Fresh cutting processing method of platycodon grandiflorum decoction pieces

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicinal material decoction piece processing, and particularly relates to a fresh-cut processing method of platycodon grandiflorum decoction pieces, which comprises the following specific steps: pretreating freshly dug platycodon grandiflorum medicinal materials, drying until the water content is 42.4-57.8%, slicing, and drying to obtain the platycodon grandiflorum decoction pieces. An entropy weight-TOPSIS method is utilized to determine that the optimal water content range of platycodon grandiflorum is 42.4%-57.8% when platycodon grandiflorum is cut while being fresh; in addition, the decoction pieces obtained by fresh cutting within the optimal water content range are obviously superior to other water content groups in comprehensive indexes such as platycodin D content, total flavonoids and total saponins, and particularly, the platycodin D content is remarkably increased.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of processing of Chinese herbal medicine pieces, and particularly relates to a method for processing Platycodon grandiflorum pieces by cutting while fresh. Background Art

[0002] Platycodon grandiflorum is the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC., which has the effects of dispersing the lung qi, relieving sore throat, resolving phlegm, and expelling pus. Clinically, it is used to treat symptoms such as cough with copious phlegm, chest distress, sore throat with hoarseness, and lung abscess with expectoration. Platycodon grandiflorum mainly contains chemical components such as triterpenoid saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and volatile oils, and has a wide range of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, and protecting the respiratory tract.

[0003] The processing of Chinese herbal medicines at the place of origin is an effective way to ensure the quality of the pieces and the clinical efficacy. The traditional processing method of Platycodon grandiflorum pieces is "removing impurities, washing, moistening thoroughly, cutting thick slices, and drying". This "secondary processing" method will lead to the loss of active ingredients and reduce the quality of the pieces, thus affecting the efficacy. Cutting while fresh at the place of origin can not only reduce the procedures but also better retain its medicinal components. At present, the research on the processing at the place of origin of Platycodon grandiflorum mainly focuses on the drying methods of the pieces cut while fresh and the subsequent processing treatments, etc., while there is less systematic research on the influence of key process parameters such as the selection of the water content range during the process of cutting Platycodon grandiflorum while fresh on the internal quality of the medicinal materials. Therefore, based on indexes such as the water content, total ash, extract, and content of platycodin D in Platycodon grandiflorum pieces under different cutting methods, the present invention determines the weights of each index by the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, and further scientifically and comprehensively screens the processing parameters for cutting Platycodon grandiflorum while fresh, providing a theoretical basis for the formation of the processing technology for cutting Platycodon grandiflorum while fresh at the place of origin. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention provides a processing method for Platycodon grandiflorum pieces (cutting while fresh), which is characterized in that the freshly dug Platycodon grandiflorum medicinal materials are pretreated and then dried to a water content of 42.4% - 57.8%, sliced, and dried to obtain the Platycodon grandiflorum pieces.

[0005] Another embodiment of the present invention provides the application of the above-mentioned processing method for Platycodon grandiflorum pieces (cutting while fresh) in increasing the comprehensive content of one or more of platycodin D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids in the pieces.

[0006] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for increasing the comprehensive content of one or more of platycodin D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids in Platycodon grandiflorum pieces, which is characterized in that the freshly dug Platycodon grandiflorum medicinal materials are pretreated and then dried to a water content of 42.4% - 57.8%, sliced, and dried to obtain the Platycodon grandiflorum pieces with an increased comprehensive content of one or more of platycodin D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids.

[0007] ​​In this invention, the "pretreatment" of the above-mentioned "Platycodon grandiflorus medicinal material after pretreatment" preferably involves washing and removing fibrous roots and soil. The above-mentioned slicing preferably involves slicing the Platycodon grandiflorus into slices 2-4 mm thick. The moisture content of the Platycodon grandiflorus slices obtained after drying should not exceed 12%. In this invention, "after pretreatment, drying to a moisture content of 42.4%–57.8%" preferably involves sun-drying. Fresh Platycodon grandiflorus medicinal material has a moisture content of approximately 75%. Sun-drying it to a moisture content of 42.4%–57.8% takes about one month in winter and about half a month in summer. The drying time varies depending on factors such as ambient temperature, sunlight exposure, and ventilation conditions.

