Self-energized acceleration sensor system based on wind-induced vibration plectrum

Abstract

The invention relates to a self-energized acceleration sensor system based on a wind-induced vibration pick, and the system comprises a wind-induced vibration energy collection module which is used for collecting wind energy, converting the wind energy into vibration energy, and transmitting the vibration energy to an energy conversion and storage module; the energy conversion and storage module is used for realizing energy conversion and storage through piezoelectric-electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid conversion and self-adaptive impedance matching based on vibration energy; the multi-parameter sensing module is used for monitoring acceleration, wind speed and tower body deformation based on the electric energy provided by the energy conversion and storage module; and the control management module is used for managing the wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module and the energy conversion and storage module according to monitoring data of the multi-parameter sensing module. The system can make full use of low-medium speed wind power resources in the northeast region, solves the power supply problem of a traditional sensor, improves the monitoring precision and environmental adaptability, and is suitable for long-term monitoring of complex environments such as power transmission towers.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the intersection of new energy utilization and intelligent sensing technology, and in particular to a self-powered acceleration sensor system based on a wind-induced vibration lever. Background Technology

[0002] In modern power transmission networks, transmission towers serve as critical infrastructure for power transmission, and their safe and stable operation directly impacts the reliability and stability of the entire power system. With the advancement of smart grid construction, real-time and accurate condition monitoring of transmission towers has become increasingly important. Accelerometers, as core devices for monitoring key parameters such as vibration and displacement of transmission towers, play an indispensable role in tower health monitoring systems. However, in practical applications, especially in the climatically complex Northeast region, the power supply issue for accelerometers has become a bottleneck restricting their long-term stable operation.

[0003] Currently, traditional power supply methods for accelerometers mainly include battery power and wired power. While battery power offers advantages such as convenient installation and freedom from wiring limitations, the long, harsh winters in Northeast China significantly reduce battery capacity and lifespan due to low temperatures. Frequent battery replacements not only increase maintenance costs but can also lead to missing monitoring data due to delayed replacements, affecting the accurate assessment of transmission tower conditions. For example, a certain type of lithium battery, at -30℃, has only 30%-40% of its usable capacity at room temperature, making it insufficient for the long-term stable operation of the sensor. Wired power, while providing a stable power supply, requires laying a large amount of cable. In the complex terrain and vast areas of transmission tower environments, this presents significant construction difficulties and high costs. Furthermore, the cables are easily damaged in harsh weather, resulting in high maintenance costs and failing to effectively guarantee the reliable operation of the accelerometer.

[0004] Meanwhile, Northeast China boasts abundant and stable wind resources in winter, with an average annual wind speed of 4-6 m / s, and even higher in some areas, accompanied by frequent strong winds. These unique wind conditions provide ample opportunities for the utilization of new energy sources. However, existing wind energy harvesting devices face numerous challenges when used to power accelerometers on transmission towers. Traditional wind turbines are bulky and complex, requiring significant installation space and making them unsuitable for the confined installation environment of transmission towers. Furthermore, their high starting wind speeds render them ineffective in low-wind conditions, hindering the full utilization of the low- to medium-speed winds common in Northeast China during winter. On the other hand, some smaller wind energy harvesting devices have low energy conversion efficiency, failing to meet the continuous and stable power supply requirements of accelerometers.

[0005] Furthermore, existing self-powered systems are insufficient in terms of reliability, adaptability, and energy management for the complex environments of transmission towers, such as high altitude, strong winds, and low temperatures, and cannot achieve efficient and stable self-powered operation. Therefore, developing a self-powered system that can fully utilize the winter wind resources of Northeast China to efficiently and stably power accelerometers has become a key issue that urgently needs to be addressed to ensure the safe operation of transmission towers and promote the construction of smart grids.

[0006] Therefore, the self-powered acceleration sensor system based on wind-induced vibration plate proposed in this invention aims to fill this technological gap. Through innovative design and technical means, it achieves deep integration of new energy and intelligent sensing technology, providing reliable power supply for transmission tower monitoring. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of this invention is to propose a self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on a wind-induced vibration flap to solve the problems existing in the prior art. By utilizing wind energy in the environment to achieve self-powering, and combining advanced sensing and signal processing technologies, it can achieve high-precision measurement of acceleration, solve the power supply and measurement accuracy problems of traditional accelerometer sensors, reduce the cost of use and maintenance difficulty, and expand the application scenarios of accelerometer sensors.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following solution:

[0009] A self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration paddles includes: a wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module, an energy conversion and storage module, a multi-parameter sensing module, and a control and management module;

[0010] The wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module is used to collect wind energy and convert it into vibration energy, which is then transferred to the energy conversion and storage module.

[0011] The energy conversion and storage module is used to achieve energy conversion and storage based on the vibration energy through piezoelectric-electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid conversion and adaptive impedance matching.

[0012] The multi-parameter sensing module is used to monitor acceleration, wind speed, and tower deformation based on the electrical energy provided by the energy conversion and storage module.

[0013] The control and management module is used to manage the wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module and the energy conversion and storage module based on the monitoring data of the multi-parameter sensing module.

[0014] Optionally, the wind-induced vibration energy harvesting module includes: a plurality of array-distributed adaptive morphological adjustable levers;

[0015] The adaptive morphological adjustable lever includes: a main plate, an aileron, and a micro magnetorheological damper;

[0016] The main sheet is made of NiTi shape memory alloy and has an asymmetric hyperboloid structure.

[0017] The aileron is connected to the windward side of the main plate by a hinge, and can be deployed or folded by rotating along the hinge.

[0018] The micro magnetorheological dampers are embedded at equal intervals along the length of the main plate and are used to dynamically adjust the stiffness of the main plate.

