Target object velocity measurement based on mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS)

Abstract

Techniques for wireless communication are disclosed. In one aspect, a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) receives, from a sensing node, radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area during a plurality of occasions, reflects the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area during the plurality of occasions, and reporting the time domain compensation factors of the mobile RIS at the plurality of opportunities to the sensing node to enable the sensing node to estimate the speed of the target object in the target sensing area.

Description

Background Technology 1. Technical Field

[0002] All aspects of this disclosure relate to wireless communications.

[0003] 2. Relevant Technical Descriptions

[0004] Wireless communication systems have evolved through many generations, including first-generation analog radiotelephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital radiotelephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data, wireless services with internet capabilities, and fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular systems and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and others.

[0005] The fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), delivers higher data transmission speeds, more connections, better coverage, and other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGC), the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on positioning reference signals (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), and other technological enhancements compared to previous standards. These enhancements, along with the use of higher frequency bands, advancements in the PRS process and technology, and the high-density deployment of 5G, enable high-accuracy positioning based on 5G. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The following is a simplified summary of the invention relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this summary should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all conceptual aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all conceptual aspects or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of this summary is to present, in a concise form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects involving the mechanisms disclosed herein, prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0007] In one aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) includes: receiving from a sensing node radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; reflecting the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and reporting to the sensing node a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0008] In one aspect, a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, radio resource configuration information from a sensing node for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; reflect the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and report, via the at least one transceiver, a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0009] In one aspect, a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) includes: components for receiving from a sensing node radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; components for reflecting the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and components for reporting to the sensing node a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0010] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS), cause the mobile RIS to: receive from a sensing node radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; reflect the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and report to the sensing node a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0011] Based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description, other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Attached Figure Description

[0012] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe various aspects of this disclosure, and are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the aspects.

[0013] Figure 1 Example wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0014] Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C Example wireless network architectures based on various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0015] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C It is a simplified block diagram of several example aspects of components that can be used in user equipment (UE), base stations, and network entities and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0016] Figure 4A and Figure 4B Different types of radar are illustrated.

[0017] Figure 5 An example call flow is illustrated for a New Radio (NR)-based sensing process in which sensing parameters are configured for a network, according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0018] Figure 6 Example systems for wireless communication using reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS) are illustrated according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0019] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating an example architecture of RIS based on various aspects of this disclosure.

[0020] Figures 8A to 8D Various example scenarios of deployments that could benefit from one or more RIS systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0021] Figure 9A The parameters associated with a general model of a reflective beamforming scenario with a reflective structure of RIS according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0022] Figure 9B The parameters associated with a far-field model of a reflective beamforming scenario with a reflective structure of a RIS according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0023] Figure 10These are illustrations of example airborne RIS scenarios based on various aspects of this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating, as an example, how the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection change with the movement of the moving RIS according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0025] Figure 12 Example methods according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated, wherein a sensing node obtains a temporal compensation factor from a mobile RIS for velocity measurement of a target object.

[0026] Figure 13 Various parameters associated with reporting speed information of mobile RIS are illustrated according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0027] Figure 14 Example methods for obtaining mobility status and speed information of a mobile RIS by a sensing node according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0028] Figure 15 Example methods of wireless communication according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. Detailed Implementation

[0029] Various aspects of this disclosure are provided in the following description and accompanying drawings of various examples provided for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure.

[0030] Various aspects typically involve localization based on reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS). Some aspects more specifically involve target object velocity measurement based on mobile RIS. In some examples, the mobile RIS receives radio resource configuration information from a sensing node (e.g., a base station, user equipment (UE)) for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times. The mobile RIS reflects one or more sensing signals from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times, and then reflects the reflections of the one or more sensing signals from the target sensing area back to the sensing node at each of the multiple times. The mobile RIS then reports its temporal compensation factor at the multiple times to the sensing node so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object in the target sensing area.

[0031] Specific aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can be used to improve the accuracy of target object velocity measurements based on mobile RIS by reporting the time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS across multiple timings.

[0032] The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term “aspects of this disclosure” does not require that all aspects of this disclosure include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0033] Those skilled in the art will understand that any of a variety of different techniques and methods can be used to represent the information and signals described below. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the following description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, and in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0034] Furthermore, many aspects are described according to a sequence of actions to be performed by elements of, for example, a computing device. It will be appreciated that the various actions described herein can be performed by a particular circuit (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence of actions described herein can be considered to be entirely embodied in any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, will cause or command the associated processor of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Therefore, various aspects of this disclosure can be embodied in a variety of different forms, all of which are contemplated within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, for each aspect described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein as, for example, "logic configured to perform the described actions."

[0035] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Base Station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT). Generally, a UE can be any wireless communication device used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset positioning device, wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.). A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” can be interchangeably referred to as “Access Terminal” or “AT,” “Client Equipment,” “Wireless Equipment,” “Subscriber Equipment,” “Subscriber Terminal,” “Subscriber Station,” “User Terminal” or “UT,” “Mobile Equipment,” “Mobile Terminal,” “Mobile Station,” or variations thereof. Generally, a UE can communicate with a core network via the RAN, and through the core network, a UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, etc.).

[0036] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs to communicate with the UE, depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an Access Point (AP), Network Node, Node B, Evolved Node B (eNB), Next Generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station may primarily be used to support the UE's radio access, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may only provide edge node signaling functions, while in others, it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which the UE can transmit signals to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can transmit signals to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term "traffic channel (TCH)" may refer to an uplink / reverse traffic channel or a downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0037] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may be co-located or non-co-located. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP can be the antenna of a base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be the antenna array of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected via a transmission medium to a common source) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-co-located physical TRP can be the serving base station from which the UE receives measurement reports and a neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference radio frequency (RF) signal. Because, as used herein, a TRP is the point by which a base station transmits and receives radio signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of the base station.

[0038] In some specific implementations supporting UE positioning, the base station may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but may instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0039] An “RF signal” refers to an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transmits information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or RF signal, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal.”

[0040] Figure 1Example wireless communication system 100 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. Wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. Base station 102 may include macro cell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, macro cell base stations may include eNB and / or ng-eNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network), or gNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0041] Base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (e.g., location management function (LMF) or secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)) via core network 170. Location server 172 can be part of core network 170 or can be external to core network 170. Location server 172 can be integrated with base station 102. UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 via base station 102 currently serving UE 104. UE 104 can also communicate with location server 172 via another path, such as via application server (not shown), via another network, such as via wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), etc. For signaling purposes, communication between UE 104 and location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., via core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), wherein intermediate nodes (if present) are omitted from the signaling diagram for clarity.

[0042] In addition to other functions, base station 102 may perform functions associated with one or more of the following: transmitting user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of warning messages. Base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC / 5GC) on backhaul link 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0043] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via a frequency resource, which is referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, or frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Enhanced Cell Identifier (ECI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI), etc.) used to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. Furthermore, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to the geographical coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), provided that a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of the geographical coverage area 110.

[0044] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in handover areas), some areas within geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs) that can provide service to restricted groups referred to as closed subscriber groups (CSGs).

[0045] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0046] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a WLAN access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a free channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-talk (LBT) process before communication to determine whether the channel is available.

[0047] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum as WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE / 5G in unlicensed spectrum can improve access network coverage and / or increase access network capacity. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0048] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band are referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to frequencies of 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW / near-mmW radio bands has high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it should be understood that, in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing examples are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0049] Transmit beamforming is a technique used to focus RF signals in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). Using transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster and stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate). To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that forms an RF beam that can be "manipulated" to be pointed in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to individual antennas with the correct phase relationship, such that radio waves from the individual antennas add up in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0050] Transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning they appear to the receiver (e.g., UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether the network node's own transmit antennas are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-located (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters of a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0051] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a particular direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Therefore, when a receiver is described as performing beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of all other receive beams available to the receiver in that direction. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0052] The transmit and receive beams can be spatially correlated. Spatial correlation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived based on information about a first beam (e.g., receive or transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE can use a specific receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., a synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0053] It is important to note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving the downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0054] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been designated as frequency ranges FR1 (410MHz to 7.125GHz) and FR2 (24.25GHz to 52.6GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “sub-6GHz” band. Similar naming issues sometimes occur with FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, although this is different from the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band (30GHz to 300GHz) designated as a “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0055] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified the operating bands used for these mid-band frequencies as the frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 and / or FR2 characteristics, thus effectively extending the features of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as the frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0056] In light of the foregoing, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "below 6 GHz" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies less than 6 GHz, within FR1, or including intermediate frequency band frequencies. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "millimeter wave" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies that can include intermediate frequency band frequencies, within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or within the EHF band.

[0057] In multi-carrier systems such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the "primary carrier," "anchor carrier," "primary serving cell," or "PCell," and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers," "secondary serving cells," or "SCell." In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by UE 104 / 182 and the cell, where UE 104 / 182 performs an initial Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier on a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. Secondary carriers may contain only the necessary signaling information and signals. For example, since the primary uplink and primary downlink carriers are typically UE-specific, the UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency / component carrier through which a base station communicates, the terms "cell," "serving cell," "component carrier," and "carrier frequency" can be used interchangeably.

[0058] For example, still refer to Figure 1 One of the frequencies used by the macro cell base station 102 can be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by the macro cell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 can be secondary carriers ("SCell"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or data reception rates. For example, compared to the data rate obtained by a single 20MHz carrier, two aggregated 20MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40MHz).

[0059] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macro cell base station 102 via communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 via mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support PCells and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0060] In some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 are capable of sidelink communication. UEs with sidelink capability (SL-UEs) can communicate with base station 102 via communication link 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between the UE and the base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) can also communicate directly with each other via radio sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between UEs with sidelink capability). Radio sidelink (or simply "sidelink") is an adaptation of core cellular network (e.g., LTE, NR) standards that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the need for communication through a base station. Sidelink communication can be unicast or multicast and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more SL-UEs in a group of SL-UEs utilizing sidelink communication may be located within the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102, or may be unable to receive transmissions from base station 102 for other reasons. In some cases, the groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, where each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communication. In other cases, sidelink communication is performed between the individual SL-UEs without involving base station 102.