[0008] Another embodiment of the present invention provides an application of the entropy weight-TOPSIS method in determining the optimal moisture content range for freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus, specifically including the following steps:

[0009] (1) Calculation of entropy weight index

[0010] There are m decision objects j and n decision indicators i, i=1, …, n; j=1, …, m; the original indicator matrix is ​​established using the measured moisture, total ash, extract, platycodon D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids content in freshly cut and peeled Platycodon grandiflorus as evaluation indicators, and the data are normalized; among them, platycodon D, extract, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids content are high-optimal indicators, and are dimensionless according to formula (1); moisture and total ash are low-optimal indicators, and are processed according to formula (2); Y ij This represents the values ​​after normalization.

[0011] (1)

[0012] (2)

[0013] The entropy weight method is used to determine the weight of each indicator; entropy is a measure of uncertainty. The smaller the entropy of an indicator, the greater the degree of variation of the indicator, the greater the amount of information it provides, the greater the information utility value, and the greater its weight, and vice versa; first, the proportion P of each sample under each indicator is calculated according to formula (3). ij Next, the entropy value e of the j-th index is calculated according to formulas (4) and (5). j and weight w j The results are shown in Table 3.

[0014] (3)

[0015] (4)

[0016] (5)

[0017] Table 3. Weight Calculation Results Using Entropy Method

[0018] Evaluation indicators <![CDATA[Entropy value e j > <![CDATA[Weight coefficient w j / %]]> Platycodon saponin D 0.9094 0.1158 leachate 0.8915 0.1387 Total Ash 0.8980 0.1304 Moisture 0.8715 0.1643 Total flavonoids 0.8560 0.1842 Total saponins 0.8737 0.1616 Total polysaccharides 0.9179 0.1050

[0019] (2) TOPSIS ranking

[0020] The weighted decision matrix Z is obtained according to formula (6). ij Then, the optimal solution Z is determined according to formulas (7) and (8). j + And worst-case scenario Z j - According to formulas (9) and (10), the distances (D) from each sample to the positive and negative ideal solutions are calculated. i + and D i - Finally, the relative closeness C is calculated according to formula (11). i 0 <C i <1,C i The larger the value, the better the overall evaluation of the sample; thus, the overall ranking of the quality of fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorus slices with peel was determined by different processing methods, and the results are shown in Table 4; the overall evaluation results show that the optimal moisture content range for freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus is 42.4% to 57.8%;

[0021] (6)

[0022] (7)

[0023] (8)

[0024] (9)

[0025] (10)

[0026] (11)

[0027] Table 4. TOPSIS evaluation results of freshly sliced ​​Platycodon grandiflorus with different moisture contents

[0028] Sample number <![CDATA[Positive ideal solution distance D i + > <![CDATA[Negative ideal solution distance D i - > Relative Proximity Ci Sorting results XD1 0.2661 0.1875 0.4108 5 XD2 0.2942 0.1412 0.3239 6 XD3 0.1890 0.2405 0.5619 2 XD4 0.1858 0.2437 0.5682 1 XD5 0.1898 0.2284 0.5462 3 XD6 0.2156 0.2294 0.5171 4

[0029] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for determining the optimal moisture content range of freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, characterized by including the above-mentioned step (1) calculation of the entropy weight index and step (2) TOPSIS sorting.

[0030] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows: The present invention uses the entropy weight-TOPSIS method to determine the optimal moisture content range of Platycodon grandiflorus when it is freshly cut, which is 42.4% to 57.8%; and the slices obtained by freshly cutting within the optimal moisture content range are significantly better than other moisture content groups in terms of comprehensive indicators such as Platycodon grandiflorus saponin D content, total flavonoids, total saponins, and total polysaccharides, especially the XD3 group, which has a significantly higher Platycodon grandiflorus saponin D content. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 Line graphs showing the moisture content of Platycodon grandiflorus medicinal materials under different cutting times and cutting methods provided by this invention;