[0019] Optionally, the ailerons can be automatically deployed or automatically folded at different preset wind speed thresholds;

[0020] When the ailerons deploy, the effective wind-receiving area of ​​the adaptive morphological adjustable flaps increases.

[0021] When the aileron is folded, the effective wind-receiving area of ​​the adaptive shape-adjustable flap is reduced, while the main flap automatically shrinks due to the phase transformation characteristics of the shape memory alloy, reducing the vibration amplitude.

[0022] Optionally, the energy conversion and storage module includes: a hybrid conversion unit and an energy management unit;

[0023] The hybrid conversion unit is used to provide three conversion mechanisms: piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric.

[0024] The energy management unit is used to stably manage the three electrical energy outputs from the hybrid conversion unit and generate stable power.

[0025] Optionally, the hybrid conversion unit includes:

[0026] A piezoelectric conversion component for performing piezoelectric conversion based on the vibration energy;

[0027] An electromagnetic conversion component for generating electromagnetic induction based on the vibration energy;

[0028] A triboelectric conversion component for generating triboelectric charge based on the vibration energy.

[0029] Optionally, the piezoelectric conversion assembly includes: a piezoelectric element and a cantilever beam and transmission structure;

[0030] The piezoelectric element is located on the surface of the cantilever beam, the root of the cantilever beam is fixed to the sensor base, and the free end is connected to the adaptive shape adjustable lever through the transmission structure. The distance from the connection point of the transmission structure and the cantilever beam to the root of the cantilever beam is a preset ratio of the total length of the beam, forming a lever amplification structure.

[0031] Optionally, the electromagnetic conversion component includes: a permanent magnet and an induction coil;

[0032] The permanent magnet is placed inside the adjustable mass block, which is located at the free end of the adaptive adjustable lever. The magnetic polarization direction of the permanent magnet is along the vibration direction of the adaptive adjustable lever. The position of the adjustable mass block can be adjusted by a micro stepper motor along the length direction of the adaptive adjustable lever. The induction coil is fixed on the sensor base of the permanent magnet's motion trajectory.

[0033] Optionally, the triboelectric conversion assembly includes: a moving electrode and a stationary electrode;

[0034] The moving electrode is attached to the side of the free end of the lever and is integrally formed with the surface coating of the adaptive shape adjustable lever; the fixed electrode is fixed to the corresponding position of the sensor base and the surface is treated with micron-level bumps; and the moving electrode and the fixed electrode initially maintain a preset gap, which is precisely controlled by the insulating pad on the base.

[0035] Optionally, the energy management unit includes: a rectifier and filter subunit, an adaptive impedance matching subunit, and an energy storage subunit;

[0036] The rectifier and filter subunit, taking into account the differences in characteristics of the three electrical energy outputs from the hybrid conversion unit, adopts a method of shunt rectification and summative filtering to convert AC power into DC power and initially stabilize the voltage.

[0037] The adaptive impedance matching subunit collects the DC power rectified by the rectification and filtering subunit onto the same bus through diodes. The bus is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor connected in series to control the voltage fluctuation amplitude within a preset threshold, thus forming a stable DC input.

[0038] The energy storage subunit employs a hybrid scheme of supercapacitors and lithium batteries for long-term energy storage to address the fluctuations in vibration energy.

[0039] Optionally, the control and management module is used to adjust the wind energy acquisition state of the wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module, optimize the energy conversion efficiency of the energy conversion and storage module, and manage the monitoring parameter acquisition logic and data transmission of the multi-parameter sensing module based on the monitoring data of the multi-parameter sensing module and the energy storage state of the energy conversion and storage module.

[0040] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0041] 1. Full wind speed coverage: Through the coordinated use of three conversion mechanisms, the effective working wind speed is extended from 3-25m / s to 1.5-25m / s, especially solving the power supply problem under low wind speeds of 1.5-3m / s;

[0042] 2. High-efficiency conversion: Adaptive impedance matching improves energy conversion efficiency by 30%-40%, with a total output power of 20-25μW at a wind speed of 10m / s (60% higher than single piezoelectric conversion);

[0043] 3. Stable energy storage: The supercapacitor and lithium battery work together to ensure that the output voltage fluctuation is ≤±0.1V, which is suitable for the sensor's requirements for power supply stability;

[0044] 4. Environmental adaptability: Material selection (low-temperature piezoelectric ceramics, low-temperature resistant lithium batteries) and structural design (integrated triboelectric electrode) ensure reliable operation in an environment of -40℃, meeting the needs of use in Northeast China.

[0045] Through multi-mechanism collaboration and intelligent control, the system achieves efficient and stable conversion of wind energy into electricity, providing sensors with an all-weather, maintenance-free self-powered solution that is significantly superior to existing single conversion or fixed impedance technologies. Attached Figure Description

[0046] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0047] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a self-powered acceleration sensor system based on a wind-induced vibration pawl, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] Figure 2 This is a detailed schematic diagram of the adaptive shape adjustable lever and core components according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0049] Among them, 1. Transmission tower crossarm, 2. Sensor body, 3. Adaptive adjustable lever, 4. Adjustable clamp, 5. Lever base, 6. LoRa communication interface; 2-1. Main plate, 2-2. Aileron, 2-3. Miniature magnetorheological damper, 2-4. Piezoelectric ceramic plate, 2-5. Permanent magnet, 2-6. Triboelectric electrode, 2-7. Polytetrafluoroethylene anti-icing coating, 2-8. Miniature electromagnetic hinge. Detailed Implementation

[0050] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0051] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0052] This embodiment proposes a self-powered acceleration sensor system based on a wind-induced vibration pawl, characterized in that it includes: a wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module, an energy conversion and storage module, a multi-parameter sensing module, and a control and management module;

[0053] The wind-induced vibration energy harvesting module is used to harvest wind energy and convert it into vibration energy, which is then transferred to the energy conversion and storage module.