[0061] In one aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate on a wireless communication medium of interest that may be shared with other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points and other RATs for wireless communication. "Medium" may include one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., covering one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In one aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. While different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by government entities such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), these systems (particularly those employing small cell access points) have recently expanded their operation to unlicensed frequency bands such as those used by unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands used by Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies (most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technology commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi"). Example systems of this type include various variants of CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and so on.

[0062] It should be noted that, although Figure 1 Only two of these UEs are exemplified as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), but any UE exemplified can be an SL-UE. Furthermore, although only UE 182 is described as capable of beamforming, any UE exemplified (including UE 164) can perform beamforming. When SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they can beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UE 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102', access point 150), etc. Therefore, in some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 can utilize beamforming via sidelink 160.

[0063] exist Figure 1 In the example, the UE shown (for simplicity, in) Figure 1Any UE (shown as a single UE 104) may receive signal 124 from one or more Earth-orbiting spacecraft (SV) 112 (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, SV 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that allows UE 104 to use as an independent source of location information. Satellite positioning systems typically include a system of transmitters (e.g., SV 112) positioned such that a receiver (e.g., UE 104) can determine its location on or above the Earth based at least in part on positioning signals (e.g., signal 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit signals marked with a set number of repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) codes. While typically located in SV 112, transmitters may sometimes be located at ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signal 124 in order to derive geographic location information from SV 112.

[0064] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signal 124 can be enhanced by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), which may be associated with or otherwise made available to one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS may include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential correction, etc., such as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), and / or GPS-assisted geographic augmentation navigation or GPS and geographic augmentation navigation system (GAGAN). Therefore, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0065] On one hand, SV 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, SV 112 connects to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn connects to elements in the 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element, in turn, provides access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities outside the 5G network, such as internet web servers and other user equipment. Thus, instead of or in addition to communication signals from the ground base station 102, UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signal 124) from SV 112.

[0066] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "side links"). Figure 1 In the example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through this D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through this D2D P2P link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported by any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D) or WiFi Direct (WiFi-D). wait.

[0067] Figure 2A An example wireless network architecture 200 is illustrated. For instance, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway functions, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which work together to form the core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, specifically to user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also connect to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. Furthermore, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next-generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either or both of the gNBs 222 or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0068] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230 that can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location server 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that can be connected to the location server 230 via the core network, the 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Furthermore, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, may be located outside the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0069] Figure 2B Another example wireless network architecture 240.5GC 260 is illustrated (which can correspond to...). Figure 2A5GC 210 can be functionally considered as a control plane function provided by Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264 and a user plane function provided by User Plane Function (UPF) 262, which work together to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and Session Management Function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Security Anchor Functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204, and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) authentication, the AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AUSF. The AMF 264 also includes Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF and uses this key to derive access network-specific keys. The AMF 264's functionality also includes location service management for regulated services, transmission of location service messages between the UE 204 and the Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transmission of location service messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interoperability with EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, the AMF 264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0070] The functions of UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (where applicable), acting as an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session point for interconnection to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic orientation), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, user plane Quality of Service (QoS) handling (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflected QoS marking in downlink), uplink traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and delivering and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 may also support the delivery of location service messages between UE 204 and a location server (such as SLP272) on the user plane.

[0071] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, service orientation configuration at UPF 262 for routing services to the correct destination, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0072] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which can communicate with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The LMF 270 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which may connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, the 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). SLP 272 can support similar functions to LMF 270, but while LMF 270 can communicate with AMF264, NG-RAN 220 and UE204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to transmit signaling messages rather than voice or data), SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmit Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0073] Another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274 that can communicate with LMF 270, SLP 272, 5GC 260 (e.g., via AMF 264 and / or UPF 262), NG-RAN 220, and / or UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., location estimation) of UE 204. Therefore, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a Location Services (LCS) client or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server.

[0074] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect 5GC 260, and specifically connect UPF 262 and AMF 264 to one or more gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 in NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, while the interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 of NG-RAN 220 can communicate directly with each other via backhaul connection 223, referred to as the "Xn-C" interface. One or more of gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a radio interface referred to as the "Uu" interface.

[0075] The functionality of the gNB 222 is divided among the gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228, and one or more gNB Radio Units (gNB-RU) 229. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions beyond those specifically allocated to the gNB-DU 228, including user data delivery, mobility control, radio access network sharing, location, session management, etc. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 typically hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that typically hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and a cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DU 228 is referred to as the "F1" interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of gNB 222 is typically managed by one or more independent gNB-RUs 229, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between gNB-DU 228 and gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the "Fx" interface. Therefore, UE 204 communicates with gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0076] Communication systems (such as 5G NR systems) can be deployed in various ways with a variety of components or parts. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network mobility elements, RAN nodes, core network nodes, network elements, or network equipment (such as base stations or one or more units (or components) that perform base station functions) can be implemented in aggregated or decomposed architectures. For example, base stations (such as Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base stations, 5GNB, access points (APs), transmit / receive points (TRPs), or cells) can be implemented as aggregated base stations (also known as standalone base stations or monolithic base stations) or decomposed base stations.

[0077] Aggregated base stations can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. Decentralized base stations can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed across two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, the CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CUs, DUs, and RUs may also be implemented as a virtual unit, namely a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0078] Base station type operation or network design can take into account the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, decomposed base stations can be used in Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) networks, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN (such as network configurations initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or Virtualized Radio Access Networks (vRAN, also known as Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN)). Decomposition can include distributing functionality across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing the functionality of at least one unit, which enables flexibility in network design. The various units of a decomposed base station or decomposed RAN architecture can be configured to communicate wirelessly with at least one other unit.

[0079] Figure 2C An example disaggregated base station architecture 250 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with the core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 via one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 255, or both). CUs 280 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 285 (e.g., gNB-DU 228) via a corresponding midhaul link (such as an F1 interface). DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RU 229) via a corresponding fronthaul link. RU 287 can communicate with the corresponding UE 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, UE 204 can be served by multiple RU 287s simultaneously.

[0080] Each of the units (i.e., CU 280, DU 285, RU 287, and near-RT RIC 259, non-RT RIC 257, and SMO frame 255) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission media. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via transmission media. For example, these units may include wired interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals to one or more other units via wired transmission media. Additionally, these units may include wireless interfaces that may include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as radio frequency (RF) transceivers) configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, to one or more other units over a wireless transmission medium.

[0081] In some aspects, the CU 280 can host one or more higher-level control functions. Such control functions may include Radio Resource Control (RRC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to signal to other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP units via an interface (such as an E1 interface). The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285 for network control and signaling transmission and reception, as needed.

[0082] DU 285 may correspond to a logic unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU 287s. In some aspects, DU 285 may, at least in part, host one or more of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) depending on functional splits (such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, DU 285 may also host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 285 or with control functions hosted by CU 280.

[0083] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 287s. In some deployments, an RU287 controlled by a DU 285 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or both, based at least in part on functional decomposition (such as lower-layer functional decomposition). In such architectures, the RU 287 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UE 204s. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 287 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration enables the implementation of the DU 285 and CU 280 in cloud-based RAN architectures (such as vRAN architectures).

[0084] SMO framework 255 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of both non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, SMO framework 255 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces such as the O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, SMO framework 255 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 269 to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface such as the O2 interface. Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 280, DU 285, RU 287, and near-RT RIC 259. In some implementations, SMO framework 255 can communicate with the hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as Open eNB (O-eNB) 261) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, SMO framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RU 287s via the O1 interface. SMO framework 255 may also include a non-RT RIC 257 configured to support the functionality of SMO framework 255.

[0085] The non-RT RIC 257 can be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, including artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows for model training and updates, or policy-based guidance for applications / features in the near-RT RIC 259. The non-RT RIC 257 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 259 (e.g., via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 259 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via an interface (e.g., via an E2 interface) through data collection and action, connecting one or more CU 280s, one or more DU 285s, or both, and O-eNBs to the near-RT RIC 259.

[0086] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 259, the non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. This information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 259 and can be received from non-network data sources or network functions at the SMO framework 255 or the non-RT RIC 257. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 257 or the near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and use AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or by creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0087] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C Several example components (represented by corresponding boxes) are illustrated, which may be incorporated into UE 302 (which may correspond to any UE described herein), base station 304 (which may correspond to any base station described herein), and network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any network function described herein, including location server 230 and LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent of UE 302). Figure 2A and Figure 2B The NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructures depicted herein (such as dedicated networks) are used to support the operations described herein. It should be understood that these components may be implemented in different specific implementations in different types of devices (e.g., in ASICs, in System-on-Chip (SoCs), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other devices in the communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to those described as providing similar functionality. Furthermore, a given device may contain one or more of these components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0088] UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, which provide components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for blocking transmission, etc.) for communication via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as NR networks, LTE networks, GSM networks, etc. WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356 for communication with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNB, gNB), etc.) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., a time / frequency resource set in a specific spectrum). WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 each include one or more transmitters 314 and 354 for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352 for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0089] In at least some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 each further include one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide the capability to communicate via a wireless communication medium of interest through at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, etc.). Components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for blocking transmission, etc.) for communication between PC5, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), Wireless Access for Vehicle Environments (WAVE), Near Field Communication (NFC), Ultra-Wideband (UWB), etc.) and other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.). Short-range transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, short-range transceivers 320 and 360 each include one or more transmitters 324 and 364 for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362 for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be WiFi transceivers, transceiver and / or Transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0090] In at least some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 also include satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 can be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376 respectively, and can provide components for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 respectively. When satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. When satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals originating from a 5G network (e.g., carrying control and / or user data). Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may include any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations from other systems as needed, and in at least some cases, perform calculations using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm to determine the locations of UE 302 and base station 304, respectively.

[0091] Base station 304 and network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, which provide components (e.g., transmitting components, receiving components, etc.) for communicating with other network entities (e.g., other base station 304, other network entity 306). For example, base station 304 may use one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base station 304 or network entity 306 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, network entity 306 may use one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or to communicate with other network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0092] The transceiver can be configured to communicate via a wired or wireless link. The transceiver (whether wired or wireless) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitter 314, transmitter 324, transmitter 354, transmitter 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receiver 312, receiver 322, receiver 352, receiver 362). In some embodiments, the transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., implementing transmitter and receiver circuitry in a single device); in some embodiments, the transceiver may include separate transmitter and receiver circuitry; or in other embodiments, the transceiver may be implemented in other ways. The transmitter and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., in some embodiments, network transceivers 380 and 390) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as antenna arrays, which permit corresponding devices (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit "beamforming," as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as antenna arrays, which permit corresponding devices (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one aspect, transmitter and receiver circuitry may share the same multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that corresponding devices may perform only receive or only transmit at a given time, rather than both receive and transmit simultaneously. Wireless transceivers (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include network listening modules (NLMs) for performing various measurements.

