration (e.g., highest, median, or lowest beam index). Differential beam measurements of non-reference beams (e.g., differential L1-RSRP) can be derived based on the difference between the beam measurements of the reference beam (e.g., L1-RSRP) and the beam measurements of non-reference beams. Differential beam measurements of non-reference beams can be derived based on the difference between beam measurements of non-reference beams and beam measurements of adjacent beams.

[0127] The WTRU can explicitly indicate a reference beam by including an explicit identifier associated with it. For example, the WTRU can include a CRI or SSBRI associated with the reference beam in its L1-RSRP report (e.g., depending on whether the indicated reference beam is associated with CSI-RS or SSB). The WTRU can apply a first type of reporting format to the reference beam and a second type of reporting format to non-reference beams (e.g., beams other than the reference beam). For example, the first type of reporting can correspond to reporting m-bit values ​​mapped to a first L1-RSRP value range with a first configuration step size. For example, the WTRU can report the L1-RSRP value of a reference beam defined by 7-bit values ​​in 1-dB steps within the range [-140, -44] dBm. The second type of reporting can correspond to reporting the differential L1-RSRP relative to the reference beam. The reporting can correspond to n-bit values ​​within a second L1-RSRP range with a second configuration step size. For example, WTRU can report the differential L1-RSRP values ​​of a non-reference beam defined by 4-bit values ​​in 2-dB steps within the range [-140, -44] dBm.

[0128] The WTRU can be configured with beam measurement reports such that the beam measurement reports (e.g., L1-RSRP reports) are based on partitioning a CSI-RS resource set (e.g., each CSI-RS resource set) into multiple CSI-RS subsets. The WTRU can be configured to partition the subsets such that at least one reference beam can exist in each subset (e.g., in each subset). In the example, the number of CSI-RS subsets can be predefined or preconfigured. In the example, the number of CSI-RS subsets can be greater than one. In the example, the number of CSI-RS subsets can be configured by the network. In the example, the number of CSI-RS subsets can be determined by the WTRU.

[0129] For example, the WTRU can be configured to determine the number of CSI-RS subsets within a range configured by the network. The WTRU can be configured to determine the number of CSI-RS subsets such that one or more pre-configured conditions are satisfied. For example, the criterion can be associated with minimizing the overhead associated with L1-RSRP reporting. For example, if differential L1-RSRP reporting is applied, the criterion can be associated with minimizing quantization loss. For example, a criterion can be defined such that, given the payload size of the PUCCH and / or PUSCH carrying L1-RSRP reporting, the WTRU minimizes the quantization loss. For example, the WTRU can implicitly determine the number of CSI-RS subsets based on the number of CSI-RS resources in the CSI-RS resource set. For example, the WTRU can determine the number of CSI-RS subsets based on the number of beams above a pre-configured L1-RSRP threshold.

[0130] In the example, WTRU can partition the beam resources of a resource set into partitions of a configuration number (Z) based on beam ID (e.g., CRI). If multiple beams in a CSI-RS resource set (P) are divisible by Z, then a partition (e.g., each partition) can have P / Z beams. The first partition can include beams with the first P beam indices (e.g., 0, 1, ..., P-1). The second partition can include beams (P, P+1, ..., 2P-1), and so on. If P is not divisible by N, then one of the partitions (e.g., the first or Nth partition) can have floor(Z / P) + modulo(Z, P) beams. The remaining Z-1 partitions can have floor(P / Z) beams. Here, floor(.) is the floor function, and modulo(.,.) is the modulo operation. One of the partitions (e.g., the first or Nth partition) can have P - floor(P / Z) * (Z-1) beams. Here, round up (.) is the round up function. The remaining N-1 partitions can have round up (P / Z) beams.

[0131] In the example, the size of a CSI-RS resource subset can be fixed for a CSI-RS resource set (e.g., all CSI-RS resource sets). In the example, the size of a CSI-RS resource subset can be specific to a CSI-RS resource set. For example, all CSI-RS resource subsets in a CSI-RS resource set can have the same size. For example, across CSI-RS resource sets, the sizes of CSI-RS resource subsets can be different or the same. The WTRU can be configured to determine the size of a CSI-RS resource subset to meet a pre-configured criterion. This criterion can be similar to the criteria configured to determine the number of CSI-RS resource subsets. In the example, the size of a CSI-RS resource subset can be based on the difference between the maximum and minimum L1-RSRP of the beams within the subset. The difference between the maximum and minimum L1-RSRP in a CSI-RS resource subset may be below a certain pre-configured threshold. In the example, the size of a CSI-RS resource subset can depend on the relative L1-RSRP of other reference beams in the CSI-RS resource set.

[0132] In the example, the WTRU can first determine the number of reference beams and can (e.g., then can) determine the size of the CSI-RS resource subsets associated with each reference beam (e.g., each reference beam). The WTRU can (e.g., therefore) derive the number of CSI-RS resource subsets in the CSI-RS resource set. In the example, the WTRU can first determine the number of CSI-RS resource subsets based on the number of CSI-RS subsets in the CSI-RS resource set. The WTRU can be configured using a one-to-one relationship between CSI-RS resource subsets and reference beams. In the example, the WTRU can be configured to determine one reference beam for each CSI-RS resource subset. In the example, the WTRU can be configured to jointly determine (one or more) reference beams, CSI-RS resource subset sizes, and the number of CSI-RS resource subsets, such that one or more pre-configured criteria (e.g., as described herein) are met.

[0133] Figure 7 An example of differential L1-RSRP with two reference beams is illustrated. This paper provides examples of differential L1-RSRP reporting using multiple reference beams and / or subsets of CSI-RS resources (e.g., such as...). Figure 7 (As shown). Figure 7The diagram illustrates the L1-RSRPs (e.g., possibly associated with 16 CSI-RS resources in a CSI-RS resource set) for 16 beams indexed 1-16. The WTRU can be configured (e.g., as described herein) to partition the CSI-RS resources in the resource set into two subsets—a blue subset and a red subset, each comprising 8 L1-RSRPs. For L1-RSRP reporting purposes, the WTRU can determine a reference beam within each CSI-RS resource subset (e.g., each CSI-RS resource subset). The WTRU can select the reference beam corresponding to the highest L1-RSRP in the CSI-RS resource subset. In the blue CSI-RS resource subset, the reference beam is beam index 4, therefore the WTRU includes the L1-RSRP and CRI associated with beam index 4 in its CSI report. The WTRU can (e.g., may also) include differential L1-RSRPs for other beams in the blue CSI-RS resource subset. Differential L1-RSRPs can be calculated using the difference between the L1-RSRP of the reference beam and the L1-RSRP of the non-reference beam. In the red CSI-RS subset, the reference beam is beam index 12, therefore the WTRU includes the L1-RSRP and CRI associated with beam index 12. The WTRU may (e.g., it may also) include differential L1-RSRPs of other beams in the red CSI-RS resource subset. Differential L1-RSRPs can be calculated using the difference between the L1-RSRP of the reference beam and the L1-RSRP of the non-reference beam. Within the CSI report, the WTRU can use an implicit identifier based on the L1-RSRP order within the CSI report to indicate the identifier of the non-reference beam. For example, the WTRU may include the L1-RSRPs of beams in the order of the CSI-RS resources within the CSI-RS resource subset.

[0134] The WTRU can select a set of reference beams (e.g., identified by a set of reference signal (RS) resources associated with that set of reference beams) for reporting beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP). The WTRU can also select (e.g., it may select) a set of associated neighboring beams (e.g., a set of RS resources with adjacent indices) for performing and reporting relative measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP relative to the reference beams (e.g., RS resources)). The associated neighboring beams (e.g., RS resources with adjacent indices) can be selected using a configured or default order of reference beams (e.g., RS resources) and beam indices (e.g., RS indices). This order can be determined based on the assumption or observation that beams with similar elevation and azimuth angles are correlated with each other. The correlation between beams can be used to reduce reporting overhead.

[0135] The WTRU can be configured (e.g., to receive acknowledgment information) with differential (e.g., differential L1-RSRP) RS resource measurement reports. Configuration information may include at least one of the following: an RS resource set, a pre-configured threshold (e.g., a measurement range threshold (e.g., the difference between the maximum and minimum measurements)) or a window size. The RS resource set may include RS resources.

[0136] The WTRU can receive indications or configuration information that RS resources in a configured RS resource set are ordered (e.g., such that RS resources in the RS resource set (e.g., for beam measurement) are related (e.g., have an adjacency index)). Indications or configuration information can be received in messages (e.g., via RRC signaling, or the WTRU can determine such information based on a default configuration).

[0137] WTRU can perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) on RS resources of a configured RS resource set.

[0138] In the example, the WTRU may determine the number (N) and identifier of one or more reference beams, for example, based on beam measurements and / or gNB configuration (e.g., based on comparing the beam measurements with a pre-configured threshold (e.g., a measurement range threshold), the number of RS resources in the configured RS resource set, or the number of RS resources in the window size).