[0032] Figure 2 Appearance images of Platycodon grandiflorus slices with different cutting times and cutting methods provided by the present invention;

[0033] Figure 3 Microscopic identification images of fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorus powder prepared in different ways, provided by the present invention, wherein A: inulin; B: latex duct; C: vessel; D: cork cell;

[0034] Figure 4 Thin-layer chromatograms of fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorus with different cutting methods provided by the present invention, wherein 1: Platycodon grandiflorus reference material; 2-7: fresh-cut slices after 6 times;

[0035] Figure 5 The HPLC chromatogram of Platycodon grandiflorus slices provided by the present invention is shown below, where 1: Platycodon grandiflorus saponin D; A: reference standard; B: Platycodon grandiflorus sample; C: solvent blank. Detailed Implementation

[0036] To facilitate a further understanding of the present invention, the following embodiments are provided for more detailed description. However, these embodiments are only for a better understanding of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope or implementation principles of the invention. The implementation of the present invention is not limited to the following.

[0037] 1. Materials

[0038] 1.1 Instruments

[0039] Agilent 1260 Infinity II HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Inc., USA); ELSD detector (Agilent Technologies, Inc., USA); KQ5200DE CNC ultrasonic cleaner (Kunshan Ultrasonic Instrument Co., Ltd.); DFT-200A portable high-speed grinder (Wenling Linda Machinery Co., Ltd.); BT25S electronic analytical balance (d=0.01 mg), BS210S electronic analytical balance (d=0.1 mg) (Beijing Sartorius Balance Co., Ltd.); MULTISKAN Sky microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., USA).

[0040] 1.2 Reagents and Drugs

[0041] Reference standards Platycodon grandiflorum (Batch No.: 111851-202209) and D-anhydrous glucose (Batch No.: 110833-202410) were purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (purity ≥98%); reference standard rutin (Batch No.: CHB250310) was purchased from Chengdu Kloma Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (purity ≥98%); acetonitrile was of chromatographic grade (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, ammonia, etc., were of analytical grade. Fresh Platycodon grandiflorum roots were collected from various villages and towns in Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province, and identified by Researcher Zhang Hong of the Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine as fresh roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC., a plant of the Campanulaceae family. Sample information is shown in Table 1.

[0042] Table 1 Information on Fresh Platycodon grandiflorus Medicinal Herbs

[0043] batch number Place of origin Net weight / kg Longitude / ° Latitude / ° Altitude / m 1 Yangyuan Village, Yecun Town, Shangzhou District, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province 35 110.126 938 33.775 256 688 2 Luocun Village, Dazhaoyu Subdistrict, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province 35 109.976 908 33.866 092 806 3 Wangyuan Village, Shangzhen Town, Danfeng County, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province 35 110.265 247 33.717 995 708

[0044] 2. Methods and Results

[0045] 2.1 Research on Fresh Platycodon grandiflorus Cutting Process

[0046] 2.1.1 Fresh preparation of Platycodon grandiflorus and determination of its moisture content

[0047] Freshly harvested 3-year-old Platycodon grandiflorus herbs were transferred to the washing area and quickly washed with running water to remove fibrous roots, soil, and other impurities. One portion was peeled while still fresh, while the other portion remained unpeeled. Sampling began when the surface moisture of the fresh herbs had dried, following the sampling method for medicinal materials under General Chapter 0211 of the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (quartering method). Each sample was 250–500 g, of which 50 g was used to determine the moisture content (Method II of General Chapter 0832 in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia). The remaining herbs were used for slicing. Platycodon grandiflorus herbs were sliced ​​into thick slices (2–4 mm), and the slices were immediately placed on drying trays to dry. Samples were taken at intervals to slice and determine the moisture content of the herbs until the herbs could no longer be sliced, at which point the experiment was terminated.