[0093] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360 in some embodiments, and network transceivers 380 and 390) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some embodiments) may generally be described as "transceiver," "at least one transceiver," or "one or more transceivers." Therefore, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver can be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers typically involves signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will typically involve signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0094] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed herein. UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394 for providing functionality related to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. Thus, processors 332, 384, and 394 may provide components for processing, such as components for determining, components for calculating, components for receiving, components for transmitting, components for indicating, etc. In one aspect, processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0095] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Therefore, memories 340, 386, and 396 can provide components for storage, retrieval, maintenance, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may each include positioning components 342, 388, and 398. Positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuitry that is part of or coupled to processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, which, when executed, cause UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be external to processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, which, when executed by processors 332, 384, and 394 (or modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), enable UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. Figure 3A Possible locations for the positioning component 342 are illustrated. The positioning component may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3B Possible locations for the positioning component 388 are illustrated. The positioning component may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3C Possible locations for the positioning component 398 are illustrated. The positioning component may be part of, for example, one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0096] UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 332 to provide components for sensing or detecting motion and / or orientation information independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or satellite signal receivers 330. By way of example, sensor 344 may include accelerometers (e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices), gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors (e.g., compasses), altimeters (e.g., barometric altimeters), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. Furthermore, sensor 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, sensor 344 may use a combination of multi-axis accelerometers and orientation sensors to provide the ability to calculate positioning in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0097] In addition, UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides components for providing instructions to a user (e.g., audible and / or visual instructions) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., when the user actuates a sensing device (such as a keypad, touchscreen, microphone, etc.)). Although not shown, base station 304 and network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0098] Referring more specifically to one or more processors 384, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 can be provided to processor 384. One or more processors 384 can implement functionality for the RRC layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. One or more processors 384 may provide: RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting system information (e.g., Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the delivery of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC Service Data Units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0099] Transmitter 354 and receiver 352 implement Layer 1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, including the physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. Transmitter 354 processes the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The decoded and modulated symbols can then be divided into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domains, and then combined using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time-domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-decoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from the channel estimator are used to determine the decoding and modulation schemes, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimates can be derived based on reference signals transmitted by UE 302 and / or channel condition feedback. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate an RF carrier for transmission.

[0100] At UE 302, receiver 312 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 316. Receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 332. Transmitter 314 and receiver 312 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial stream destined for UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 302, they can be combined by receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Receiver 312 then uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. Symbols and reference signals on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation points transmitted by base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by base station 304 on the physical channel. Then, data and control signals are provided to one or more processors 332, which implement layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0101] In the downlink, one or more processors 332 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport and logical channels to recover IP packets from the core network. One or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0102] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with downlink transmissions performed by base station 304, one or more processors 332 provide: RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connectivity, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer PDU delivery, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0103] The channel estimate derived by the channel estimator from the reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 can be used by the transmitter 314 to select an appropriate decoding and modulation scheme and facilitates spatial processing. The spatial stream generated by the transmitter 314 can be provided to different antennas 316. The transmitter 314 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate the RF carrier for transmission.

[0104] Uplink transmissions are processed at base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver function at UE 302. Receiver 352 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 356. Receiver 352 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 384.

[0105] In the uplink, one or more processors 384 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport channel and the logical channel to recover IP packets from UE 302. IP packets from one or more processors 384 can be provided to the core network. One or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0106] For convenience, UE 302, base station 304 and / or network entity 306 are in Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe example shown herein includes various components that can be configured according to the various examples described herein. However, it should be understood that the illustrated components may have different functionalities in different designs. In particular, Figures 3A to 3C Various components are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that can vary due to design choices, cost, equipment usage, or other considerations. For example, in Figure 3A In certain cases, specific implementations of UE 302 may omit WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., wearable devices, tablets, PCs, or laptops may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth capabilities but no cellular capabilities), or short-range wireless transceiver 320 (e.g., cellular only), or satellite signal receiver 330, or sensor 344, etc. In another example, in Figure 3B In certain cases, specific implementations of base station 304 may omit WWAN transceiver 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "hotspot" access point without cellular capabilities), or short-range wireless transceiver 360 (e.g., cellular only), or satellite signal receiver 370, etc. For the sake of brevity, examples of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

[0107] Various components of UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 can be communicatively coupled to each other via data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. In one aspect, data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 can form or be part of the communication interfaces of UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306, respectively. For example, in cases where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality integrated into the same base station 304), data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 can provide communication between the different logical entities.

[0108] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The components can be implemented in various ways. In some specific implementations, Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe components may be implemented in one or more circuits, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide that functionality. For example, some or all of the functionalities represented by boxes 310 to 346 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of UE 302 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriately configuring the processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionalities represented by boxes 350 to 388 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of base station 304 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriately configuring the processor components). Furthermore, some or all of the functionalities represented by boxes 390 to 398 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of network entity 306 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriately configuring the processor components). For simplicity, various operations, actions, and / or functions are described herein as being performed "by the UE," "by the base station," "by the network entity," etc. However, as will be understood, such operations, actions and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc. (such as processors 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memories 340, 386 and 396, positioning components 342, 388 and 398, etc.).

[0109] In some designs, network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, network entity 306 may operate differently from the network operator or cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that is configured to communicate with UE 302 via base station 304 or independently of base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as WiFi).

[0110] Wireless communication signals transmitted between the UE and the base station (e.g., RF signals configured to carry OFDM symbols according to wireless communication standards such as LTE, NR, etc.) can be used for environmental sensing (also known as "RF sensing" or "radar"). Environmental sensing using wireless communication signals can be considered as consumer-grade radar with advanced detection capabilities, enabling contactless / device-free interaction with devices / systems, etc. Wireless communication signals can be cellular communication signals, such as LTE or NR signals, WLAN signals such as Wi-Fi signals, etc. As a specific example, wireless communication signals can be OFDM waveforms as utilized in LTE and NR. High-frequency communication signals, such as mmW RF signals, are particularly advantageous for use as radar signals because higher frequencies provide at least more accurate ranging (distance) detection.

[0111] Potential uses for RF sensing include: health monitoring, such as heart rate detection and respiratory rate monitoring; gesture recognition, such as human activity recognition, keystroke detection, and sign language recognition; context information acquisition, such as location detection / tracking, direction finding, and distance estimation; and automotive radar, such as intelligent cruise control and collision avoidance.

[0112] There are different types of sensing, including single-station sensing (also known as “active sensing”) and dual-station sensing (also known as “passive sensing”). Figure 4A and Figure 4B These different types of sensing are illustrated. Specifically, Figure 4A This is illustration 400 illustrating a single-station sensing scenario, and Figure 4B This is illustration 430, illustrating a dual-station sensing scenario. Figure 4A In this configuration, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are co-located in the same device 404 (e.g., UE). The sensing device 404 transmits one or more RF sensing signals 434 (e.g., uplink or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS) in the case of a UE), and some of the RF sensing signals 434 are reflected from the target object 406. The sensing device 404 can measure various properties of the reflected RF sensing signals 434 (e.g., time of arrival (ToA), angle of arrival (AoA), phase shift, etc.) to determine characteristics of the target object 406 (e.g., size, shape, speed, motion state, etc.).

[0113] exist Figure 4B In this architecture, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are not co-located; that is, they are separate devices (e.g., UE and base station). It should be noted that although... Figure 4BThe example illustrates the use of a downlink RF signal as the RF sensing signal 432, but uplink or sidelink RF signals can also be used as the RF sensing signal 432. In the downlink scenario, as shown in the figure, the transmitter is the base station and the receiver is the UE, while in the uplink scenario, the transmitter is the UE and the receiver is the base station.

[0114] For more detailed information, please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 4B Transmitter device 402 sends RF sensing signals 432 and 434 (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) to receiver device 404, but some of the RF sensing signal 434 is reflected from target object 406. Receiver device 404 (also referred to as a "sensing device") can measure the ToA of the RF sensing signal 432 received directly from the transmitter device and the ToA of the RF sensing signal 434 reflected from target object 406.

[0115] More specifically, as described above, a transmitter device (e.g., a base station) may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver device (e.g., a UE). However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, the receiver may receive multiple channel taps corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. Each channel tap may be associated with a cluster of one or more rays and corresponds to the multipath followed by the RF signal between the transmitter and receiver. Therefore, a channel tap represents the time of arrival and signal strength of the RF signal on the multipath. Typically, the time when the receiver detects the first channel tap is considered to be the Time of Arrival (ToA) of the RF signal on the line-of-sight (LOS) path (i.e., the shortest path between the transmitter and receiver). Subsequent channel taps are considered to have been reflected by objects between the transmitter and receiver and therefore have followed a non-LOS (NLOS) path between the transmitter and receiver.

[0116] Therefore, return to the reference. Figure 4B RF sensing signal 432 follows the LOS path between transmitter device 402 and receiver device 404, while RF sensing signal 434 follows the NLOS path between transmitter device 402 and receiver device 404 due to reflection from target object 406. Transmitter device 402 may have transmitted multiple RF sensing signals 432 and 434, some of which follow the LOS path and others follow the NLOS path. Alternatively, transmitter device 402 may have transmitted a single RF sensing signal in a sufficiently wide beam, a portion of which follows the LOS path (RF sensing signal 432) and a portion of which follows the NLOS path (RF sensing signal 434).

[0117] Based on the ToA of the LOS path, the ToA of the NLOS path, and the speed of light, the receiver device can determine the distance to a target object. For example, the receiver device can calculate the distance to the target object as the difference between the ToA of the LOS path and the ToA of the NLOS path multiplied by the speed of light. Furthermore, if the receiver device is capable of beamforming, it can determine the approximate direction to the target object as the direction (angle) of the received beam that receives the RF sensing signal following the NLOS path. That is, the receiver device can determine the direction to the target object as the angle of arrival (AoA) of the RF sensing signal, which is the angle of the received beam used to receive the RF sensing signal. The receiver device can then optionally report this information to the transmitter device, its serving base station, an application server associated with the core network, an external client, a third-party application, or another sensing entity. Alternatively, the receiver device can report the ToA measurement to the transmitter device or other sensing entity (e.g., if the receiver device itself does not have the processing capability to perform this calculation), and the transmitter device can determine the distance and optionally the direction to the target object.