[0139] The WTRU can report RS resource measurements on RS resources using multiple reference beams (e.g., one or more reference beams). The WTRU can determine the RS resources in the RS resource set within a subset of RS resources (e.g., equal to the number of reference beams).

[0140] If N>1 (e.g., the number of reference beams is greater than 1), then WTRU can partition the RS resources in the configured RS resource set into multiple RS resource subsets.

[0141] If N=1 (e.g., the number of reference beams is 1), then WTRU can assume that the RS resources in the configured RS resource set are in a single (e.g., first) subset.

[0142] WTRU can select one RS resource (e.g., one RS resource from each subset) (by b) ki (i∈{1,2,...,N}) is indicated by the symbol.

[0143] WTRU can select RS resources based on measurements. ki (For example, the RS resource subset has the RS resource with the highest measurement, or the RS resource subset has the RS resource with the median measurement).

[0144] In the example, WTRU can determine the differential RS resource measurement as a reference for the differential measurement calculation of other RS ​​resources in the subset. ki The measurement. In the example, WTRU can determine the differential RS resource measurement as a reference for the differential measurement calculation of up to two RS resources with adjacent indices. ki The measurement (e.g., based on CRI); the measurement of a first set of up to two RS resources serves as a reference for the differential measurement calculation of a second set of up to two RS resources with adjacent indices, and so on, until differential measurements have been calculated for all non-reference RS resources in the subset.

[0145] For a subset of RS resources (e.g., for each subset), WTRU may report one or more measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of the reference RS resources and their indices (e.g., CRI), as well as one or more differential measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP) of the remaining RS resources in the subset (e.g., each subset).

[0146] This paper provides examples of reducing beam reporting overhead through spatial and temporal domain compression. This paper also provides examples of sparse beam reporting. Finally, this paper provides examples of initiating beam measurements for model inference or model training.

[0147] The WTRU can receive configuration or instructions to report beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) associated with one or more beam resource sets on one or more measurement instances.

[0148] WTRU can receive triggers to activate semi-persistent CSI reporting (e.g., via DCI). The triggered CSI reporting configuration can be associated with a CSI resource configuration of semi-persistent or periodic resource type and reporting volume CRI and L1-RSRP.

[0149] The WTRU can indicate to the gNB the potential need for beam measurements (e.g., new beam measurements) for model inference or model training. The WTRU can determine the potential need for beam measurements (e.g., updated beam measurements) based on the detection of one or more of the following events. If one or more events are detected, the WTRU can report the detection of one or more events as auxiliary information used by the gNB to determine updated beam measurements.

[0150] Events that initiate auxiliary information transmission may include one or more of the following: a change in direction of movement; a change in speed (e.g., exceeding a pre-configured threshold for the WTRU speed, or changing speed beyond a pre-configured threshold); switching antenna sectors; a change in interference level exceeding a pre-configured threshold (e.g., the threshold may be configured via one or more of RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, or DCI indication); a change in LosS conditions (e.g., LosS to non-LoS or non-LoS to LosS); or detection of limitations based on EIRP conditions (e.g., detecting a local object that limits EIRP below a pre-configured threshold for the gNB).

[0151] WTRU can report auxiliary information to gNB based on one or a combination of the following examples.

[0152] The WTRU can be configured with a preamble. If one or more events are detected within a pre-configured duration (e.g., a duration configured via RRC signaling), the WTRU can transmit the preamble.

[0153] The WTRU can be configured to have two preambles. The WTRU can send a first preamble (e.g., if an event is detected within a pre-configured duration by the gNB (e.g., a duration configured via RRC signaling)). The WTRU can send a second preamble (e.g., if more than one event is detected within a pre-configured duration).

[0154] A WTRU can be configured with a set of preambles. Preamble resources (e.g., each preamble resource) can be associated with one or more events. If one or more events are detected within a pre-configured duration (e.g., a duration pre-configured via RRC signaling), the WTRU can transmit the preamble associated with the one or more events.

[0155] If one or more events are detected within a pre-configured duration (e.g., a duration configured via RRC signaling), the WTRU may send a one-bit indication to the gNB (e.g., via PUCCH or MAC-CE).

[0156] If one or more events are detected within a pre-configured duration (e.g., a duration configured via RRC signaling), the WTRU may send a set of bits to the gNB (e.g., via PUCCH or MAC-CE). These bits (e.g., each bit in the set) may be associated with an event. A bit value of '1' may indicate that the associated event has occurred, while a bit value set to '0' may indicate that the associated event has not occurred.

[0157] The WTRU can receive requests from the gNB to report beam measurements associated with one or more beam resource sets (e.g., based on the reported support information).

[0158] The WTRU can receive indications of UL resources (e.g., via scheduling PUSCH and / or PUCCH) to transmit support information (e.g., additional support information) to assess the need for beam measurements (e.g., new beam measurements). In an example, if one or more events are detected within a pre-configured duration, the WTRU can transmit a pre-configured preamble. In response to the transmitted preamble, the WTRU can receive UL authorization for scheduling one or more PUSCHs, where the WTRU can transmit a MAC-CE (e.g., as a bitmap) indicating the occurrence of one or more events (e.g., each event) within the pre-configured duration. The WTRU can (e.g., may also) indicate the number of occurrences of one or more events (e.g., each event) within a time interval.

[0159] This document provides examples of beam measurement reporting based on time-domain differential beam measurements. The WTRU can receive configuration (e.g., configuration information) and / or instructions to report beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) associated with one or more beam resource sets on more than one measurement instance. The WTRU can report beam measurements for a first measurement instance using at least one of the examples described herein. Beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of one or more reference beams and their beam IDs (e.g., CRI) can be reported together with differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP) of the remaining beams in the beam resource sets.

[0160] In response to a request for beam reporting associated with a beam resource set, for a first measurement reporting instance, the WTRU may use the highest L1-RSRP beam as a reference to report the L1-RSRP of the remaining beams in the resource set that has the highest L1-RSRP and differential L1-RSRP. The WTRU may (e.g., may also) report the beam ID (e.g., CRI) corresponding to the beam with the highest L1-RSRP.

[0161] For subsequent reporting instances, the WTRU can report the time-domain differential L1-RSRP for one or more beams (e.g., each beam) in the beam resource set. The time-domain differential L1-RSRP can be the difference between the L1-RSRPs of the beams at the measurement instance and the reference time instance. The WTRU can be configured with at least one of the following as a reference resource measurement instance and / or indicated by it: the first reporting instance as the reference measurement instance; a measurement instance that has just passed as the reference measurement instance; or any measurement instance indicated by the gNB as the reference measurement instance.

[0162] The WTRU can select a reference measurement instance and can indicate its selection to the gNB via PUCCH or MAC-CE signaling. The WTRU can determine the maximum time-domain differential L1-RSRP of the beams in the beam resource set (e.g., all beams). The WTRU can (e.g., then may) select the first reporting instance as the reference if such selection would result in the maximum time-domain differential L1-RSRP falling below a pre-configured threshold by the gNB. If the maximum time-domain differential L1-RSRP exceeds the threshold, the WTRU can select the most recently reported instance as the reference measurement instance.

[0163] This document provides an example of beam measurement reporting based on sparse reporting. It also provides examples of activating or deactivating sparse reporting. The WTRU can receive configuration information or instructions from the gNB to activate or deactivate sparse reporting.

[0164] Figure 8 The illustration shows an example of beam reporting on continuous measurement instances using sparse reporting. If sparse reporting is activated, the WTRU can report beam measurements (e.g., such as...) of a subset of beams associated with a beam resource set (e.g., all beams). Figure 8 (As shown).

[0165] WTRU can explicitly indicate the activation of sparse beam reporting via DCI indication or MAC-CE signaling (e.g., 1-bit indication, with a bit value "1" for activation and a bit value "0" for deactivation).

[0166] The WTRU can be configured with sparse beam reporting. Activation of sparse beam reporting can be determined by the WTRU based on beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) on k (e.g., k=2) number of measurement instances (e.g., k initial beam measurement instances). k can be configured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, or DCI indication.

[0167] In the example configuration, if the magnitude of the maximum and / or average of the time-domain differential L1-RSRP of the beams associated with the resource set on k measurement instances is lower than the sparse reporting activation threshold pre-configured by the gNB (e.g., indicated via RRC signaling or MAC-CE), the WTRU can determine to activate sparse beam reporting for that resource set.

[0168] If k ≥ 3, for one or more beams (e.g., each beam), the WTRU may consider one or more time-domain differential L1-RSRP measurements based on one of the following: Based on the selected option (e.g., determined via one or more of DCI, MAC CE, and RRC configurations), the WTRU may consider multiple or single time-domain differential L1-RSRP measurements for one or more beams (e.g., each beam).