[0054] An energy conversion and storage module is used to achieve energy conversion and storage based on vibration energy through a piezoelectric-electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid conversion and adaptive impedance matching;

[0055] A multi-parameter sensing module is used to monitor acceleration, wind speed, and tower deformation based on the electrical energy provided by the energy conversion and storage module.

[0056] The control and management module is used to manage the wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module and the energy conversion and storage module based on the monitoring data from the multi-parameter sensing module.

[0057] Specifically, in this embodiment, the self-powered acceleration sensor system based on wind-induced vibration flaps mainly includes a wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module, an energy conversion and storage module, a multi-parameter sensing module, and a control and management module. Each module is integrated into a compact housing and fixed to the crossarm of the transmission tower by clamps. The installation angle is adjustable (30°-60°) to adapt to different wind directions. The wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module includes at least three arrayed adaptive shape-adjustable levers. Each lever comprises a main plate, a secondary wing, and a micro magnetorheological damper. The main plate is made of NiTi shape memory alloy and has an asymmetric hyperboloid structure. The secondary wing is connected to the windward side of the main plate via a micro electromagnetic hinge and can be rotated along the hinge to unfold or fold. The micro magnetorheological damper is equidistantly embedded along the length of the main plate to dynamically adjust its stiffness. The energy conversion and storage module includes a piezoelectric conversion unit, an electromagnetic conversion unit, a triboelectric conversion unit, and an energy management circuit. The triboelectric conversion unit includes a moving electrode and a fixed electrode. The moving electrode is located at the free end of the lever, and the fixed electrode is fixed to the sensor base. The two electrodes can periodically contact / separate to generate triboelectric charges. The multi-parameter sensing module includes an acceleration sensing unit and a fiber optic grating unit. The fiber optic grating unit is etched onto the surface of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet of the piezoelectric conversion unit to synchronously monitor tower deformation. The control and management module is used to adjust the lever shape, energy conversion efficiency, and sensor parameter acquisition logic according to environmental parameters and energy storage status.

[0058] Furthermore, the wind-induced vibration energy harvesting module includes: several array-distributed adaptive morphological adjustable levers;

[0059] The adaptive morphological adjustable lever includes: a main lever, ailerons, and a micro magnetorheological damper;

[0060] The main body is made of NiTi shape memory alloy and has an asymmetric hyperboloid structure;

[0061] The ailerons are connected to the windward side of the main flap via hinges, and can be deployed or folded by rotating along the hinges.

[0062] Miniature magnetorheological dampers are embedded at equal intervals along the length of the main plate to dynamically adjust the stiffness of the main plate.

[0063] Furthermore, the ailerons automatically deploy or fold at different preset wind speed thresholds;

[0064] When the ailerons deploy, the effective wind-receiving area of ​​the adaptive-mode adjustable flaps increases.

[0065] When the ailerons fold, the effective wind-receiving area of ​​the adaptive shape-adjustable flaps is reduced, while the main flaps automatically shrink due to the phase transformation characteristics of the shape memory alloy, reducing the vibration amplitude.

[0066] Specifically, in this embodiment, the wind-induced vibration energy harvesting module is the core component of the system to achieve self-powering. It mainly consists of three adaptive adjustable levers distributed at 120°. Each wind-induced vibration lever adopts a biomimetic variable curvature structure (structural innovation) and has the following characteristics:

[0067] 1. Bionic variable curvature structure:

[0068] The paddle features a "main plate + aileron" composite structure: the main plate retains the original NiTi shape memory alloy substrate, and three foldable ailerons (0.1-0.3mm thick, made of super-elastic polyimide material) are embedded in its windward side. The roots of the ailerons are connected to the main plate through micro electromagnetic hinges.

[0069] (1) When the wind speed is <3m / s: the ailerons automatically deploy (the deployment angle is triggered by the wind speed sensor, with a maximum deployment of 30°), increasing the effective wind-receiving area of ​​the flaps (increasing by 40%-50%), and reducing the starting wind speed to 1.5m / s;

[0070] (2) When the wind speed is >25m / s: the aileron automatically folds (fits into the main plate), reducing the wind-receiving area (reduced to 60% of the original area), while the main plate automatically shrinks through the phase change characteristics of the shape memory alloy (length shortened by 10%-15%), reducing the vibration amplitude (reduced by more than 30%), and avoiding structural overload.

[0071] The installation angle of the adaptive adjustable lever can be adjusted within the range of 30°-60°, and the three levers of each sensor group are distributed at 120°; the surface of the main plate is coated with polytetrafluoroethylene for anti-icing.

[0072] 2. Dynamic adjustment of gradient stiffness:

[0073] Three sets of miniature magnetorheological dampers (equally distributed along the length) are embedded inside the paddle. The vibration frequency is monitored in real time by the energy management module. When the vibration frequency deviates from the optimal power generation frequency of the sensor (8-12Hz), the damper adjusts the stiffness of the paddle by changing the magnetic field strength (stiffness adjustment range ±20%), so that the vibration frequency is stabilized in the optimal range, and the energy harvesting efficiency is improved by 25%-30%.

[0074] Furthermore, the energy conversion and storage module includes: a hybrid conversion unit and an energy management unit;

[0075] Hybrid conversion unit is used to provide three conversion mechanisms: piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric.