[0118] It should be noted that if the RF sensing signal is an uplink RF signal sent by the UE to the base station, the base station will perform object detection based on the uplink RF signal, just as the UE does based on the downlink RF signal.

[0119] Figure 5 Example call flow 500 illustrates an NR-based sensing process (i.e., a dual-station sensing process) for configuring sensing parameters in a network, according to various aspects of this disclosure. Although Figure 5 The example illustrates a network-coordinated sensing process, but this sensing process can be coordinated via a sidelink channel. NR-based sensing can be performed in response to a request from UE 504 to perform a sensing operation, or it can be initiated by the network.

[0120] At stage 505, the sensing server 570 (e.g., inside or outside the core network) transmits a request for network (NW) information to gNB 522 (e.g., the serving gNB of UE 504). This request may be for a list of UE 504's serving cell and any neighboring cells. At stage 510, gNB 522 transmits the requested information to the sensing server 570. At stage 515, the sensing server 570 transmits a request for sensing capabilities to UE 504. At stage 520, UE 504 provides its sensing capabilities to the sensing server 570. At stage 525, the sensing server 570 transmits auxiliary data to UE 504 indicating the configuration of a reference signal (RS) to be transmitted for sensing. At stage 530, the serving cell and / or neighboring cell identified in stage 510 transmit the reference signal for sensing that UE 504 is configured to measure in stage 525. At stage 535, the sensing server 570 transmits a request for sensing information to UE 504. Then, UE 504 measures the transmitted reference signal and, at stage 540, transmits the measurement or any sensing results determined based on the measurement to sensing server 570. Note that the order of stages 530 and 535 may be reversed or they may occur substantially simultaneously.

[0121] On one hand, communication between UE 504 and sensing server 570 can be conducted via LTE positioning protocol (LPP). Communication between sensing server 570 and gNB can be conducted via NR positioning protocol type A (NRPPa).

[0122] Figure 6 An example system 600 for wireless communication using a reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) 610 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. The RIS (e.g., RIS 610) is a two-dimensional surface comprising a large number of low-cost, low-power near-passive reflective elements whose properties are reconfigurable (e.g., via software or control signals) rather than static. For example, the scattering, absorption, reflection, and diffraction properties of the RIS can be changed over time by carefully tuning the phase shift of the reflective elements (e.g., using software or control signals). In this way, the electromagnetic (EM) characteristics of the RIS can be engineered to collect wireless signals from a transmitter (e.g., a base station, UE, etc.) and passively beamform them toward a target receiver (e.g., another base station, another UE, etc.). Figure 6 In the example, the first base station 602-1 controls the reflection characteristics of the RIS 610 in order to communicate with the first UE 604-1.

[0123] The goal of RIS technology is to create intelligent radio environments where wireless propagation conditions are co-engineered with physical layer signaling. This enhanced functionality of System 600 can provide technical benefits in multiple scenarios. For example, such as... Figure 6 As shown, a first base station 602-1 (e.g., any base station described herein) attempts to transmit downlink radio signals to a first UE 604-1 and a second UE 604-2 (e.g., any two UEs described herein, collectively referred to as UE 604) on multiple downlink transmit beams (labeled “0”, “1”, “2”, and “3”). However, unlike the second UE 604-2, because the first UE 604-1 is behind an obstacle 620 (e.g., a building, hill, or other type of obstacle), the first UE cannot receive radio signals on what would normally be the line-of-sight (LOS) beam from the first base station 602-1 (i.e., the downlink transmit beam labeled “2”). In this scenario, the first base station 602-1 may instead use the downlink transmit beam labeled “1” to transmit radio signals to the RIS 610, and configure the RIS 610 to reflect / beamform the incoming radio signal toward the first UE 604-1. Thus, the first base station 602-1 can transmit wireless signals around the obstacle 620.

[0124] It should be noted that the first base station 602-1 can also configure the RIS 610 for use by the first UE 604-1 in the uplink. In this case, the first base station 602-1 can configure the RIS 610 to reflect uplink signals from the first UE 604-1 back to the first base station 602-1, thereby enabling the first UE 604-1 to transmit uplink signals around the obstacle 620.

[0125] A RIS (e.g., RIS 610) can be designed to operate in either a first mode (referred to as "Mode 1") or a second mode (referred to as "Mode 2"). In the first mode, the RIS operates as a reconfigurable mirror, and in the second mode, the RIS operates as both a receiver and transmitter (similar to the amplification and forwarding functionality of a relay node). Some RISs can be designed to operate in either Mode 1 or Mode 2, while others can be designed to operate only in either Mode 1 or Mode 2. Assume that a Mode 1 RIS has negligible hardware set delay, while a Mode 2 RIS has non-negligible hardware set delay due to its limited baseband processing capabilities. Because a Mode 2 RIS has greater processing capabilities than a Mode 1 RIS, in some cases the latter may be able to calculate and report its transmit-to-receive (Tx-Rx) time difference measurement (i.e., the difference between the time it takes for a signal to be reflected towards the UE and the time it takes to receive the signal returned from the UE). Figure 6 In the example, RIS 610 can be either Mode 1 RIS or Mode 2 RIS.

[0126] Figure 6A second base station 602-2 is also illustrated, capable of transmitting downlink radio signals to one or both UEs 604. As an example, the first base station 602-1 may be the serving base station of UE 604, and the second base station 602-2 may be a neighboring base station. The second base station 602-2 may transmit downlink positioning reference signals to one or both UEs 604 as part of a positioning process involving UE 604. Alternatively or additionally, the second base station 602-2 may be a secondary cell for one or both UEs 604. In some cases, the second base station 602-2 may also be able to reconfigure the RIS 610, assuming that the RIS was not controlled by the first base station 602-1 at that time.

[0127] It should be noted that, although Figure 6 An example is shown of a RIS 610 and a base station (i.e., a first base station 602-1) controlling the RIS 610, but the first base station 602-1 can control multiple RIS 610s. In addition, the RIS 610 can be controlled by multiple base stations 602 (e.g., both the first base station 602-1 and the second base station 602-2, and possibly more base stations).

[0128] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating an example architecture of the RIS 700 based on various aspects of this disclosure. The RIS 700 (which may correspond to...) Figure 6 The RIS 610 in the text can be a Mode 1 RIS. For example... Figure 7 As shown, the RIS 700 mainly consists of a flat surface 710 and a controller 720. The flat surface 710 may be composed of one or more material layers. Figure 7 In this example, the flat surface 710 may consist of three layers. In this case, the outer layer has a large number of reflective elements 712 (components) printed on a dielectric substrate to directly act on the incident signal. The middle layer is a copper plate to prevent signal / energy leakage. The last layer is a circuit board used to tune the reflection coefficient of the reflective elements 712 and is operated by a controller 720. The controller 720 may be a low-power processor, such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).

[0129] In typical operating scenarios, the optimal reflectivity of the RIS 700 is at the base station (e.g., Figure 6 The reflection coefficient is calculated at the first base station 602-1 and then transmitted to the controller 720 via a dedicated feedback link. The design of the reflection coefficient depends on the channel state information (CSI), which is updated only when the CSI changes, and the CSI change is on a much longer timescale than the duration of the data symbol. Therefore, low-rate information exchange is sufficient for the dedicated control link, which can be implemented using low-cost copper wire or a simple, cost-effective wireless transceiver.

[0130] Each reflective element 712 is coupled to a positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode 714. Furthermore, a bias line 716 connects each reflective element 712 in the column to a controller 720. By controlling the voltage across the bias line 716, the PIN diode 714 can be switched between an "on" and an "off" mode. This achieves a phase shift difference of radians π (pi). To increase the number of phase shift levels, more PIN diodes 714 can be coupled to each reflective element 712. Alternatively, the reflective elements 712 can be grouped into subsets of reflective elements, which may also be referred to as sub-panels. In this case, the reflective characteristics of the RIS 700 can be controllable on a sub-panel basis, where each sub-panel can be considered a micro-RIS co-located with other sub-panels.

[0131] RIS (such as the RIS 700) offer significant advantages for practical implementation. For example, the reflective element 712 passively reflects the incoming signal without requiring any complex signal processing operations that would otherwise necessitate RF transceiver hardware. Therefore, the RIS 700 can operate at several orders of magnitude lower costs in terms of hardware and power consumption compared to conventional active transmitters. Additionally, due to the passive nature of the reflective element 712, the RIS 700 can be manufactured with a lightweight design and limited layer thickness, and thus can be easily mounted on walls, ceilings, signs, streetlights, etc. Furthermore, the RIS 700 operates in full-duplex (FD) mode without self-interference or thermal noise. Therefore, it can achieve higher spectral efficiency than active half-duplex (HD) repeaters, although its signal processing complexity is lower than that of active FD repeaters requiring complex self-interference cancellation.

[0132] Figures 8A to 8D Various example scenarios of deployments that could benefit from one or more RIS systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 8A Figure 800 illustrates an example scenario in which there is no line-of-sight (LOS) path from base station 802 (e.g., any base station described herein) to UE 804 (e.g., any UE described herein), similar to Figure 6 The scenario illustrated in the text. Figure 8B Figure 830 illustrates an example scenario where a base station alone may not be able to provide enough anchor points to locate the target object. Figure 8C Figure 850 illustrates an example scenario where a single base station cannot provide sufficient coverage for all UEs that require connectivity.

[0133] In each of these scenarios, adding more base stations will result in higher network deployment costs, more expensive / complex hardware, increased radio resource usage, and increased network power consumption. Conversely, the RIS 810 (e.g., any RIS described herein) can be used to bypass LOS blocking, which will result in lower network deployment costs, reduced hardware costs / complexity, reduced radio resource usage, and reduced network power consumption compared to deploying additional base stations.

[0134] Figure 8D Figure 870 illustrates an example scenario where a base station (e.g., any base station described herein) may only be able to provide limited spatial resolution for sensing operations. This low resolution may be insufficient to recognize object shape and / or hand / body gestures. Adding the RIS 810 provides high-resolution sensing (e.g., via the beamforming capabilities of the RIS 810), thereby improving object shape and / or hand / body gesture detection.