[0169] For a beam, multiple time-domain differential L1-RSRP measurements over k ≥ 3 measurement instances can be calculated as: L1-RSRP at the second measurement instance – L1-RSRP at the first measurement instance, L1-RSRP at the third measurement instance – L1-RSRP at the second measurement instance, ..., L1-RSRP at the nth measurement instance – L1-RSRP at the (k-1)th measurement instance.

[0170] For a beam, a single time-domain differential L1-RSRP measurement on k ≥ 3 measurement instances can be calculated as: L1-RSRP at the nth measurement instance – L1-RSRP at the 1st measurement instance.

[0171] WTRU can indicate the activation of sparse reporting to gNB (e.g., as a 1-bit indication via PUCCH or MAC-CE).

[0172] In the example configuration, if the amplitudes of time-domain differential measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of multiple beams associated with an RS resource set (e.g., across N measurement instances) are below a pre-configured sparse reporting activation threshold (e.g., configured by the gNB), the WTRU can determine to activate sparse beam reporting for that resource set. The WTRU can indicate the activation of sparse reporting to the gNB (e.g., as a 1-bit indication via PUCCH or MAC-CE).

[0173] In the example configuration, if the number of beams in a beam resource set with amplitudes of time-domain differential L1-RSRP below a pre-configured sparse reporting activation threshold on N measurement instances is greater than a pre-configured number (e.g., configured by the gNB), the WTRU can activate sparse beam reporting. The WTRU can indicate the activation of sparse reporting to the gNB (e.g., as a 1-bit indication via PUCCH or MAC-CE).

[0174] The activation or deactivation of sparse reporting can be determined by the WTRU based on the estimated beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of the UL beams associated with the PUSCH or PUCCH resources transmitting CSI reports. If the estimated beam measurements are below (above) a pre-configured threshold by the gNB, the WTRU can deactivate (activate) sparse reporting to avoid losing CSI reports due to lower UL channel quality. The WTRU can use DL beam reciprocity to estimate the beam measurements of the UL beams associated with the PUSCH or PUCCH based on the DL beam measurements.

[0175] The WTRU can implicitly receive an indication to activate sparse reporting based on an index of a report configuration indication. For example, the WTRU can be an RRC configured with a list of beam measurement report configurations (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) associated with sparse reporting. If a request for a CSI report associated with a sparse report configured with a CSI report configuration is received, the WTRU can activate sparse reporting.

[0176] WTRU may determine full reporting (e.g., L1-RSRP of all CSI-RS resources in the CSI-RS resource set) or sparse reporting (e.g., L1-RSRP of a subset of CSI-RS resources in the CSI-RS resource set) based on one or more of the following: AI / ML model performance (e.g., CSI prediction accuracy); AI / ML model use cases (e.g., online or offline training, inference, monitoring, etc.); time resources (e.g., slot number, frame number, etc.); size of reporting resources (e.g., number of bits of the configured or determined reporting resources); or one or more system parameters (e.g., waveform, subcarrier spacing, bandwidth, cell ID, CP length, bandwidth portion identifier, etc.).

[0177] Sparse reporting can be used interchangeably with beamgroup reporting, beam subset reporting, multi-beam reporting, and overhead-reduced beam reporting.

[0178] This document provides an example of determining a subset of beams for sparse reporting in a measurement instance (e.g., each measurement instance). If sparse reporting is activated, the WTRU may determine a subset of beams based on one or more of the following to report beam measurements at the sparse reporting instance (e.g., each sparse reporting instance).

[0179] The WTRU can be configured with a beam subset selection mode by the gNB via RRC signaling. For example, at the first sparse reporting instance, beam measurements of beams with odd resource IDs (e.g., CRI) can be reported. Beam measurements of beams with even resource IDs (e.g., CRI) can be reported (e.g., in subsequent reporting instances). This mode can persist until (e.g., all) sparse beam reporting instances are completed.

[0180] The WTRU can be configured with more than one beam subset selection mode (e.g., via RRC signaling). For example, the WTRU can receive an indication (e.g., via DCI indication or MAC-CE signaling) for selecting a mode from a set of modes configured by the gNB for CSI reporting configuration.

[0181] Based on the CSI report configuration, the WTRU can implicitly indicate the mode used for sparse beam reporting. For example, beam subset selection for sparse reporting can be configured as a parameter in the CSI report configuration. Based on the associated CSI report configuration in the CSI report, the WTRU can determine the beam selection mode used for sparse reporting. For example, beam selection for sparse reporting can be configured as a parameter in a beam resource set (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) associated with the CSI report configuration. Based on the beam resource set associated with the CSI report configuration used for CSI reporting, the WTRU can determine the beam selection mode used for sparse reporting.

[0182] The WTRU can determine the subset of beams to be reported at sparse reporting instances (e.g., each sparse reporting instance) based on the changes in beam measurements over time. The WTRU can then report the selected subset of beams along with the beam measurements to network nodes (e.g., gNBs).

[0183] The WTRU can estimate the time-domain differential L1-RSRP based on beam measurements and select beams whose amplitude exceeds a sparse reporting beam selection threshold pre-configured by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling or MAC-CE indication). The WTRU can instruct the gNB on the selected subset of beams for each measurement instance (e.g., each measurement instance) associated with sparse reporting (e.g., by reporting the beam subset selection as a bitmap in the beam report).

[0184] The WTRU can determine the subset of beams to be reported based on a time index associated with beam measurements and / or beam reporting. The time index can be at least one of a time slot index, a radio frame index, or a symbol index.

[0185] Figure 9An example of a beam measurement report with sparse reporting is illustrated. This document provides an example of a WTRU reporting beam measurements with sparse reporting. If the WTRU is configured, instructed, or determined to perform beam measurement reporting using sparse reporting for a beam resource set, the WTRU may report beam measurements using at least one or a combination of the following.

[0186] For an initial k (e.g., k=1) measurement instances configured by a gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling), the WTRU can report beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) of the beams (e.g., all beams) in the resource set using one or more examples provided herein. For example, the WTRU can report L1-RSRP measurements for the beam resource set for the first measurement instance (e.g., k=1) by reporting the beam ID (e.g., CRI) of the beam with the highest L1-RSRP and the differential L1-RSRP of the remaining beams.

[0187] For measurement instances subsequent to the k-th instance, the WTRU can select the subset of beams to report based on one or more examples provided herein. For instance, in the first sparse reporting measurement instance, the WTRU can report the L1-RSRP of beams with odd beam IDs (e.g., odd CRIs). The WTRU can report beam measurements with even beam IDs (e.g., CRIs) (e.g., in subsequent measurement instances). This beam subset selection process for sparse reporting can continue until all measurement instances corresponding to sparse reporting have been completed.

[0188] For measurement instances after the k-th instance, the WTRU can report beam measurements by using one or more examples provided herein, thereby reporting beam measurements of a subset of selected beams in the resource set of the measurement instance (e.g., for each measurement instance). For example, the WTRU can report beam measurements of a selected subset of beams by reporting the beam ID (e.g., CRI) of the beam corresponding to the highest L1-RSRP in the selected subset and the differential L1-RSRP of the remaining beams in the selected subset.

[0189] For measurement instances after the k-th instance, the WTRU can report beam measurements of a subset of selected beams in the resource set for each measurement instance (e.g., each measurement instance) by reporting time-domain differential beam measurements. If time-domain differential beam measurements (e.g., time-domain differential L1-RSRP) are calculated for the selected subset of beams, reference beam measurements (e.g., for each beam) can be determined using one or more of the following: Figure 9(As shown): the most recent beam measurement reported for the same beam resource; or the beam measurement reported for the same beam at any of the initial k measurement instances of the beam measurement (e.g., the beam measurement reported for the same beam at the kth initial measurement instance).

[0190] This document provides examples of selecting representative beam and time instances for beam reporting. It also provides examples of selecting a subset of beams for beam measurements and reporting. The WTRU can perform measurements on one or more beam resources (e.g., CSI-RS resources) and derive one or more CSI parameters. In the example, during beam selection, the WTRU can measure and derive the received power and report (e.g., CRI-RSRP / L1-RSRP) of one or more beam resources (e.g., up to N CRI-RSRP / L1-RSRPs with the highest RSRP). In the example, the WTRU can determine a CRI (e.g., based on priorities such as CQI, RSRP, etc.) from a supported or configured set of CRI values ​​and report that CRI along with one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI. The WTRU can measure and derive one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI (e.g., conditional on the reported CRI).

[0191] The WTRU can (e.g., from a gNB) determine, receive, and / or be provided with one or more configurations, indications, and / or activation triggers to dynamically (e.g., adaptively) determine, select, and / or identify subsets of beam resources. The WTRU can use these indications and / or configurations to determine which beam resources to report as part of the determined and / or selected beam subset. Configurations (e.g., configuration information) and / or indications may include one or more of the following: the number of measurement instances (e.g., the WTRU can receive and / or determine the number of measurement instances the WTRU can perform for beam subset selection); or beam selection criteria (e.g., the WTRU can receive one or more parameters to determine whether beam resources should be considered in the corresponding beam subset selection). One or more of the following can be applied: maximum differential beam measurement (e.g., differential L1-RSRP) (e.g., if the measured and / or determined received power (e.g., L1-RSRP) is within a first threshold compared to a reference maximum received power (e.g., for a selected adjacent beam), the WTRU can determine to include beam resources in the beam subset selection); or average differential beam measurement (e.g., average differential L1-RSRP) (e.g., if the measured and / or determined received power (e.g., L1-RSRP) is within a second threshold compared to a reference average power (e.g., for a selected adjacent beam), the WTRU can determine to include beam resources in the beam subset selection).