[0076] The energy management unit is used to stably manage the three electrical energy outputs from the hybrid conversion unit and generate stable power.

[0077] Furthermore, the hybrid conversion unit includes:

[0078] Piezoelectric conversion components for piezoelectric conversion based on vibration energy;

[0079] Electromagnetic conversion components for generating electromagnetic induction based on vibration energy;

[0080] Triboelectric conversion component for generating triboelectric charge based on vibration energy.

[0081] Furthermore, the piezoelectric conversion assembly includes: a piezoelectric element and a cantilever beam and transmission structure;

[0082] The piezoelectric element is located on the surface of the cantilever beam, the root of the cantilever beam is fixed to the sensor base, and the free end is connected to the adaptive shape adjustable lever through the transmission structure. The distance from the connection point of the transmission structure and the cantilever beam to the root of the cantilever beam is a preset ratio of the total length of the beam, forming a lever amplification structure.

[0083] Furthermore, the electromagnetic conversion component includes: a permanent magnet and an induction coil;

[0084] The permanent magnet is placed inside the adjustable mass block, which is located at the free end of the adaptive adjustable lever. The magnetic polarization direction of the permanent magnet is along the vibration direction of the adaptive adjustable lever. The position of the adjustable mass block can be adjusted by a micro stepper motor along the length direction of the adaptive adjustable lever. The induction coil is fixed on the sensor base of the permanent magnet's motion trajectory.

[0085] Furthermore, the triboelectric conversion assembly includes: a moving electrode and a stationary electrode;

[0086] The moving electrode is attached to the side of the free end of the lever and is integrally formed with the surface coating of the adaptive shape adjustable lever; the fixed electrode is fixed to the corresponding position of the sensor base and the surface is treated with micron-level bumps; and the moving electrode and the fixed electrode initially maintain a preset gap, which is precisely controlled by the insulating pad on the base.

[0087] Specifically, in this embodiment, the energy conversion and storage module is the core module for achieving efficient conversion of wind energy into mechanical energy into electrical energy and stable power supply. Its core design goal is to address the inefficiency of traditional single energy conversion methods under low wind speeds and low-frequency vibrations, while simultaneously ensuring the stability of the sensor's power supply in extreme environments through intelligent energy management. This module consists of two parts: a hybrid energy conversion unit and an intelligent energy management and storage unit. The specific structure and working principle are as follows:

[0088] I. Hybrid Conversion Unit: Multi-mechanism Cooperative Energy Harvesting Design;

[0089] The hybrid conversion unit is the core of achieving efficient conversion of wind energy into mechanical energy into electrical energy. Through the complementary design of three conversion mechanisms—piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric—it covers the energy harvesting needs of the entire wind speed range of 1.5-25 m / s. Piezoelectric conversion adapts to mid-to-high frequency vibrations (8-12 Hz), electromagnetic conversion enhances the response to low-frequency vibrations (5-8 Hz), and triboelectric conversion captures energy from micro-amplitude vibrations (<5 Hz). The three work together to solve the problem of "energy harvesting blind spots" in traditional single conversion methods under wind speed fluctuations.

[0090] (I) Piezoelectric conversion component: high-efficiency charge output from medium- and high-frequency vibrations;

[0091] The piezoelectric conversion component is designed based on the piezoelectric effect (direct conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy). Its core is the combination of PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic and lever amplification structure, which focuses on improving the charge output efficiency under medium and high frequency vibration.

[0092] 1. Core structure and materials;

[0093] Piezoelectric element: PZT-5H type piezoelectric ceramic sheet (size 25mm×10mm×0.5mm) is used. This material has a high electromechanical coupling coefficient (k). 31 ≥0.65) and excellent low-temperature stability—piezoelectric constant (d) at 40℃. 31 The attenuation rate is ≤10%, solving the performance degradation problem caused by low temperatures in Northeast China. Nickel electrodes (5μm thick) are plated on the upper and lower surfaces of the ceramic sheet and connected to the power management circuit via wires.

[0094] Cantilever Beam and Transmission Structure: A piezoelectric ceramic sheet is bonded to the surface of a brass cantilever beam (0.3mm thick, elastic modulus 110GPa). The root of the cantilever beam is fixed to the sensor base, and the free end is connected to the wind-induced vibration lever via a rigid transmission rod (titanium alloy, 1mm diameter). The distance from the connection point of the transmission rod to the root of the cantilever beam is 1 / 5 of the total beam length, forming a "lever amplification structure"—the vibration amplitude of the lever (1mm) can be amplified to 4-5mm, significantly increasing the bending strain of the piezoelectric ceramic (strain value increased to 0.15%-0.2%).

[0095] 2. Working principle;

[0096] When the wind-driven lever vibrates, the vibration is transmitted to the cantilever beam through the transmission rod, causing the piezoelectric ceramic sheet to undergo periodic bending deformation along with the cantilever beam:

[0097] When bent, the upper surface of the ceramic sheet is subjected to tensile stress and the lower surface to compressive stress, and the internal lattice is polarized, with positive and negative charges separating and accumulating in the upper and lower electrode layers;

[0098] When the vibration direction reverses, the stress direction switches, and the charge polarity reverses accordingly, resulting in an AC 00 electrical signal output.

[0099] (ii) Electromagnetic conversion component: supplementing the induced current of low-frequency vibration;

[0100] The electromagnetic conversion component is designed based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It shares the same lever vibration input as the piezoelectric component. The relative motion between the permanent magnet and the coil enhances the response to low-frequency vibrations, making up for the conversion shortcomings of the piezoelectric component in the 5-8Hz frequency range.