[0135] Figure 9A Parameters associated with a general model of a reflected beamforming scenario 900 of a RIS reflecting structure 902 according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. Figure 9A In the example, the reflective structure 902 includes multiple elements E0 to E10. N (exist Figure 9A The plurality of elements (shown as E_0 to E_N) are uniformly spaced apart from each other by a distance d along an axis 910 perpendicular to the viewing axis 912 (0° axis) of the reflective structure 902. The distance component (specified as d) i,n Where n is an index number ranging from 0 to the total number of elements N-1 in the reflective structure 902, corresponding to the E of the transmitter 904 and the reflective structure 902. nth The distance between components. Corresponding distance component (specified as d). r,n Where n is an index number ranging from 0 to the total number of elements N-1 in the reflective structure 902, corresponding to the E of the reflective structure 902. nth The distance between the component and receiver 906. For the incident angle {θ} i,n} and reflection angle {θ r,n The reflection gain h of RIS can be expressed as:

[0136]

[0137] in The reflection coefficient of element n of the reflective structure 902 (where n is an index number ranging from 0 to the total number of elements N).

[0138] Figure 9BThe parameters associated with the far-field model of the reflected beamforming scenario 914 of the RIS reflecting structure 902 according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. For the incident angle θ i and reflection angle θ r The reflection gain h of the far-field model of RIS can be expressed as:

[0139]

[0140] in The reflection coefficient corresponding to element n of the reflective structure 902 (where n is an index number ranging from 0 to the total number of elements N-1).

[0141] Ideally, α n ≡α, However, in reality {α n ,φ n The function can be derived from the enumeration set based on the element, as shown in the table below.

[0142]

[0143]

[0144] Table 1

[0145] The purpose of target object sensing is not only to detect the position of a target object (e.g., target object 404 / 406) but also its velocity. RIS-based sensing can be used to estimate the position and velocity of a target object. If the RIS itself is moving, its velocity will not affect the position estimation but will affect the velocity estimation. For example, in some cases, RIS can be mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones) or high-altitude platform stations (HAPS) (e.g., hot air balloons) to reflect sensing signals into areas blocked by the LOS (e.g., obstructed by tall buildings, trees, hills, etc.). Such RIS can be called airborne RIS. Airborne RIS have the advantages of faster deployment and greater coverage than ground-based RIS. Furthermore, airborne RIS consume less power and therefore require lighter batteries, making them more suitable than traditional receiver-relay repeaters on airborne platforms.

[0146] Figure 10 This is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example airborne RIS scenario according to various aspects of this disclosure. For example... Figure 10 As shown, TRP directs the airborne RIS (in Figure 10In the example, the RIS (Radio Recognition System) mounted on the drone sends sensing signals. The onboard RIS reflects these signals toward either a first sensing area (labeled "Sensing Area 1") or a second sensing area (labeled "Sensing Area 2"), depending on its current position in its flight mode. The sensing signals are reflected back to the onboard RIS from one or more target objects in the first and second sensing areas, and the onboard RIS then reflects these signals back to the TRP (Transport Receptacle Power Regulator). In this way, the TRP can perform object sensing around a first obstacle and a second obstacle (labeled "Obstacle 1" and "Obstacle 2," respectively) to detect target objects in the first and second sensing areas, respectively.

[0147] To get closer to the sensing area, the airborne RIS can surround the sensing area ( Figure 10 In the example, sensing regions 1 and 2 are continuously cycled. Furthermore, due to its mobility, an airborne RIS can result in multiple reference points for positioning or velocity measurement, which increases the accuracy and robustness of object sensing. However, for a mobile (e.g., airborne) RIS, the sensing signal receiver (e.g., Figure 10 The measured velocity at TRP is the sum of the velocity of the moving RIS and the velocity of the target object.

[0148] When a moving RIS is used to measure the velocity of a target object, not only is the velocity of the RIS a component of the measured velocity, but the variance of the reflection coefficient of the RIS in the time domain will also interfere with the measurement results. Figure 11 Figure 1100 illustrates an example of how the angles of incidence and reflection vary with the movement of the moving RIS according to various aspects of this disclosure. The position and / or orientation of the RIS may change, such as when the RIS moves or rotates along a circular trajectory. Figure 11 In the example, there are three measurement moments during which the RIS is located at three different positions above the obstacle and the sensing area. In each of these measurement moments, the incident angle (at...) Figure 11 In, it is represented as θ i,1 θ i,2 and θ i,3 ) and / or reflection angle (in Figure 11 In, it is represented as θ r,1 θ r,2 and θ r,3 The difference is that the change in the incident angle causes the reflection coefficient to change at each element (e.g., ...). Figure 9A and Figure 9B As shown), and therefore, the total reflection coefficient of RIS varies over the duration of the target velocity measurement (which includes multiple moments).

[0149] Furthermore, based on the element's radiation mode, the element's radiation intensity is also related to the incident angle / reflection angle. If the RIS does not move, the channel response measured at multiple (denoted as "L") times is expressed as... Where f d The Doppler frequency is caused by the movement of the target object, j is i, complex symbol, g is the channel gain, and f is... d It is the Doppler frequency, and t0~t L-1 It is the timing. Then, if RIS moves (i.e., its position and / or orientation changes), the channel response measured by L at multiple timings becomes Where f d ′ It is the composite Doppler frequency, γ, caused by the movement of the target object and the movement of the RIS. l The time-domain change of the RIS reflection coefficient at time 1 relative to time 0 (γ0 = 1) (caused by RIS shift), and the measurement time interval T = t l -t l-1 .

[0150] Without knowing the variation in the RIS reflection coefficient The sensing results may have reduced accuracy. Currently, there is no solution for measuring the velocity of a target object based on a mobile RIS (Resistant Target Identifier).

[0151] Therefore, this disclosure provides protocols and signaling for achieving target object velocity measurement based on a mobile RIS. As a prerequisite for the techniques disclosed herein, the position, orientation, and velocity of the mobile RIS (e.g., an airborne RIS) are assumed to be known or determinable based on the aircraft's capabilities. Additionally, the position of the target object can be measured in advance.

[0152] There are two main techniques. In the first technique, for target object velocity measurement, the mobile RIS indicates its temporal compensation factor to the sensing node (e.g., gNB, TRP, etc.) to mitigate the temporal variance of the RIS reflection coefficient caused by RIS movement. This reporting provides the benefit of allowing the sensing node to improve the accuracy of target object velocity measurements based on the mobile RIS. In the second technique, for target object velocity measurement, the mobile RIS reports its mobility state and indicates its velocity information (including value and direction) to the sensing node. This reporting provides the benefit of allowing the sensing node to determine the RIS report type and calculate the target object velocity. Note that the sensing node can be a UE in a sensing scenario initiated by or controlled by the UE.

[0153] Figure 12An example method 1200 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated, wherein a sensing node 1202 obtains a temporal compensation factor from a mobile RIS 1204 for velocity measurement of a target object 1206. In stage 1210, the sensing node 1202 (e.g., gNB) directs the signal to the mobile RIS 1204 (e.g., as shown in the image). Figure 10 The airborne RIS in the configuration senses the signal radio resource set (including timing) and the target sensing area (e.g., Figure 10 (Sensing area 1 or sensing area 2 in the target sensing area). In stage 1220, sensing node 1202 sends a configured sensing signal toward mobile RIS 1204, which reflects the sensing signal toward the target sensing area. Mobile RIS 1204 receives the reflections of the sensing signals from target object 1206 and reflects them back to sensing node 1202.

[0154] Note that radio resources indicate the time and frequency resources on which sensing signals are transmitted by sensing node 1202 and reflected by mobile RIS 1204. Therefore, radio resources can indicate the length, bandwidth, periodicity, comb pattern, etc., of the sensing signal. The sensing signal can be different instances of the same sensing signal or sensing signals configured in different ways. For example, sensing node 1202 can transmit sensing signals at a certain period, and the indicated timing can correspond to a repetition (instance) of the sensing signal. As another example, the sensing signal can have some radio resources that differ between sensing signals (e.g., sequence, length, comb size, etc.). Sensing node 1202 can also transmit more than one sensing signal at each timing.

[0155] At 1230, the mobile RIS1204 determines the angle of incidence (e.g., based on the configured radio resources (timing)). Figure 11 θ i,1 θ i,2 and θ i,3 ) and reflection angle (e.g., Figure 11 θ r,1 θ r,2 and θ r,3 The time-domain compensation factor is used to determine the configured radio resources (including timing). The incident angle and reflection angle are determined based on the position of the mobile RIS1204 (relative to the sensing node 1202 and the target sensing area) and the orientation of the mobile RIS1204 at these configured radio resources (timing).

[0156] At 1240, the mobile RIS1204 reports the temporal compensation factor to the sensing node 1202. At 1250, the sensing node 1202 estimates the velocity of the target object 1206 based on the temporal compensation factor reported from the mobile RIS1204.

[0157] Referring more specifically to stage 1230, for all configured radio resources (timings), the mobile RIS1204 determines the corresponding total reflection coefficient based on its mobility. This is because only the moving RIS 1204, not the sensing node 1202, knows the effect of RIS movement on the reflection coefficient. For a given radio resource (timing) l, based on the current position (relative to the sensing node 1202 and the target sensing area) and orientation of the moving RIS 1204, the moving RIS 1204 can determine the incident angle and reflection angle of the sensed signal. The moving RIS 1204 can further determine the configuration of each component (e.g., the on / off state of PIN diodes (e.g., PIN diode 714) or the control voltage of varactor diodes). Finally, the moving RIS 1204 can determine the total reflection coefficient h of the moving RIS 1204 based on the above formula. l Therefore, if the element radiation mode is absent, the change in the RIS reflection coefficient at time 1 relative to time 0 (i.e., the first time) can be expressed as: If a component radiation mode exists, then

[0158] The mobile RIS1204 can then determine and quantize the time-domain compensation factor. q l The value of q can include both amplitude and phase. In some cases, the amplitude changes very little; in such cases, q l The value may only contain the phase (i.e., ),so The quantization is reported as ω0 = 0 (and therefore may not be reported).