[0192] The WTRU can be configured or determined to report the beam resources that the WTRU has selected for a subset of beams. In the example, the WTRU can report the index (e.g., CRI) corresponding to the selected beam resource. In the example, the WTRU can report the selected beam index based on a bitmap, where a first value (e.g., -(1)) can indicate that the corresponding beam has been selected, and a second value in the bitmap (e.g., zero(1)) can indicate that the corresponding beam has not been selected.

[0193] The WTRU can report measurement parameters of one or more selected beam resources within a selected beam subset. In an example, the WTRU can report the received power (e.g., L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, RSSI, etc.) of the selected beam subset. In another example, the WTRU can report the absolute value of a first beam (e.g., as a reference beam) (e.g., the beam with the highest L1-RSRP). The WTRU can report the differences (e.g., differential L1-RSRP) of other beam resources based on the reported reference beam.

[0194] This document provides examples of selecting representative beams and time instances for beam reporting. If all beams have similar beam measurements, the WTRU can select one beam to represent the beam measurements of several adjacent beams (e.g., based on CRI). The WTRU can report the beam measurements of the selected beam set and can indicate the selected beam set to the gNB. If the variation of beam(s)(s) over time (e.g., time-domain differential L1-RSRP) is low, the WTRU can report the beam measurements at the selected measurement instance.

[0195] The WTRU can receive indications from the gNB to measure and report beam measurements of one or more beam resource sets. The WTRU can receive indications from the gNB to activate adaptive selection of beam subsets for reporting beam measurements. The WTRU can select a subset of beams based on pre-configured selection rules (e.g., if the differential L1-RSRP of a neighboring beam with a lower CRI is used as a reference < threshold, then that beam is discarded from the beam report. The discarded beam is not considered as a reference. This process can continue until a beam satisfying the differential L1-RSRP condition of lower CRI as a reference > threshold can be found. The reference beam can be switched to the newly discovered beam. This process can continue until all beams in the beam resource set have been completed).

[0196] The WTRU can report a selected set of beams to the gNB (e.g., in a bitmap). The WTRU can also report beam measurements of the selected subset of beams to the gNB (e.g., the WTRU can report the absolute L1-RSRP of the highest L1-RSRP beam and the differential L1-RSRP of each beam taking into account the selected subset of beams).

[0197] This document provides examples of reporting beam subsets. WTRU can maintain and report measurements of beam subsets. The types of measurements reported for beam subsets can include at least one of the following: RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, CQI, RI, PMI, AoA, AoD, Doppler spread, Doppler shift, delay spread, average delay, or channel occupancy. WTRU can determine the members (e.g., beams) of the beam subset to be measured and / or reported by at least one of the following: the ID of the beam subset; the measurement value; or the configuration from a network node (e.g., gNB).

[0198] For the ID of a beam subset, the WTRU can be configured with a beam subset, or the ID associated with a beam subset can be determined. The beam associated with a subset can be determined based on the subset's ID or the beam index or measurement resource index associated with the beam.

[0199] For a measurement, the WTRU can identify a subset of beams that it measures within a threshold (e.g., all beams). In the example, the WTRU can identify a subset of beams that it measures the N closest beams (e.g., where N is configurable). The measurements used can include at least one of the following: RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, CQI, RI, PMI, AoA, AoD, Doppler spread, Doppler shift, delay spread, average delay, or channel occupancy.

[0200] For configurations from network nodes (e.g., gNBs), WTRUs can be configured using a subset of beams in RRC configuration, DCI indication, or MAC CE indication.

[0201] WTRU can report the identification of beams in a beam subset (e.g., all beams) (e.g., if WTRU determines (or dynamically determines) the beams that include the beam subset).

[0202] This document provides examples of measurement reports for beam subsets. WTRU can determine the measurements associated with a beam subset. For one or more beams in a beam subset, the reported measurements may include one or more measurement types listed herein. The reported measurements can be determined based on one or more beams in a beam subset. For example, the reported measurement may be at least one of the following: the maximum measurement associated with a beam in a beam subset (e.g., the maximum value in the measurement); the minimum measurement associated with a beam in a beam subset (e.g., the minimum value in the measurement); the average measurement of many or all beams in the beam subset (e.g., the mean, median, mode); a change in a value reported from a previous measurement; a difference from another measurement reported (e.g., the WTRU may report a measurement associated with the first beam in the subset (e.g., the highest measurement) and may report a differential measurement of the second beam in the subset (e.g., a difference compared to the difference of the first beam); or a measurement of one or more beams that has changed the most since the previous report (e.g., the WTRU may report measurements of N beams that have changed the most since the previous report (e.g., where N may be configurable), or the WTRU may report measurements of any beam that has changed more than a threshold (e.g., a configurable threshold)).

[0203] Prior to measurement reporting associated with a subset of beams, the WTRU can be configured with multiple measurement resources or time instances. The WTRU (e.g., in this case) can perform more than one measurement on at least one beam. The WTRU can determine measurement reporting for at least one beam or subset of beams based on measurements obtained across multiple measurement resources or time instances. The reported measurements may include beam measurements (e.g., all measurements of all beams obtained at all measurement or time instances). The reported measurements can be determined by at least one of the following: the maximum measurement associated with the beam at a particular measurement or time instance; the minimum measurement associated with the beam at a particular measurement or time instance; the average measurement associated with the beam across all measurement or time instances (e.g., mean, median, mode); or a measurement extension associated with the beam across all measurement or time instances (e.g., highest measurement minus lowest measurement).

[0204] The WTRU may indicate (e.g., additionally) the measurement or time resources from which the reported measurement is obtained. The WTRU may (e.g., may also) indicate the index (e.g., CRI) of one or more beams to which the reported measurement is applicable.

[0205] A WTRU can determine the highest measurement or time instance for a beam measurement. A WTRU can report the measurements and indexes of associated beams. A WTRU can report the measurement or time instance associated with a measurement. A WTRU can report differential measurements for beams in a subset of beams (e.g., all other beams). Differential measurements can be used for the same measurement or time instance. Differential measurements can be the maximum value for each beam across (e.g., all) possible measurements or time instances.

[0206] A WTRU can determine measurements (e.g., maximum, minimum, or average) over multiple or all measurements or time instances for beams (e.g., each beam) within a subset of beams. A WTRU can report the highest or lowest (e.g., maximum, minimum, or average) value and the beam index of the beam with that (e.g., maximum, minimum, or average) value. A WTRU can report the difference between beams (e.g., all other beams) within a subset, where the difference can be obtained as the difference between the (e.g., maximum, minimum, or average) value of the beam with the highest (e.g., maximum, minimum, or average) value and the (e.g., maximum, minimum, or average) values ​​of other beams.

[0207] This document provides examples of selecting a subset to report. A WTRU can be configured to report at least one measurement of one or more beam subsets. This configuration can specify the particular beam subset to report. The configuration can specify a particular resource or time instance for reporting at least one beam subset. The configuration can specify one or more specific time instances or resources on which measurements associated with the beam subset are performed. The configuration can specify a specific set of time instances or resources on which measurements associated with the beam subset are reported. The configuration can include the measurement(s) to be reported.

[0208] WTRU can determine the subset of beams to be reported in a specific time instance or in a specific reporting resource based on at least one of the following: beam subset ID, beam index of the beam in the beam subset, feedback resource ID, timing of the reporting instance (e.g., time slot number, radio frame number, symbol index, etc.), timing of the measurement resource (e.g., time location of the measurement resource), measurement payload, payload authorized for measurement reporting, or measurement type.

[0209] WTRU can select a subset of beams, which can report measurements of that beam in a reporting resource based on at least one of the following: the timing of the reporting resource; the timing of the last report of the beam subset; measurement changes since the last measurement report of the beam subset; multiple measurements of time instances since the last measurement report; the measurement value to be reported; or a request to a network node (e.g., gNB).

[0210] For timing of reporting resources, beam subsets (e.g., each beam subset) can be configured with or associated with periodic reporting resources.

[0211] For timing the last report of a beam subset, WTRU can select the beam subset to report based on the time elapsed since the last report of that beam subset.

[0212] For measurement changes since the last measurement report of a beam subset, WTRU can report the measurement of the beam subset with the largest measurement change since the last measurement report of that beam subset.

[0213] For the number of measurements or time instances since the last measurement report, the WTRU can be triggered to report measurements for a beam subset based on the number of measurements or time instances that have occurred since the last measurement report for that beam subset.