[0101] 1. Core structure and materials;

[0102] Permanent magnet: A neodymium iron boron permanent magnet (5mm×5mm×2mm, remanence 1.2T) is embedded in an adjustable mass block (nickel-iron alloy, 5-8g) at the free end of the lever. The magnet's polarization direction is along the lever's vibration direction to ensure efficient magnetic field changes. The mass block's position can be adjusted along the lever's length using a micro stepper motor (adjustment range 0-30mm) to match vibration frequencies at different wind speeds.

[0103] Induction coil: An electromagnetic coil (0.1mm diameter enameled copper wire, 500 turns, 100Ω coil resistance) is fixed on the sensor base corresponding to the motion trajectory of the permanent magnet. The coil frame is made of high-temperature resistant polyimide material (non-deformable at -40℃~120℃) to ensure structural stability in low-temperature environments.

[0104] 2. Working principle;

[0105] When the lever vibrates, the permanent magnet moves in a reciprocating linear motion with the mass block, and the magnetic flux of the magnetic field it generates passing through the coil changes periodically with time:

[0106] According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the rate of change of magnetic flux is proportional to the induced electromotive force.

[0107] The higher the vibration frequency and the greater the amplitude of the permanent magnet's movement, the higher the rate of change of magnetic flux and the stronger the induced current.

[0108] (III) Triboelectric Conversion Component: Energy Capture from Micro-amplitude Vibrations;

[0109] The triboelectric conversion component is designed based on the contact electrification effect and is specifically designed for micro-vibrations (vibration amplitude < 0.5 mm) at low wind speeds of 1.5-3 m / s. It achieves energy capture through the "difference in the triboelectric sequence of materials" and fills the "blind spot of extremely low wind speed" in traditional conversion methods.

[0110] 1. Core structure and materials;

[0111] Moving electrode: A gold-plated PTFE film (0.1mm thick) is adhered to the side of the free end of the lever, integrally formed with the anti-icing coating (PTFE) on the lever surface (no additional processing required). PTFE is in an extreme position (strongly negatively charged) in the triboelectric series and has a low surface friction coefficient (0.04-0.05), which can reduce contact wear.

[0112] Fixed electrode: An aluminum-nickel alloy sheet (0.2 mm thick) is fixed to the corresponding position on the sensor base, and its surface is treated with micron-level bumps (50 μm in diameter and 20 μm in height) to increase the contact area. The aluminum-nickel alloy is weakly positively charged in the triboelectric series, forming a significant charge transfer difference with polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0113] Gap control: The initial gap between the moving and stationary electrodes is 0.2mm, precisely fixed by an insulating pad on the base, ensuring effective contact even under slight vibrations. At wind speeds of 3-5m / s, the triboelectric conversion unit outputs 0.8-1.2V.

[0114] 2. Working principle;

[0115] When the paddle vibrates slightly, the moving electrode swings with the paddle, periodically "contacting and separating" from the stationary electrode:

[0116] Upon contact: Due to the difference in electron affinity of the materials, the surface of polytetrafluoroethylene captures electrons and becomes negatively charged, while the surface of aluminum-nickel alloy loses electrons and becomes positively charged;

[0117] During separation: the positive and negative charges create a potential difference, which generates an instantaneous current through the external circuit;

[0118] When the vibration continues, an alternating current signal is generated and output.

[0119] Output characteristics: At wind speeds of 1.5-3 m / s (vibration amplitude 0.2-0.5 mm), the output voltage is 0.8-1.2 V and the current is 2-3 μA. At this time, the piezoelectric and electromagnetic components have almost no effective output (output < 0.2 V), becoming the only energy source.

[0120] Furthermore, the energy management unit includes: a rectifier and filter subunit, an adaptive impedance matching subunit, and an energy storage subunit;

[0121] The rectifier and filter subunit, taking into account the differences in characteristics of the three electrical energy outputs from the hybrid conversion unit, adopts a method of shunt rectification and summative filtering to convert AC power into DC power and initially stabilize the voltage;

[0122] The adaptive impedance matching subunit collects the DC power rectified by the rectifier and filter subunit onto the same bus through diodes. The bus is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor connected in series, controlling the voltage fluctuation amplitude within a preset threshold to form a stable DC input.

[0123] The energy storage subunit employs a hybrid approach of supercapacitors and lithium batteries for long-term energy storage to address the fluctuations in vibration energy.

[0124] Specifically, in this embodiment, the energy management system is a highly efficient regulation system for transitioning from stray electrical energy to stable energy storage.

[0125] The three power outputs from the hybrid conversion unit have problems such as large voltage fluctuations (0.2-3V), inconsistent frequencies (changing with vibration), and weak current (2-10μA). They need to be rectified, regulated, impedance matched, and optimized for energy storage through an energy management system to ultimately provide stable power to the sensor.

[0126] (I) Rectifier and Filter Module: Converts AC power to stable DC power

[0127] To address the differences in characteristics among the three outputs, a "splitter rectification + summary filtering" design is adopted to convert AC power to DC power and perform preliminary voltage regulation.

[0128] Branch rectification:

[0129] Piezoelectric output: A bridge rectifier circuit (composed of 4 Schottky diodes with a forward voltage drop of 0.3V) is used to convert 1.5-3V AC to 1.2-2.7V DC, which is suitable for its higher voltage characteristics.

[0130] Electromagnetic output: A voltage doubler rectifier circuit (using a combination of capacitors and diodes) is used to boost the 0.8-1.5V low-voltage AC power to 1.6-3.0V DC power, solving the low-voltage output problem.

[0131] Triboelectric output: A charge pump rectifier circuit (using the principle of capacitor energy storage and discharge) is used to convert pulsed AC power into 1.0-1.2V DC power to suit its intermittent output characteristics.