[0159] The mobile RIS1204 can report to the sensing node 1202 at stage 1240. or Each sensed signal has a radio resource (timing) value. The mobile RIS1204 can report this information via uplink control information (UCI), MAC control element (MAC-CE), or RRC signaling.

[0160] Referring more specifically to stage 1250, after channel estimation based on the sensed signals at the configured radio resources (timing), the sensing node 1202 obtains y = [y0, y1, ..., y L-1 Then, based on the reported time-domain compensation factor... Sensing node 1202 calculates the compensated channel response Measured composite Doppler frequency f d ′ Subsequently, it can be based on (For example To estimate. The measured composite velocity is

[0161] For the second technique described herein, the mobile RIS1204 can also report its speed information (including value and direction) in stage 1240. Figure 13 Various parameters associated with reporting speed information (including values ​​and directions) of a mobile RIS according to aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. As shown in Figure 1300, a sensing node (e.g., sensing node 1202) transmits a sensing signal toward a mobile RIS (e.g., mobile RIS 1204), which reflects the sensing signal toward a sensing area. The mobile RIS receives reflections of the sensing signal from a target object (e.g., target object 1206) in the sensing area and reflects them back to the sensing node.

[0162] As shown in Figure 1350, based on the positions of the sensing node and the mobile RIS, the velocity v of the projection of the mobile RIS onto the sensing node-to-mobile RIS connection line 1310 can be derived from the sensing node. ris,proj,1 And the velocity v projected onto the moving RIS to the target object connection line 1320 is derived. ris,proj,2 Determine if these variables satisfy v meas =2(v target,proj -v ris,proj,2 +v ris,proj,1 ), where v target,proj This is the component of the target object velocity projected onto the connection line 1320 from the moving RIS to the target object. Therefore, the sensing node 1202 can estimate the target object velocity as...

[0163] Referring to the second technique described herein, the mobile RIS reports its mobility state and indicates its velocity information (including value and direction) to a sensing node (e.g., a gNB). This report may contain different content depending on the type of mobility. If the mobility is two-dimensional (2D), the velocity direction may be represented by an angle. If the mobility is three-dimensional (3D), the velocity direction may be represented by two angles. If the value direction angle has a range of 180 degrees, the velocity value may be negative, zero, or positive. Conversely, if the value direction angle has a range of 360 degrees, the velocity value may be zero or positive. The reporting format may be periodic, where the periodicity of the reporting is configured by the sensing node, or non-periodic, where the reporting is triggered by the mobile RIS when it changes its velocity.

[0164] Figure 14An example method 1400 for a sensing node 1402 to obtain mobility status and speed information of a mobile RIS 1404, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is illustrated. In stage 1410, the sensing node 1202 (e.g., a gNB) sends a request to the mobile RIS 1404 for a RIS mobility type report. In response, in stage 1420, the mobile RIS 1404 may report its mobility type (2D mobility or 3D mobility) to the sensing node 1402. Alternatively, the mobility type may be specified by an applicable wireless communication standard (e.g., a 3GPP standard) or configured by the sensing node 1402 or a third-party application. In stage 1430, the sensing node 1402 may configure the coordinate type for the mobility type (e.g., whether to use Cartesian or polar coordinates), or an applicable standard may specify it.

[0165] For 2D velocity (e.g., a RIS1404 moving in a planar region), the movement plane can be represented as the xy plane. For Cartesian coordinates, the velocity direction can be determined by the 2D point [x...]. v ,y v [Represents] the velocity value q. v It can be positive, negative, or zero. For polar coordinates, the velocity direction can be determined by the angle between the RIS velocity direction and the x-axis. The range is [-180° to 180°]. Velocity value q v It can be positive or zero.

[0166] For 3D velocity (e.g., moving a RIS1404 in air or 3D space), in Cartesian coordinates, the velocity direction can be determined by the 3D point [x]. v ,y v ,z v [Represents] the velocity value q. v It can be positive, negative, or zero. For polar coordinates, the velocity direction is determined by the angle between the projection of the RIS velocity direction onto the xy plane and the x-axis. It indicates that the range is [-180°~180°], or (2) the angle θ between the RIS velocity direction and the z-axis. v The range is [0°~180°]. Velocity value q v It can be positive or zero.

[0167] All these speed-related metrics The data should be quantized (converted into a bit sequence to represent each metric) before being transmitted to sensing node 1402. The quantization bit size can be configured by sensing node 1402 or specified by applicable standards.

[0168] Periodic reporting is suitable for stable or slowly moving (e.g., moving at speeds less than a threshold) mobile RIS1404. For periodic reporting, in phase 1440a, sensing node 1402 can be configured with a time interval (period length) between periodic reports. This configuration can be included in a UCI carried by a periodic physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a semi-persistent physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).

[0169] Using a hybrid absolute / relative value reduces signaling overhead. In this case, at stage 1450a, the sensing node 1402 can be configured with a ratio of reports having absolute values ​​(more bits) and reports having relative values ​​(fewer bits). At stage 1460a, the mobile RIS 1404 provides periodic speed reports based on the periodicity configured at stage 1440a and the ratio configured at stage 1450a.

[0170] Aperiodic reporting can be applied to mobile RIS1404 that is unstable or moving rapidly (e.g., at a speed greater than a threshold). For aperiodic reporting, in phase 1440b, mobile RIS1404 transmits a scheduling request for an aperiodic speed information report (with an absolute speed value). In response, in phase 1450b, sensing node 1402 provides mobile RIS1404 with a scheduling grant (i.e., configuration) of resources on which to transmit aperiodic speed reports. In phase 1460b, mobile RIS1404 transmits the aperiodic speed report on the resources granted / configured in phase 1450b. In one aspect, the aperiodic speed report can be carried by a MAC-CE defined for this purpose.

[0171] Note that while the foregoing has described a scenario with a single mobile RIS, in some cases, multiple mobile RIS may exist above the target sensing area. In these cases, one mobile RIS may reflect signals from the TRP toward the target sensing area (or target object), while another mobile RIS may reflect signals from the target sensing area (or target object) toward the TRP.

[0172] Figure 15 An example method 1500 for wireless communication according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. In one aspect, method 1500 may be performed by a mobile RIS (e.g., any mobile RIS described herein).

[0173] At 1510, the mobile RIS receives from the sensing node radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward the target sensing area at multiple times, such as... Figure 12Phase 1210. In one aspect, operation 1510 may be performed by reflective element 712, PIN diode 714 and / or controller 720, any one or all of which may be considered as components for performing the operation.

[0174] At 1520, the mobile RIS reflects one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at multiple times, such as Figure 12 Phase 1220. In one aspect, operation 1520 may be performed by reflective element 712, PIN diode 714 and / or controller 720, any one or all of which may be considered as components for performing the operation.

[0175] At 1530, the mobile RIS can optionally reflect back to the sensing node one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of multiple timings, such as... Figure 12 Phase 1220. In one aspect, operation 1530 may be performed by reflective element 712, PIN diode 714, and / or controller 720, any one or all of which may be considered as components for performing the operation. Operation 1530 is optional because different moving RIS may reflect reflections of one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of a plurality of moments toward the sensing node.

[0176] At point 1540, the mobile RIS reports the temporal compensation factor of the mobile RIS at multiple points in time to the sensing node, enabling the sensing node to estimate the velocity of the target object in the target sensing area, such as... Figure 12 Phase 1240. In one aspect, operation 1540 may be performed by reflective element 712, PIN diode 714 and / or controller 720, any one or all of which may be considered as components for performing the operation.

[0177] It should be understood that the technical advantage of Method 1500 is the improved accuracy of target object velocity measurement based on the mobile RIS.

[0178] As can be seen in the detailed description above, different features are grouped together in the examples. This manner of disclosure should not be construed as an intention to have more features than those explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of this disclosure may include fewer features than those in the individual example clauses disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should be regarded accordingly as incorporated into the description, where each clause may serve as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer in the clause to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect of that dependent clause is not limited to that specific combination. It should be understood that other example clauses may also include combinations of aspects of a dependent clause with the subject matter of any other dependent or independent clause, or combinations of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein explicitly include these combinations unless explicitly stated or readily inferred that a particular combination is not intended for use (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is contemplated that aspects of a clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if that clause does not directly depend on the independent clause.

[0179] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0180] Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS), comprising: receiving from a sensing node radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; reflecting the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and reporting to the sensing node a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0181] Clause 2. The method according to Clause 1 further comprises: determining the time-domain compensation factor based on the incident angle and reflection angle of the one or more sensing signals at the mobile RIS at the plurality of times.

[0182] Clause 3. The method according to Clause 2 further comprises: determining the incident angle and the reflection angle based on: the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at the plurality of times, and the orientation of the mobile RIS at the plurality of times.

[0183] Clause 4. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 3 further comprises: determining the total reflection coefficient of the mobile RIS at each of the plurality of moments.

[0184] Clause 5. The method according to Clause 4, wherein: the total reflection coefficient is determined based on the reflection coefficients of a plurality of elements of the mobile RIS, the reflection coefficient is determined based on the incident angle and the reflection angle of the one or more sensing signals received during the timing, and the incident angle and the reflection angle are determined based on the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at the timing and the orientation of the mobile RIS at the timing.

[0185] Clause 6. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the time-domain compensation factor includes at least the phase value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0186] Clause 7. The method according to Clause 6, wherein the time-domain compensation factor further includes the amplitude value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0187] Clause 8. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 7, wherein the time-domain compensation factor is reported to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) signaling, media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling, or radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0188] Clause 9. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 8 further comprises: sending a report to the sensing node including a value of the speed and direction of the moving RIS, so that the sensing node can estimate the speed of the target object.

[0189] Clause 10. The method according to Clause 9, wherein: the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is two-dimensional, the direction being represented by an angle, or the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is three-dimensional, the direction being represented by two angles.

[0190] Clause 11. The method according to any one of Clauses 9 to 10, wherein the report is: a periodic report or a non-periodic report.

[0191] Clause 12. The method according to Clause 11, wherein: the periodicity of the periodic report is configured by the sensing node, or the non-periodic report is sent based on the mobile RIS changing speed.

[0192] Clause 13. The method according to any one of Clauses 11 to 12, wherein: the report is the periodic report based on the speed of the mobile RIS being less than a first threshold, or the report is the non-periodic report based on the speed of the mobile RIS being greater than a second threshold.