[0214] For the measurements to be reported, if the measurement is above or below a threshold, the WTRU can choose to report the measurement of a subset of the beams.

[0215] For requests from network nodes (e.g., gNBs), the WTRU can receive aperiodic requests from the gNB (e.g., via DCI or MAC CE) indicating one or more beam subsets for which measurements are to be reported. Aperiodic requests can explicitly or implicitly indicate the index of the beam subset for which the WTRU can report measurements. Aperiodic requests can also indicate conditions under which the WTRU reports measurements of beam subsets. For example, the WTRU can detect periodic requests that require reporting of beam subsets with the highest measurement value or the measurement value with the largest change since the previous report.

[0216] This document provides an example of a WTRU reporting beam measurements at defined representative measurement instances. The WTRU can report beam measurements at defined representative measurement instances, considering beam measurements over L (>1) measurement instances. The WTRU can be configured with L (>1) measurement instances preceding the measurements associated with one or more beam resource sets being reported. The WTRU can receive parameter L via RRC signaling, or it can be dynamically indicated via MAC-CE indication or DCI indication.

[0217] The WTRU can receive configurations via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, or DCI indication for reporting measurements corresponding to a beam (e.g., each beam) across L measurement instances. At least one of the following measurements can be configured to be reported: the maximum measurement of the beam across the L measurement instances; the minimum measurement of the beam across the L measurements; or the average value (e.g., mean, median, mode) associated with the beam across all L measurement instances.

[0218] A WTRU can measure beams in a resource set across L measurement instances. A WTRU can report one or more configured measurements. A WTRU can (e.g., additionally) indicate the measurement instance from which the reported measurements were obtained.

[0219] The WTRU can report beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements associated with a subset of beams (e.g., RS resources) for selected or configured measurement instances (e.g., if the WTRU is configured or instructed to report beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements for more than one measurement instance (e.g., semi-persistent beam reporting). The WTRU can activate or deactivate sparse reporting based on changes in beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements between consecutive measurement instances. The WTRU can determine a subset of beams (e.g., RS resources) to report beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements in measurement instances with sparse reporting (e.g., per measurement instance) (e.g., based on gNB configuration or beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements). Beam reporting overhead can be reduced via spatial and temporal domain compression.

[0220] WTRU can identify and report auxiliary information (e.g., changes in movement direction, rotation, antenna sector switching). This can help network nodes (e.g., gNBs) determine whether to use (e.g., updated) RS resource measurements for beam inference or pattern training.

[0221] The WTRU may be configured (e.g., after reporting auxiliary information to network nodes) to receive configuration information for one or more of the following: RS resource set, k measurement instances (e.g., initial measurement instance), reference time instance, N RS resource measurements, sparse reporting activation threshold, or sparse reporting threshold.

[0222] WTRU can receive configuration information (e.g., via RRC) or instructions (e.g., via DCI) from network nodes (e.g., gNB) to measure and report RS resource measurements of one or more RS resource sets across multiple measurement instances.

[0223] WTRU can receive indications or configuration information from gNB to enable sparse reporting (e.g., via RRC or MAC-CE). Sparse reporting can be defined as WTRU reporting measurements on a subset of RS resources (e.g., selected, determined, or indicated) at a reporting instance (e.g., a sparse reporting instance).

[0224] WTRU can determine whether to activate or deactivate sparse reporting based on RS resource measurements performed in an RS resource set (e.g., across multiple measurement instances N (e.g., N=2)). For example, sparse reporting can be activated if more than a certain number of beams in the RS resource set have temporal differential measurements less than a configured sparse reporting activation threshold.

[0225] If sparse reporting is activated, the WTRU can select a subset of RS resources to report measurements at each sparse reporting instance (e.g., each sparse reporting instance) based on at least one of the following: gNB configuration information or indications (e.g., a mode pre-configured by the gNB); WTRU measurements (e.g., time-domain differential measurements (e.g., the WTRU selects RS resources whose amplitude of time-domain differential measurements exceeds the sparse reporting beam selection threshold); or RS resource differential measurements exceeding the sparse reporting beam selection threshold). The number of sparse reporting instances can be the difference between the total number of measurement instances (N) and the initial number of measurement instances (k) (e.g., N–k).

[0226] If the selection is measurement-based (e.g., if the WTRU selects to report a subset of RS resources that are measured), the WTRU can report the set of selected RS resources in a bitmap. If the selection is pattern-based (e.g., a pre-configured pattern), the WTRU can report the selected set of RS resources in a pattern ID.

[0227] WTRU can use sparse reporting to report RS resource measurements (e.g., at one or more sparse reporting instances).

[0228] In the example, for the first k measurement instances (e.g., the initial measurement instances), the WTRU can report RS resource measurements for all RS resources in the RS resource set (e.g., all). In subsequent sparse reporting instances (e.g., Nk instances) (e.g., based on activated sparse reporting), measurements for a selected subset of beams (e.g., time-domain differential measurements or RS resource differential measurements) can be reported.

[0229] This article provides an example of beam reporting using multiple beam resource sets.

[0230] The WTRU can receive configuration information for multiple beam resource sets (e.g., M sets) for monitoring beams and potentially reporting them. The configuration can correspond to spatial domain beam prediction, whereby the WTRU can report beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP measurements) for a large number of beams and indicate their optimal beams. The configuration can also correspond to temporal domain beam prediction, where the WTRU can report beam measurements and reporting time instances (e.g., each reporting time instance) on multiple time instances (e.g., consecutive time instances, alternative time instances, or per T time instances (T≥1), etc.), and the WTRU can (e.g., may also) report the optimal beam. The configuration received by the WTRU can include beam resource sets for both or one of spatial and / or temporal beam prediction. In temporal or spatial beam prediction, the WTRU can report more than one optimal beam (e.g., the beam with the highest L1-RSRP, the beam with the second highest L1-RSRP, etc.). The WTRU can report the probability of being the optimal beam in a set of configurations.

[0231] For one or more best beams in a reporting instance (e.g., each reporting instance), if the reported best beam index is not associated with a measurement reference signal (e.g., the best beam index derived from a measurement of a reference signal associated with other beams), the WTRU may report a confidence level value. The confidence level can range from 0 to 1 to indicate the confidence level. A confidence level value toward '0' may suggest unreliable prediction accuracy, while a confidence level value toward '1' may suggest reliable prediction accuracy. If the reported best beam index is associated with a measurement reference signal, the WTRU may indicate a confidence level of '1'.

[0232] A WTRU can be configured with multiple CSI-RS resource sets for beam reporting. For example, the nzp-CSI-RS-SSB of CSI-ResourceConfig can be configured with multiple nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceSetlists. Resource sets can be configured in a way that reduces reporting overhead and enables the WTRU to report smaller subsets of beams.

[0233] CSI-RS resource sets can be configured by the network to ensure that beams within the resource set are ordered, making adjacent beams correlated. For example, beams in a CSI-RS resource set associated with the same sector and azimuth can be indexed based on azimuth (e.g., all beams).

[0234] A CSI-RS-ResourceSet can be configured by the network to allow beams within the resource set to have similar beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP values). For example, a resource set (e.g., each resource set) can be configured with beam resources corresponding to specific sectors, facets, and / or elevation angles, such that beams may have similar L1-RSRP values. Supporting orientation- or angle-based beam indexing or beam sorting in this way can reduce CSI reporting overhead.

[0235] The WTRU can report beam measurements of a subset of the beam resource set received from the network (e.g., all). The WTRU selection of the beam resource set can depend on one or more of the following: beam measurements determined based on the beam resource set (e.g., L1-RSRP); beam resource set determination based on differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP); beam set determination based on variance; or beam resource set determination based on PUCCH / PUSCH.

[0236] For beam resource set determination based on beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP), the WTRU can report the beam measurements of the resource set, where the beam with the highest beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) is measured, and / or the WTRU can simply report the beam with the highest beam measurement (e.g., beam index or beam ID).

[0237] For example, a WTRU can report beam measurements for a resource set (e.g., each resource set) with the maximum beam measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) and / or average beam measurement (e.g., average L1-RSRP) above a pre-configured threshold of the gNB. A WTRU can (e.g., may also) report one or more beams (e.g., beam index or beam ID) with the highest or average beam measurement (e.g., highest or average L1-RSRP) above a pre-configured threshold.

[0238] For example, the WTRU can report the highest beam measurement (e.g., the highest L1-RSRP) for each sector. These sectors may have been predefined or preconfigured by the WTRU's gNB. In the example, sector 1 may correspond to beam indices 0-15, sector 2 to beam indices 16-31, and so on. Sectors can (e.g., may also) be defined based on azimuth. Changes in the WTRU's position exceeding a preconfigured threshold can trigger sector reconfiguration (e.g., via RRC).