[0132] Summary filtering:

[0133] The DC power from the three rectified circuits is fed to the same bus via diodes (to prevent reverse current). A 10μF electrolytic capacitor is connected in series on the bus for filtering, controlling the voltage fluctuation within ±0.1V to form a stable DC input (voltage 2.0-2.5V).

[0134] (ii) Adaptive impedance matching module: maximizing energy conversion efficiency;

[0135] Energy conversion efficiency is directly related to the matching degree between the "output impedance of the conversion component" and the "load impedance" (efficiency is highest when impedance is matched), but the output impedance of the three components will dynamically change with the vibration frequency (e.g., the impedance of the piezoelectric component increases at high frequencies). Therefore, a real-time impedance adjustment mechanism is designed:

[0136] 1. Core Structure:

[0137] Monitoring Unit: The microprocessor (STM32L0 series, power consumption <1mA) collects the output parameters of the three components in real time through voltage and current sampling circuits (accuracy 1mV, 1μA), and calculates the output impedance (Z=U / I) once per second.

[0138] Adjustment unit: A digital potentiometer (AD5292, adjustment range 10-1000Ω, accuracy 1Ω) is used as the load impedance, and the processor controls the input impedance via I / O. 2 The C bus controls its resistance value.

[0139] 2. Working principle:

[0140] The processor has a built-in "vibration frequency-optimal impedance" mapping table (calibrated through previous experiments):

[0141] When the vibration frequency is 8-12Hz (piezoelectric dominant): the optimal impedance should be adjusted to 300-500Ω;

[0142] When the vibration frequency is 5-8Hz (electromagnetic dominance): the optimal impedance should be adjusted to 100-300Ω;

[0143] When the vibration frequency is <5Hz (triboelectricity dominates): the optimal impedance should be adjusted to 500-800Ω.

[0144] Real-time dynamic adjustment: The processor compares the current output impedance with the optimal value every 0.5 seconds and corrects the load impedance to the optimal range through a digital potentiometer, ensuring that the energy conversion efficiency is always ≥60% (30%-40% higher than that of a fixed impedance design).

[0145] Specifically, in this embodiment, the energy storage unit is a combination of a supercapacitor and a lithium battery for energy storage.

[0146] To address the fluctuations in vibration energy (sometimes strong, sometimes weak), a hybrid solution of "supercapacitor buffer + long-term lithium battery energy storage" is adopted, balancing instantaneous power supply and continuous power supply stability.

[0147] Supercapacitors (buffered energy storage):

[0148] Selection: Use 1F / 5.5V tantalum electrolytic supercapacitor, which is small in size (10mm×5mm), fast in charging and discharging speed (full charge time <1s), and long in cycle life (≥100,000 times).

[0149] Function: Directly connected in parallel to the rectified and filtered bus, it quickly absorbs instantaneous pulse energy (such as a sudden increase in vibration amplitude caused by a gust of wind) and releases energy when the energy input decreases, avoiding fluctuations in lithium battery power supply. For example, when the paddle vibration suddenly increases (output power increases from 5μW to 20μW), the supercapacitor is fully charged within 1 second and supplies power to the lithium battery; when the vibration decreases (output drops to 2μW), the supercapacitor releases energy to replenish it, maintaining stable lithium battery input.

[0150] Lithium-ion batteries (primary energy storage):

[0151] Selection: Use 1000mAh / 3.7V low-temperature lithium iron phosphate battery, with a capacity retention rate of ≥60% at -40℃ and a cycle life of ≥500 cycles (capacity decay <20% after charge and discharge cycles).

[0152] Charging Management: Connected to the supercapacitor via a dedicated charging chip (TP4056), it supports a maximum charging current of 50mA and features overcharge, over-discharge, and short-circuit protection. When the supercapacitor voltage is ≥4.2V, it automatically charges the lithium battery; when the voltage is <3.0V, charging stops and the lithium battery supplies power to the system.

[0153] Collaboration mechanism:

[0154] Supercapacitors are responsible for "smoothing out fluctuations," while lithium batteries are responsible for "long-term supply."

[0155] When energy is sufficient (e.g., wind speed is stable at 8-15m / s): supercapacitor → lithium battery continuously charges, and the lithium battery can be fully charged in 12 hours (stored energy 3.7Wh);

[0156] During energy fluctuations (such as gusty weather): The supercapacitor charges and discharges rapidly to ensure that the lithium battery output voltage remains stable at 3.3V±0.1V, meeting the continuous working requirements of the sensor.

[0157] Furthermore, the control and management module is used to adjust the wind energy acquisition status of the wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module, optimize the energy conversion efficiency of the energy conversion and storage module, and manage the monitoring parameter acquisition logic and data transmission of the multi-parameter sensing module based on the monitoring data of the multi-parameter sensing module and the energy storage status of the energy conversion and storage module.

[0158] The control and management module includes a three-level energy allocation mechanism: in normal mode, energy is prioritized for the multi-parameter sensing module, and excess energy is stored; in low-temperature mode (<-10℃), 20% of the energy is used for power supply, and 10% of the energy is used to drive the graphene heating film on the main chip surface; in emergency mode (energy storage <20%), only acceleration core monitoring and low-power communication are retained.

[0159] The multi-parameter sensing module also includes a signal processing unit. The signal processing unit adopts a dual-mode filtering of "hardware bandpass filtering + wavelet threshold denoising". The center frequency of the hardware bandpass filter is 8-12Hz, which is used to filter out 50Hz power frequency interference. The wavelet threshold denoising is based on the electromagnetic interference feature library of transmission towers to eliminate interference, so that the acceleration measurement error rate is ≤3%.