[0193] Clause 14. The method according to any one of Clauses 9 to 13, wherein: the report is a periodic report, and a first set of periodic reports includes the absolute value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS, and a second set of periodic reports includes the relative value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS.

[0194] Clause 15. The method according to Clause 14, wherein the ratio between the first set of periodically reported data and the second set of periodically reported data is configured by the sensing node.

[0195] Clause 16. The method according to any one of Clauses 9 to 15, wherein: the report is a non-periodic report, and the non-periodic report includes the value of the speed of the moving RIS and the absolute value of the direction.

[0196] Clause 17. The method according to Clause 16 further includes: sending a scheduling request for a radio resource on which the non-periodic report is to be transmitted; and receiving a scheduling grant for the radio resource on which the non-periodic report is to be transmitted.

[0197] Clause 18. The method according to any one of Clauses 9 to 17, wherein the report is sent to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) on the periodic physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or the semi-persistent physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling.

[0198] Clause 19. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 18 further comprises: sending a report to the sensing node including a type of velocity direction of the moving RIS, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object.

[0199] Clause 20. The method described in Clause 19, wherein the type of the velocity direction is: a two-dimensional velocity direction or a three-dimensional velocity direction.

[0200] Clause 21. The method according to Clause 20, wherein: the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a two-dimensional point in rectangular coordinates, or the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as the angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis in polar coordinates.

[0201] Clause 22. The method according to any one of Clauses 20 to 21, wherein: the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a three-dimensional point in a Cartesian coordinate system, or the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented in polar coordinates as a first angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis and a second angle between the velocity direction and the z-axis.

[0202] Clause 23. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 22 further comprises: reflecting to the sensing node the reflection of the one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments.

[0203] Clause 24. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 23, wherein different mobile RIS reflect the reflection of one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments toward the sensing node.

[0204] Clause 25. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 24, wherein the sensing node is a base station or user equipment (UE).

[0205] Clause 26. A mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, radio resource configuration information from a sensing node for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; reflect the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and report, via the at least one transceiver, a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times to the sensing node, such that the sensing node is able to estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0206] Clause 27. The mobile RIS according to Clause 26, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine the time-domain compensation factor based on the one or more sensing signals at the incident angle and reflection angle of the mobile RIS at the plurality of times.

[0207] Clause 28. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine the incident angle and the reflection angle based on: the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at the plurality of times, and the orientation of the mobile RIS at the plurality of times.

[0208] Clause 29. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 26 to 28, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine the total reflection coefficient of the mobile RIS at each of the plurality of moments.

[0209] Clause 30. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 29, wherein: the total reflection coefficient is determined based on the reflection coefficients of a plurality of elements of the mobile RIS, the reflection coefficient is determined based on the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of the one or more sensing signals received during the timing, and the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are determined based on the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area and the orientation of the mobile RIS during the timing.

[0210] Clause 31. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 26 to 30, wherein the time-domain compensation factor includes at least the phase value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0211] Clause 32. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 31, wherein the time-domain compensation factor further includes the amplitude value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0212] Clause 33. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 26 to 32, wherein the time-domain compensation factor is reported to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) signaling, media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling, or radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0213] Clause 34. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 26 to 33, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit a report including a value and direction of the mobile RIS to the sensing node via the at least one transceiver, so that the sensing node can estimate the speed of the target object.

[0214] Clause 35. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 34, wherein: the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is two-dimensional, the direction being represented by an angle, or the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is three-dimensional, the direction being represented by two angles.

[0215] Clause 36. The mobile RIS pursuant to any one of Clauses 34 to 35, wherein the report is: a periodic report or a non-periodic report.

[0216] Clause 37. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 36, wherein: the periodicity of the periodic report is configured by the sensing node, or the non-periodic report is sent based on a change in speed by the mobile RIS.

[0217] Clause 38. A mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 36 to 37, wherein: the report is a periodic report based on the mobile RIS's speed being less than a first threshold, or the report is a non-periodic report based on the mobile RIS's speed being greater than a second threshold.

[0218] Clause 39. A mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 34 to 38, wherein: the report is a periodic report, and a first set of periodic reports includes the absolute value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS, and a second set of periodic reports includes the relative value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS.

[0219] Clause 40. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 39, wherein the ratio between the periodically reported first set and the periodically reported second set is configured by the sensing node.

[0220] Clause 41. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 34 to 40, wherein: the report is a non-periodic report, and the non-periodic report includes the value of the speed of the mobile RIS and the absolute value of the direction.

[0221] Clause 42. The mobile RIS according to Clause 41, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit via the at least one transceiver a scheduling request for radio resources on which the non-periodic reports are to be transmitted; and receive via the at least one transceiver a scheduling grant for the radio resources on which the non-periodic reports are to be transmitted.

[0222] Clause 43. The mobile RIS pursuant to any one of Clauses 34 to 42, wherein the report is sent to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) on the periodic physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or the semi-persistent physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling.

[0223] Clause 44. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 26 to 43, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit a report including the type of velocity direction of the mobile RIS to the sensing node via the at least one transceiver, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object.

[0224] Clause 45. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 44, wherein the type of the velocity direction is: a two-dimensional velocity direction or a three-dimensional velocity direction.

[0225] Clause 46. The moving RIS as described in Clause 45, wherein: the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a two-dimensional point in Cartesian coordinates, or the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as the angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis in polar coordinates.

[0226] Clause 47. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 45 to 46, wherein: the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a three-dimensional point in a Cartesian coordinate system, or the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented in polar coordinates as a first angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis and a second angle between the velocity direction and the z-axis.

[0227] Clause 48. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 26 to 47, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: reflect to the sensing node the reflection of the one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments.

[0228] Clause 49. A mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 26 to 48, wherein different mobile RIS reflect to the sensing node the reflection of one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments.

[0229] Clause 50. A mobile RIS pursuant to any one of Clauses 26 to 49, wherein the sensing node is a base station or user equipment (UE).

[0230] Clause 51. A mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) comprising: means for receiving from a sensing node radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; means for reflecting the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and means for reporting to the sensing node a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0231] Clause 52. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 51 further includes: a component for determining the time-domain compensation factor based on the angle of incidence and angle of reflection of the one or more sensing signals at the mobile RIS at the plurality of times.

[0232] Clause 53. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 52 further includes: a component for determining the incident angle and the reflection angle based on: the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at the plurality of times, and the orientation of the mobile RIS at the plurality of times.

[0233] Clause 54. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 51 to 53 further includes: a component for determining the total reflection coefficient of the mobile RIS at each of the plurality of times.

[0234] Clause 55. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 54, wherein: the total reflection coefficient is determined based on the reflection coefficients of a plurality of elements of the mobile RIS, the reflection coefficient is determined based on the incident angle and the reflection angle of the one or more sensing signals received during the timing, and the incident angle and the reflection angle are determined based on the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at the timing and the orientation of the mobile RIS at the timing.

[0235] Clause 56. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 51 to 55, wherein the time-domain compensation factor includes at least the phase value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0236] Clause 57. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 56, wherein the time-domain compensation factor further includes the amplitude value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0237] Clause 58. A mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 51 to 57, wherein the time-domain compensation factor is reported to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) signaling, media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling, or radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0238] Clause 59. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 51 to 58 further includes: a component for sending a report to the sensing node including a value of the speed and direction of the mobile RIS, so that the sensing node can estimate the speed of the target object.

[0239] Clause 60. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 59, wherein: the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is two-dimensional, the direction being represented by an angle, or the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is three-dimensional, the direction being represented by two angles.

[0240] Clause 61. The mobile RIS pursuant to any one of Clauses 59 to 60, wherein the report is: a periodic report or a non-periodic report.

[0241] Clause 62. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 61, wherein: the periodicity of the periodic report is configured by the sensing node, or the non-periodic report is sent based on a change in speed by the mobile RIS.

[0242] Clause 63. A mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 61 to 62, wherein: the report is a periodic report based on the mobile RIS's speed being less than a first threshold, or the report is a non-periodic report based on the mobile RIS's speed being greater than a second threshold.

[0243] Clause 64. A mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 59 to 63, wherein: the report is a periodic report, and a first set of periodic reports includes the absolute value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS, and a second set of periodic reports includes the relative value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS.

[0244] Clause 65. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 64, wherein the ratio between the periodically reported first set and the periodically reported second set is configured by the sensing node.

[0245] Clause 66. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 59 to 65, wherein: the report is a non-periodic report, and the non-periodic report includes the value of the speed of the mobile RIS and the absolute value of the direction.

[0246] Clause 67. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 66 further includes: components for transmitting a scheduling request for radio resources on which the non-periodic reports are to be transmitted; and components for receiving a scheduling grant for the radio resources on which the non-periodic reports are to be transmitted.

[0247] Clause 68. A mobile RIS pursuant to any one of Clauses 59 to 67, wherein the report is sent to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) on the periodic physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or the semi-persistent physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling.

[0248] Clause 69. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 51 to 68 further includes: a component for sending a report to the sensing node including the type of velocity direction of the mobile RIS, so as to enable the sensing node to estimate the velocity of the target object.

[0249] Clause 70. The mobile RIS as described in Clause 69, wherein the type of the velocity direction is: a two-dimensional velocity direction or a three-dimensional velocity direction.

[0250] Clause 71. The moving RIS as described in Clause 70, wherein: the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a two-dimensional point in Cartesian coordinates, or the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as the angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis in polar coordinates.

[0251] Clause 72. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 70 to 71, wherein: the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a three-dimensional point in a Cartesian coordinate system, or the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented in polar coordinates as a first angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis and a second angle between the velocity direction and the z-axis.

[0252] Clause 73. The mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 51 to 72 further includes: a component for reflecting back to the sensing node the reflection of the one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments.

[0253] Clause 74. A mobile RIS according to any one of Clauses 51 to 73, wherein different mobile RIS reflect to the sensing node the reflection of one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments.

[0254] Clause 75. A mobile RIS pursuant to any one of Clauses 51 to 74, wherein the sensing node is a base station or user equipment (UE).

[0255] Clause 76. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS), cause the mobile RIS to: receive from a sensing node radio resource configuration information for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward a target sensing area at multiple times; reflect the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area at the multiple times; and report to the sensing node a time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at the multiple times, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of a target object in the target sensing area.