[0239] For example, a WTRU can report beam measurements of a resource set where the beam with the lowest beam measurement (e.g., lowest L1-RSRP) is measured, and / or the WTRU can simply report the beam corresponding to the lowest beam measurement (e.g., lowest L1-RSRP) (e.g., beam index or beam ID). This can be a one-time report, which can help the network discount or lower the priority of that beam if beam resources are configured for future time instances. A WTRU can be configured to report the sector, elevation, and / or face of the beam with the lowest beam measurement in a one-time report to help the network lower the priority of a specific sector, elevation, and / or face in future time instances if beam resources are configured for the WTRU. The network can (e.g., may also) use this information to lower the priority of adjacent beams (e.g., down to the beam with the lowest L1-RSRP).

[0240] For example, the WTRU can report the average beam measurements for each sector, elevation, and / or area to the gNB to help the gNB configure beam resources for future time instances. In this example, the gNB may not configure beam resources for sectors, elevations, and / or areas with the lowest reported beam measurements (e.g., the lowest L1-RSRP measurement).

[0241] For beam resource set determination based on differential beam measurements (e.g., differential L1-RSRP), the WTRU can report beam measurements of a subset of the beam resource set based on differential beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) from previous measurements. For example, if the differential L1-RSRP from a previous measurement (e.g., a measurement in a previous time instance) is higher than a pre-configured threshold, the WTRU can report the most recent beam measurement. In the case of spatial beam prediction, if the differential L1-RSRP between two adjacent beams in a previously reported subset of beam resources exceeds a pre-configured threshold, the WTRU can report the most recent beam measurement. For example, for a beam with the second highest L1-RSRP, the third highest L1-RSRP, and so on, the WTRU can report the absolute L1-RSRP of one beam (e.g., the beam with the highest L1-RSRP) and the differential L1-RSRP of up to a maximum of N additional beams (e.g., N=3).

[0242] For variance-based beam set determination, WTRU can report beam measurements of beam resource sets, including beams with the largest beam measurement (e.g., the largest L1-RSRP) and resource sets with the largest beam measurement variance (e.g., the largest L1-RSRP variance) (e.g., if it differs from the resource set with the largest beam measurement).

[0243] For beam resource set determination based on PUCCH / PUSCH, the WTRU can report beam measurements of the beam resource set based on the availability of PUCCH or PUSCH resources. For example, if a limited number of PUCCH or PUSCH resources are available, the WTRU can report the L1-RSRP of the best beam, or if more PUCCH or PUSCH resources are available, it can report the L1-RSRP of the best N beams (N>1). For example, if additional PUCCH or PUSCH resources are available, the WTRU can report the L1-RSRP for the best beam for each sector. For example, the WTRU can report beam measurements of the resource set with the maximum L1-RSRP at a time instance (e.g., an additional time instance, e.g., an increased reporting frequency) based on the availability of PUCCH or PUSCH resources.

[0244] The WTRU can be dynamically and / or semi-statically indicated or configured by the network to report beam measurements of a subset of beam resources. For example, the WTRU can be configured to report beam measurements of a subset of beam resources at specific or predefined time intervals configured by the network. When the WTRU must report (e.g., update) measurements, the WTRU can be indicated or configured with a specific reporting period, explicit reporting timing, and / or timing intervals from previous measurements.

[0245] For example, the WTRU can be configured to report beam measurements of a subset of beam resources whenever the WTRU performs a measurement.

[0246] For example, the WTRU can be configured with a threshold corresponding to the L1-RSRP measurement, such that a change in the measurement relative to the last measurement report of the beam subset exceeding the pre-configured threshold can trigger the WTRU to report the beam measurement of the beam resource subset.

[0247] For example, if the beam with the highest L1-RSRP measurement changes, the WTRU can be configured to report L1-RSRP measurements for a subset of beam resources. The WTRU (e.g., in that case) can be configured to report the beam with the highest L1-RSRP measurement (e.g., the updated beam) (e.g., beam index, beam ID) and / or L1-RSRP measurement.

[0248] For example, WTRU can report beam measurements of a subset of beam resources when it receives a self-organizing request from the network to do so.

[0249] WTRU can be configured to report beam measurements of a subset of beam resources if the AI / ML model performance falls below a threshold. The AI / ML model performance can be at least one of the following: beam prediction accuracy, number of consecutive NACKs, N instances of beam failure, or number of OoS (out-of-sync) measurements from RLM measurements.

[0250] The WTRU can report multiple beam measurements for the selected beam resource set. For example, the WTRU can report the L1-RSRP and its CRI of the best beam (e.g., the beam with the highest L1-RSRP measurement), as well as the differential L1-RSRP of the remaining beams selected for the beam resource set (e.g., for each selected beam resource set).

[0251] The WTRU can report beam measurements for a subset of beam resources and report partial beam measurements or parameters associated with beam measurements for the remaining resource set. For example, for the remaining resource set, if a pre-configured threshold is exceeded, the WTRU can (e.g., may only) report L1-RSRP, or the WTRU can report the average or median L1-RSRP of the beams (e.g., all beams) in the resource set. For example, the WTRU can report beam measurements of the resource set associated with the sector, face, and / or elevation angle currently serving the WTRU at a higher reporting frequency. For the remaining resource set (e.g., corresponding to the remaining sectors or face or elevation angles), the WTRU can report the CRI and L1-RSRP of the best beam at a lower reporting frequency. For example, partial L1-RSRP measurements can include one or more of the following: the CRI and L1-RSRP of the beam with the highest L1-RSRP measurement; the number of beam resources with L1-RSRP above the threshold; or the median or average L1-RSRP of the beams in the beam resource set.

[0252] If the WTRU determines that it needs to report beam measurements of a subset of the beam resource set (e.g., when one or more triggering conditions are met), the WTRU may request uplink resources to report the beam measurements of the subset of the beam resource set.

[0253] The WTRU can be configured (e.g., receiving configuration information) or instructed to report beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements of a first number of resource sets (e.g., M>1). The WTRU can report the configured first set of measurements for one or more selected second number (or more) RS resource sets (e.g., S≤M) of beam resource (e.g., RS resource) sets. The WTRU can determine S beam resource (e.g., RS resource) sets based on beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements (e.g., if the beam (e.g., RS resource) measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) of at least one beam (e.g., RS resource) in the RS resource set is ≥ a threshold configured by the gNB, then a beam resource (e.g., RS resource) set can be selected to report beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements). For a third number of RS resource sets (e.g., the remaining RS resource sets or the number of unselected sets in the first number of RS resource sets), the WTRU can report the second set of measurements. WTRU may not report any beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements associated with beams (e.g., RS resources) that are not selected for the RS resource set.

[0254] The WTRU can be configured (e.g., to receive configuration information) to report RS resource measurements. The configuration information may include a first number of RS resource sets (e.g., M RS resource sets) and RS resource set selection criteria.

[0255] The WTRU can receive configuration information or instructions for selecting a second number of RS resource sets from a first number of RS resource sets based on RS resource set selection criteria (e.g., selecting S (≤M) RS resource sets from M RS resource sets (e.g., selecting one or more S RS resource sets that include one or more RS resources with the maximum measurement value (e.g., L1-RSRP), or selecting one or more S RS resource sets with an average measurement value exceeding a pre-configured threshold).

[0256] The WTRU can perform RS resource measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) on a first number of RS resource sets (e.g., M RS resource sets). The WTRU can determine a second number of RS resource sets for measurement reporting based on configured RS resource set selection criteria (e.g., the value of S, and S selected RS resource sets).

[0257] WTRU can report a first measurement type (e.g., L1-RSRP per RS ​​resource) for a second number of RS resource sets (e.g., S selected RS resource sets), and can report a second measurement type (e.g., average L1-RSRP per RS ​​resource set) for a third number of RS resource sets (e.g., (MS)) (e.g., unselected RS resource sets).

[0258] This document provides examples of adapting reporting parameters to improve the accuracy of reported measurements. A WTRU can be instructed, configured, and / or determined to report beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP, SINR) using selected values ​​for one or more parameters (hereinafter referred to as reporting parameters or a set of reporting parameters), e.g., one of a set of possible options configured by the gNB. Reporting parameters include one or more of the following: reporting range (e.g., maximum and minimum L1-RSRP values, maximum and minimum differential L1-RSRP values); quantization step size for the measurement (e.g., quantization step size for L1-RSRP, quantization step size for differential L1-RSRP); number of quantization levels (or reporting bits) for the beam measurement and / or number of quantization levels (e.g., reporting bits) for the differential beam measurement; or number of bits used for reporting beam measurements (e.g., number of bits used for reporting L1-RSRP and / or differential L1-RSRP).

[0259] To select values ​​for one or more reporting parameters, at least one or a combination of the following examples can be applied. WTRU can use one or more of these examples to select reporting parameter values ​​corresponding to one or more beam resource sets, all beam resource sets associated with a reporting request (e.g., the beam resource set indicated by CSI-ResourceConfig associated with CSI-ReportConfig), or beam reports (e.g., all beam reports) associated with the requested report for a pre-configured duration (e.g., the number of CSI reports, the number of time slots, or x milliseconds), or until a set of values ​​for the reporting parameters is indicated, configured, and / or determined (e.g., an updated set of values).