[0048] 2.1.2 Preparation of Platycodon grandiflorus (bellflower root)

[0049] Wash the sediment on the surface of fresh platycodon grandiflorum clean, remove impurities such as fibrous roots, and divide them into different treatment groups. Among them, for the group of cutting while fresh, after measuring the different water contents of platycodon grandiflorum according to the method under "2.1.1", directly slice them. The traditional cutting group is sliced after being treated by the method of moistening and softening. The platycodon grandiflorum of different groups are all cut into slices with a thickness of 2 - 4 mm and then dried in the sun. The group of cutting with skin while fresh is numbered successively as XD1 (the first cutting, water content is 75.64%), XD2 (the second cutting, water content is 72.83%), XD3 (the third cutting, water content is 57.80%), XD4 (the fourth cutting, water content is 42.40%), XD5 (the fifth cutting, water content is 32.64%), XD6 (the sixth cutting, water content is 20.30%); the group of cutting without skin while fresh is numbered successively as XQ1 (the first cutting, water content is 76.82%), XQ2 (the second cutting, water content is 70.95%), XQ3 (the third cutting, water content is 58.00%), XQ4 (the fourth cutting, water content is 38.09%), XQ5 (the fifth cutting, water content is 28.38%), XQ6 (the sixth cutting, water content is 14.96%).

[0050] 2.2 Quality evaluation of the cut slices while fresh

[0051] 2.2.1 Inspection of appearance characters

[0052] During cutting, as the drying time prolongs, the water content in the medicinal materials continuously decreases. The water contents of platycodon grandiflorum with different cutting times and cutting methods are as Figure 1 . When the water content of platycodon grandiflorum medicinal materials is greater than 57.8% (such as XD1 and XD2), it is easy to cut, but there are more warped slices in the obtained cut slices and the cut surface is uneven. When the medicinal materials are dried to a water content of 42.4% - 57.8%, it is relatively easy to cut, and the proportion of abnormal-shaped slices obtained is relatively low and the cut surface is flat. When the water content further decreases, due to the lower and thinner tail end of platycodon grandiflorum and a higher degree of dryness, it is more difficult to cut, and fragments and cracks are easily produced. The appearance characters of the cut slices of platycodon grandiflorum while fresh are as Figure 2 shown.

[0053] 2.2.2 Microscopic identification

[0054] According to the microscopic identification method in General Principles 2001 of the Fourth Part of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition), make chloral hydrate clearing tablets, drop dilute glycerin, and observe and take pictures under a microscope. The microscopic identification pictures of the fresh cut powder of platycodon grandiflorum with different cutting methods are as Figure 3 shown. Fan-shaped or subcircular inulin crystals can be seen; the lactiferous vessels contain yellowish-brown granular substances; scalariform or reticulate vessels are present; cork cells can be seen in those without removing the outer skin, light brown.

[0055] 2.2.3 TLC identification

[0056] Referring to the "Identification" method under Platycodon grandiflorus in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, thin-layer chromatography was performed to identify fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorus slices prepared using different cutting methods in the process research. The results are as follows: Figure 4 As shown in the figure, the test sample chromatogram shows spots of the same color at the corresponding positions as the reference medicinal material chromatogram. Figure 1 shows the Platycodon grandiflorus reference medicinal material, and figures 2-7 show Platycodon grandiflorus slices that have been cut six times.

[0057] 2.2.4 Determination of moisture, total ash, extract, and platycodon saponin D content

[0058] In accordance with the requirements for Platycodon grandiflorus in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the moisture content, total ash content, alcohol-soluble extract, and content of platycodon saponin D in freshly sliced ​​Platycodon grandiflorus were determined. The results are shown in Table 2. Figure 5 The figure shows the HPLC chromatogram of Platycodon grandiflorus slices. In the figure, 1 represents platycodon saponin D, and A, B, and C represent the reference standard, the Platycodon grandiflorus sample, and the solvent blank, respectively. Chromatographic conditions: A YMC-PackODS-A column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used; acetonitrile-water (25:75) was used as the mobile phase; the column temperature was 30 ℃; and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min. -1 The time was 40 min; the evaporation light scattering detector was used for detection, the evaporation tube temperature was 100 ℃, the atomizer temperature was 40 ℃, and the gas flow rate was 1.60 SLM.

[0059] The following is only a list of the procedure for determining the content of platycodon saponin D:

[0060] Preparation of the reference solution: Accurately weigh an appropriate amount of the reference standard platycodon saponin D, dissolve it in methanol and dilute to volume to prepare a solution with a mass concentration of 0.55 mg·mL⁻¹. -1 The reference stock solution.