[0256] Clause 77. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 76 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile RIS, cause the mobile RIS to: determine the time-domain compensation factor based on the angles of incidence and reflection at the mobile RIS at the plurality of times of the one or more sensing signals.

[0257] Clause 78. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 77 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile RIS, cause the mobile RIS to determine the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection based on: the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at the plurality of times, and the orientation of the mobile RIS at the plurality of times.

[0258] Clause 79. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 76 to 78 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile RIS, cause the mobile RIS to: determine the total reflection coefficient of the mobile RIS at each of the plurality of moments.

[0259] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 79, wherein: the total reflection coefficient is determined based on the reflection coefficients of a plurality of elements of the mobile RIS, the reflection coefficient is determined based on the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of the one or more sensing signals received during the timing, and the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are determined based on the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area and the orientation of the mobile RIS at the timing.

[0260] Clause 81. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 76 to 80, wherein the time-domain compensation factor comprises at least the phase value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0261] Clause 82. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 81, wherein the time-domain compensation factor further includes the amplitude value of each of the plurality of timings.

[0262] Clause 83. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 76 to 82, wherein the time-domain compensation factor is reported to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) signaling, media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling, or radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0263] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 76 to 83 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile RIS, cause the mobile RIS to: send a report to the sensing node including a value and direction of the mobile RIS, so that the sensing node can estimate the speed of the target object.

[0264] Clause 85. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 84, wherein: the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is two-dimensional, the direction being represented by an angle, or the movement of the mobile RIS across the plurality of moments is three-dimensional, the direction being represented by two angles.

[0265] Clause 86. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 84 to 85, wherein the report is: a periodic report or a non-periodic report.

[0266] Clause 87. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 86, wherein: the periodicity of the periodic report is configured by the sensing node, or the non-periodic report is transmitted based on changes in the speed of the mobile RIS.

[0267] Clause 88. A nontransitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 86 to 87, wherein: the report is the periodic report based on the speed of the mobile RIS being less than a first threshold, or the report is the non-periodic report based on the speed of the mobile RIS being greater than a second threshold.

[0268] Clause 89. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 84 to 88, wherein: the report is a periodic report, and a first set of periodic reports includes the absolute value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS, and a second set of periodic reports includes the relative value of the speed and the direction of the mobile RIS.

[0269] Clause 90. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 89, wherein the ratio between the first set of periodically reported data and the second set of periodically reported data is configured by the sensing node.

[0270] Clause 91. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 84 to 90, wherein: the report is a non-periodic report, and the non-periodic report includes the value of the speed of the mobile RIS and the absolute value of the direction.

[0271] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 91 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile RIS, cause the mobile RIS to: send a scheduling request for radio resources on which the aperiodic report is to be transmitted; and receive a scheduling grant for the radio resources on which the aperiodic report is to be transmitted.

[0272] Clause 93. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 84 to 92, wherein the report is sent to the sensing node via: uplink control information (UCI) on a periodic physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a semi-persistent physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or media access control element (MAC-CE) signaling.

[0273] Clause 94. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 76 to 93 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile RIS, cause the mobile RIS to: send a report to the sensing node including a type of velocity direction of the mobile RIS, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object.

[0274] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 94, wherein the type of said velocity direction is: a two-dimensional velocity direction or a three-dimensional velocity direction.

[0275] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 95, wherein: the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a two-dimensional point in rectangular coordinates, or the two-dimensional velocity direction is represented as the angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis in polar coordinates.

[0276] Clause 97. A nontransitory computer-readable medium of any of Clauses 95 to 96, wherein: the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented as a three-dimensional point in a Cartesian coordinate system, or the three-dimensional velocity direction is represented in polar coordinates as a first angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis and a second angle between the velocity direction and the z-axis.

[0277] Clause 98. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 76 to 97 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile RIS, cause the mobile RIS to: reflect reflections of the one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments toward the sensing node.

[0278] Clause 99. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 76 to 98, wherein different mobile RIS reflect reflections of the one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments toward the sensing node.

[0279] Clause 100. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 76 to 99, wherein the sensing node is a base station or user equipment (UE).

[0280] Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0281] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in general terms of their functionality. Whether this functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0282] The various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternative embodiments, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0283] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein can be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or a combination of both. The software module can reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Example storage media are coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium can be integral with the processor. The processor and storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal (e.g., a UE). Alternatively, the processor and storage medium can reside as discrete components in the user terminal.

[0284] In one or more of the examples, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored as one or more instructions or code on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium includes both computer storage media and communication media, which includes any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available medium accessible to a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such a computer-readable medium may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disc storage devices, disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and is accessible to a computer. Furthermore, any connection is appropriately referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of a medium. As used herein, disks and optical discs include compact optical discs (CDs), laser discs, optical discs, digital multifunction discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. Disks typically reproduce data magnetically, while optical discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of these should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0285] While the foregoing disclosure illustrates exemplary aspects of this disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, the functions, steps, and / or actions of the method claims according to the aspects of this disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Moreover, although elements of this disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural form may also be considered unless explicitly stated as limited to the singular.

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication performed by a mobile, reconfigurable smart surface (RIS), comprising: Receive radio resource configuration information from the sensing node for one or more sensing signals to be reflected toward the target sensing area by the mobile RIS at multiple times; During the plurality of timing periods, the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node are reflected toward the target sensing area; as well as The sensing node reports the temporal compensation factor of the mobile RIS at multiple times so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object in the target sensing area.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The time-domain compensation factor is determined based on the incident and reflection angles of the one or more sensing signals at the mobile RIS at multiple times.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: The incident angle and the reflection angle are determined based on the following: The position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at the various times, and The orientation of the mobile RIS at the various times.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Determine the total reflection coefficient of the mobile RIS at each of the plurality of times.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein: The total reflection coefficient is determined based on the reflection coefficients of multiple components of the mobile RIS. The reflection coefficient is determined based on the incident angle and reflection angle of the one or more sensing signals received during the said timing period, and The incident angle and the reflection angle are determined based on the position of the mobile RIS relative to the sensing node and the target sensing area at that moment, and the orientation of the mobile RIS at that moment.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the time-domain compensation factor comprises at least the phase value of each of the plurality of timings.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the time-domain compensation factor further includes the amplitude value of each of the plurality of timings.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the time-domain compensation factor is reported to the sensing node via: Uplink Control Information (UCI) signaling, Media Access Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling, or Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling.

9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A report including the speed and direction of the moving RIS is sent to the sensing node so that the sensing node can estimate the speed of the target object.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein: The movement of the mobile RIS across the multiple moments is two-dimensional, and the direction is represented by an angle, or The movement of the RIS across the multiple moments is three-dimensional, and the direction is represented by two angles.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the report is: Periodic reports, or Non-periodic reports.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein: The periodicity of the periodic reports is configured by the sensing node, or the non-periodic reports are sent based on the speed changes of the mobile RIS.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein: The report is a periodic report based on the fact that the speed of the mobile RIS is less than a first threshold, or The report is a non-periodic report based on the fact that the speed of the mobile RIS is greater than the second threshold.

14. The method according to claim 9, wherein: The report is a periodic report, and The first set of periodically reported data includes the absolute values ​​of the speed and direction of the mobile RIS, and the second set of periodically reported data includes the relative values ​​of the speed and direction of the mobile RIS.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the ratio between the first set of periodically reported data and the second set of periodically reported data is configured by the sensing node.

16. The method according to claim 9, wherein: The report is a non-periodic report, and The non-periodic report includes the value of the speed of the mobile RIS and the absolute value of the direction.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: Send a scheduling request for the radio resources on which the aperiodic report is to be transmitted; as well as Receive scheduling grants for the radio resources on which the non-periodic reports are to be transmitted.

18. The method of claim 9, wherein the report is sent to the sensing node via: Uplink control information (UCI) on the periodic physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or the semi-persistent physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or Media Access Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling.

19. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A report including the type of the velocity direction of the moving RIS is sent to the sensing node so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the type of the velocity direction is: Two-dimensional velocity direction, or Three-dimensional velocity direction.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein: The direction of the two-dimensional velocity is represented by a two-dimensional point in rectangular coordinates, or The two-dimensional velocity direction is represented in polar coordinates as the angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein: The three-dimensional velocity direction is represented by a three-dimensional point in rectangular coordinates, or The three-dimensional velocity direction is represented in polar coordinates as a first angle between the velocity direction and the x-axis and a second angle between the velocity direction and the z-axis.

23. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Reflects the one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments toward the sensing node.

24. The method of claim 1, wherein different mobile RIS reflect the reflections of the one or more sensing signals reflected from the target sensing area during each of the plurality of moments toward the sensing node.

25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sensing node is: Base station, or User Equipment (UE) 26. A mobile, reconfigurable smart surface (RIS), comprising: Memory; At least one transceiver; and At least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: Receive radio resource configuration information from the sensing node via the at least one transceiver for one or more sensing signals to be reflected by the mobile RIS toward the target sensing area at multiple times; During the plurality of timing periods, the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node are reflected toward the target sensing area; as well as The mobile RIS is reported to the sensing node via the at least one transceiver at multiple times, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object in the target sensing area.

27. The mobile RIS of claim 26, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: The time-domain compensation factor is determined based on the incident and reflection angles of the one or more sensing signals at the mobile RIS at multiple times.

28. The mobile RIS of claim 26, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Determine the total reflection coefficient of the mobile RIS at each of the plurality of times.

29. A mobile, reconfigurable smart surface (RIS), comprising: Components for receiving radio resource configuration information from a sensing node for one or more sensing signals to be reflected toward a target sensing area by the mobile RIS at multiple times; Components for reflecting the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node toward the target sensing area during the plurality of times; and A component for reporting the time-domain compensation factor of the mobile RIS at multiple times to the sensing node, so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object in the target sensing area.

30. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a mobile reconfigurable smart surface (RIS), cause the mobile RIS to: Receive radio resource configuration information from the sensing node for one or more sensing signals to be reflected toward the target sensing area by the mobile RIS at multiple times; During the plurality of timing periods, the one or more sensing signals received from the sensing node are reflected toward the target sensing area; as well as The sensing node reports the temporal compensation factor of the mobile RIS at multiple times so that the sensing node can estimate the velocity of the target object in the target sensing area.

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