[0260] The WTRU can be instructed or configured by the gNB (e.g., via DCI, MAC-CE, and / or RRC) with one or more possible configurations or options. In cases where more than one configuration is indicated or configured for one or more reporting parameters, the WTRU can determine the configuration through one or more examples.

[0261] The gNB can configure the WTRU with more than one value for one or more reporting parameters (e.g., via RRC signaling). The WTRU can select a value from the configuration values ​​(e.g., all configuration values) of each reporting parameter based on one or more of the following parameters: frequency range and / or SCS; number of beam resources in the resource set; number of beam resource sets associated with the reporting request; waveform; beam type; UL resource on which the WTRU is configured to indicate beam measurements; type of resource on which the WTRU is configured to report measurements; reporting configuration type; reported measurement; indication, configured, or determined value or option for a reporting parameter; configuration associated with the beam selection mechanism used for reporting; one or more configurations associated with the measurement report configured or indicated by the gNB; CORESET pool index; or WTRU selected value or option for one or more reporting parameters based on the beam resource set ID.

[0262] For a frequency range and / or SCS (e.g., with FR2-1), the WTRU can select a first value for the reporting parameters (e.g., each reporting parameter). The WTRU (e.g., with FR2-1) can select a second value for the reporting parameters (e.g., each reporting parameter).

[0263] For the number of beam resources in the resource set, if the number of resources exceeds a pre-configured threshold, the WTRU can use the first step size to perform an L1-RSRP report. If the number of resources does not exceed the threshold, the WTRU can use the second step size to perform an L1-RSRP report.

[0264] For the number of beam resource sets associated with a report request, if the number of beam resource sets associated with CSI-ReportConfig exceeds the pre-configured value, WTRU can select a first step length for the L1-RSRP report. If the number of resource sets does not exceed the threshold, WTRU can select a second step length for the L1-RSRP report.

[0265] For waveforms, WTRU can select a first value for the reporting parameters of CP-OFDM and a second value for DFT-s-OFDM.

[0266] For beam type, the beam can be CSI-RS or SSB.

[0267] For UL resources on which the WTRU is configured or indicated to report beam measurements, the WTRU can be configured to report beam measurements on the PUCCH. The WTRU can use the first step length option for L1-RSRP reporting. If the WTRU is configured to report beam measurements on the PUSCH, the WTRU can use the second step length option for L1-RSRP reporting.

[0268] For resource types on which the WTRU is configured to report beam measurements, if the PUCCH resource beam report to be sent is a short PUCCH type, the WTRU can use the first step length for L1-RSRP reporting. If it is a long PUCCH type PUCCH resource, the WTRU can use the second step length for L1-RSRP reporting.

[0269] For report configuration types, the configuration type can be "reportConfigType" in CSI-ReportConfig, semi-persistent, non-periodic, or periodic.

[0270] For reported measurements, reported measurements may include the L1-RSRP of the resource set beam or the average L1-RSRP of all beams in the resource set.

[0271] For a reported parameter's indicated, configured, or determined value or option, the WTRU can receive the association between the quantization step size and range option from the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling). The WTRU can receive the quantization step size from the gNB via dynamic signaling (e.g., DCI or MAC-CE signaling). The WTRU can select the range option based on the indicated quantization step size.

[0272] For configurations associated with beam selection mechanisms for reporting, with or without sparse reporting, the WTRU can be configured with two step size values ​​and / or range options. For sparse reporting, the WTRU can use a first step size option and / or a first range option. If beam reporting is performed without sparse reporting, the WTRU can use a second step size option and / or a second range option. For configurations associated with beam selection mechanisms for reporting, the WTRU can perform beam selection with or without representative beam selection across different measurement instances. For configurations associated with beam selection mechanisms for reporting, if the reported beam measurements belong to the same measurement instance, the WTRU can perform beam selection with or without representative beam selection (e.g., if representative beam selection is enabled, the WTRU can select a first step size for L1-RSRP reporting, and if representative beam selection is disabled, the WTRU can select a second step size for L1-RSRP reporting).

[0273] For one or more configurations associated with a measurement report example configured or indicated by the gNB, these configurations may include one or more of the following: a reference beam selection example (e.g., if the beam with the highest L1-RSRP is configured, indicated, or determined to be used as a reference beam, the WTRU may select a first quantization step size for differential L1-RSRP reporting, or if the L1-RSRP of an adjacent beam is indicated, determined, or configured to be selected as a reference beam, the WTRU may select a second step size); the type of reference beam (e.g., the beam with the highest L1-RSRP is used as the reference beam, or the beam with the median L1-RSRP is used as the reference beam for L1-RSRP reporting); or a reference beam selection option for time-domain differential beam measurements in sparse reporting.

[0274] For the CORESET pool index (e.g., for CORESET pool index = "0"), WTRU can select a first value for the reporting parameter; for CORESET pool index = "1", WTRU can select a second value for the reporting parameter.

[0275] For the WTRU to select values ​​or options for one or more reporting parameters based on the beam resource set ID, the WTRU can receive a configuration from the gNB via RRC / MAC-CE that associates each beam resource set ID with step size and / or range options. The WTRU can determine the step size and / or range options for each beam resource set associated with a measurement report (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) based on the configured associations.

[0276] The WTRU can determine one or more reporting parameters based on beam quality measurements. The WTRU can indicate or report the determined reporting parameters to the gNB (e.g., via PUCCH or MAC-CE). For example, the WTRU can be configured with multiple range options for reporting differential L1-RSRP measurements (e.g., range option 1, range option 2, where range option 2 has a higher range than range option 1, and range option 3 has a higher range than both range options 1 and 2). The WTRU can determine range option 1 for reporting differential L1-RSRP measurements of the beam resource set (e.g., if all differential L1-RSRP measurements are within range option 1). The WTRU can select range option 2 to report differential L1-RSRP measurements of the beam resource set (e.g., if all differential L1-RSRP measurements are within range option 2, but at least one differential L1-RSRP measurement is outside range option 1).

[0277] The WTRU can use a pre-configured set of reporting parameters (e.g., via RRC signaling) until the gNB receives an implicit or explicit indication. Whenever the WTRU receives an implicit indication (e.g., a gNB command to increase or decrease UL transmit power) or an explicit indication (e.g., a 1-bit indication from the gNB via MAC-CE or DCI), the WTRU can determine a different set of parameters based on pre-configured rules. For example, the WTRU can determine the range of L1-RSRP reports using a default configuration (e.g., the range corresponding to the lowest index in the configuration table). Whenever the WTRU receives an indication from the gNB to reduce transmit power, the WTRU can reduce the range to a value pre-configured by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling).

[0278] The WTRU can determine the value of one or more reporting parameters based on triggering conditions (e.g., triggering the CORESET pool index, a change in the TCI state for PDCCH or PDSCH reception, or a pre-configured number of measurement or reporting instances). Before the triggering condition is met, the WTRU can use one or more pre-configured reporting parameters (e.g., via a default configuration). For example, the WTRU can select a first set of pre-configured values ​​for reporting parameters (e.g., the lowest step size for reporting L1-RSRP) for the first k (e.g., k=1) measurement instances configured by the gNB. The WTRU can then choose to report beam measurements with a second set of reporting parameter values ​​(e.g., the highest step size for reporting L1-RSRP) (e.g., after k beam measurement instances). For example, the WTRU can use a set of configured values ​​to report parameters until a change in one or more conditions is determined. These conditions may include at least one of the following: the WTRU's speed increases or decreases by more than a threshold; the WTRU's movement direction changes; the WTRU changes within the antenna sector; the interference level increases or decreases by more than a pre-configured threshold; the remaining transmit power is below a pre-configured threshold; the CORESET pool index changes; the TCI state associated with the PDCCH or PDSCH changes; or the Loss condition changes. If one or more conditions are met, the WTRU may determine the value of one or more reporting parameters (e.g., an updated value) and indicate these values ​​to the gNB (e.g., via PUCCH or MAC-CE). The WTRU may monitor for acknowledgments from the gNB within a monitoring window (e.g., via DCI or MAC-CE within N time slots after sending a request to change the reporting parameters). If the WTRU does not receive an acknowledgment within the monitoring window, the WTRU may continue using the same reporting parameters. If the WTRU receives an acknowledgment from the gNB, the WTRU may switch to the determined set of reporting parameters (e.g., an updated set).

[0279] The WTRU can use a pre-configured set of values ​​for one or more reporting parameters until a counter or timer expires. If a counter or timer expires, the WTRU can select a second set of pre-configured values ​​for one or more reporting parameters, as specified by the gNB. For example, the WTRU can report beam measurements with the highest step size for L1-RSRP reporting until a counter (e.g., a counter that counts the number of beam measurement instances or the number of times the MSE error estimate exceeds a pre-configured threshold) or a timer expires (e.g., the number of time slots since the first measurement instance). If a counter or timer expires, the WTRU can select the lowest step size for L1-RSRP reporting.