[0160] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall system installation, showing the assembly relationship between the sensor and the transmission tower. The sensor is fixed to the crossarm 1 of the transmission tower by adjustable clamps 4. The clamp installation angle can be adjusted within the range of 30°-60° to adapt to different wind directions. The sensor body 2 integrates energy conversion, storage, and control modules. Three adaptive adjustable levers 3 are arranged in a 120° array on the lever base 5, which can capture wind forces from different directions from all angles, ensuring the efficiency of vibration energy collection under low- to medium-speed winds. The LoRa communication interface 6 is used for data transmission, enabling remote uploading of monitoring data. Figure 1 In the middle: Transmission tower crossarm 1: made of metal, providing a mounting carrier for the sensor; Sensor body 2: a compact rectangular shell integrating energy conversion, storage, and control management modules; Adaptive adjustable lever 3: three levers evenly distributed at 120° to capture wind force from different directions from all angles; Adjustable clamp 4: a semi-circular structure that fixes the sensor to the crossarm, with the installation angle adjustable within the range of 30°-60° to adapt to different wind directions; Lever base 5: connects the lever to the sensor body, with built-in vibration transmission and fixing structure; LoRa communication interface 6: located on the side of the shell, used for remote transmission of monitoring data.

[0161] Figure 2This image shows detailed diagrams of the adaptive adjustable lever and its core components, illustrating the lever's adaptive structure and energy conversion principle. The main lever 2-1, made of NiTi shape memory alloy, can adapt to high wind speeds (>25m / s) through phase change contraction. The aileron 2-2 is controlled by a micro-electromagnetic hinge 2-8 to deploy / fold (deploying at low wind speeds <3m / s, increasing the wind-receiving area by 40%-50%). Three sets of micro-magnetorheological dampers 2-3 are equidistantly distributed along the main lever, dynamically adjusting stiffness to stabilize the vibration frequency (8-12Hz). In the energy conversion unit, the piezoelectric ceramic sheet 2-4 amplifies vibration strain through a cantilever beam to achieve piezoelectric conversion; the permanent magnet 2-5 generates electromagnetic induction by cutting the coil's magnetic field as the lever vibrates; and the triboelectric electrode 2-6 generates triboelectric charge through periodic contact / separation. These three components work together to cover energy harvesting across wind speeds of 1.5-25m / s. A polytetrafluoroethylene anti-icing coating 2-7 on the main lever surface prevents icing, suitable for the low-temperature environment of Northeast China. The main body 2-1 is made of NiTi shape memory alloy and has an asymmetric hyperboloid structure, which can adapt to high wind speeds through phase change contraction; the ailerons 2-2 are made of superelastic polyimide material with a thickness of 0.1-0.3mm, connected to the main body via electromagnetic hinges, and can be deployed (for low wind speeds) or folded (for high wind speeds); three sets of micro magnetorheological dampers 2-3 are equidistantly embedded along the length of the main body for dynamically adjusting the stiffness of the main body; the piezoelectric ceramic sheet (PZT-5H) 2-4 and the cantilever beam are the vibration belts of the main body. The bending of the movable cantilever beam causes the piezoelectric ceramic to generate charge output; permanent magnet 2-5 (neodymium iron boron) + induction coil: the permanent magnet vibrates with the lever and cuts the magnetic field of the coil, generating electromagnetic induction current; triboelectric electrode 2-6: the moving electrode (gold-plated polytetrafluoroethylene) and the fixed electrode (alnicotinic alloy) periodically contact / separate to generate triboelectric charge; polytetrafluoroethylene anti-icing coating 2-7: coated on the surface of the main plate to improve low-temperature environment adaptability; micro electromagnetic hinge 2-8: controls the rotation of the aileron to achieve dynamic adjustment of the wind-receiving area.

[0162] The parameters of the embodiments in this example are shown in Table 1 below;

[0163] Table 1

[0164] part Parameters / Selection Main film NiTi shape memory alloy, 150mm×50mm×0.5mm, asymmetric hyperboloid. aileron Polyimide, 30mm×15mm×0.2mm, electromagnetic hinge control piezoelectric materials PZT-5H ceramic, electromechanical coupling coefficient 0.65, normal operation at -40℃. Triboeing electrode Moving electrode (gold-plated PTFE), stationary electrode (AlNi alloy), gap 0.2mm Energy storage components Supercapacitor (1F / 5.5V) + Lithium Battery (3.7V / 1000mAh) Communication module LoRa low-power module, transmission distance ≥1km

[0165] The workflow of the system in this embodiment is as follows:

[0166] 1. Energy harvesting and conversion: Wind force acts on the flaps, and the ailerons unfold / fold according to the wind speed; the flap vibration causes the piezoelectric cantilever beam to bend, the electromagnetic coil to cut the magnetic field, and the friction electrode to separate, generating three sources of electrical energy; after adaptive impedance matching, it is stored in the lithium battery.

[0167] 2. Parameter monitoring: Piezoelectric signal is used to analyze acceleration, fiber optic grating is used to monitor tower deformation, and strain gauge is used to calculate wind speed; the signal is optimized after dual-mode filtering.

[0168] 3. Intelligent control: The control and management module adjusts energy distribution and sensing logic according to ambient temperature (e.g., heating starts when <-10℃) and energy storage status (e.g., emergency mode is entered when <20%); data is transmitted to the backend via LoRa.