[0061] Preparation of the test solution: Accurately weigh 2.00 g of Platycodon grandiflorum powder (passed through a No. 2 sieve), place it in a stoppered conical flask, add 50 mL of 50% methanol, weigh, sonicate for 30 min, cool, add 50% methanol to make up the weight, shake well, and filter; accurately measure 25 mL of the filtrate, evaporate to dryness, add 20 mL of water to the residue, heat gently to dissolve, extract three times with water-saturated n-butanol, 20 mL each time, combine the n-butanol solutions, wash with 50 mL of ammonia solution, discard the ammonia solution, wash again with 50 mL of water saturated with n-butanol, discard the aqueous solution, recover the solvent from the n-butanol solution to dryness, add an appropriate amount of methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer to a 5 mL volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and filter the filtrate through a 0.45 μm microporous membrane to obtain the test solution.

[0062] Accurately pipette 10 μL and 20 μL of the reference solution and 10 μL of the test solution, respectively, and inject them for determination. Calculate the content of platycodon saponin D in the sample using the logarithmic equation with external standard two-point method.

[0063] Table 2. Results of determination of relevant indicators of Platycodon grandiflorus slices prepared by different cutting methods (%) (n=3)

[0064] serial number Moisture Total Ash leachate Platycodon saponin D Total saponins Total polysaccharides Total flavonoids XD1 9.82±0.14 4.58±0.34 16.34±2.40 0.18±0.03 16.41±2.46 65.11±1.41 0.11±0.07 XD2 11.69±0.23 4.39±0.15 16.45±1.31 0.18±0.03 21.30±2.46 46.06±4.82 0.06±0.00 XD3 6.31±0.48 4.36±0.20 19.93±0.39 0.21±0.03 24.93±1.36 45.35±4.04 0.09±0.04 XD4 6.26±1.68 4.35±0.42 18.71±2.28 0.16±0.02 25.46±3.62 41.24±4.40 0.13±0.03 XD5 8.50±0.19 4.40±0.23 19.44±0.58 0.18±0.01 32.60±4.63 44.68±2.17 0.11±0.06 XD6 9.47±0.13 4.56±0.41 16.97±0.85 0.15±0.06 41.47±3.28 51.82±3.19 0.11±0.06 XQ1 9.88±0.15 3.56±0.08 16.63±0.82 0.16±0.02 10.88±0.78 43.70±0.79 0.10±0.03 XQ2 11.45±0.26 3.42±0.14 16.41±0.92 0.14±0.03 11.03±1.99 48.55±2.55 0.06±0.02 XQ3 6.40±0.49 3.40±0.12 15.97±1.40 0.16±0.01 15.93±1.69 57.34±4.14 0.08±0.01 XQ4 6.38±1.54 3.30±0.04 16.69±1.07 0.14±0.01 14.18±1.28 37.50±4.82 0.05±0.01 XQ5 8.65±0.15 3.18±0.01 17.33±0.29 0.15±0.01 23.25±7.07 46.83±2.37 0.05±0.01 XQ6 9.38±0.31 3.29±0.18 17.62±0.40 0.16±0.02 20.82±2.23 54.44±4.43 0.05±0.01

[0065] 2.2.5 Determination of total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids

[0066] The contents of total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids were determined using the vanillin-perchloric acid method, the sulfuric acid-phenol method, and the aluminum salt colorimetric method, respectively, following the methods described in the literature. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0067] 2.3 Entropy weight-TOPSIS method for selecting the optimal moisture content range of freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus.

[0068] A primary index matrix was established using the measured contents of moisture, total ash, extract, platycodon D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids in freshly cut, peeled Platycodon grandiflorus as evaluation indicators, and the data were normalized. Platycodon D, extract, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids were identified as high-optimal indicators, while moisture and total ash were identified as low-optimal indicators. Entropy weights were calculated and TOPSIS ranking was performed; the results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. The comprehensive evaluation results indicate that the optimal moisture content range for freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus is 42.4%–57.8%.