[0280] WTRU can determine a set of values ​​for the reporting parameters based on the required accuracy or granularity in a set of pre-configured possible different accuracy or granularity levels (e.g., high, medium, low).

[0281] The WTRU can determine that the MSE associated with one or more reporting parameters (e.g., the step size of differential L1-RSRP reporting) exceeds a pre-configured threshold by the gNB. The WTRU can request to switch the accuracy or granularity level from a configured set of levels (e.g., low, medium, high). The WTRU can monitor for acknowledgments from the gNB (e.g., via DCI or MAC-CE). If acknowledgment is received, the WTRU can switch the reporting parameters to the determined accuracy or granularity level. The WTRU may not (e.g., otherwise) change the reporting parameters.

[0282] The WTRU can report using a set of configured, defined, or indicated reporting parameters corresponding to the enhanced accuracy or granularity until one or more stop conditions are met. If the stop conditions are met, the WTRU can report beam measurements using the reporting parameters used before using the enhanced reporting parameters. Stop conditions for enhanced reporting can include one or more of the following: a single report with enhanced reporting parameters successfully received by the gNB (e.g., confirmed via the ULACK process); a counter expiring; or a timer expiring.

[0283] When a counter expires, it can count the number of measurement instances or reporting instances with enhanced values ​​for reporting parameters. If the counter exceeds a pre-configured threshold of the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling), the WTRU can fall back to the reporting parameters used before the enhanced reporting parameters were applied.

[0284] For timer expiration, the timer can be started if a set of defined, indicated, or configured enhanced values ​​for the reporting parameters are declared for use (e.g., based on the number of slots, milliseconds). If the timer expires, WTRU can fall back to the reporting parameters used before the enhanced reporting parameters were applied.

[0285] The WTRU can be instructed, configured, or determined to fall back to a second set of values ​​for reporting parameters (e.g., after a counter or timer expires). Before the fallback occurs, the WTRU can use a first set of values ​​for the reporting parameters. The WTRU can determine the second set of values ​​for the reporting parameters by selecting at least one of the following processes: the WTRU can select the first set of values ​​for the reporting parameters after the fallback occurs; the WTRU can select a reporting parameter value corresponding to the lowest accuracy (e.g., the highest step size for L1-RSRP reporting); or the WTRU can increment or decrement the value of the reporting parameter or the values ​​of multiple reporting parameters by k granularity levels pre-configured by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling) (e.g., k=1).

[0286] A WTRU can be instructed, configured, or determined to report compressed information about beam measurements of one or more beams over one or more time instances. For example, a WTRU may perform beam measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) on X beams over Y time instances, and the WTRU may report compressed information. The compressed information may include one or more of the following: a statistical distribution of beam measurements (e.g., uniform, normal, log-normal, etc.) and its associated parameters (e.g., mean, standard deviation, etc.); one or more optimal beam indices and their associated L1-RSRP values; a range of beam measurement values; or a preferred AI / ML model (e.g., a prediction model). A preferred AI / ML model may be reported or indicated based on an AI / ML model identifier.

[0287] WTRU can select reporting parameters (e.g., the maximum and minimum beam (e.g., RS resource) measurements reported, the quantization step size of one or more measurements, the number of quantization levels or bits used for beam (e.g., RS resource) measurement reporting) to improve the accuracy of reported beam measurements.

[0288] WTRU can adaptively select configurations or values ​​associated with one or more reporting parameters, such as the maximum and minimum L1-RSRP, the quantization step size of L1-RSRP or differential L1-RSRP, and the number of quantization steps.

[0289] The WTRU can be configured (e.g., can receive) multiple measurement report configurations. A measurement report configuration can include at least one of the following parameters: the range of measured (e.g., L1-RSRP) values, the maximum / minimum value, the quantization step size, the number of quantization levels, or the number of bits used for reporting (e.g., for reporting).

[0290] A WTRU can be configured with a set of RS resources on which measurements are performed (e.g., receiving configuration information). The WTRU can perform measurements on the RS resources of the configured RS resource set.

[0291] The WTRU may select (e.g., adapt) measurement report configuration or parameters of measurement report configuration based on at least one of the following: RS resource measurement values; RS resource set configuration (e.g., FR, SCS, waveform, RS resource type); feedback resource parameters (e.g., feedback resource type, payload, resource); indication of reception (e.g., DCI or MAC CE indication, UL transmit power change, CORESET pool index switching); timing of measurement or measurement report; or requirements for feedback report or associated transmission (e.g., feedback accuracy requirements).

[0292] WTRU can apply the selected measurement report configuration (e.g., or selected parameters of the measurement report configuration) to RS resource set measurements to obtain RS resource set measurement report values.

[0293] WTRU can report the selected measurement reporting configuration (e.g., or the selected parameters of the measurement reporting configuration) and can report RS resource set measurement reporting values.

[0294] Although the above features and elements are described in specific combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without other features and elements of the preferred embodiment, or in various combinations with or without other features and elements.

[0295] While the implementations described herein may take into account 3GPP-specific protocols, it should be understood that the implementations described herein are not limited to this scenario and can be applied to other wireless systems. For example, although the solutions described herein take into account LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), or 5G-specific protocols, it should be understood that the solutions described herein are not limited to this scenario and can also be applied to other wireless systems.

[0296] The above processes can be implemented in computer programs, software, and / or firmware, which are incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and / or optical media (such as optical disc (CD)-ROMs and / or digital versatile discs (DVDs)). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver used in a WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A wireless transceiver unit (WTRU), the WTRU comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Determine auxiliary information and report the auxiliary information to the network nodes; After reporting the auxiliary information to the network node, configuration information is received, wherein the configuration information indicates a set of reference signal (RS) resources; Perform measurements on the RS resource set; Based on the fact that the time-domain measurements of multiple beams in the RS resource set are less than the sparse report activation threshold, it is determined that sparse reporting is activated. Based on the activation of sparse reports, a subset of RS resources for measurement reporting is selected from the RS resource set; as well as The report includes the selected subset of RS resources and the measurements associated with that subset of RS resources.

2. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The processor is further configured to: Report measurements of RS resource sets at multiple reporting instances; and Based on the activation of sparse reporting, measurements of a subset of RS resources are reported at the sparse reporting instance, where the sparse reporting instance occurs after multiple reporting instances.

3. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The processor is further configured to: Based on the activation of sparse reporting, a subset of RS resources for measurement reporting is selected from the set of RS resource subsets.

4. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The sparse report activation threshold is pre-configured by the network nodes.

5. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein: The selection of RS resource subsets is based on the amplitude of time-domain differential measurements exceeding the sparse reporting beam selection threshold; and Report a subset of RS resources in the bitmap.

6. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein: The selection of RS resource subsets is based on the fact that the amplitude of RS resource differential measurements exceeds the sparse reporting beam selection threshold; and Report a subset of RS resources in the bitmap.

7. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein: The selection of RS resource subsets is based on a pre-configured pattern; and Report a subset of RS resources via the pattern ID.

8. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The auxiliary information is at least one of the following: change of movement direction, rotation, or antenna sector switching.

9. A method associated with a wireless transceiver unit (WTRU), the method comprising: Determine auxiliary information and report the auxiliary information to the network nodes; After reporting the auxiliary information to the network node, configuration information is received, wherein the configuration information indicates a set of reference signal (RS) resources; Perform measurements on the RS resource set; Based on the fact that the time-domain measurements of multiple beams in the RS resource set are less than the sparse report activation threshold, it is determined that sparse reporting is activated; based on the activation of sparse reporting, a subset of RS resources for measurement reporting is selected from the RS resource set. as well as The report includes the selected subset of RS resources and the measurements associated with that subset of RS resources.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: Report measurements of RS resource sets at multiple reporting instances; as well as Based on the activation of sparse reporting, measurements of a subset of RS resources are reported at the sparse reporting instance, where the sparse reporting instance occurs after multiple reporting instances.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: Based on the activation of sparse reporting, a subset of RS resources for measurement reporting is selected from the set of RS resource subsets.

12. The method according to claim 9, wherein, The sparse report activation threshold is pre-configured by the network nodes.

13. The method according to claim 9, wherein: The selection of RS resource subsets is based on the amplitude of time-domain differential measurements exceeding the sparse reporting beam selection threshold; and Report a subset of RS resources in the bitmap.

14. The method according to claim 9, wherein: The selection of RS resource subsets is based on the fact that the amplitude of RS resource differential measurements exceeds the sparse reporting beam selection threshold; and Report a subset of RS resources in the bitmap.

15. The method according to claim 9, wherein: The selection of RS resource subsets is based on a pre-configured pattern; and Report a subset of RS resources via the pattern ID.

Images