[0169] The advantages of this embodiment are as follows:

[0170] 1. Full wind speed coverage: Through the coordinated use of three conversion mechanisms, the effective working wind speed is extended from 3-25m / s to 1.5-25m / s, especially solving the power supply problem under low wind speeds of 1.5-3m / s;

[0171] 2. High-efficiency conversion: Adaptive impedance matching improves energy conversion efficiency by 30%-40%, with a total output power of 20-25μW at a wind speed of 10m / s (60% higher than single piezoelectric conversion);

[0172] 3. Stable energy storage: The supercapacitor and lithium battery work together to ensure that the output voltage fluctuation is ≤±0.1V, which is suitable for the sensor's requirements for power supply stability;

[0173] 4. Environmental adaptability: Material selection (low-temperature piezoelectric ceramics, low-temperature resistant lithium batteries) and structural design (integrated triboelectric electrode) ensure reliable operation in an environment of -40℃, meeting the needs of use in Northeast China.

[0174] Through multi-mechanism collaboration and intelligent control, the system achieves efficient and stable conversion of wind energy into electricity, providing sensors with an all-weather, maintenance-free self-powered solution that is significantly superior to existing single conversion or fixed impedance technologies.

[0175] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on a wind-induced vibration lever, characterized in that, include: Wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module, energy conversion and storage module, multi-parameter sensing module and control and management module; The wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module is used to collect wind energy and convert it into vibration energy, which is then transferred to the energy conversion and storage module. The energy conversion and storage module is used to achieve energy conversion and storage based on the vibration energy through piezoelectric-electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid conversion and adaptive impedance matching. The multi-parameter sensing module is used to monitor acceleration, wind speed, and tower deformation based on the electrical energy provided by the energy conversion and storage module. The control and management module is used to manage the wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module and the energy conversion and storage module based on the monitoring data of the multi-parameter sensing module.

2. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 1, characterized in that, The wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module includes: several array-distributed adaptive adjustable levers; The adaptive morphological adjustable lever includes: a main plate, an aileron, and a micro magnetorheological damper; The main sheet is made of NiTi shape memory alloy and has an asymmetric hyperboloid structure. The aileron is connected to the windward side of the main plate by a hinge, and can be deployed or folded by rotating along the hinge. The micro magnetorheological dampers are embedded at equal intervals along the length of the main plate and are used to dynamically adjust the stiffness of the main plate.

3. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 2, characterized in that, The ailerons automatically deploy or fold at different preset wind speed thresholds. When the ailerons deploy, the effective wind-receiving area of ​​the adaptive morphological adjustable flaps increases. When the aileron is folded, the effective wind-receiving area of ​​the adaptive shape-adjustable flap is reduced, while the main flap automatically shrinks due to the phase transformation characteristics of the shape memory alloy, reducing the vibration amplitude.

4. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 1, characterized in that, The energy conversion and storage module includes: a hybrid conversion unit and an energy management unit; The hybrid conversion unit is used to provide three conversion mechanisms: piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric. The energy management unit is used to stably manage the three electrical energy outputs from the hybrid conversion unit and generate stable power.

5. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 4, characterized in that, The hybrid conversion unit includes: A piezoelectric conversion component for performing piezoelectric conversion based on the vibration energy; An electromagnetic conversion component for generating electromagnetic induction based on the vibration energy; A triboelectric conversion component for generating triboelectric charge based on the vibration energy.

6. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 5, characterized in that, The piezoelectric conversion assembly includes: a piezoelectric element and a cantilever beam and transmission structure; The piezoelectric element is located on the surface of the cantilever beam, the root of the cantilever beam is fixed to the sensor base, and the free end is connected to the adaptive shape adjustable lever through the transmission structure. The distance from the connection point of the transmission structure and the cantilever beam to the root of the cantilever beam is a preset ratio of the total length of the beam, forming a lever amplification structure.

7. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 5, characterized in that, The electromagnetic conversion component includes: a permanent magnet and an induction coil; The permanent magnet is placed inside the adjustable mass block, which is located at the free end of the adaptive adjustable lever. The magnetic polarization direction of the permanent magnet is along the vibration direction of the adaptive adjustable lever. The position of the adjustable mass block can be adjusted by a micro stepper motor along the length direction of the adaptive adjustable lever. The induction coil is fixed on the sensor base of the permanent magnet's motion trajectory.

8. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 5, characterized in that, The triboelectric conversion assembly includes: a moving electrode and a stationary electrode; The moving electrode is attached to the side of the free end of the lever and is integrally formed with the surface coating of the adaptive shape adjustable lever; the fixed electrode is fixed to the corresponding position of the sensor base and the surface is treated with micron-level bumps; and the moving electrode and the fixed electrode initially maintain a preset gap, which is precisely controlled by the insulating pad on the base.

9. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 4, characterized in that, The energy management unit includes: a rectifier and filter subunit, an adaptive impedance matching subunit, and an energy storage subunit; The rectifier and filter subunit, taking into account the differences in characteristics of the three electrical energy outputs from the hybrid conversion unit, adopts a method of shunt rectification and summative filtering to convert AC power into DC power and initially stabilize the voltage. The adaptive impedance matching subunit collects the DC power rectified by the rectification and filtering subunit onto the same bus through diodes. The bus is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor connected in series to control the voltage fluctuation amplitude within a preset threshold, thus forming a stable DC input. The energy storage subunit employs a hybrid scheme of supercapacitors and lithium batteries for long-term energy storage to address the fluctuations in vibration energy.

10. The self-powered accelerometer sensor system based on wind-induced vibration levers according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control and management module is used to adjust the wind energy acquisition state of the wind-induced vibration energy acquisition module, optimize the energy conversion efficiency of the energy conversion and storage module, and manage the monitoring parameter acquisition logic and data transmission of the multi-parameter sensing module based on the monitoring data of the multi-parameter sensing module and the energy storage state of the energy conversion and storage module.

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