[0069] The entropy weight-TOPSIS method for optimizing the moisture content range of freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus includes the following steps:

[0070] (1) Calculation of entropy weight index

[0071] There are m decision objects j and n decision indicators i, i=1, …, n; j=1, …, m; the original indicator matrix is ​​established using the measured moisture, total ash, extract, platycodon D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids content in freshly cut and peeled Platycodon grandiflorus as evaluation indicators, and the data are normalized; among them, platycodon D, extract, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids content are high-optimal indicators, and are dimensionless according to formula (1); moisture and total ash are low-optimal indicators, and are processed according to formula (2); Y ij This represents the values ​​after normalization.

[0072] (1)

[0073] (2)

[0074] The entropy weight method is used to determine the weight of each indicator; entropy is a measure of uncertainty. The smaller the entropy of an indicator, the greater the degree of variation of the indicator, the greater the amount of information it provides, the greater the information utility value, and the greater its weight, and vice versa; first, the proportion P of each sample under each indicator is calculated according to formula (3). ij Next, the entropy value e of the j-th index is calculated according to formulas (4) and (5). j and weight w j The results are shown in Table 3.

[0075] (3)

[0076] (4)

[0077] (5)

[0078] Table 3. Weight Calculation Results Using Entropy Method

[0079] Evaluation indicators <![CDATA[Entropy value e j > <![CDATA[Weight coefficient w j / %]]> Platycodon saponin D 0.9094 0.1158 leachate 0.8915 0.1387 Total Ash 0.8980 0.1304 Moisture 0.8715 0.1643 Total flavonoids 0.8560 0.1842 Total saponins 0.8737 0.1616 Total polysaccharides 0.9179 0.1050

[0080] (2) TOPSIS ranking

[0081] The weighted decision matrix Z is obtained according to formula (6). ij Then, the optimal solution Z is determined according to formulas (7) and (8). j + And worst-case scenario Z j - According to formulas (9) and (10), the distances (D) from each sample to the positive and negative ideal solutions are calculated. i + and D i - Finally, the relative closeness C is calculated according to formula (11). i 0 <C i <1,C i The larger the value, the better the overall evaluation of the sample; thus, the overall ranking of the quality of fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorus slices with peel was determined by different processing methods, and the results are shown in Table 4; the overall evaluation results show that the optimal moisture content range for freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus is 42.4% to 57.8%;

[0082] (6)

[0083] (7)

[0084] (8)

[0085] (9)

[0086] (10)

[0087] (11)

[0088] Table 4 TOPSIS evaluation results of fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorum with different moisture contents

[0089] Sample number <![CDATA[Positive ideal solution distance D i + > <![CDATA[Negative ideal solution distance D i - > Relative Proximity Ci Sorting results XD1 0.2661 0.1875 0.4108 5 XD2 0.2942 0.1412 0.3239 6 XD3 0.1890 0.2405 0.5619 2 XD4 0.1858 0.2437 0.5682 1 XD5 0.1898 0.2284 0.5462 3 XD6 0.2156 0.2294 0.5171 4

[0090] 2.4 Comparison of indexes such as moisture, total ash, and extract between fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorum and traditional cut pieces

[0091] Referring to the requirements for Platycodon grandiflorum in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the moisture, total ash inspection, alcohol-soluble extract, and determination of the content of platycodin D were respectively carried out on traditional cut Platycodon grandiflorum pieces; the contents of total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids in traditional-process Platycodon grandiflorum pieces were determined by the vanillin-perchloric acid method, sulfuric acid-phenol method, and aluminum salt colorimetry respectively according to the literature method. The t-test results showed that there were no significant differences in the moisture, total ash, alcohol-soluble extract, and total polysaccharide contents between fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorum and traditional-process pieces (P>0.05), and the contents of platycodin D, total saponins, and total flavonoids in fresh-cut pieces were significantly higher than those in traditional-process pieces (P<0.05, P<0.01), indicating that the quality of fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorum pieces was better than that of traditional pieces, demonstrating the feasibility of the fresh-cut processing technology. The results are shown in Table 5. In this example, the data of "fresh-cut" are the means of groups XD3 and XD4.

[0092] Table 5 Analysis of quality differences between fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorum and traditional-process pieces (%, , n = 3)

[0093] process Moisture Total Ash leachate Platycodon saponin D Total saponins Total polysaccharides Total flavonoids Cut while fresh 6.29±0.60 4.35±0.30 19.32±0.95 <![CDATA[0.18±0.01 ** ]]> <![CDATA[25.20±2.32 ** ]]> 43.30±3.49 <![CDATA[0.11±0.03 * ]]> Traditional crafts 6.87±0.17 4.60±0.29 18.93±0.88 0.15±0.00 16.05±0.54 47.44±1.84 0.06±0.01

[0094] Note: * P<0.05, ** P<0.01

[0095] 3 Conclusion

[0096] To sum up, it is appropriate to cut fresh Platycodon grandiflorum in the production area with the skin on and a moisture content of 42.4% - 57.8%. The cut pieces obtained by this method have uniform shapes, flat cut surfaces, firm textures, relatively high contents of each index component, and overall good quality.

Claims

1. A method for processing Platycodon grandiflorus slices, characterized in that... Freshly harvested Platycodon grandiflorus medicinal material is pretreated, dried to a moisture content of 42.4%–57.8%, sliced, and dried to obtain the Platycodon grandiflorus slices.

2. The processing method according to claim 1, characterized in that... The pretreatment process includes washing, removing fibrous roots, and removing soil.

3. The application of the processing method according to any one of claims 1-2 in increasing the combined content of one or more of platycodon saponins D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids in medicinal slices.

4. A method for increasing the combined content of one or more of platycodon saponins D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids in Platycodon grandiflorus slices, characterized in that... Freshly harvested Platycodon grandiflorus medicinal material is pretreated, dried to a moisture content of 42.4%–57.8%, sliced, and dried to obtain Platycodon grandiflorus slices with increased content of one or more of the following: Platycodon grandiflorus saponin D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids.

5. An application of an entropy weight-TOPSIS method in determining the optimal moisture content range for freshly sliced ​​Platycodon grandiflorus, specifically including the following steps: (1) Calculation of entropy weight index There are m decision objects j and n decision indicators i, i=1, …, n; j=1, …, m; the original indicator matrix is ​​established using the measured moisture, total ash, extract, platycodon D, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids content in freshly cut and peeled Platycodon grandiflorus as evaluation indicators, and the data are normalized; among them, platycodon D, extract, total saponins, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids content are high-optimal indicators, and are dimensionless according to formula (1); moisture and total ash are low-optimal indicators, and are processed according to formula (2); Y ij This represents the values ​​after normalization. （1） （2） The entropy weight method is used to determine the weight of each indicator; entropy is a measure of uncertainty. The smaller the entropy of an indicator, the greater the degree of variation of the indicator, the greater the amount of information it provides, the greater the information utility value, and the greater its weight, and vice versa; first, the proportion P of each sample under each indicator is calculated according to formula (3). ij Next, the entropy value e of the j-th index is calculated according to formulas (4) and (5). j and weight w j The results are shown in Table 3. （3） （4） （5） Table 3 (2) TOPSIS ranking The weighted decision matrix Z is obtained according to formula (6). ij Then, the optimal solution Z is determined according to formulas (7) and (8). j + And worst-case scenario Z j - According to formulas (9) and (10), the distances (D) from each sample to the positive and negative ideal solutions are calculated. i + and D i - Finally, the relative closeness C is calculated according to formula (11). i 0 <C i <1,C i The larger the value, the better the overall evaluation of the sample; thus, the overall ranking of the quality of fresh-cut Platycodon grandiflorus slices with peel was determined by different processing methods, and the results are shown in Table 4; the overall evaluation results show that the optimal moisture content range for freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus is 42.4% to 57.8%; （6） （7） （8） （9） （10） （11） Table 4 6. A method for determining the optimal moisture content range for freshly cut Platycodon grandiflorus using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, characterized in that... It includes step (1) of calculating the entropy weight index and step (2) of TOPSIS ranking as described in claim 5.

Images